Differentialdiagnose und Evolution der Cupressaceae s. l. (Zypressengewächse)

Transcription

1 Differentialdiagnose und Evolution der Cupressaceae s. l. (Zypressengewächse) DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften der Fakultät für Biologie der Ruhr-Universität Bochum angefertigt am Lehrstuhl für Spezielle Botanik vorgelegt von Christian Schulz aus Bochum Bochum 2005

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3 eingereicht am: Referent: Prof. Dr. Th. Stützel Korreferentin: HD Dr. St. Pöggeler

4 Inhaltsverzeichnis I Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1.1 Bestimmungsschlüssel Variabilität der männlichen Zapfen Phylogenie der taxodioiden Cupressaceae Zielsetzung Publikationen 2.1 Identification key to the Cypress family (Cupressaceae)...11 Key to the genera...19 Actinostrobus...23 Athrotaxis...24 Callitris...24 Calocedrus...26 Chamaecyparis/Cupressus/Xanthocyparis...27 Cunninghamia...34 Juniperus...34 Juniperus group A: taxa with needle leaves...34 Juniperus group B: taxa with scale leaves...38 Libocedrus...50 Papuacedrus...51 Taxodium...51 Thuja...52 Thujopsis...52 Widdringtonia...52 Figures Variability of pollen cones in Chamaecyparis as an example of Cupressaceae pollen cones Evolution of taxodiaceous Cupressaceae Zusätzliche Ergebnisse 3.1 Interactive identification key Taxon description Diskussion 4.1 Bestimmungsschlüssel Variabilität der männlichen Zapfen Phylogenie der taxodioiden Cupressaceae Zusammenfassung Literaturverzeichnis...133

5 Inhaltsverzeichnis II 7 Anhang 7.1 Taxon descriptions Actinostrobus Athrotaxis Austrocedrus chilensis Callitris Calocedrus Chamaecyparis Cryptomeria japonica Cunninghamia Cupressus Diselma archeri Fitzroya cupressoides Fokienia hodginsii Glyptostrobus pensilis Juniperus Libocedrus Metasequoia glyptostroboides Microbiota decussata Neocallitropsis pancheri Papuacedrus Pilgerodendron uviferum Platycladus orientalis Sequoia sempervirens Sequoiadendron giganteum Taiwania cryptomerioides Taxodium Tetraclinis articulata Thuja Thujopsis Widdringtonia Xanthocyparis A brief instruction on the interactive Cupressaceae key Danksagung Lebenslauf Erklärung...238

6 Einleitung 1 1 Einleitung 1.1 Bestimmungsschlüssel Eine Voraussetzung für jede biologische Forschung ist die sichere Bestimmung der verwendeten Taxa. Ohne diese sind alle Ergebnisse lediglich von geringem Wert, da der Untersuchungsgegenstand nicht eindeutig bekannt ist und überdies fehlerhafte Rückschlüsse auf übergeordnete Taxa gemacht werden können. Insbesondere morphologische, anatomische und phylogenetische Untersuchungen können erst beginnen, wenn die Taxa sicher bestimmt worden sind. Für viele Gruppen der Samenpflanzen gibt es zwar bereits detaillierte Bestimmungsschlüssel (z. B. Poaceae-Gattungen: WATSON & DALLWITZ 1992; Fabaceae: KIRKBRIDE et al. 2003), aber von den kosmopolitisch verbreiteten Cupressaceae (Zypressengewächse) einer der drei artenreichsten Koniferenfamilien existierte bis zur Veröffentlichung von SCHULZ et al. (2005) noch kein vollständiger Bestimmungsschlüssel. Die bereits vorhandenen umfassen meist artenarme Gattungen, trotzdem fehlen teilweise einzelne Taxa (z. B. ROLOFF & BÄRTELS 1996; HORA 1981) oder die Bestimmungsschlüssel sind lediglich auf bestimmte Florengebiete beschränkt (z. B. Taxodiaceae in China: FU et al. 1999). Aber auch die Verwendung von allzu subjektiven Merkmalen wie z. B. Gerüchen (z. B. ROLOFF & BÄRTELS 1996) oder Ortsangaben (z. B. GARDEN 1957) ist keine Seltenheit, sodass die Bestimmung unsicher bzw. nur bei bekannter Herkunft überhaupt möglich ist. Das bisherige Fehlen eines vollständigen Bestimmungsschlüssels für alle Cupressaceae liegt vermutlich z. T. an der weltweiten Verbreitung der Familie und der erst späten taxonomischen Überarbeitung und Zusammenstellung der Cupressaceae-Taxa (FARJON 1998), welche das Arbeiten mit diesen Taxa wesentlich erleichtert hat. Die Grundlage eines jeden Bestimmungsschlüssels ist die Taxonbeschreibung. Die ersten gültigen Taxonbeschreibungen stammen von LINNEAUS (1753), so z. B. für Juniperus communis. Die bislang letzte neu beschriebene Art (sowie Gattung) der Cupressaceae ist Xanthocyparis vietnamensis (FARJON et al. 2002). Da solche Erstbeschreibungen in vielen verschiedenen Zeitschriften und Büchern veröffentlicht worden sind, wurde bereits früh begonnen, die Beschreibungen der Koniferen und somit auch der Cupressaceae in Monographien bzw. Gehölzsammlungen zusammenzufassen (z. B. GORDON 1858). Die erste englischsprachige Zusammen-

7 Einleitung 2 fassung von in Großbritannien heimischen und eingeführten Holzgewächsen erschien 1838 unter dem Namen Arboretum et fruticetum britannicum (LOUDON 1838). Im Jahre 1858 veröffentlichte GORDON mit The Pinetum die erste Koniferenmonographie. Ein Jahrzehnt später erschien in Frankreich die Monographie Les Conifères von SÉNÉCLAUZE (1868). Einige weitere wichtige Werke dieser Zeit waren die Monographien von KOCH ( ) und BEISSNER (1891). Der erste größere Bestimmungsschlüssel erschien im Koniferenteil (von PILGER) in ENGLER & PRANTLs Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien im Jahre Diese morphologisch ausgerichtete Arbeit enthält einen Bestimmungsschlüssel, jedoch nicht für alle Taxa der Familie, sondern nur für Gattungen, der oft sogar unrichtige Merkmale enthält. Diese frühen Beschreibungen waren noch kurz, sodass zwar ein Eindruck von dem Taxon entstand, aber eine sichere Erkennung nicht möglich war. Die Qualität und Quantität der Beschreibungen verbesserte sich wesentlich durch die vierte Auflage von DALLIMORE & JACKSONs (1966) A handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae und die zweite Auflage von KRÜSSMANN & WARDAs (1983) Handbuch der Nadelgehölze. Trotz dieser noch heute als Standardwerke genutzten Arbeiten ist eine sichere Bestimmung sämtlicher Cupressaceae-Taxa bisher nicht möglich gewesen. Eine korrekte Bestimmung der Cupressaceae nur auf der Basis von Beschreibungen ist aufwändig, da über 100 Publikationen benötigt werden und die Beschreibungen uneinheitlich sind. Zudem lassen sich einzelne Taxa nur mit Hilfe der in der Literatur vorhandenen Informationen nicht unterscheiden. Insbesondere die Bestimmung der Taxa der großen Gattungen Juniperus (85 Taxa), Cupressus (25 Taxa) und Callitris (15 Taxa) ist schwierig, da oft nur uneinheitliche Beschreibungen vorhanden sind und überdies auch Informationen fehlen. Lediglich Arten am Naturstandort sind mit Hilfe von lokalen Florenwerken sicher bestimmbar. Diese sind jedoch ungeeignet bei der Bestimmung von Pflanzen aus Botanischen Gärten oder Sammlungen. Vor ca. 30 Jahren gehörten konventionelle Bestimmungsschlüssel meist in Form von dichotomen Schlüsseln zum Standard, doch seitdem hat die Anzahl von Arbeiten mit interaktiven Bestimmungsschlüsseln, welche auf einer Datenmatrix beruhen, erheblich zugenommen. Ein Programmkomplex zur Erstellung solcher interaktiver

8 Einleitung 3 Bestimmungsschlüssel ist das DELTA-System (DEscription Language for TAxonomy; DALLWITZ 1974, 1980; DALLWITZ et al. 1993, 1995, 1999, 2000). Mit DELTA ist es u. a. möglich, Taxonbeschreibungen und sowohl interaktive als auch konventionelle Bestimmungsschlüssel zu erstellen (z. B. RÖWEKAMP 1995; HEINZELMANN 1995). Einer der wesentlichen Vorteile der interaktiven Bestimmung liegt darin, dass sie mit jedem beliebigen Merkmal begonnen werden kann, während bei der konventionellen Bestimmung die Reihenfolge der abgefragten Merkmale strikt vorgegeben ist. Daraus ergibt sich, dass mit interaktiven Bestimmungsschlüsseln Proben bestimmbar werden, die vorher mit Hilfe konventioneller Bestimmungsschlüssel unbestimmbar waren. Des Weiteren können nummerische Angaben wie z. B. Größen direkt eingeben werden, ohne dass eine Unterteilung in Schlüsselkategorien erfolgen muss. In den meisten Fällen verkürzt sich dadurch der Bestimmungsweg. Selbst wenn der Datensatz Fehler enthält oder der Benutzer bei der Bestimmung entsprechende macht, besteht mit Hilfe einer Toleranz -Funktion die Möglichkeit, durch zusätzliche Bestimmungsschritte zum richtigen Ergebnis zu gelangen. Zu dem ist die Anzahl der Detail-Abbildungen bei einem konventionellen Bestimmungsschlüssel aus praktischen Gründen begrenzt, bei einem interaktiven Bestimmungsschlüssel jedoch sind die Möglichkeiten nahezu unbegrenzt. Ein weiterer wichtiger Vorteil eines interaktiven gegenüber einem konventionellen Schlüssel liegt darin, dass der Bestimmungsweg im Mittel kürzer ist. Dies wird erreicht, indem beim interaktiven Schlüssel der vorgeschlagene Bestimmungsweg nach jedem Schritt neu berechnet wird, und zwar so, dass die nächste Frage die verbleibenden Taxa in möglichst gleich große Gruppen unterteilt. Im interaktiven Schlüssel lassen sich auch bei Merkmalen mit mehreren Zuständen durch Auswahl mehrerer Zustände zweifelhafte Entscheidungen vermeiden und sicherere Bestimmungen erreichen, als dies bei einem konventionellen Schlüssel der Fall ist, bei dem jede Einzelentscheidung richtig sein muss. Ein grundlegenderes Problem interaktiver Schlüssel dürfte sein, dass die freie Wahl des Bestimmungsweges, es dem Benutzer nicht mehr ermöglicht, bestimmte Schritte mit schwierig erkennbaren Merkmalszuständen zu umgehen.

9 Einleitung Variabilität der männlichen Zapfen Ein wesentlicher Aspekt bei der Erstellung von Taxonbeschreibungen ist die Erfassung der Variabilität der Merkmale. Im Gegensatz zu den weiblichen Zapfen (z. B. TAKASO & TOMLINSON 1990) und den vegetativen Strukturen (z. B. THOMAS 1863) der Cupressaceae sind über die männlichen Zapfen nur wenige Informationen bekannt bei manchen Arten fehlen diese Angaben sogar völlig (Vergleiche z. B. DABER & MÜLLER-DOBLIES 2002), wie z. B. Angaben zu den männlichen Zapfen von Juniperus saxicola in allen entsprechenden Floren. Ein Grund dafür liegt sicherlich, neben der kurzen Verfügbarkeit der männlichen Zapfen am Baum bzw. Strauch im Vergleich zu langlebigeren Blättern oder weiblichen Zapfen, auch in der Tatsache, dass allgemein davon ausgegangen wird, dass männliche Zapfen zu wenig bestimmungsrelevante Merkmale enthalten. Außerdem ist das Areal der Taxa teilweise klein (z. B. von Neocallitropsis mit wenigen Exemplaren auf ca. 100 m 2 ) oder weit abgelegen und schlecht erreichbar (z. B. Callitris neocaledonica auf dem Montagne des Sources auf Neukaledonien), sodass generell wenig Material zur Verfügung steht. Wenn jedoch Informationen zur Zapfenkonfiguration in Floren vorhanden sind, weisen sie lediglich einen Wert bzw. ein Intervall für die Anzahl der Pollensäcke pro Zapfenschuppe auf. So liegt die Vermutung nahe, dass diese Anzahl für alle Zapfenschuppen des gesamten Zapfens gilt. Allerdings zeigen bereits die Untersuchungen von LEMOINE-SÉBASTIAN (1967), dass es eine hohe intraspezifische Variabilität in der Zapfenkonfiguration gibt. Die männlichen Zapfen gelten im Vergleich zu den weiblichen Zapfen oft als relativ einheitlich (FARJON 2005). Diese Hypothese widerlegen sowohl anatomische Untersuchungen (DLUHOSCH 1937) als auch Untersuchungen zur Zapfenkonfiguration (LEMOINE-SÉBASTIAN 1967). So konnte LEMOINE-SÉBASTIAN zeigen, dass sich innerhalb einer Art die männlichen Zapfen hinsichtlich der Zapfenkonfiguration (Anzahl der Zapfenschuppen pro Zapfen und Anzahl der Pollensäcke pro Zapfenschuppe) unterscheiden. Dieser Befund erscheint zunächst ungewöhnlich, da sich die Untersuchungen an Koniferen lange Zeit auf die weiblichen Zapfen der Pinaceae konzentriert haben und hier die Variabilität sehr gering ist. Die höhere Variabilität in der männlichen Zapfenkonfiguration könnte allerdings für die Identifikation von rezenten oder ausgestorbenen Taxa sowie für phylogenetische Untersuchungen genutzt werden, sofern die Variabilität begrenzt ist

10 Einleitung 5 und Muster erkennbar sind. Somit könnten durch die Kenntnis der Variabilität der Zapfenkonfiguration, fossile Überlieferungen bei denen männliche Zapfen wegen ihrer viel größeren Anzahl am Baum ungleich häufiger als weibliche sind, identifiziert werden. Untersuchungen zur Variabilität sind aber nur an rezentem Material möglich, da nur dort die erforderlichen Mengen verfügbar sind und der organische Zusammenhang (zum sicheren Ausschluss von Mischproben) gegeben ist. Bereits der Ort der Probeentnahme am Baum könnte einen Einfluss auf die Zapfenkonfiguration haben. Da in Botanischen Gärten und Sammlungen neben dem Wildtyp auch viele Kultivare von Cupressaceae zu finden sind (es existieren weit über 2000), stellt sich des Weiteren die Frage, ob diese Kultivare für Untersuchungen bzgl. der männlichen Zapfenkonfiguration verwendet werden können. Dazu müssten sie eine nahezu übereinstimmende Variabilität wie der Wildtyp aufweisen. 1.3 Phylogenie der taxodioiden Cupressaceae Durch die Möglichkeit der richtigen Bestimmung aller Cupressaceae-Taxa und die Erfassung der intraspezifischen Variabilität ihrer Merkmale können weitere morphologische und anatomische Arbeiten durchgeführt werden, welche wiederum als Grundlage für phylogenetische Interpretationen dienen können. Die Evolution der taxodioiden Cupressaceae (ehemals Taxodiaceae) ist bis heute nicht zufriedenstellend geklärt. Die ontogenetischen Daten aus den weiblichen Zapfen stellen Informationen mit hoher Homologiewahrscheinlichkeit dar und sind deshalb wichtig für phylogenetische Untersuchungen. Insbesondere die Samenschuppe hat eine zentrale Rolle bei der Evolution der Koniferen, die bisher jedoch vorwiegend ontogenetisch betrachtet wurde (TAKASO & TOMLINSON 1989, 1990, 1992; FARJON & GARCIA 2003). Nach ontogenetischen Untersuchungen nahezu aller taxodioiden Cupressaceae-Gattungen mittels Rasterelektronenmikroskopie wurde von JAGEL (2001) eine erste zusammenführende phylogenetische Betrachtung angestellt. Dennoch wurde bisher nicht diskutiert, inwieweit die phylogenetische Interpretation der ontogenetischen Daten (TAKASO & TOMLINSON 1989, 1990, 1992; JAGEL 2001; FARJON & GARCIA 2003) mit der phylogenetischen Interpretation der molekularen

11 Einleitung 6 Daten (z. B. GADEK et al. 2000; KUSUMI et al. 2000) übereinstimmt und welches die morphologischen Synapomorphien der einzelnen Gruppen sind. Die Stammbäume aus den molekularen (GADEK et al und KUSUMI et al. 2000) und den nicht-molekularen Daten (GADEK et al. 2000; FARJON & GARCIA 2003; FARJON 2005) weisen unterschiedliche Topologien auf. Außerdem besitzen die nichtmolekularen Stammbäume (FARJON et al. 2002; FARJON 2005; GADEK et al. 2000) viele Polytomien gegenüber den molekularen Stammbäumen. Zum Vergleich wurden die Stammbäume von GADEK et al. (2000) und KUSUMI et al. (2000) ausgewählt, weil sie hinsichtlich der verwendeten Taxa aus den taxodioiden Cupressaceae am vollständigsten sind. Die heute anerkannte Familie der Cupressaceae s. l. umfasst die ehemaligen Taxodiaceae und die Cupressaceae s. str., da sich die monophyletischen Cupressaceae s. str. aus den paraphyletischen Taxodiaceae (= taxodioiden Cupressaceae) entwickelt haben. Dies spiegelt sich sowohl in molekularen (BRUNSFELD et al. 1994; KUSUMI et al. 2000; GADEK et al. 2000) als auch in nichtmolekularen Analysen (HART 1987; FARJON 2005) wider. Die rezenten taxodioiden Cupressaceae werden heute in neun Gattungen eingeteilt. In molekularen Stammbäumen (KUSUMI et al. 2000; GADEK et al. 2000) bilden sowohl die Taxodioideae (Taxodium, Glyptostrobus und Cryptomeria) als auch die Sequoioideae (Metasequoia, Sequoia, Sequoiadendron) je eine monophyletische Gruppe. Die monotypische Gattung Sciadopitys, die früher zu den taxodioiden Cupressaceae ( Taxodiaceae ) gestellt wurde, wird heute aus den Cupressaceae s. l. ausgeschlossen (PRICE & LOWENSTEIN 1989; PAGE 1990; CHASE et al. 1993), da sie z. B. immunologisch genauso weit von den Cupressaceae s. l. wie von anderen Koniferenfamilien entfernt ist. Holzanatomische Unterschiede bestätigen ebenso die isolierte Stellung von Sciadopitys (z. B. PEIRCE 1936). Im molekularen Stammbaum von KUSUMI et. al. (2000) steht Sciadopitys als Schwestergruppe den Cupressaceae s. l., Taxaceae und Cephalotaxaceae gegenüber. Die phylogenetische Interpretation der ontogenetischen Untersuchungen der taxodioiden Cupressaceae-Gattungen (TAKASO & TOMLINSON 1989: Cryptomeria,

12 Einleitung : Taxodium und Glyptostrobus, 1992: Metasequoia, Sequoia und Sequoiadendron; JAGEL 2001: Athrotaxis; FARJON & GARCIA 2003: Cunninghamia und Taiwania) zeigt folgende Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse auf. Metasequoia, Sequoia und Sequoiadendron ist gemeinsam, dass ein freier Anteil der Samenschuppe fehlt und gleichzeitig Samenanlagen auf der Zapfenschuppe gebildet werden (TAKASO & TOMLINSON 1992; JAGEL 2001). Innerhalb der übrigen Gattungen sind stets Strukturen an der Zapfenschuppe erkennbar, wenn auch nur teilweise während der Ontogenese. Diese Strukturen müssen als freier Anteil einer Samenschuppe bezeichnet werden. Cunninghamia bildet einen solchen Anteil in Form von drei Schüppchen aus, und manchmal wird auch bei Taiwania ein Primordium an derselben Stelle angelegt, an der bei Cunninghamia die Primordien für die Schüppchen entstehen. Dieses Indiz stützt die nahe Verwandtschaft der beiden Gattungen Cunninghamia und Taiwania (FARJON & GARCIA 2003). Bei Athrotaxis entwickelt sich ontogenetisch eine Art Polster (= freier Anteil der Samenschuppe), auf dem die Samenanlagen sitzen (JAGEL 2001). Taxodium und Glyptostrobus besitzen eine sehr auffällige Samenschuppe, die sich aber ontogenetisch später als bei Cunninghamia entwickelt (TAKASO & TOMLINSON 1992). Aufgrund der sehr ähnlichen ontogenetischen Entwicklung der Samenschuppe ist die Gattung Cryptomeria die nächste Verwandte zu Taxodium und Glyptostrobus (TAKASO & TOMLINSON 1989). Die ontogenetische Untersuchung an Sciadopitys verticillata (Sciadopityaceae) zeigt einige deutliche Unterschiede zu den taxodioiden Cupressaceae, wie z. B. die zentrifugale Anlegung der Samenanlagen entgegen einer zentripetalen bei den Cupressaceae s. str. Außerdem zeichnet sich Sciadopitys durch eine frühe, ausgeprägte Entwicklung des freien Anteils der Samenschuppe aus (TAKASO & TOMLINSON 1991). Ein weiterer wichtiger Merkmalskomplex zum besseren Verständnis der Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse innerhalb der taxodioiden Cupressaceae ist die Zapfenkonfiguration (Anzahl der Zapfenschuppen pro Zapfen und Anzahl der Pollensäcke bzw. Samenanlagen pro Zapfenschuppe). In der Regel lassen sich die Beziehungen von nah verwandten Arten innerhalb der Cupressaceae mit Hilfe der Zapfenkonfiguration besser nachvollziehen (z. B. JAGEL & STÜTZEL 2001b: Microbiota und Platycladus), während das Merkmal bei weit entfernten Gruppen verrauschen kann. Die Angaben über die Zapfenkonfiguration in Floren sind

13 Einleitung 8 begrenzt und in den meisten Fällen lassen sich daraus keine Zapfendiagramme bzw. Zapfenformeln rekonstruieren. Der Informationsgehalt eines Zapfendiagramms ist weitaus höher als von einzelnen Werten. So lässt sich bei einem Zapfendiagramm erkennen, an welcher Position im Zapfen eine bestimmte Anzahl von Pollensäcken bzw. Samenanlagen vorkommt. Die diagnostischen Angaben in Floren reichen zwar für die Bestimmung oft aus, für phylogenetische Interpretationen sind Zapfendiagramme dennoch besser geeignet, weil sie informationsreicher sind. Während für die Taxodioideae bereits detaillierte Beschreibungen der weiblichen Zapfen in der Arbeit von TAKASO & TOMLINSON (1990) vorliegen, fehlen sie für fast alle anderen Gattungen der taxodioiden Cupressaceae. Die Konfiguration der männlichen Zapfen bei den taxodioiden Cupressaceae ist bis dato sogar noch unbekannt. Die morphologischen Merkmalen der Ontogenese (JAGEL 2001) passen zu der Topologie der molekularen Stammbäume (vgl. KUSUMI et al. 2000). Widersprechende Topologien finden sich jedoch in den phylogenetischen Analysen mit nicht-molekularen Daten. Dort werden z. B. Gruppen zusammengefasst, die nach morphologischen Gesichtspunkten und molekularen Stammbäumen nicht nah verwandt sein können (z. B. Taiwania und Neocallitropsis, GADEK et al. 2000). Der wesentliche Grund für solche ganz offensichtlich unrichtigen Gruppierungen liegt in einer hohen Anzahl von Homoplasien, die vermutlich auf Analogien basieren, denn nur Merkmale mit einer hohen Homologiewahrscheinlichkeit können zur richtigen Topologie führen (z. B. WÄGELE 2000, 2005). Bei molekularen Untersuchungen wird ein solches Vorgehen bereits häufiger angewendet. So werden Gene ausgewählt, die nicht verrauscht und trotzdem nicht zu stark konserviert sind, sodass sie noch genügend Informationen enthalten. Außerdem werden in manchen Fällen nur Teile eines Gens verwendet und zu stark verrauschte Bereiche herausgeschnitten (z. B. RAUPACH et al. 2004). Analog muss auch bei nicht-molekularen phylogenetischen Analysen vorgegangen werden (z. B. WÄGELE 2000, 2005).

14 Einleitung Zielsetzung Dieser kurze Überblick über den derzeitigen Stand der Forschung hat gezeigt, dass ein umfassender Bestimmungsschlüssel sowie eine Erweiterung und Revision der Taxonbeschreibungen für die Familie der Cupressaceae notwendig ist, um weitere morphologische und phylogenetische Untersuchungen an dieser Familie durchführen zu können. Daher sollte im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit ein benutzerfreundlicher, konventioneller und interaktiver Bestimmungsschlüssel mit Hilfe des DELTA-Systems entwickelt sowie umfangreichere und einheitlichere Taxonbeschreibungen aller Cupressaceae-Taxa erarbeitet werden. Als Grundlage diente eine umfangreiche Literaturrecherche sowie eigene morphologische Untersuchungen möglichst vieler Arten. Die Benutzerfreundlichkeit sollte zudem mit Hilfe von zahlreichen Detailfotos verbessert werden. Ein weiteres Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Analyse der Variabilität innerhalb der männlichen Zapfen. Beispielhaft sollte die Variabilität innerhalb einer Art, aber auch zwischen verschiedenen Arten sowie zwischen dem Wildtyp und seinen Kultivaren untersucht werden, um die Verwendbarkeit dieser Daten für diagnostische und konstitutive Untersuchungen zu ermitteln. Bisher wurden Angaben zu männlichen Zapfen verwendet, ohne deren Variabilität genau zu kennen. Da die Phylogenie der taxodioiden Cupressaceae als ursprüngliche Gruppe innerhalb der Cupressaceae s. l. wichtig für die Evolution der gesamten Koniferen ist und die Phylogenie der Cupressaceae bisher kontrovers diskutiert wurde, sollten weitere Untersuchungen eine Klärung bringen. Da bis dato die phylogenetischen Analysen mit nicht-molekularen Daten viele Merkmale mit geringer Homologiewahrscheinlichkeit enthielten, wurde eine phylogenetische Untersuchung ausschließlich mit Merkmalen von hoher Homologiewahrscheinlichkeit erstellt. Zusätzlich sollten fossile Vertreter der Cupressaceae in die Rekonstruktion der Phylogenie einbezogen werden, soweit sie zur besseren Aufklärung der Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse innerhalb der taxodioiden Cupressaceae beitragen. Auch die Interpretation der ontogenetischen Untersuchungen der taxodioiden Cupressaceae von JAGEL (2001) sollte erweitert und mit molekularen Stammbäumen verglichen werden. Außerdem wurde die Konfiguration der männlichen und weiblichen Zapfen aller taxodioiden Cupressaceae-Gattungen untersucht, um weitere Informationen zum besseren

15 Einleitung 10 Verständnis der Evolution der taxodioiden Cupressaceae zu erhalten. Mit diesen Daten aus unterschiedlichen Forschungsbereichen sollte eine mögliche Phylogenie der taxodioiden Cupressaceae im Zusammenhang mit dem selbst berechneten nichtmolekularen Stammbaum und den molekularen Stammbäumen (GADEK et al und KUSUMI et al. 2000) diskutiert werden.

16 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert Publikationen 2.1 Identification key to the Cypress family (Cupressaceae) 1 Feddes Repertorium, 116 (1-2): CH. SCHULZ; P. KNOPF & TH. STÜTZEL (2005) published: May Der eigene Anteil an der Veröffentlichung sowie an den Taxonbeschreibungen und an dem interaktiven Bestimmungsschlüssel liegt bei ca. 70 %, die restlichen 30 % wurden im Rahmen einer von mir betreuten und von Patrick Knopf durchgeführten Diplomarbeit erarbeitet.

17 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 12 Summary The identification of Cupressaceae taxa, except for some local and easily distinguishable taxa, is difficult even for specialists. One reason for this is the lack of a complete key including all Cupressaceae taxa, another reason is that diagnoses and descriptions are spread over several hundred publications which are sometimes difficult to access. Based on morphological studies of about 3/4 of the species and a careful compilation of the most important descriptions of Cupressaceae, a first identification key for the entire Cypress family (Cupressaceae) could be set up. The key comprises any of the 30 genera, 134 species, 7 subspecies, 38 varieties, one form and thus all 180 taxa recognized by (FARJON 2001). The key uses mainly features of adult leaves, female cones and other characters which are all relatively easy to be used. Introduction One of the first species to be published according to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature was Cupressus sempervirens L. in 1753, the last was Xanthocyparis vietnamensis FARJON & HIEP in During this long time, several hundred descriptions for taxa of all ranks in Cupressaceae were published. Despite the fact that many species are cultivated world wide, only regional keys have been set up. There is neither a key for all genera of the family, nor a full key for all members of such important genera like Callitris, Cupressus and Juniperus. In many cases geographic information is used in keys, what makes them often inappropriate to determine material hold in collections such as arboreta and botanical gardens. In their natural habitat, it is mostly quite simple to determine Cupressaceae, as there is usually only a limited number of Cupressaceae native to a region.

18 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 13 Materials and methods Nomenclature and taxonomy are generally adopted from FARJON (2001). The key is based on morphological studies of about 3/4 of the species and a careful compilation of the relevant bibliography. Keys were performed using the DELTA-package (DALLWITZ 1974, 1980; DALLWITZ et al. 1993, 1995, 1999, 2000). All data collected from own examinations and the bibliography were entered into a DELTA matrix. These taxa studied can be grouped in three parts. The first group comprises those taxa which are frequently grown in Germany even outside botanical gardens. Access to material was not or hardly limited for this group, and morphological, especially morphometrical characters are supposed not to differ markedly from natural conditions. This was mostly proven by comparing data from the bibliography with ours. The data sets as well as the range for many characters were however emended markedly even for this group. A second list comprises the taxa which are usually only found in scientific collections such as botanical gardens and arboreta. It may be suspected that these taxa are grown under conditions more different from their natural environment. This might result in differences to material collected from natural sites, and we tried to get material from different sources and compared the results carefully with data from the bibliography. The third group comprises those taxa for which no material could be accessed and only data from the bibliography and herbarium samples could be included. Cultivars were excluded, it is however mostly possible to identify cultivars as well, if characters like size and habit are excluded. The identification of herbarium samples is conditionally possible, if character colour is not necessary. List 1 (Species occurring in Germany also outside of botanical gardens and botanical collections; frequently cultivated taxa) Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Chamaecyparis obtusa var. obtusa, Chamaecyparis pisifera, Cryptomeria japonica, Cunninghamia lanceolata, Cupressus arizonica var. glabra, Cupressus sempervirens, Juniperus chinensis var. chinensis, Juniperus communis var. communis, Juniperus horizontalis, Juniperus sabina var. sabina, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Microbiota decussata, Platycladus orientalis, Sequoiadendron giganteum, Taxodium distichum var. distichum, Thuja occidentalis, Thuja plicata, Thujopsis dolabrata var. dolabrata, Xanthocyparis nootkatensis.

19 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 14 List 2 (Species occurring in Germany only in botanical gardens or botanical collections; BG = botanical garden, A = arboretum, RBG = Royal Botanical Garden) Actinostrobus pyramidalis: BG Halle (Saale), BG München; Athrotaxis cupressoides: BG Bonn; Athrotaxis laxifolia: BG Bonn, BG Düsseldorf; Athrotaxis selaginoides: BG Bonn; Austrocedrus chilensis: BG Bonn, BG Düsseldorf, Palmengarten Frankfurt (Main); Calocedrus decurrens: BG Bochum, Essen Grugapark, Palmengarten Frankfurt (Main), BG Frankfurt (Main), BG Strasbourg; Callitris canescens: BG Halle (Saale); Callitris columellaris: BG Bonn; Callitris drummondii: BG Bochum; Callitris endlicheri: BG Berlin, BG Düsseldorf; Callitris oblonga: A Freiburg; Callitris preissii: BG Bochum, BG Bonn; Callitris rhomboidea: BG Bochum; Callitris verrucosa: BG Bochum; Calocedrus formosana: BG Düsseldorf, BG Bonn; Calocedrus macrolepis: Dortmund Rombergpark; Chamaecyparis formosensis: BG Düsseldorf; Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana: A Güntertal; Chamaecyparis thyoides var. henryae: BG Mainz; Chamaecyparis thyoides var. thyoides: BG Bochum, Dortmund Rombergpark; Cunninghamia konishii: Palmengarten Frankfurt (Main); Cupressus arizonica var. arizonica: BG Mainz, Flora Köln, Esveld, Dortmund Rombergpark; Cupressus arizonica var. montana: BG Bayreuth; Cupressus arizonica var. nevadensis: BG Bayreuth; Cupressus bakeri: Dortmund Rombergpark, Palmengarten Frankfurt (Main), A Freiburg, RBG Kew; Cupressus cashmeriana: BG Bochum, BG Bonn, BG Hamburg, BG Berlin, A Freiburg; Cupressus chengiana var. chengiana: RBG Kew, A Trompenburg; Cupressus chengiana var. jiangensis: private; Cupressus duclouxiana: BG München, BG Bochum; Cupressus dupreziana var. atlantica: BG Berlin, BG Bayreuth; Cupressus dupreziana var. dupreziana: BG Bochum, BG Bonn, BG Hamburg, BG Berlin, A Freiburg; Cupressus funebris: BG Frankfurt (Main), BG Bochum, BG Berlin, A Freiburg, BG Marburg, BG München; Cupressus gigantea: BG Marburg, BG Bochum, BG Bayreuth; Cupressus goveniana var. abramsiana: Flora Köln; Cupressus goveniana var. goveniana: BG Münster, BG Bochum, BG Bayreuth, A Freiburg; Cupressus guadalupensis var. forbesii: BG Bayreuth; Cupressus guadalupensis var. guadalupensis: BG Bayreuth; Cupressus lusitanica var. benthamii: BG Bochum; Cupressus lusitanica var. lusitanica: BG Bochum, BG Hamburg, BG Halle (Saale); Cupressus macnabiana: BG Hamburg, BG Mainz, RBG Kew; Cupressus macrocarpa: BG Halle (Saale), BG Bochum,

20 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 15 Dortmund Rombergpark, BG Marburg; Cupressus sargentii: BG Hamburg, BG Bayreuth; Cupressus torulosa: A Trompenburg, BG Berlin, BG Hamburg; Diselma archeri: BG Bonn; Fitzroya cupressoides: BG Düsseldorf, Palmengarten Frankfurt (Main), A Freiburg; Fokienia hodginsii: BG Düsseldorf, BG Bonn, Palmengarten Frankfurt (Main); Glyptostrobus pensilis: BG Bochum, BG Bonn; Juniperus ashei: BG Hamburg, BG Berlin; Juniperus bermudiana: Esveld; Juniperus cedrus: BG Bochum, BG Bonn, BG Marburg; Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii: BG Bochum, BG Berlin; Juniperus communis var. depressa: BG Bochum; Juniperus communis var. saxatilis: BG Berlin, BG Bochum, BG München; Juniperus deppeana var. deppeana: A Freiburg; Juniperus drupacea: BG Bochum, BG Hamburg, BG Düsseldorf, Esveld; Juniperus excelsa subsp. excelsa: BG Münster, BG Berlin; Juniperus excelsa subsp. polycarpos: BG Berlin; Juniperus flaccida var. flaccida: private; Juniperus indica: BG Berlin; Juniperus monosperma: BG Mainz, BG Berlin; Juniperus occidentalis var. occidentalis: BG Berlin; Juniperus osteosperma: BG Berlin, BG Mainz; Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. badia: BG Halle (Saale); Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa: BG Bochum, BG Halle (Saale); Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. oxycedrus: BG Bochum, BG Berlin; Juniperus phoenicea subsp. phoenicea: BG Bochum, BG Bonn, BG Berlin, BG Mainz, BG Münster; Juniperus phoenicea subsp. turbinata: BG Berlin; Juniperus pinchotii: BG Halle (Saale); Juniperus pingii var. wilsonii: Esveld; Juniperus procera: BG Bochum, BG Bonn; Juniperus procumbens: BG Bochum, BG Bonn; Juniperus pseudosabina: BG Berlin; Juniperus recurva var. coxii: private; Juniperus recurva var. recurva: BG Berlin; Juniperus rigida subsp. conferta: BG Bochum, BG Halle (Saale), BG Berlin, Dortmund Rombergpark; Juniperus rigida subsp. rigida: BG Bochum, BG Berlin, BG Halle (Saale), BG Leipzig; Juniperus sabina var. davurica: BG Berlin, BG Bochum; Juniperus scopulorum: BG Düsseldorf; Juniperus semiglobosa: BG Berlin; Juniperus squamata: BG Bochum, BG Berlin; Juniperus thurifera: BG Hamburg, BG Bochum, BG Berlin; Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola: A Freiburg; Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana: BG Bochum, BG Mainz, BG Dortmund, Essen Grugapark, BG Berlin; Libocedrus bidwillii: Palmengarten Frankfurt (Main); Libocedrus plumosa: Palmengarten Frankfurt (Main); Papuacedrus papuana var. papuana: BG Bonn; Papuacedrus papuana var. arfakensis: BG Bonn; Pilgerodendron uviferum: Palmengarten Frankfurt (Main), A Güntertal; Sequoia sempervirens: BG Bochum, BG Düsseldorf; Taiwania cryptomerioides: BG

21 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 16 Düsseldorf; Taxodium distichum var. imbricatum: BG Bochum, Palmengarten Frankfurt (Main); Taxodium mucronatum: BG Düsseldorf, BG Freiburg, A Güntertal; Tetraclinis articulata: BG Düsseldorf, BG Bonn, BG Bochum; Thuja koraiensis: BG Bochum, Dortmund Rombergpark; Thuja standishii: BG Bochum; Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondai: BG Mainz; Widdringtonia cedarbergensis: BG Bochum; Widdringtonia nodiflora: BG Bochum; Widdringtonia schwarzii: BG Bonn. List 3 (Species which were not available in Germany and adjacent regions. Data are only from herbarium samples and literature) Actinostrobus acuminatus, Actinostrobus arenarius, Callitris baileyi, Callitris macleayana, Callitris monticola, Callitris muelleri, Callitris neocaledonica, Callitris roei, Callitris sulcata, Cupressus arizonica var. stephensonii, Juniperus angosturana, Juniperus barbadensis var. barbadensis, Juniperus barbadensis var. lucayana, Juniperus blancoi var. blancoi, Juniperus blancoi var. mucronata, Juniperus brevifolia, Juniperus californica, Juniperus chengii, Juniperus chinensis. var. tsukusiensis, Juniperus coahuilensis var. arizonica, Juniperus coahuilensis var. coahuilensis, Juniperus comitana, Juniperus communis var. megistocarpa, Juniperus communis var. nipponica, Juniperus convallium var. convallium, Juniperus convallium var. microsperma, Juniperus deppeana var. pachyphlaea, Juniperus deppeana var. robusta, Juniperus deppeana var. sperry, Juniperus deppeana var. zacatecensis, Juniperus durangensis, Juniperus flaccida var. martinezii, Juniperus flaccida var. poblana, Juniperus foetidissima, Juniperus formosana f. formosana, Juniperus formosana f. tenella, Juniperus gamboana, Juniperus gracilior var. ekmanii, Juniperus gracilior var. gracilior, Juniperus gracilior var. urbaniana, Juniperus jaliscana, Juniperus komarovii, Juniperus monticola, Juniperus occidentalis var. australis, Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. transtagana, Juniperus pingii var. pingii, Juniperus przewalskii, Juniperus sabina var. arenaria, Juniperus saltillensis, Juniperus saltuaria, Juniperus saxicola, Juniperus standleyi, Juniperus taxifolia, Juniperus tibetica, Libocedrus austrocaledonica, Libocedrus chevalieri, Libocedrus yateensis, Neocallitropsis pancheri, Thuja sutchuenensis, Widdringtonia whytei.

22 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 17 The key uses mainly features of adult leaves and female cones. Male cones and juvenile leaves are accessable only a limited time in the year or even during the whole plant life. The data matrix is therefore not sufficiently complete. For this reason we tried to focus on characters which are available throughout the year. Many taxa start forming adult leaves not before they are three or four years old. Determination of Cupressaceae using only vegetative characters is sometimes not possible, but many species have typical leaves or even branchlets, and those characters are used in the key as well (Fig. 1). In the key only characters are used which distinctly separate two or more groups. The sole exceptions are two varieties (Chamaecyparis thyoides var. henryae/var. thyoides, Juniperus occidentalis var. australis/var. occidentalis) with only overlapping character ranges. For most key steps, several non-overlapping characters are offered either to facilitate correct decisions or to allow the identification in cases of incomplete material. Sometimes some overlapping features are added to the use of distinct characters, if such combinations with supplementary characters make decisions easier. Almost all features are illustrated. The illustrations in the key are regarded as examples for character states and do not show necessarily the taxon under consideration at this point of the key. The taxa are however always mentioned in the legend. For some taxa diagnostic characters are illustrated (numbers in brackets after the taxon name), which allow to recognize a taxon directly from the illustration. Characters in the key are described in an abbreviated form to make it shorter and easier to read. The characters mean the following: 1. leaves = only adult leaves, except if juvenile leaves persist for decades (e.g. Taiwania cryptomerioides); 2. length/width/colour of leaves = only on ultimate branchlets, but not on the last leaf pair; 3. length/width of female cones = open as well as closed female cones; 4. length/width of seed = length is from hilum to the top of the micropyle, rightangled to it the width (measures at maximum extent); 5. margin of scale leaves only visible with strong lens (min. 20 ); 6. seeds with tubercle only visible with lens (10 ); 7. resin glands only on ultimate branchlets; 8. coating of female cones (Juniperus) only after maturity not in earlier stages;

23 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert investigate the white stripes on the adaxial side of needle leaves not in basal and terminal position but between. The key is composed of a key to the genera including all accepted genera, and of several keys to the species for each genus with more than one single accepted taxon. Therefore, identifications can also be started from the key to the species. We tried to make the keys short by dividing as symmetrically as possible, the use of several characters per step, wherever possible is supposed to facilitate proper identification. The representation of intraspecific variability remains, however, problematic due to the unbalanced and sometimes restricted availability of material for the taxa under consideration. Furthermore, taxa with a very limited geographical range and ecological amplitude are usually less variable than those for which applies the contrary and collections often do not reflect this properly. We suppose to have a more or less even representation of the intraspecific variability within each of the three lists mentioned above. For the species of list 1 the variability is supposed to be relatively well represented. For those of list 3 this is more disputable as the data are sometimes from the published description of a single specimen or individual. List 2 represents a somewhat intermediate situation. As established floras show marked improvements even after many editions, we suppose that our key will need further improvements urgently. Additions, corrections and other comments are therefore highly welcome (Christian.Schulz-3@ruhr-uni-bochum.de).

24 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 19 Key to the genera 1. Leaves: arranged spirally (one leaf per node) (Fig. 1B-K, M)...2 Leaves: arranged decussately (two leaves per node) (Fig. 1L, N-3A)...15 Leaves: arranged in whorls of 3 (Fig. 3B-F)...32 Leaves: arranged in whorls of 4 (Fig. 7A) (1). Leaves: needle-like (awl-shaped: rounded in cross-section) (Fig. 1D, E, F, H)...3 Leaves: needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section) (Fig. 1G, I-M)...6 Leaves: scale-like (Fig. 1A-C, N-Q; 2A-U; 3D-F) (2). Female cone scales: thin (less than 0.5 mm thick) (Fig. 7B); flexible......taiwania cryptomerioides HAYATA (Fig. 1F; 4D) Female cone scales: thick (more than 0.5 mm thick) (Fig. 7C); rigid (woody or fleshy)...4 4(3). Female cones: disintegrating in several parts after maturity (Fig. 7D); seeds: thick (Fig. 7E)... Taxodium RICH. (page 51) Female cones: not disintegrating after maturity (Fig. 4A-D, 4F-5H); seeds: thin (Fig. 7F)...5 5(4). Needle leaves: in 3 rows (Fig. 1D); tip acute (Fig. 1D); female cones: ovoid (Fig. 4G); mm long; more than 25 mm wide; female cone scales: tip blunt (Fig. 4G); seed wings: more than 0.7 mm wide......sequoiadendron giganteum (LINDL.) J.BUCHHOLZ (Fig. 1D; 4G; 6A; 7F) Needle leaves: in 5 rows (Fig. 1H); tip blunt (Fig. 1H); female cones: globose (Fig. 4C); 9-30 mm long; up to 25 mm wide; female cone scales: tip acute (Fig. 4C); seed wings: up to 0.7 mm wide Cryptomeria japonica (THUNB. ex L.f.) D.DON (Fig. 1H; 4C) 6(2). Needle leaves: in 2 rows, exact in one plane (Fig. 1I-L)...7 Needle leaves: in 2 rows, not exact in one plane (Fig. 1M)...8 Needle leaves: in 3 rows (Fig. 1E)... Taxodium RICH. (page 51) Needle leaves: in 5 rows (Fig. 1G)......Athrotaxis selaginoides D.DON (Fig. 1G) 7(6). Female cones: disintegrating in several parts after maturity (Fig. 7D); seeds: thick (Fig. 7E); needle leaves without any white stripes (Fig. 1J); female cone scales: with small dorsal umbo (Fig. 4E; 7I: arrow); [seeds: 4-26 mm long; 3-23 mm wide; 6-16 per cone]... Taxodium RICH. (page 51) Female cones: not disintegrating after maturity (Fig. 4H); seeds: thin (Fig. 7F); needle leaves with two white stripes (Fig. 1K; 10N); female cone scales: with dorsal depression (Fig. 4H; 7H: arrow); [seeds: 1-7 mm long; mm wide; per cone]......sequoia sempervirens (D.DON) ENDL. (Fig. 1K; 4H)

25 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 20 8(6). Needle leaves: with two white stripes (Fig. 1M; 10N); female cone scales: thin (up to 0.5 mm thick) (Fig. 7B; 4B) Cunninghamia R.BR. ex RICH. & A.RICH. (page 34) Needle leaves: without any white stripes (Fig. 1I, L); female cone scales: thick (more than 0.5 mm thick) (Fig. 7C)...9 9(8). Female cone scales: arranged spirally (Fig. 4F); seed wings: unequal (Fig. 6H); branchlets: up to 20 mm wide; arranged 3-dimensionally (Fig. 8D); [needle leaves: 2-12 mm long; mm wide]......glyptostrobus pensilis (STAUNTON ex D.DON) K.KOCH (Fig. 1I; 4F; 6H) Female cone scales: arranged oppositely (Fig. 1L); seed wings: (almost) equal (Fig. 8I); branchlets: more than 20 mm wide; arranged in one plane (Fig. 8E); [needle leaves: 8-25 mm long; 1-3 mm wide] Metasequoia glyptostroboides HU & W.C.CHENG (Fig. 1L; 4I; 7H; 8I) 10(2). Female cone scales: arranged spirally (Fig. 4A, F, H); female cone scales: insert on different levels in mature cones (imbricat) (Fig. 4A, F, H; 8C); columella: absent (Fig. 7L)...11 Female cone scales: arranged oppositely (Fig. 4Q); female cone scales: all insert on the same level in mature cones (valvat); female cone: bowlshaped (Fig. 4Q; 8B, L); columella: present (Fig. 8A; 9K, L; 11L: arrow).....widdringtonia nodiflora (L.) POWRIE (Fig. 1A, P; 4Q; 5S) 11(10). Seed wings: (almost) equal (Fig. 5L-6G)...12 Seed wings: unequal (Fig. 6H)......Glyptostrobus pensilis (STAUNTON ex D.DON) K.KOCH (Fig. 1I; 4F; 6H) 12(11). Female cone scales: tip blunt (Fig. 4H)...13 Female cone scales: tip acute (Fig. 4A) (12). Female cone scales: umbo more or less in the center (Fig. 4H; 7K: arrow); scale leaves: tip acute (Fig. 1K); branchlets: mm wide; arranged in one plane (Fig. 8E)...Sequoia sempervirens (D.DON) ENDL. (Fig. 1K; 4H) Female cone scales: umbo near the apex (Fig. 7I, J: arrow); scale leaves tip blunt (Fig. 1C); branchlets: 2-5 mm wide; arranged 3-dimensionally (Fig. 8D)... Athrotaxis cupressoides D.DON (Fig. 1C) 14(12). Scale leaves: apically spreading or loosely spreading (Fig. 1B); scale leaves: with entire margin (Fig. 8F: arrow); [female cones: mm long]...athrotaxis laxifolia HOOK. (Fig. 1B; 4A; 5L) Scale leaves: closely appressed (Fig. 1C); scale leaves: with serrate margin (Fig. 8G: arrows); [female cones: 8-15 mm long] Athrotaxis cupressoides D.DON (Fig. 1C) 15(1). Female cone scales: thin (cones flexible) (Fig. 7B)...16 Female cone scales: thick (cones rigid) (Fig. 7C)...21

26 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert (15). Scale leaves: one leaf type only = monomorphic (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves) (Fig. 1Q, R)...17 Scale leaves: two leaf types = dimorphic (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves) (Fig. 2A-U) (16). Columella: present (Fig. 8A; 9K, L; 11L: arrow); female cones: dark (Fig. 5H); female cone scales: umbo or depression absent (Fig. 7G); seed wings: (almost) equal (Fig. 5L-6G); branchlets: up to 2 mm wide......diselma archeri HOOK.f. (Fig. 1Q) Columella: absent (Fig. 7L); female cones: light (Fig. 5D); female cone scales: umbo present (Fig. 7H-K: arrow); seed wings: unequal (Fig. 6H- M); branchlets: more than 2 mm wide Pilgerodendron uviferum (D.DON) FLORIN [= Libocedrus tetragona (HOOK.) ENDL.] (Fig. 1R; 5D; 7K) 18(16). Seeds: thin (Fig. 7F); seed wings: present (always membranous) (Fig. 5L-6P)...19 Seeds: thick (Fig. 7E); seed wings: absent (sometimes with massive edges) (Fig. 5I-K)... Microbiota decussata KOM. (Fig. 2A; 4N; 5I)) 19(18). Seed wings: (almost) equal (Fig. 5U)...Thuja L. (page 52) Seed wings: unequal (Fig. 6I, L) (19). Female cone scales: with small dorsal umbo (Fig. 7I: arrow); female cone scales: umbo near the apex (Fig. 5A; 7I, J: arrow) Austrocedrus chilensis (D.DON) PIC.SERM & BIZZARRI [= Libocedrus chilensis (D.DON) ENDL.] (Fig. 2T; 5A; 6I) Female cone scales: with very large dorsal umbo (Fig. 5C, D; 7K: arrow); female cone scales: umbo more or less in the center (Fig. 7I: arrow)......libocedrus ENDL. (page 50) 21(15). Seed wings: present (always membranous) (Fig. 5L-6P)...22 Seed wings: absent (sometimes with massive edges) (Fig. 5I-K) (21). Seed wings: (almost) equal (Fig. 5L-6G)...23 Seed wings: unequal (Fig. 6H-M) (22). Female cone scales: all insert on the same level in mature cones (valvat), female cones: bowl-shaped (Fig. 8B, L)...24 Female cone scales: insert on different levels in mature cones (imbricat) (Fig. 8C) (23). Scale leaves: one leaf type only = monomorphic (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves) (Fig. 1N-Q); columella: present (Fig. 8A; 9K, L; 11L: arrow)... Widdringtonia ENDL. (page 52) Scale leaves: two leaf types = dimorphic (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves) (Fig. 2A-U); columella: absent (Fig. 7L)...25

27 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert (24). Seed wings: up to 2.5 mm wide; branchlets: in one plane (Fig. 8E); in cross section roundish or quadrangular; female cones: maturity after the second year...chamaecyparis SPACH, Cupressus L., Xanthocyparis FARJON & HIEP (page 27) Seed wings: more than 2.5 mm wide; branchlets: 3-dimensionally arranged (Fig. 8D); in cross section flattened; female cones: maturity after the first year......tetraclinis articulata (VAHL) MAST. (Fig. 2I; 5B; 6D; 7L; 8B) 26(23). Needle leaves: in 2 rows (Fig. 1L); plant: deciduous......metasequoia glyptostroboides HU & W.C.CHENG (Fig. 1L; 4I) Needle leaves: in 4 or 8 rows (Fig. 1R; 3A) or scale leaves; plant: evergreen (26). Female cones: up to 12 mm wide...chamaecyparis SPACH, Cupressus L., Xanthocyparis FARJON & HIEP (page 27) Female cones: more than 12 mm wide (26). Branchlets: lower side with white or glaucous marking (Fig. 2N); scale leaves: more than 2 mm wide; female cones: maturity after the first year Thujopsis dolabrata (THUNB. ex L.f.) SIEBOLD & ZUCC. (Fig. 2N) (page 52) Branchlets: lower side without white or glaucous marking (Fig. 1O; 2L, J); scale leaves: up to 2 mm wide; female cones: maturity after the second year...chamaecyparis SPACH, Cupressus L., Xanthocyparis FARJON & HIEP (page 27) 29(22). Leaves: facial and lateral leaves more or less equal respectively the length (Fig. 2B, C, Q)...30 Leaves: facial and lateral leaves conspicuous unequal respectively the length (Fig. 2P)... Papuacedrus H.L.LI (page 51) 30(29). Female cone scales: umbo near the apex (Fig. 7I, J: arrow); female cones: with up to 6 cone scales; oblong (Fig. 4O); with up to 8 seeds......calocedrus KURZ (page 26) Female cone scales: umbo more or less in the center (Fig. 7K: arrow); female cones: with more than 6 cone scales; globose or ovoid (Fig. 4L); with more than 8 seeds......fokienia hodginsii (DUNN) A.HENRY & H.H.THOMAS (Fig. 2Q; 4L; 6M)

28 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert (21). Scale leaves: one leaf type only = monomorphic (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves) (Fig. 1O); female cone scales: with small dorsal umbo or without (Fig. 5E, F: arrow); female cones: berry-like (closed after maturity) (Fig. 5E, F); branchlets: arranged 3-dimensionally (Fig. 8D); not flattened in cross section... Juniperus L. (page 34) Scale leaves: two leaf types = dimorphic (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves) (Fig. 2J); female cone scales: with large dorsal umbo (Fig. 7J: arrow); female cones: cone-like (open after maturity) (Fig. 4M); branchlets: arranged in one plane (Fig. 8E); flattened in cross section Platycladus orientalis (L.) FRANCO [= Thuja orientalis L.] (Fig. 2J; 4M; 5J; 7E; 7J) 32(1). Female cone scales: with several small additional cone scales at the base of the female cones (Fig. 5G: arrows)... Actinostrobus MIQ. (page 23) Female cone scales: without several small additional cone scales at the base of the female cones (Fig. 5H) (32). Female cone scales: thin (Fig. 7B); flexible Diselma archeri HOOK.f. (FIG. 1Q) Female cone scales: thick (Fig. 7C); rigid (woody or fleshy) (33). Female cones: cone-like (opened after maturity), woody (Fig. 5H; 8H); columella: present (Fig. 8A; 9K, L; 11L: arrow)...35 Female cones: berry-like (closed after maturity), fleshy or leathery (Fig. 5E, F); columella: absent (Fig. 7L)... Juniperus L. (page 34) 35(34). Leaves: spreading (Fig. 3C); female cones: young ones green only......fitzroya cupressoides (MOLINA) I.M.JOHNST. (Fig. 3C; 6P; 8H) Leaves: appressed closely (Fig. 3D, E); female cones: young ones green with bluish coating... Callitris VENT. (Fig. 3D, E; 5H) (page 24) 36(1). Leaves: spreading (Fig. 7A); [female cones: up to 9 mm wide]; female cone scales: thin (up to 0.5 mm thick) (Fig. 7B)......Neocallitropsis pancheri (CARRIÈRE) DELAUB. (Fig. 7A) Leaves: closely appressed (Fig. 3D, E); [female cones: more than 6 mm wide]; female cone scales: thick (more than 0.5 mm thick) (Fig. 7C) Callitris VENT. (page 24) Actinostrobus MIQ. (3 species; key after HILL 1998) 1. Female cones: apex rounded (Fig. 5G); [10-16 mm long] Actinostrobus pyramidalis MIQ. (Fig. 3F; 5G; 6O) Female cones: apex acute; [15-35 mm long]...2 2(1). Female cones: about as long as broad; tip of scales straight; up to 20 mm long... Actinostrobus arenarius C.A.GARDNER Female cones: about 1.5 times as long as broad; tip of scales hooked; more than 20 mm long... Actinostrobus acuminatus PARL.

29 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 24 Athrotaxis D. DON (3 species) 1. Leaves: needle-like (Fig. 1G); branchlets with leaves: more than 7 mm wide...athrotaxis selaginoides D.DON (Fig. 1G) Leaves: scaly (Fig. 1B, C); branchlets: up to 7 mm wide...2 2(1). Scale leaves: loosely spreading (Fig. 1B); with entire margin (Fig. 8F: arrow)...athrotaxis laxifolia HOOK. (Fig. 1B; 4A; 5L) Scale leaves: closely appressed (Fig. 1C); with serrate margin (Fig. 8G: arrows)... Athrotaxis cupressoides D.DON (Fig. 1C) Callitris VENT. (15 species) 1. Female cone scales: almost equal (Fig. 5G)...2 Female cone scales: unequal (Fig. 8L)...4 2(1). Leaves: adult plants with scale leaves only (Fig. 3D, E); female cone scales: with large dorsal umbo (Fig. 7J: arrow); the larger ones angled into a (broad) apex (Fig. 9A); female cones: with slender fruiting branchlets (Fig. 9C: arrow)...3 Leaves: adult plants with scale and needle leaves (Fig. 9D); female cone scales: with small dorsal umbo (Fig. 7I: arrow); the larger ones tapering towards the apex (Fig. 9B); female cones: with stout fruiting branchlets (Fig. 5H; 8L)...Callitris macleayana (F.MUELL.) F.MUELL. 3(2). Female cone scales: the smaller cone scales angled into a (broad) apex (Fig. 9A); without dorsal furrow below the apex; female cones: up to 9 mm wide... Callitris neocaledonica DUMMER Female cone scales: the smaller cone scales tapering towards the apex (Fig. 9B); with dorsal furrow below the apex; female cones: more than 9 mm wide... Callitris sulcata (PARL.) SCHLTR. 4(1). Female cone scales: spreading widely after opening (Fig. 9K)...5 Female cone scales: not spreading widely after opening (Fig. 9L)...7 5(4). Female cone scales: the larger ones angled into a (broad) apex (Fig. 9A); seed wings: (almost) equal (Fig. 5L-6G); seeds: more than 10 per cone; female cone scales: without dorsal furrow below the apex...6 Female cone scales: the larger ones tapering towards the apex (Fig. 9B); seed wings: unequal (Fig. 6I-M); seeds: up to 10 per cone; female cone scales: with dorsal furrow below the apex... Callitris baileyi C.T.WHITE

30 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 25 6(5). Columella: simple (round or angled at the apex) (Fig. 9K, L; 11L: arrow); female cones: with slender fruiting branchlets (Fig. 9C: arrow); scale leaves: dorsal side rounded (branchlets: often roundish); female cones: shedding seeds and deciduous shortly after maturity Callitris columellaris F.MUELL. Columella: apart (2-/3-/4-lobed, 2-/3-/4-partite) (Fig. 8A); female cones: with stout fruiting branchlets (Fig. 5H; 8L); scale leaves: dorsal side keeled (branchlets: square-edged); female cones: persistent and holding seeds for several years after maturity Callitris rhomboidea R.BR. ex RICH. & A.RICH. 7(4). Seed wings: (almost) equal (Fig. 5L-6G); seeds: more than 10 per cone...8 Seed wings: unequal (Fig. 6J); seeds: up to 10 per cone (7). Columella: simple (round or angled at the apex) (Fig. 9K, L; 11L: arrow) 9 Columella: apart (2-/3-/4-lobed, 2-/3-/4-partite) (Fig. 8A) (8). Female cones: warty (Fig. 9J)...10 Female cones: not warty (Fig. 5H; 8L; 9C) (9). Female cones: with some warts, but not dense...callitris preissii MIQ. Female cones: densely warty on the whole cone (Fig. 9J)......Callitris verrucosa (A.CUNN. ex ENDL.) F.MUELL. (Fig. 9J) 11(9). Female cone scales: the larger ones angled into a (broad) apex (Fig. 9A) 12 Female cone scales: the larger ones tapering towards the apex (Fig. 9B).14 12(11). Scale leaves: dorsal side rounded (branchlets: often roundish)...13 Scale leaves: dorsal side keeled (branchlets: square-edged)......callitris muelleri (PARL.) BENTH. & HOOK.f. ex. F.MUELL. 13(12). Female cones: up to 17 mm long; columella: up to 2 mm long Callitris canescens (PARL.) S.T.BLAKE (Fig. 3E; 9C) Female cones: more than 17 mm long; columella: more than 2 mm long Callitris preissii MIQ. (Fig. 9E) 14(11). Scale leaves: tip blunt (Fig. 11C: arrow); female cone scales: tip blunt (Fig. 7I); united at the base and forming a thick cone base (Fig. 9E); female cones: depressed-globose or globose (Fig. 5H; 8L; 9C); [seed wings: 2-4 mm wide]......callitris muelleri (PARL.) BENTH. & HOOK.f. ex. F.MUELL. Scale leaves: tip acute (Fig. 11D: arrow); female cone scales: tip acute (Fig. 7G); separating almost to the base (Fig. 9F); female cones: ovoid; [seed wings: 1-3 mm wide]... Callitris oblonga RICH. & A.RICH. 15(8). Female cone scales: the larger ones angled into a (broad) apex (Fig. 9A) 16 Female cone scales: the larger ones tapering towards the apex (Fig. 9B).18

31 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert (15). Female cones: with slender fruiting branchlets (Fig. 9C: arrow); female cones: shedding seeds and deciduous shortly after maturity Callitris endlicheri (PARL.) F.M.BAILEY (Fig. 8A; 9F; 11L) Female cones: with stout fruiting branchlets (Fig. 5H; 8L); female cones: persistent and holding seeds for several years after maturity (16). Female cone scales: united at the base and forming a thick cone base (Fig. 9E); scale leaves: more than 4 mm long......callitris muelleri (PARL.) BENTH. & HOOK.f. ex. F.MUELL. Female cone scales: separating almost to the base (Fig. 9F); scale leaves: up to 4 mm long... Callitris monticola J.GARDEN 18(15). Scale leaves: tip blunt (Fig. 11C: arrow)...19 Scale leaves: tip acute (Fig. 11D: arrow) (18). Female cones: with slender fruiting branchlets (Fig. 9C: arrow); shedding seeds and deciduous shortly after maturity; up to 16 mm long; female cone scales: separating almost to the base (Fig. 9F); scale leaves: up to 4 mm long..callitris endlicheri (PARL.) F.M.BAILEY (Fig. 8A; 9F, K; 11L) Female cones: with stout fruiting branchlets (Fig. 5H; 8L); persistent and holding seeds for several years after maturity; more than 16 mm long; female cone scales: united at the base and forming a thick cone base (Fig. 9E); scale leaves: more than 4 mm long......callitris muelleri (PARL.) BENTH. & HOOK.f. ex F.MUELL. 20(18). Female cones: with slender fruiting branchlets (Fig. 9C: arrow); shedding seeds and deciduous shortly after maturity; [10-16 mm long; scale leaves: 1-4 mm long]. Callitris endlicheri (PARL.) F.M.BAILEY (Fig. 8A; 9F; 11L) Female cones: with stout fruiting branchlets (Fig. 5H; 8L); persistent and holding seeds for several years after maturity; [12-25 mm long; 3-5 mm wide]... Callitris oblonga RICH. & A.RICH. 21(7). Female cone scales: with dorsal furrow below the apex; [female cones: mm wide]...callitris roei (ENDL.) F.MUELL. Female cone scales: without dorsal furrow below the apex; [female cones: mm wide]......callitris drummondii (PARL.) F.MUELL. (Fig. 3D; 5H; 6J; 8L; 9A, B, L; 10E) Calocedrus KURZ (3 species; key after FLORIN 1930, changed) 1. Cone-bearing-branchlets (peduncle): terete or 4-angled and not like the branchlets without female cones...2 Cone-bearing-branchlets (peduncle): flattened and like the branchlets without female cones (Fig. 10A)...3

32 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 27 2(1). Seeds: up to 4 mm wide... Calocedrus macrolepis KURZ [= Libocedrus macrolepis (KURZ) BENTH & HOOK.f.] Seeds: more than 4 mm wide...calocedrus decurrens (TORR.) FLORIN [= Libocedrus decurrens TORR.] (Fig. 2B; 4O; 6K) 3(1). Seeds: up to 4 mm wide...calocedrus formosana (FLORIN) FLORIN [= Libocedrus formosana FLORIN] (Fig. 2C; 10A) Seeds: more than 4 mm wide...calocedrus decurrens (TORR.) FLORIN [= Libocedrus decurrens TORR.] (Fig. 2B; 4O; 6K) Chamaecyparis SPACH and Cupressus L. and Xanthocyparis FARJON & HIEP (Chamaecyparis: 8 taxa = 6 species + 2 varieties; Cupressus: 25 taxa = 17 species + 8 varieties; Xanthocyparis: 2 species) 1. Scale leaves: one leaf type only = monomorphic (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves) (Fig. 1A-C, N-Q)...2 Scale leaves: two leaf types = dimorphic (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves) (Fig. 2A-U) (1). Branchlets: arranged 3-dimensionally (Fig. 8D)...3 Branchlets: arranged in one plane (Fig. 8E) (2). Female cone scales: umbo more or less in the center (Fig. 7K: arrow)...4 Female cone scales: umbo near the apex (Fig. 7I, J: arrow) (3). Scale leaves: with white resin (Fig. 8J: arrows)...5 Scale leaves: without white resin (Fig. 1A-C; 1P-2U) but sometimes resinous...8 5(4). Seeds: thin (Fig. 7F)...6 Seeds: thick (Fig. 7E) Cupressus guadalupensis S.WATSON var. forbesii (JEPS.) LITTLE [= Cupressus forbesii JEPS.] 6(5). Seeds: light - medium brown (Fig. 5I; N-Q); up to 80 per cone; [3-4 mm long]; [branchlets: 8-20 mm long]; bark: furrowed Cupressus arizonica GREENE var. montana (WIGGINS) LITTLE [= Cupressus montana WIGGINS.] Seeds: dark brown - black (Fig. 5J, S; 6B); more than 80 per cone; [4-7 mm long]; [branchlets: mm long]; bark: smooth - scaly (Fig. 9G) or divided in plates (Fig. 9H)...7 7(6). Branchlets: up to 20 mm long; stout (Fig. 11E); seed wings: more than 1.3 mm wide; female cones: up to 20 mm wide; crown: dense Cupressus arizonica GREENE var. glabra (SUDW.) LITTLE [= Cupressus glabra SUDW.] (Fig. 1N; 8D, G) Branchlets: more than 20 mm long; slender (Fig. 11F); seed wings: up to 1.3 mm wide; female cones: more than 20 mm wide; crown: rather open......cupressus guadalupensis S.WATSON var. guadalupensis

33 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 28 8(4). Seeds: with conspicuous hilum (Fig. 5I, S; 6M: arrow)...9 Seeds: without conspicuous hilum (Fig. 5M, N) (8). Seeds: tubercled (Fig. 8K: arrows)...10 Seeds: not tubercled (Fig. 11K) (9). Seeds: thin (Fig. 7F)...11 Seeds: thick (Fig. 7E)......Cupressus guadalupensis S.WATSON var. forbesii (JEPS.) LITTLE [= Cupressus forbesii JEPS.] 11(10). Branchlets: up to 10 mm long...12 Branchlets: between mm long...16 Branchlets: between mm long...21 Branchlets: up to 20 mm long......cupressus guadalupensis S.WATSON var. guadalupensis 12(11). Scale leaves: tip blunt (Fig. 11C: arrow)...13 Scale leaves: tip acute (Fig. 11D: arrow) (12). Scale leaves: tip curved outwards (Fig. 11I:arrow); up to 0.8 mm wide; seeds: up to 120 per cone; up to 5 mm long; up to 4 mm wide; branchlets: long (Fig. 11F); up to 1 mm wide; crown: dense......cupressus duclouxiana HICKEL Scale leaves: tip incurved (Fig. 11J: arrows); more than 0.8 mm wide; seeds: more than 120 per cone; more than 5 mm long; more than 4 mm wide; branchlets: short (Fig. 11E); more than 1 mm wide; crown: rather open... Cupressus macrocarpa HARTW. ex GORDON (Fig. 8J) 14(12). Scale leaves: up to 0.5 mm wide... Cupressus duclouxiana HICKEL Scale leaves: between mm wide...15 Scale leaves: between mm wide......cupressus arizonica GREENE var. stephensonii (C.B.WOLF) LITTLE [= Cupressus stephensoni C. B. WOLF.] Scale leaves: more than 1.5 mm wide... Cupressus sargentii JEPS. 15(14). Branchlets: up to 1 mm wide; slender (Fig. 11F); seed wings: up to 2.3 mm wide; seeds: up to 4 mm wide; [10-28 seeds per female cone scale]; scale leaves: up to 1 mm wide; branches: horizontal or drooping; bark: furrowed or peeling of in strands (Fig. 9I)......Cupressus duclouxiana HICKEL Branchlets: more than 1 mm wide; stout (Fig. 11E); seed wings: more than 2.3 mm wide; seeds: more than 4 mm wide; [8-10 seeds per female cone scale]; scale leaves: more than 1 mm wide; branches: ascending; bark: smooth-scaly (Fig. 9G) or divided in plates (Fig. 9H)......Cupressus arizonica GREENE var. stephensonii (C.B.WOLF) LITTLE [= Cupressus stephensoni C. B. WOLF.] 16(11). Scale leaves: tip curved outwards (Fig. 11I. arrow)...17 Scale leaves: tip incurved (Fig. 11J: arrows)...18

34 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert (16). Branchlets: up to 1 mm wide; slender (Fig. 11F); seed wings: up to 2.3 mm wide; seeds: up to 4 mm wide; [10-28 seeds per female cone scale]; scale leaves: up to 1 mm wide; branches: horizontal or drooping; bark: furrowed or peeling of in strands (Fig. 9I)......Cupressus duclouxiana HICKEL Branchlets: more than 1 mm wide; stout (Fig. 11E); seed wings: more than 2.3 mm wide; seeds: more than 4 mm wide; [8-10 seeds per female cone scale]; scale leaves: more than 1 mm wide; branches: ascending; bark: smooth-scaly (Fig. 9G) or divided in plates (Fig. 9H)......Cupressus arizonica GREENE var. stephensonii (C.B.WOLF) LITTLE [= Cupressus stephensoni C. B. WOLF.] 18(16). Scale leaves: tip blunt (Fig. 11C: arrow)...19 Scale leaves: tip acute (Fig. 11D: arrow) (18). Seeds: up to 5 mm long; up to 14 seeds per female cone scale; up to 125 per cone; seed wings: up to 1 mm wide; female cones: up to 20 mm wide; branchlets: long (Fig. 11F); crown: dense Cupressus goveniana GORDON var. abramsiana (C.B.WOLF) LITTLE [= Cupressus abramsiana C. B. WOLF.] Seeds: more than 5 mm long; more than 14 seeds per female cone scale; more than 125 per cone; seed wings: more than 1 mm wide; female cones: more than 20 mm wide; branchlets: short (Fig. 11E); crown: rather open......cupressus macrocarpa HARTW. ex GORDON 20(18). Female cones: up 20 mm wide; seed wings: up to 1.5 mm wide; seeds: up to 85 per cone; branchlets: slender (Fig. 11F); bark: furrowed Cupressus goveniana GORDON var. abramsiana (C.B.WOLF) LITTLE [= Cupressus abramsiana C. B. WOLF.] Female cones: more than 20 mm wide; seed wings: more than 1.5 mm wide; seeds: more than 85 per cone; branchlets: stout (Fig. 11E); bark: smooth-scaly (Fig. 9G) or divided in plates (Fig. 9H)......Cupressus arizonica GREENE var. stephensonii (C.B.WOLF) LITTLE [= Cupressus stephensoni C. B. WOLF.] 21(11). Scale leaves: up to 1.5 mm long; seed wings: more than 1.5 mm wide; seeds: more than 5 mm wide; [female cones: 6-12 scales per cone], [branchlets: mm wide]; branches: horizontal......cupressus arizonica GREENE var. stephensonii (C.B.WOLF) LITTLE [= Cupressus stephensoni C. B. WOLF.] Scale leaves: more than 1.5 mm long; seed wings: up to 1.5 mm wide; seeds: up to 5 mm wide; [female cones: 6-8 scales per cone], [branchlets: mm wide]; branches: ascending Cupressus arizonica GREENE var. arizonica (Fig. 6F) 22(9). Scale leaves: tip blunt (Fig. 11C: arrow)...23 Scale leaves: tip acute (Fig. 11D: arrow)...24

35 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert (22). Scale leaves: bright green; [seeds: per cone]; female cones: up to 22 mm wide Cupressus goveniana GORDON var. abramsiana (C.B.WOLF) LITTLE [= Cupressus abramsiana C. B. WOLF.] Scale leaves: dark green; [seeds: per cone]; female cones: more than 22 mm wide... Cupressus sempervirens L. (Fig. 4K) 24(22). Seeds: light - medium brown (Fig. 5I, N, Q); [2-4 mm wide; scale leaves: mm wide]...cupressus bakeri JEPS. Seeds: dark brown - black (Fig. 5J, S; 6B); [3-6 mm wide; scale leaves: mm wide] (24). Branchlets: up to 10 mm long; more than 1.5 mm wide; stout (Fig. 11E); short (Fig. 11E); female cones: young ones reddish; [scale leaves: mm wide]...cupressus sargentii JEPS. Branchlets: more than 10 mm long; up to 1.5 mm wide; slender (Fig. 11F); long (Fig. 11F); female cones: young ones only green; [scale leaves: mm wide] Cupressus goveniana GORDON var. abramsiana (C.B.WOLF) LITTLE [= Cupressus abramsiana C. B. WOLF.] 26(8). Scale leaves: with conspicuous glands (Fig. 10P: arrow)......cupressus bakeri JEPS. Scale leaves: with inconspicuous or without glands (Fig. 11A) (26). Female cone scales: with small dorsal umbo (Fig. 4K; 7I: arrow)...28 Female cone scales: with large dorsal umbo (Fig. 4M; 7J: arrow) (27). Scale leaves: tip curved outwards (Fig. 11I: arrow); female cones: solitary; branchlets: stout (Fig. 11E); branches: drooping......cupressus lusitanica MILL. var. lusitanica Scale leaves: tip incurved (Fig. 11J: arrows); female cones: several together; branchlets: slender (Fig. 11F); branches: ascending or horizontal.... Cupressus goveniana GORDON var. goveniana 29(27). Scale leaves: up to 1.5 mm long: seeds: up to 85 per cone; [female cones: mm long]; branchlets: long (Fig. 11F); branches: drooping......cupressus lusitanica MILL. var. lusitanica Scale leaves: more than 1.5 mm long: seeds: more than 85 per cone; [female cones: mm long]; branchlets: short (Fig. 11E); branches: horizontal... Cupressus arizonica GREENE var. arizonica (Fig. 6F) 30(3). Scale leaves: tip blunt (Fig. 11C: arrow); female cones: 5-6 cone scale whorls per cone; reddish or bluish or dark (Fig. 4J, M, C); up to 20 mm wide and long...31 Scale leaves: tip acute (Fig. 11D: arrow); female cones: 3-4 cone scale whorls per cone; light (Fig. 4K); more than 20 mm wide and long Cupressus arizonica GREENE var. nevadensis (ABRAMS) LITTLE [= Cupressus nevadensis ABRAMS]

36 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert (30). Female cone scales: with small dorsal umbo (Fig. 7I: arrow); scale leaves: without white resin (Fig. 11A); female cones: reddish or dark (Fig. 4J, C); young ones green with bluish coating; up to 12 mm wide and long Cupressus chengiana S.Y.HU var. jiangensis (N.ZHAO) SILBA Female cone scales: with large dorsal umbo (Fig. 7J: arrow); scale leaves: with white resin (Fig. 1N; 8J: arrows); female cones: bluish (Fig. 4M; 5B); young ones only green; more than 12 mm wide and long......cupressus gigantea W.C.CHENG & L.K.FU (Fig. 11A, F) 32(2). Branchlets: flattened in cross section...33 Branchlets: roundish in cross section...36 Branchlets: quadrangular in cross section......cupressus torulosa D.DON (Fig. 6E) 33(32). Female cones: 3-4 whorls per cone...34 Female cones: 5-6 whorls per cone (33). Female cone scales: with small dorsal umbo (Fig. 4K; 7I: arrow); scale leaves: tip curved outwards (Fig. 11I: arrow); dorsal side keeled (branchlets: square-edged); seed wings: more than 1 mm wide; female cones: dark (Fig. 4C, H); young ones only green or reddish; branchlets: long (Fig. 11F)... Cupressus dupreziana A.CAMUS var. atlantica (GAUSSEN) SILBA (Fig. 6G) [= Cupressus atlantica GAUSSEN] Female cone scales: with large dorsal umbo (Fig. 4M; 7J: arrow); scale leaves: tip incurved (Fig. 11J: arrows); dorsal side rounded (branchlets: often roundish); seed wings: up to 1 mm wide; female cones: reddish (Fig. 4J) or light (Fig. 4K) or bluish (Fig. 4M; 5B); young ones green with bluish coating; branchlets: short (Fig. 11E) Cupressus macnabiana A.MURRAY BIS 35(33). Scale leaves: tip blunt (Fig. 11C: arrow); female cones: light (Fig. 4K); branches: horizontal or drooping; crown: dense; bark: furrowed Cupressus dupreziana A.CAMUS var. dupreziana (Fig. 11C) Scale leaves: tip acute (Fig. 11D: arrow); female cones: reddish (Fig. 4J) or dark (Fig. 4C, H); branches: ascending; crown: rather open; bark: peeling off in strands (Fig. 9I)......Cupressus cashmeriana ROYLE ex CARRIERE (Fig. 8F) 36(32). Scale leaves: with white resin (Fig. 1N; 8J: arrows); [female cones: mm long]; [branches: horizontal or drooping] Cupressus chengiana S.Y.HU var. chengiana Scale leaves: without white resin (Fig. 11A); [female cones: mm long]; [branches: horizontal or ascending]...37

37 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert (36). Female cone scales: umbo more or less in the center (Fig. 7K: arrow); female cones: several together; more than 12 mm long; branchlets: slender (Fig. 11F)... Cupressus torulosa D.DON (Fig. 6E) Female cone scales: umbo near the apex (Fig. 7I, J: arrow); female cones: solitary; up to 12 mm long; branchlets: stout (Fig. 11E) Cupressus chengiana S.Y.HU var. jiangensis (N.ZHAO) SILBA 38(1). Branchlets: flattened in cross section...39 Branchlets: roundish in cross section......xanthocyparis vietnamensis FARJON & HIEP Branchlets: quadrangular in cross section (38). Branchlets: lower side with white or glaucous marking (Fig. 2F, G, K, M-U)...40 Branchlets: lower side without white or glaucous marking (Fig. 2B, H) (39). Leaves: facial and lateral leaves more or less equal respectively the length (Fig. 2D, E, G); branchlets: lower side with indistinct white marking (Fig. 2D, E, G)...41 Leaves: facial and lateral leaves conspicuous unequal respectively the length (Fig. 2F); branchlets: lower side with distinct white marking (Fig. 2F) (40). Scale leaves: on leading shoots with resin glands (Fig. 10P: arrows); [female cones: 7-12 mm wide]; lateral leaves: without acute translucent tip Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A.MURRAY BIS) PARL. (Fig. 2E; 4J; 5N) Scale leaves: on leading shoot without resin glands (Fig. 1P); [female cones: 5-10 mm wide]; lateral leaves: with acute translucent tip (41). Female cones: globose (Fig. 4L); dark (Fig. 4C, H); seed wings: more than 2 mm wide; [seeds: 1-2 seeds per female cone scale; 8-24 per cone]; lateral leaves: more than 2.2 mm long......chamaecyparis pisifera (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.) ENDL. (Fig. 2G; 5O; 9G) Female cones: ovoid (Fig. 4G-I); reddish (Fig. 4J) or light (Fig. 4K); seed wings: up to 2 mm wide; [seeds: 2-6 seeds per female cone scale; per cone]; lateral leaves: up to 2.2 mm long Chamaecyparis formosensis MATSUM. (Fig. 5Q; 8C) after FU (40). Lateral leaves up to 2 mm long; [scale leaves: thin]; tip subacute; seeds obovoid... Chamaecyparis obtusa (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.) ENDL. var. formosana (HAYATA) HAYATA Lateral leaves: more than 2 mm long; [scale leaves: thick]; tip obtuse; seeds suborbicular...chamaecyparis obtusa (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.) ENDL. var. obtusa (Fig. 2F; 5M) 44(39). Columella: present (Fig. 8A; 9K, L; 11L: arrow)...45 Columella: absent (or only reduced fused cone scales) (Fig. 8B; 7L)...46

38 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 33 after LI (44). [Scale leaves: much lighter colored yellowish green foliage, especially pronounced on younger plants; 2-3 mm long; more closely appressed; on the leading shoots prominently glandular while the others are mostly eglandular; facial leaves: generally distinctly keeled; bark smoother; branchlets: less flattened]... Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) BRITTON, STERNS & POGGENB. var. henryae (H.L.LI) LITTLE [Scale leaves: mm long; slightly spreading (Fig. 10O); generally glandular throughout; facial leaves: less keeled]... Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) BRITTON, STERNS & POGGENB. var. thyoides (Fig. 2H; 5P) 46(44). Scale leaves: tip blunt (Fig. 11C: arrow); seeds: 8-20 per cone scale; scale leaves: dorsal side rounded; with conspicuous glands (Fig. 10P: arrow); blunt (Fig. 11C: arrow); leaves: adult plants with scale leaves only (Fig. 8D, E)...48 Scale leaves: tip acute (Fig. 11D: arrow); seeds: 6-7 per cone scale; scale leaves: dorsal side keeled; with inconspicuous or without glands (Fig. 11A); acute (Fig. 11D: arrow); leaves: adult plants with scale and needle leaves (Fig. 9D)...Cupressus funebris ENDL. [= Chamaecyparis funebris (ENDL.) FRANCO] (Fig. 11I) 47(38). Female cone scales: all insert on the same level in mature cones (valvat); female cone: bowl-shaped (Fig. 8B, L); Seeds: not tubercled (Fig. 11K); 1-3 seeds per female cone scales; 4-9 per cone; female cones: depressed globose; young ones only green; branchlets: roundish in cross section; leaves: adult plants with scale and needle leaves (Fig. 9D)......Xanthocyparis nootkatensis (D.DON) FARJON & HARDER [= Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D.DON) SPACH, Cupressus nootkatensis D.DON] (Fig. 2U; 9H) Female cone scales: insert on different levels in mature cones (imbricat) (Fig. 8C); Seeds: tubercled (Fig. 8K: arrows); 8-10 seeds per female cone scales; per cone; female cones: globose; young ones green with bluish coating; branchlets: quadrangular in cross section; leaves: adult plants with scale leaves only (Fig. 8D, E)......Cupressus lusitanica MILL. var. benthamii (ENDL.) CARRIÈRE [= Cupressus benthamii ENDL.](Fig. 11E) 48(46). Female cone scales: 6-8 per cone; with large dorsal umbo; branchlets: up to 1 mm wide; short (Fig. 11E)... Cupressus macnabiana A.MURRAY BIS Female cone scales: per cone; with small dorsal umbo; branchlets: more than 1 mm wide; long (Fig. 11F) Cupressus dupreziana A.CAMUS var. dupreziana (Fig. 11C)

39 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 34 Cunninghamia R.BR. ex RICH. & A.RICH. (2 species) 1. Needle leaves: 7-15 rows of stomata per white stripe on the abaxial side; [8-35 mm long]; female cones: up to 25 mm wide; [18-30 mm long] Cunninghamia konishii HAYATA Needle leaves: rows of stomata per white stripe on the abaxial side (Fig. 10B); [8-70 mm long]; female cones: more than 25 mm wide; [25-45 mm long]....cunninghamia lanceolata (LAMB.) HOOK. (Fig. 1M; 4B; 5R; 7B, G; 10B) Juniperus L. (85 taxa = 53 species + 6 subspecies + 25 varieties + 1 form) 1. Leaves: needle-like only... group A (page 34) Leaves: scaly with or without needle leaves... group B (page 38) Juniperus group A: taxa with needle leaves 1. Female cones: without coating (Fig. 5F)...2 Female cones: with coating (Fig. 5E) (1). Needle leaves: spreading (Fig. 3B)...3 Needle leaves: slightly spreading (Fig. 1D; 10C)...11 Needle leaves: appressed (Fig. 1E) (2). Female cone scales: umbo present (Fig. 5E, F: arrow)...4 Female cone scales: umbo absent (Fig. 7G)...7 4(3). Needle leaves: up to 5 mm long Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. transtagana FRANCO Needle leaves: between 5-10 mm long...5 Needle leaves: between mm long Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. transtagana FRANCO Needle leaves: between mm long...6 Needle leaves: more than 19 mm long Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. Macrocarpa (SIBTH. & SM.) NEILR. [= Juniperus macrocarpa SIBTH. & SM.] (Fig. 10N) 5(4). Female cone scales: umbo more or less in the center (Fig. 7K: arrow); branchlets: roundish in cross section; stout (Fig. 11E); needle leaves: rounded (Fig. 10F); crown: widely conical or globose-irregular......juniperus brevifolia (SEUB.) ANTOINE Female cone scales: umbo near the apex (Fig. 7I, J: arrow); branchlets: triangular in cross section (Fig. 10E); slender (Fig. 11F); needle leaves: keeled (Fig. 10G); crown: columnar-narrowly conical Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. transtagana FRANCO

40 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 35 6(4). Needle leaves: rounded (Fig. 10F); [seeds: 2-5 mm wide]......juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus (Fig. 5F) Needle leaves: keeled (Fig. 10G); [seeds: mm wide] Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. badia (H.GRAY) DEBEAUX 7(3). Needle leaves: tip blunt (Fig. 10H)...8 Needle leaves: tip acute (Fig. 10I)...9 8(7). Needle leaves: rounded (Fig. 10F); [6-9 mm long]; branchlets: stout (Fig. 11E); short (Fig. 11E); roundish in cross section......juniperus brevifolia (SEUB.) ANTOINE Needle leaves: keeled (Fig. 10G); [7-20 mm long]; branchlets: slender (Fig. 11F); long (Fig. 11F); triangular (Fig. 10E) or quadrangular in cross section...juniperus taxifolia HOOK. & ARN. 9(7). Needle leaves: up to 10 mm long; rounded (Fig. 10F); branchlets: roundish in cross section; seeds: thick (Fig. 7E); seed wings: absent (Fig. 5I, K)...Juniperus brevifolia (SEUB.) ANTOINE Needle leaves: more than 10 mm long; keeled (Fig. 10G); branchlets: triangular in cross section (Fig. 10E); seeds: thin (Fig. 7F); seed wings: present (Fig. 5M-6M) (9). Needle leaves: up to 8 mm long; up to 1.2 mm wide......juniperus formosana HAYATA f. tenella HAND.-MAZZ. Needle leaves: more than 8 mm long; more than 1.2 mm wide Juniperus formosana HAYATA f. formosana 11(2). Seeds: tubercled (Fig. 8K: arrows)...12 Seeds: not tubercled (Fig. 11K) (11). Female cones: 3-4 cone scales per cone; more than 5 mm wide; female cone scales: umbo absent (Fig. 7G); needle leaves: [6-10 mm long]; branchlets: roundish in cross section; stout (Fig. 11E); bark: peeling off in strands (Fig. 9I); crown: rather open......juniperus recurva BUCH.-HAM. ex D.DON var. coxii (A.B.JACKS.) MELVILLE Female cones: 5-6 cone scales per cone; up to 5 mm wide; female cone scales: umbo present (Fig. 5E, F: arrow); needle leaves [3-7 mm long]; branchlets: triangular in cross section (Fig. 10E); slender (Fig. 11F); bark: furrowed; crown: dense Juniperus pingii W.C.CHENG ex FERRÉ var. pingii 13(11). Female cone scales: umbo more or less in the center (Fig. 7K: arrow); female cones: more than 7 mm long; needle leaves: rounded (Fig. 10F); branchlets: slender (Fig. 11F); bark: peeling off in strands (Fig. 9I) Juniperus recurva BUCH.-HAM. ex D.DON var. recurva (Fig. 5K) Female cone scales: umbo near the apex (Fig. 7I, J: arrow); female cones: up to 7 mm long; needle leaves: keeled (Fig. 10G); branchlets: stout (Fig. 11E); bark: furrowed......juniperus pingii W.C.CHENG ex FERRÉ var. wilsonii (REHDER) SILBA [= Juniperus squamata BUCH.-HAM. ex D.DON f. wilsonii REHDER]

41 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert (2). Seeds: tubercled (Fig. 8K: arrows); female cones: 5-6 cone scales per cone; more than 7 mm long; up to 5 mm wide; branchlets: slender (Fig. 11F); long (Fig. 11F); [plant: erect; up to 30 m high]... Juniperus pingii W.C.CHENG ex FERRÉ var. pingii Seeds: not tubercled (Fig. 11K); female cones: 3-4 cone scales per cone; up to 7 mm long; more than 5 mm wide; branchlets: stout (Fig. 11E); short (Fig. 11E); [plant: erect or procumbent; up to 6 m high] Juniperus pingii W.C.CHENG ex FERRÉ var. wilsonii (REHDER) SILBA [= Juniperus squamata BUCH.-HAM. ex D.DON f. wilsonii REHDER] 15(1). Female cones: up to 6 mm long...16 Female cones: between 6-9 mm long...21 Female cones: between 9-15 mm long...27 Female cones: up to 15 mm long... Juniperus drupacea LABILL. (Fig. 10G) 16(15). Needle leaves: leaves decurrent and not jointed at the base (Fig. 10J)...17 Needle leaves: leaves not decurrent and jointed at the base (Fig. 10K) (16). Leaves: adult plants with needle leaves only (Fig. 8D, E); female cones: up to 6 mm long; crown: columnar-widely conical or globose-irregular..18 Leaves: adult plants with scale and needle leaves (Fig. 9D); female cones: more than 5 mm long; crown: procumbent......juniperus horizontalis MOENCH (Fig. 3A) 18(17). Needle leaves: arranged oppositely (Fig. 3A); female cones: 2-4 mm wide; seeds: 2 per cone... Juniperus saxicola BRITTON & P.WILSON Needle leaves: arranged in whorls of 3 (Fig. 3B); female cones: more than 4 mm wide; seeds: 1 per cone......juniperus squamata BUCH.-HAM. ex D.DON (Fig. 9I; 10F, J) 19(16). Needle leaves: with one narrow white stripe in a furrow (Fig. 10L); keeled (Fig. 10G); [seeds: 3 per cone] Juniperus communis L. var. nipponica (MAXIM.) E.H.WILSON Needle leaves: with one wide white stripe without furrow (Fig. 10M); keeled (Fig. 10G); [seeds: 3 per cone]...20 Needle leaves: with two white stripes (Fig. 10N); rounded (Fig. 10F); [seeds: 1 per cone]......juniperus squamata BUCH.-HAM. ex D.DON (Fig. 9I; 10F, J) 20(19). Seeds: up to 4 mm long; branchlets: stout (Fig. 11E); more than 1.5 mm wide; plant: procumbent; [up to 1 m high] Juniperus communis L. var. saxatilis PALL. (Fig. 10I, M) Seeds: more than 4 mm long; branchlets: slender (Fig. 11F); up to 1.5 mm wide; plant: erect; [up to 15.3 m high] Juniperus communis L. var. communis (Fig. 5E) 21(15). Needle leaves: with one narrow white stripe in a furrow (Fig. 10L)...22 Needle leaves: with one wide white stripe without furrow (Fig. 10M)...23 Needle leaves: with two white stripes (Fig. 10N)...25 Needle leaves: without any white stripes... Juniperus horizontalis MOENCH

42 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert (21). Seeds: with conspicuous hilum (Fig. 5I, S; 6M: arrow); [female cones: 8-13 mm long and wide]; crown: procumbent; [plant: up to 0.6 m high]......juniperus rigida SIEBOLD & ZUCC. subsp. conferta (PARL.) KITAM. [= Juniperus conferta PARL.] Seeds: without conspicuous hilum (Fig. 5M, N); [female cones: 6-9 mm long and wide]; crown: columnar-widely conical; [plant: up to 12 m high]....juniperus rigida SIEBOLD & ZUCC. subsp. rigida [= Juniperus rigida SIEBOLD & ZUCC.] (Fig. 3B; 8K; 10K, L) 23(21). Seeds: up to 4 mm long; branchlets: more than 1.5 mm wide Juniperus communis L. var. saxatilis PALL. (Fig. 10I, M) Seeds: more than 4 mm long; branchlets: up to 1.5 mm wide (23). Leaves: only needle leaves on adult plants (Fig. 3A, B); jointed at the base (Fig. 10K); female cone scales: umbo near the apex (Fig. 7I, J: arrow); seeds: 3 per cone; female cones: arranged in whorls of 3 (Fig. 3B); [6-9 mm long]; needle leaves: spreading (Fig. 3B); with one wide white stripe (Fig. 10M); keeled (Fig. 10G); [7-15 mm long]; [1-2 mm wide]; branchlets: slender (Fig. 11F); [5-60 mm long] Juniperus communis L. var. depressa PURSH Leaves: adult plants with scale and needle leaves (Fig. 9D); female cone scales: umbo more or less in the center (Fig. 7K: arrow); seeds: 1-2 per cone; female cones: arranged oppositely; [5-7 mm long]; needle leaves slightly spreading (Fig. 1D; 10C); leaves decurrent and not jointed at the base (Fig. 10J); without any white stripes; rounded (Fig. 10F); [2-8 mm long]; [ mm wide]; branchlets: stout (Fig. 11E); [4-15 mm long] Juniperus horizontalis MOENCH 25(21). Leaves: only needle leaves on adult plants (Fig. 3B); needle leaves: with two white stripes (Fig. 10N); [1-3 mm wide]...26 Leaves: adult plants with scale and needle leaves (Fig. 9D); needle leaves: [ mm wide]... Juniperus horizontalis MOENCH 26(25). Female cones: up to 6 mm width; seeds: 1 per cone; [female cones: 4-9 mm long]; crown: columnar-narrowly conical - globose-irregular; [plant: up to 20 m high]......juniperus squamata BUCH.-HAM. ex D.DON (Fig. 9I; 10F, J) Female cones: more than 6 mm width; seeds: 2-3 per cone; [female cones: 8-9 mm long]; crown: procumbent; [plant: up to 0.8 m high]......juniperus procumbens (SIEBOLD ex ENDL.) MIQ. 27(15). Needle leaves: with one narrow white stripe in a furrow (Fig. 10L); [plant: procumbent; crown: dense] Juniperus rigida SIEBOLD & ZUCC. subsp. conferta (PARL.) KITAM. [= Juniperus conferta PARL.] Needle leaves: with one wide white stripe without furow (Fig. 10M); [plant: procumbent; crown: dense] Juniperus communis L. var. megistocarpa FERNALD & H.ST.JOHN Needle leaves: with two white stripes (Fig. 10N); [plant: erect; crown: rather open]...juniperus cedrus WEBB & BERTHEL. (Fig. 10H)

43 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 38 Juniperus group B: taxa with scale leaves 1. Scale leaves: with entire margin (Fig. 8F: arrow)...2 Scale leaves: with serrate margin (Fig. 8G: arrows) (1). Scale leaves: dorsal side rounded (branchlets: often roundish)...3 Scale leaves: dorsal side keeled (branchlets: square-edged) (2). Leaves: adult plants with scale leaves only (Fig. 8D, E)...4 Leaves: adult plants with scale and needle leaves (Fig. 9D) (3). Female cones: without coating (Fig. 5F)...5 Female cones: with coating (Fig. 5E)...7 5(4). Scale leaves: apically spreading or loosely spreading (Fig. 10O); branchlets: stout (Fig. 11E)...Juniperus komarovii FLORIN Scale leaves: closely appressed (Fig. 1A, C, O); branchlets: slender (Fig. 11F)...6 6(5). Seeds: up to 6 mm wide; up to 7 mm long; [female cones: 6-10 mm long]; bark: smooth-scaly (Fig. 9G)......Juniperus convallium REHDER & E.H.WILSON var. convallium Seeds: more than 6 mm wide; more than 7 mm long; [female cones: 8-16 mm long]; bark: divided in plates (Fig. 9H)...Juniperus tibetica KOM. 7(4). Seeds: thin (Fig. 7F)... Juniperus semiglobosa REGEL Seeds: thick (Fig. 7E)...8 8(7). Female cones: fleshy after maturity...9 Female cones: leathery after maturity (8). Branchlets: arranged 3-dimensionally (Fig. 8D)...10 Branchlets: arranged in one plane (Fig. 8E) (9). Scale leaves: with conspicuous glands (Fig. 10P: arrow)...11 Scale leaves: with inconspicuous or without glands (Fig. 11A) (10). Scale leaves: apically spreading or loosely spreading (Fig. 10O)...12 Scale leaves: closely appressed (Fig. 1A, C, O) (11). Seeds: tubercled (Fig. 8K: arrows)...13 Seeds: not tubercled (Fig. 11K)......Juniperus procera HOCHST. ex ENDL. (Fig. 10C)

44 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert (12). Seeds: up to 6 mm long; 2 per cone; up to 4 mm wide; [female cones: 4-9 mm long]; [2-lobed or depressed globose or globose]; branchlets: slender (Fig. 11F); crown: rather open; plant: dioecious Juniperus scopulorum SARG. Seeds: more than 6 mm long; 1 per cone; more than 4 mm wide; [female cones: 8-12 mm long]; [globose or ovoid]; branchlets: stout (Fig. 11E); crown: dense; plant: monoecious...juniperus komarovii FLORIN 14(11). Female cone scales: umbo present (Fig. 5E, F: arrow)...15 Female cone scales: umbo absent (Fig. 7G) (14). Scale leaves: tip blunt (Fig. 11C: arrow)... Juniperus bermudiana L. Scale leaves: tip acute (Fig. 11D: arrow) (15). Seeds: with conspicuous hilum (Fig. 5I S; 6M: arrow)...17 Seeds: without conspicuous hilum (Fig. 5M, N) (16). Female cones: light blue - blue-green beneath glaucous coating; [5-8 mm long]; scale leaves: up to 1.5 mm long; branchlets: short (Fig. 11E); crown: dense... Juniperus barbadensis L. var. barbadensis Female cones: dark blue - black beneath glaucous coating; [3-6 mm long]; scale leaves: more than 1.5 mm long; branchlets: long (Fig. 11F); crown: rather open...juniperus blancoi MARTÍNEZ var. blancoi 18(16). Female cones: 2-lobed or depressed-globose; scale leaves: more than 1.5 mm long; closely appressed (Fig. 1A, C; O); crown: dense Juniperus barbadensis L. var. barbadensis Female cones: globose; scale leaves: up to 1.5 mm long; apically spreading or loosely spreading (Fig. 10O); crown: rather open......juniperus procera HOCHST. ex ENDL. 19(14). Female cones: whitish beneath whitish-glaucous coating Juniperus sabina L. var. sabina (Fig. 11H) Female cones: light blue - blue-green beneath glaucous coating...20 Female cones: reddish-yellow - reddish-brown beneath glaucous coating22 Female cones: dark blue - black beneath glaucous coating (19). Scale leaves: tip blunt (Fig. 11C: arrow); female cones: more than 5 mm long; bark: divided in plates (Fig. 9H); branchlets: up to 0.5 mm wide; up to 20 mm long; slender (Fig. 11F); short (Fig. 11E) Juniperus sabina L. var. sabina (Fig. 11H) Scale leaves: tip acute (Fig. 11D: arrow); female cones: more than 5 mm long; bark: peeling off in strands (Fig. 9I); branchlets: mm wide; up to 20 mm long; slender (Fig. 11F); short (Fig. 11E)...21 Scale leaves: tip blunt (Fig. 11C: arrow); female cones: up to 5 mm long; bark: smooth-scaly (Fig. 9G); branchlets: more than 1 mm wide; more than 20 mm long; stout (Fig. 11E); long (Fig. 11F) Juniperus bermudiana L.

45 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert (20). Female cones: 2-lobed or depressed-globose; bark: peeling off in strands (Fig. 9I); crown: columnar-narrowly or widely conical Juniperus barbadensis L. var. barbadensis Female cones: globose or ovoid; bark: divided in plates (Fig. 9H); crown: globose-irregular... Juniperus sabina L. var. sabina (Fig. 11H) 22(19). Seeds: up to 5 mm long; [2-4.5 mm wide]; [female cones: 5-8 mm long]; branchlets: up to 1 mm wide; bark: divided in plates (Fig. 9H) Juniperus sabina L. var. sabina (Fig. 11H) Seeds: more than 5 mm long; [4-6 mm wide]; [female cones: 6-10 mm long]; branchlets: more than 1 mm wide; bark: smooth-scaly (Fig. 9G) Juniperus convallium REHDER & E. H. WILSON var. convallium 23(19). Seeds: with conspicuous hilum (Fig. 5I, S; 6M: arrow)...24 Seeds: without conspicuous hilum (Fig. 5M, N) Juniperus sabina L. var. sabina (Fig. 11H) 24(23). Seeds: up to 3 mm wide...25 Seeds: more than 3 mm wide (24). Seeds: up to 4 mm long; branchlets: long (Fig. 11F); female cones: maturity after the first year Juniperus blancoi MARTÍNEZ var. mucronata (R.P.ADAMS) FARJON Seeds: more than 4 mm long; branchlets: short (Fig. 11E); female cones: maturity after the second year... Juniperus scopulorum SARG. 26(24). Branchlets: short (Fig. 11E); female cones: maturity after the second year..... Juniperus scopulorum SARG. Branchlets: long (Fig. 11F); female cones: maturity after the first year......juniperus blancoi MARTINEZ var. blancoi 27(10). Female cones: whitish beneath whitish-glaucous coating Juniperus sabina L. var. sabina (Fig. 11H) Female cones: light blue - blue-green beneath glaucous coating...28 Female cones: reddish-yellow - reddish-brown beneath glaucous coating29 Female cones: dark blue - black beneath glaucous coating (27). Female cones: 2-lobed or depressed-globose; bark: peeling off in strands (Fig. 9I); crown: columnar-narrowly or widely conical Juniperus barbadensis L. var. barbadensis Female cones: globose or ovoid; bark: divided in plates (Fig. 9H); crown: globose-irregular... Juniperus sabina L. var. sabina (Fig. 11H) 29(27). Scale leaves: bright green...30 Scale leaves: dark green...juniperus sabina L. var. sabina (Fig. 11H) Scale leaves: bluish......juniperus gracilior PILG. var. ekmanii (FLORIN) R.P.ADAMS

46 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert (29). Female cones: peduncle straight (Fig. 11G); up to 5 mm long; [2-lobed - depressed globose - globose]; scale leaves: tip curved outwards (Fig. 11I: arrow); branchlets: long (Fig. 11F); branches: drooping; crown: rather open...juniperus gracilior PILG. var. gracilior Female cones: peduncle curved (Fig. 11H); more than 5 mm long; [globose or ovoid]; scale leaves: tip incurved (Fig. 11J: arrows); branchlets: short (Fig. 11E); branches: horizontal; crown: dense Juniperus sabina L. var. sabina (Fig. 11H) 31(27). Seeds: with conspicuous hilum (Fig. 5I, S; 6M: arrow); [female cones: 2- lobed or depressed-globose or globose]; crown: rather open Juniperus scopulorum SARG. Seeds: without conspicuous hilum (Fig. 5M, N); [female cones: globose or ovoid]; crown: dense... Juniperus sabina L. var. sabina (Fig. 11H) 32(9). Scale leaves: bright green; female cones: up to 7 mm wide and long; crown: rather open...juniperus procera HOCHST. ex ENDL. Scale leaves: dark green; female cones: more than 7 mm wide and long; crown: dense... Juniperus thurifera L. (Fig. 10O; 11G) 33(8). Female cones: whitish beneath whitish-glaucous coating Juniperus sabina L. var. sabina (Fig. 11H) Female cones: light blue - blue-green beneath glaucous coating...34 Female cones: reddish-yellow - reddish-brown beneath glaucous coating35 Female cones: dark blue - black beneath glaucous coating (33). Female cones: young ones only green; globose or ovoid; [scale leaves: mm long]; bark: divided in plates (Fig. 9H); crown: dense Juniperus sabina L. var. sabina (Fig. 11H) Female cones: young ones green with bluish coating; 2-lobed or depressed globose; [scale leaves: mm long]; bark: peeling off in strands (Fig. 9I); crown: rather open Juniperus barbadensis L. var. lucayana (BRITTON) R.P.ADAMS 35(33). Scale leaves: tip curved outwards (Fig. 11I: arorw); [ mm long]; crown: rather open...36 Scale leaves: tip incurved (Fig. 11J: arrows); [1-2.5 mm long]; crown: dense... Juniperus sabina L. var. sabina (Fig. 11H) 36(35). Scale leaves: with conspicuous glands (Fig. 10P: arrow); [female cones: globose]; [4-7 mm long]; crown: procumbent Juniperus gracilior PILG. var. urbaniana (PILG. & EKMAN) R.P.ADAMS Scale leaves: with inconspicuous or without glands (Fig. 11A); [female cones: 2-lobed - depressed globose - globose]; [4-5 mm long]; crown: columnar-narrowly - widely conical - globose-irregular......juniperus gracilior PILG. var. gracilior

47 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert (33). Seeds: with conspicuous hilum (Fig. 5I, S; 6M: arrow); [female cones: 2- lobed or depressed globose or globose]; crown: rather open Juniperus scopulorum SARG. Seeds: without conspicuous hilum (Fig. 5M, N); [female cones: globose or ovoid]; crown: dense... Juniperus sabina L. var. sabina (Fig. 11H) 38(3). Female cone scales: umbo present (Fig. 5E, F: arrow)...39 Female cone scales: umbo absent (Fig. 7G) (38). Scale leaves: bright green...40 Scale leaves: dark green...44 Scale leaves: bluish (39). Seeds: thin (Fig. 7F)... Juniperus semiglobosa REGEL Seeds: thick (Fig. 7E) (40). Female cones: fleshy after maturity...42 Female cones: leathery after maturity Juniperus excelsa M.-BIEB. subsp. polycarpos (K.KOCH) TAKHT. 42(41). Seeds: up to 5 mm wide; branchlets: up to 1 mm wide; slender (Fig. 11F); scale leaves: up to 2 mm long...43 Seeds: more than 5 mm wide; branchlets: more than 1 mm wide; stout (Fig. 11E); scale leaves: more than 2 mm long......juniperus foetidissima WILLD. 43(42). Seeds: tubercled (Fig. 8K: arrows); female cones: more than 8 mm long Juniperus excelsa M.-BIEB. subsp. excelsa Seeds: not tubercled (Fig. 11K); female cones: up to 8 mm long......juniperus procera HOCHST. ex ENDL. 44(39). Scale leaves: tip blunt (Fig. 11C: arrow) Juniperus chinensis L. var. chinensis Scale leaves: tip acute (Fig. 11D: arrow) (44). Branchlets: arranged 3-dimensionally (Fig. 8D); short (Fig. 11E); stout (Fig. 11E); female cones: up to 7 mm long; plant: procumbent shrub Juniperus horizontalis MOENCH Branchlets: arranged in one plane (Fig. 8E); long (Fig. 11F); slender (Fig. 11F); female cones: more than 7 mm long; plant: erect tree Juniperus thurifera L. (Fig. 10O; 11G) 46(39). Seeds: thin (Fig. 7F); female cone scales: umbo near the apex (Fig. 7I, J: arrow); [seeds: 3-7 mm long]; plant: erect tree Juniperus semiglobosa REGEL Seeds: thick (Fig. 7E); female cone scales: umbo more or less in the center (Fig. 7K: arrow); [seeds: 4-5 mm long]; plant: procumbent shrub Juniperus horizontalis MOENCH

48 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert (38). Scale leaves: tip blunt (Fig. 11C: arrow)...48 Scale leaves: tip acute (Fig. 11D: arrow) (47). Female cones: peduncle straight (Fig. 11G); branchlets: stout (Fig. 11E) Juniperus chinensis L. var. sargentii A.HENRY [= Juniperus sargentii (A.HENRY) TAKEDA ex NAKAI] (Fig. 11J) Female cones: peduncle curved (Fig. 11H); branchlets: slender (Fig. 11F) (48). Branchlets: up to 1 mm wide; crown: globose-irregular; dense plant: procumbent... Juniperus sabina L. var. sabina (Fig. 11H) Branchlets: more than 1 mm wide; crown: columnar-narrowly - widely conical; rather open Juniperus sabina L. var. arenaria (E.H.WILSON) FARJON 50(47). Seeds: tubercled (Fig. 8K: arrows)...51 Seeds: not tubercled (Fig. 11K) (50). Scale leaves: tip curved outwards (Fig. 11I: arrow)...52 Scale leaves: tip incurved (Fig. 11J: arrows) (51). Seeds: up to 7 mm long; female cones: up to 8 mm long; crown: dense; plant: procumbent shrub; dioecious... Juniperus horizontalis MOENCH Seeds: more than 7 mm long; female cones: more than 8 mm long; crown: rather open; plant: erect tree; monoecious...juniperus przewalskii KOM. 53(51). Branchlets: slender (Fig. 11F); bark: divided in plates (Fig. 9H) Juniperus sabina L. var. sabina (Fig. 11H) Branchlets: stout (Fig. 11E); bark: smooth-scaly (Fig. 9G) Juniperus horizontalis MOENCH 54(50). Branchlets: short (Fig. 11E); stout (Fig. 11E) Juniperus horizontalis MOENCH Branchlets: long (Fig. 11F); slender (Fig. 11F) Juniperus sabina L. var. davurica (PALL.) FARJON (Fig. 10P) 55(2). Branchlets: up to 0.5 mm wide... Juniperus scopulorum SARG. Branchlets: between 0.5 and 1 mm wide...56 Branchlets: between 1 and 1.5 mm wide...58 Branchlets: more than 1.5 wide (55). Female cones: light blue - blue-green beneath glaucous coating; [3-6 mm wide]; branchlets: long (Fig. 11F)...57 Female cones: dark blue - black beneath glaucous coating; [4-9 mm wide]; branchlets: short (Fig. 11E)... Juniperus scopulorum SARG.

49 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert (56). Scale leaves: bright green; female cones: up to 4.5 mm wide; crown: rather open... Juniperus virginiana L. var. silicicola (SMALL) E.MURRAY [= Juniperus silicicola (SMALL) L.H.BAILEY] Scale leaves: dark green or bluish; female cones: more than 4.5 mm wide; crown: dense...juniperus virginiana L. var. virginiana 58(55). Leaves: adult plants with scale leaves only (Fig. 8D, E)...59 Leaves: adult plants with scale and needle leaves (Fig. 9D) (58). Female cones: up to 9 mm long; 2-lobed - depressed globose - globose; seeds: up to 5 mm wide and long;... Juniperus scopulorum SARG. Female cones: more than 9 mm long; ovoid - oblong; seeds: more than 5 mm wide and long;... Juniperus chengii L.K.FU & Y.F.YU 60(58). Scale leaves: tip blunt (Fig. 11C: arrow); tip incurved (Fig. 11J: arrows); seeds: 2-5 per cone; up to 5 mm wide; up to 6 mm long; plant: procumbent shrub; dioecious Juniperus chinensis L. var. tsukusiensis (MASAM.) MASAM. Scale leaves: tip acute (Fig. 11D: arrow); tip curved outwards (Fig. 11I. arrow); seeds: 1 per cone; more than 5 mm wide; more than 6 mm long; plant: erect tree; monoecious...juniperus przewalskii KOM. 61(55). Female cones: up to 9 mm long; 2-lobed - depressed globose - globose; seeds: up to 5 mm wide and long;... Juniperus scopulorum SARG. Female cones: more then 9 mm long; ovoid - oblong; seeds: more than 5 mm wide and long;... Juniperus chengii L.K.FU & Y.F.YU 62(1). Scale leaves: dorsal side rounded (branchlets: often roundish)...63 Scale leaves: dorsal side keeled (branchlets: square-edged) (62). Scale leaves: with white resin (Fig. 1N; 8J: arrows)...64 Scale leaves: without white resin (Fig. 1A, C, P) but sometimes resinous70 64(63). Leaves: adult plants with scale leaves only (Fig. 8D, E)...65 Leaves: adult plants with scale and needle leaves (Fig. 9D)......Juniperus flaccida SCHLTDL. var. martinezii (PÉREZ DE LA ROSA) SILBA 65(64). Female cones: reddish-yellow - reddish-brown beneath glaucous coating......juniperus monosperma (ENGELM.) SARG. Female cones: dark blue - black beneath glaucous coating (65). Female cones: peduncle straight (Fig. 11G)...67 Female cones: peduncle curved (Fig. 11H) (66). Female cones: ovoid-oblong; branchlets: short (Fig. 11E); stout (Fig. 11E); [0.5-2 mm wide]...68 Female cones: globose; branchlets: long (Fig. 11F); slender (Fig. 11F); [0.5-1 mm wide]...juniperus comitana MARTÍNEZ

50 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 45 after HOLMGREN 1972 & BARTEL (67). [Female cones: 5-9 mm long and wide; scale leaves: arranged generally in whorls of 3, 6-ranked; plants: generally dioecious; bark: red-brown; cotyledons: 2-4]...Juniperus occidentalis HOOK. var. australis (VASEK) A.H. & N.H.HOLMGREN [Female cones: 7-12 mm long and wide; scale leaves: arranged oppositely, 4-ranked or in whorls of 3, 6-ranked; plants: generally monoecious; bark: brown; cotyledons: generally 2] Juniperus occidentalis HOOK. var. occidentalis 69(66). Scale leaves: tip blunt (Fig. 11C: arrow); mm wide; seeds: dark brown - black; 3-6 per cone; [ mm wide]; branchlets: short (Fig. 11E); stout (Fig. 11E); more than 1 mm wide Juniperus standleyi STEYERM. Scale leaves: tip acute (Fig. 11D: arrow); mm wide; seeds: light - medium brown; 1-2 per cone; [3-5 mm wide]; branchlets: long (Fig. 11F); slender (Fig. 11F); up to 1 mm wide...juniperus comitana MARTÍNEZ 70(63). Female cones: without coating (Fig. 5F)...71 Female cones: with coating (Fig. 5E) (70). Scale leaves: with conspicuous glands (Fig. 10P: arrow)...72 Scale leaves: with inconspicuous or without glands (Fig. 11A) Juniperus saltuaria REHDER & E.H.WILSON 72(71). Seeds: more than 2 per cone; [branchlets: mm wide]; branches: horizontal; bark: furrowed; brown...73 Seeds: up to 2 per cone; [branchlets: mm wide]; branches: ascending; bark: smooth-scaly (Fig. 9G); grey (72). Scale leaves: tip blunt (Fig. 11C: arrow); [female cones: ovoid-oblong]; [6-10 mm wide]; plant: erect......juniperus phoenicea L. subsp. phoenicea (Fig. 1O) Scale leaves: tip acute (Fig. 11D: arrow); [female cones: ovoid]; [7-14 mm wide]; plant: procumbent......juniperus phoenicea L. subsp. turbinata (GUSS.) NYMAN (Fig. 9D) 74(72). Seeds: up to 5 mm long; up to 4 mm wide; [female cones: 5-7 mm long]; branchlets: long (Fig. 11F)...Juniperus convallium REHDER & E.H.WILSON var. microsperma (W. C. CHENG & L. K. FU) SILBA Seeds: more than 5 mm long; more than 4 mm wide; [female cones: 6-10 mm long]; branchlets: short (Fig. 11E)......Juniperus convallium REHDER & E.H.WILSON var. convallium 75(70). Leaves: adult plants with scale leaves only (Fig. 8D, E)...76 Leaves: adult plants with scale and needle leaves (Fig. 9D) (75). Female cones: arranged oppositely...77 Female cones: arranged in whorls of 3... Juniperus californica CARRIÉRE

51 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert (76). Scale leaves: up to 0.5 mm wide...juniperus gamboana MARTÍNEZ Scale leaves: between 0.5 and 1 mm wide...78 Scale leaves: between 1 and 1.5 mm wide...89 Scale leaves: more than 1.5 mm wide...juniperus saltillensis M.T.HALL 78(77). Scale leaves: with conspicuous white resin (Fig. 1N; 8J: arrows) Juniperus standleyi STEYERM. Scale leaves: with conspicuous glands (Fig. 10P: arrow)...79 Scale leaves: with inconspicuous or without glands (Fig. 11A) (78). Female cones: whitish beneath whitish-glaucous coating......juniperus indica BERTOL. Female cones: light blue - blue-green beneath glaucous coating......juniperus indica BERTOL. Female cones: reddish-yellow - reddish-brown beneath glaucous coating80 Female cones: dark blue - black beneath glaucous coating (79). Seeds: up to 2 mm wide... Juniperus jaliscana MARTÍNEZ Seeds: between 2 and 3 mm wide...81 Seeds: between 3 and 4 mm wide...83 Seeds: between 4 and 5 mm wide...85 Seeds: more than 5 mm wide......juniperus convallium REHDER & E.H.WILSON var. convallium 81(80). Seeds: with conspicuous hilum (Fig. 5I, S; 6M: arrow); [1-11 per cone]; branchlets: long (Fig. 11F); bark: furrowed or peeling off in strands (Fig. 9I)...82 Seeds: without conspicuous hilum (Fig. 5M, N); [1 per cone]; branchlets: short (Fig. 11E); bark: smooth-scaly (Fig. 9G)... Juniperus convallium REHDER & E.H.WILSON var. microsperma (W.C.CHENG & L.K.FU) SILBA 82(81). Female cones: up to 6 mm wide; [seeds: 1-4 per cone]; [6-7 mm long]; [scale leaves: mm long]; branchlets: stout (Fig. 11E); crown: rather open... Juniperus durangensis MARTÍNEZ Female cones: more than 6 mm wide; [seeds: 2-11 per cone]; [6-10 mm long]; [scale leaves: mm long]; branchlets: slender (Fig. 11F); crown: dense... Juniperus jaliscana MARTÍNEZ 83(80). Seeds: with conspicuous hilum (Fig. 5I, S; 6M: arrow)......juniperus gamboana MARTÍNEZ Seeds: without conspicuous hilum (Fig. 5M, N) (83). Seeds: thin (Fig. 7F); more than 5 mm long; [female cones: 6-13 mm long]; [5-9 mm wide]; branchlets: stout (Fig. 11E); short (Fig. 11E); bark: brown...juniperus indica BERTOL. Seeds: thick (Fig. 7E); up to 5 mm long; [female cones: 5-7 mm long]; [4-6 mm wide]; branchlets: slender (Fig. 11F); long (Fig. 11F); bark: grey......juniperus convallium REHDER & E.H.WILSON var. microsperma (W.C.CHENG & L.K.FU) SILBA

52 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert (80). Seeds: thin (Fig. 7F); not tubercled (Fig. 11K)...Juniperus indica BERTOL. Seeds: thick (Fig. 7E); tubercled (Fig. 8K: arrows)......juniperus convallium REHDER & E.H.WILSON var. convallium 86(79). Seeds: thin (Fig. 7F); [1-2 per cone]; more than 5 mm long......juniperus indica BERTOL. Seeds: thick (Fig. 7E); [2-9 per cone]; up to 5 mm long (86). Seeds: light - medium brown; female cones: 8 cone scales per cone; branchlets: long (Fig. 11F)...Juniperus monticola MARTÍNEZ Seeds: dark brown - black; female cones: 2-6 cone scales per cone; branchlets: short (Fig. 11E)... Juniperus standleyi STEYERM. 88(78). Scale leaves: tip blunt (Fig. 11C: arrow); female cones: peduncle curved (Fig. 11H); dark blue - black beneath glaucous coating; more than 6 mm wide; [seeds: 3-6 per cone]; branchlets: stout (Fig. 11E) Juniperus standleyi STEYERM. Scale leaves: tip acute (Fig. 11D: arrow); female cones: peduncle straight (Fig. 11G); reddish-yellow reddish-brown beneath glaucous coating; up to 6 mm wide; [seeds: 1-3 per cone]; branchlets: slender (Fig. 11F)......Juniperus angosturana R.P.ADAMS 89(77). Seeds: tubercled (Fig. 8K: arrows)...90 Seeds: not tubercled (Fig. 11K) (89). Scale leaves: tip blunt (Fig. 11C: arrow); seeds: dark brown - black; [4-5 mm long]; branchlets: stout (Fig. 11E); short (Fig. 11E)......Juniperus saltillensis M.T.HALL Scale leaves: tip acute (Fig. 11D: arrow); seeds: light - medium brown; [4-7 mm long]; branchlets: slender (Fig. 11F); long (Fig. 11F)......Juniperus comitana MARTÍNEZ 91(89). Seeds: thin (Fig. 7F); without conspicuous hilum (Fig. 5M, N); more than 5 mm long; more than 3 mm wide; [1-2 per cone]; female cones: 3-5 cone scales per cone; branchlets: short (Fig. 11E)...Juniperus indica BERTOL. Seeds: thick (Fig. 7E); with conspicuous hilum (Fig. 5I, S; 6M: arrow); up to 5 mm long; up to 3 mm wide; [2-9 per cone]; female cones: 8 cone scales per cone; branchlets: long (Fig. 11F)......Juniperus monticola MARTÍNEZ 92(75). Female cone scales: umbo present (Fig. 5E, F: arrow); seeds: thick (Fig. 7E); 4-13 per cone; scale leaves: tip curved outwards (Fig. 11I: arrow); female cones: reddish or light; [8-20 mm wide]; branchlets: slender (Fig. 11F); long (Fig. 11F); branches: horizontal or drooping...93 Female cone scales: umbo absent (Fig. 7G); seeds: thin (Fig. 7F); 1-2 per cone; scale leaves: tip incurved (Fig. 11J: arrows); female cones: bluish or dark; [5-9 mm wide]; branchlets: stout (Fig. 11E); short (Fig. 11E); branches: ascending...juniperus indica BERTOL.

53 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert (92). Seeds: up to 5 mm wide......juniperus flaccida SCHLTDL. var. poblana MARTÍNEZ Seeds: more than 5 mm wide... Juniperus flaccida SCHLTDL. var. flaccida 94(62). Female cones: fleshy after maturity...95 Female cones: leathery after maturity (94). Scale leaves: tip curved outwards (Fig. 11I: arrow)...96 Scale leaves: tip incurved (Fig. 11J: arrows) (95). Seeds: tubercled (Fig. 8K: arrows)...97 Seeds: not tubercled (Fig. 11K) (96). Female cones: without coating (Fig. 5F)...Juniperus pinchotii SUDW. Female cones: with coating (Fig. 5E) (97). Seeds: up to 3 mm wide...juniperus monosperma (ENGELM.) SARG. Seeds: more than 3 mm wide...juniperus coahuilensis (MARTÍNEZ) GAUSSEN ex R.P.ADAMS var. arizonica R.P.ADAMS 99(96). Female cones: peduncle straight (Fig. 11G); seeds: thick (Fig. 7E) Female cones: peduncle curved (Fig. 11H); seeds: thin (Fig. 7F) Juniperus pseudosabina FISCH. & C.A.MEY. 100(99). Scale leaves: with white resin (Fig. 1N; 8J: arrows); branchlets: stout (Fig. 11E) Scale leaves: without white resin (Fig. 1A, C, P); branchlets: slender (Fig. 11F) (after ADAMS 1994, changed) 101(100) Needle leaf (whip leaf) glands about half as long as the sheath; [female cones: 6-7 mm wide]...juniperus coahuilensis (MARTINEZ) GAUSSEN ex R.P.ADAMS var. arizonica R. P. ADAMS Needle leaf (whip leaf) glands two-thirds as long as the sheath; [female cones: 4-7 mm wide]... Juniperus coahuilensis (MARTINEZ) GAUSSEN ex R.P.ADAMS var. coahuilensis 102(100). Female cones: up to 2 cone scale whorls per cone; up to 8 mm long; up to 7 mm wide seeds: up to 5 mm long; up to 3 mm wide;......juniperus angosturana R.P.ADAMS Female cones: 3-4 cone scale whorls per cone; more than 8 mm long; more than 7 mm wide; seeds: more than 5 mm long; more than 3 mm wide Juniperus deppeana STEUD. var. pachyphlaea (TORR.) MARTÍNEZ 103(95). Seeds: thin (Fig. 7F) Seeds: thick (Fig. 7E)...105

54 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert (103). Female cones: peduncle straight (Fig. 11G); [6-10 mm long]; branchlets: slender (Fig. 11F); long (Fig. 11F); bark: peeling off in strands (Fig. 9I); crown: rather open... Juniperus ashei J.BUCHHOLZ (Fig. 11D) Female cones: peduncle curved (Fig. 11H); [7-17 mm long]; branchlets: stout (Fig. 11E); short (Fig. 11E); bark: smooth or scaly (Fig. 9G); crown: dense... Juniperus pseudosabina FISCH. & C.A.MEY. 105(103). Female cones: depressed-globose Female cones: globose Female cones: ovoid Female cones: oblong... Juniperus chengii L.K.FU & Y.F.YU 106(105). Female cones: whitish beneath whitish-glaucous coating; [13-20 mm wide]... Juniperus deppeana STEUD. var. zacatecensis MARTÍNEZ Female cones: reddish-yellow - reddish-brown beneath glaucous coating; [8-15 mm wide] (106). Branches: ascending or horizontal; [female cones: mm long] Juniperus deppeana STEUD. var. robusta MARTÍNEZ Branches: drooping; [female cones: 8-13 mm long] Juniperus deppeana STEUD. var. sperry CORRELL 108(105). Female cone scales: umbo more or less in the center (Fig. 7K: arrow) Female cone scales: umbo near the apex (Fig. 7I, J: arrow) (108). Female cones: whitish beneath whitish-glaucous coating; [13-20 mm wide]... Juniperus deppeana STEUD. var. zacatecensis MARTÍNEZ Female cones: reddish-yellow - reddish-brown beneath glaucous coating; [2-15 mm wide] (109). Female cones: up to 2 cone scale whorls per cone; up to 9 mm long; up to 7 mm wide; seeds: up to 5 mm wide and long; branchlets: short (Fig. 11E)...Juniperus angosturana R.P.ADAMS Female cones: 3-4 cone scale whorls per cone; more than 9 mm long; more than 7 mm wide; seeds: more than 5 mm wide and long; branchlets: long (Fig. 11F)... Juniperus deppeana STEUD. var. robusta MARTÍNEZ 111(108). Seeds: up to 3 mm wide; [ mm long]; [female cones: 2-6 mm wide]; scale leaves: up to 0.9 mm wide; branchlets: short (Fig. 11E); crown: dense...juniperus angosturana R.P.ADAMS Seeds: more than 3 mm wide; [4-6 mm long]; [female cones: 5-10 mm wide]; scale leaves: more than 0.9 mm wide; branchlets: long (Fig. 11F); crown: rather open...juniperus ashei J.BUCHHOLZ

55 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert (105). Seeds: up to 3 mm wide; [ mm long]; [female cones: 3-8 mm long]; [scale leaves: mm wide].juniperus angosturana R.P.ADAMS Seeds: between 3 and 6 mm wide; [4-6 mm long]; [female cones: 6-10 mm long]; [scale leaves: mm wide]......juniperus ashei J.BUCHHOLZ Seeds: more than 6 mm wide; [8-10 mm long]; [female cones: 9-11 mm long]; [scale leaves: mm wide] Juniperus chengii L.K.FU & Y.F.YU 113(94). Scale leaves: with white resin (Fig. 1N; 8J: arrows) Scale leaves: without white resin (Fig. 1A, C, P) but sometimes resinous (113). Female cones: depressed-globose - globose; seeds: up to 6 mm wide; up to 7 mm long; branchlets: stout (Fig. 11E)......Juniperus osteosperma (TORR.) LITTLE Female cones: ovoid - oblong; seeds: more than 6 mm wide; more than 7 mm long; branchlets: slender (Fig. 11F) Juniperus chengii L.K.FU & Y.F.YU 115(113). Female cones: depressed-globose......juniperus deppeana STEUD. var. deppeana Female cones: globose Female cones: ovoid Female cones: oblong... Juniperus chengii L.K.FU & Y.F.YU 116(115). Seeds: up to 6 mm long; [female cones: 5-10 mm wide]; scale leaves: more than 0.9 mm wide; branchlets: short (Fig. 11E); bark: peeling off in strands (Fig. 9I)... Juniperus ashei J.BUCHHOLZ Seeds: more than 6 mm long; [female cones: 8-15 mm wide]; scale leaves: up to 0.9 mm wide; branchlets: long (Fig. 11F); bark: smooth or scaly (Fig. 9G) or furrowed or divided in plates (Fig. 9H)......Juniperus deppeana STEUD. var. deppeana 117(115). Seeds: up to 7 mm long; up to 5 mm wide... Juniperus ashei J.BUCHHOLZ Seeds: more than 7 mm long; more than 5 mm wide Juniperus chengii L.K.FU & Y.F.YU Libocedrus ENDL. (5 species) 1. Leaves: facial and lateral leaves more or less equal respectively the length (Fig. 2S)...2 Leaves: facial and lateral leaves conspicuous unequal respectively the length (Fig. 2T)...5 2(1). Branchlets: upper side and lower side different...3 Branchlets: no difference between upper side and lower side...4

56 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 51 3(2). Lateral leaves: up to 3 mm long; [scale leaves: mm long]......libocedrus bidwillii HOOK.f. (Fig. 2S; 5C; 6L) Lateral leaves: more than 3 mm long; [scale leaves: 2-10 mm long] Libocedrus yateensis GUILLAUMIN 4(2). Seed wings: up to 2.5 mm wide; [scale leaves: 2-9 mm long; female cones: mm long]... Libocedrus chevalieri J.BUCHHOLZ Seed wings: more than 2.5 mm wide; [scale leaves: mm long; female cones: 5-12 mm long]......libocedrus bidwillii HOOK.f. (Fig. 2S; 5C ;6L) 5(1). Facial leaves: dorsal surface conspicuous keeled Libocedrus austrocaledonica BRONGN. & GRIS. Facial leaves: dorsal surface not keeled...6 6(5). Lateral leaves: touch each other (Fig. 2T); [scale leaves: 1-7 mm wide]......libocedrus plumosa (D.DON) SARG. (Fig. 2R) Lateral leaves: not touch each other (Fig. 2U); [scale leaves: mm wide]... Libocedrus yateensis GUILLAUMIN Papuacedrus H. L. LI (2 taxa = 1 species + 1 variety, key after JOHNS 1995): Two varieties are recognized, differing strongly in their juvenile leaves; some intermediates exist, especially at higher altitudes. Collections from older plants cannot be distinguished. 1. Lateral leaves: up to 3 mm long if the plant has not a considerable age. (Apex of lateral leaves first spreading but soon constricted to the base of the following facial leaves. Leaves expanded outwards by up to 3 mm the base and the tips of lateral leaves)......papuacedrus papuana (F. MUELL.) H.L.LI var. arfakensis (GIBBS) R.J.JOHNS [= Libocedrus arfakensis GIBBS] (Fig. 2P) Lateral leaves: more than 3 mm long if the plant has not a considerable age. (Apex of lateral leaves becoming widely spreading on young plants up to 6 mm from stem, often falcately bent outwards but the tip always turned upwards, up to 13 mm from the base to the tip)......papuacedrus papuana (F. MUELL.) H.L.LI var. papuana [= Libocedrus papuana F.MUELL] (Fig. 2O) Taxodium RICH. (3 taxa = 2 species + 1 variety; key after LUNDELL 1955 modified) 1. Leaves: needle-like (awl-shaped: rounded in cross-section) (Fig. 1E); needle leaves: in 3 rows (Fig. 1E); appressed (Fig. 1E)......Taxodium distichum (L.) RICH. var. imbricatum (NUTT.) CROOM [= Taxodium ascendens BRONGN.] (Fig. 1E; 10D) Leaves: needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section) (Fig. 1J); needle leaves: in 2 rows, exact in one plane (Fig. 1J); spreading (Fig. 1J)...2

57 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 52 2(1). Plant: essentially evergreen; branches of male cones long and slender, open, composed of single cones or tight cluster of several cones (Fig. 11B); plant without knees... Taxodium mucronatum TEN. (Fig. 11B) Plant: deciduous; branches with male cones short and crowded, the cones commonly in short compact secondary branches (Fig. 10D); plant with knees....taxodium distichum (L.) RICH. var. distichum (Fig. 1J; 4E; 6N; 7D; 10D) Thuja L. (5 species) 1. Female cones: up to 4 mm wide; scale leaves up to 1.5 mm wide; facial leaves: with furrow on dorsal side... Thuja sutchuenensis FRANCH. Female cones: more than 4 mm wide; scale leaves: more than 1.5 mm wide; facial leaves: without furrow on dorsal side...2 2(1). Branchlets: lower side without white or glaucous marking (Fig. 2L)......Thuja occidentalis L. (Fig. 2L; 5U; 8E) Branchlets: lower side with white or glaucous marking (Fig. 2K, M)...3 3(2). Branchlets: with snow-white marking about the whole lower face (Fig. 2K)...Thuja koraiensis NAKAI (Fig. 2K; 4P; 5T; 7I) Branchlets: with pale-white marking of the lower face only on some spots (Fig. 2M)...4 4(3). Scale leaves: tip on leading shoot acuminate; facial leaves: with oval resin glands or without... Thuja plicata DONN ex D.DON (Fig. 2M, 5V) Scale leaves: tip on leading shoots blunt or acute; facial leaves: with oblong resin glands...thuja standishii (GORDON) CARRIÈRE Thujopsis SIEBOLD & ZUCC. ex ENDL. (2 taxa = 1 species + 1 variety) 1. Lateral leaves: tip blunt; female cone scales: not thickened at the apex......thujopsis dolabrata (THUNB. ex L.f.) SIEBOLD & ZUCC. var. hondai MAKINO Lateral leaves: tip acute; female cone scales: thickened at the apex......thujopsis dolabrata (THUNB. ex L.f.) SIEBOLD & ZUCC. var. dolabrata (Fig. 2N; 6C) Widdringtonia ENDL. (4 species) 1. Female cones: edge of female cone scales warty and rough...2 Female cones: edge of female cone scales smooth or slightly wrinkled, not warty...3

58 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 53 2(1). Seeds: 3-cornered; up to 8 per cone; seeds wings: comparatively small Widdringtonia cedarbergensis J.A.MARSH Seeds: rather flattened; more than 8 per cone; seeds wings: conspicuous Widdringtonia schwarzii (MARLOTH) MAST. (Fig. 6B; 7C) 3(1). Length of ultimate branchlets from tip to first node: more than 11 mm; [female cones: up to 8 per cluster; 9-16 mm wide (closed cone); 9-18 mm long; seeds: 2-19 per cone]...widdringtonia whytei RENDLE Length of ultimate branchlets from tip to first node: up to 11 mm; [female cones: up to 48 per cluster; mm wide (closed cone); mm long; seeds: 2-32 per cone]......widdringtonia nodiflora (L.) POWRIE (Fig. 1A, P; 4Q; 5S) Acknowledgements We wish to thank the directors and the staffs of botanical gardens in Bayreuth, Berlin, Bochum, Dortmund, Düsseldorf, Bonn, Frankfurt (Main), Halle (Saale), Hamburg, Kew, Leipzig, Mainz, Marburg, München, Münster, Strasbourg and other botanical collects like Essen Grugapark, Palmengarten Frankfurt (Main), Dortmund Romberg-park, Arboretum Güntertal, Arboretum Freiburg, Arboretum Trompenburg, Flora Köln for their kind support in collecting material for the investigation. We also thank Armin Jagel for the informed advice and Sabine Adler for the linguistic support and Nicole Hille, Heike Diekmann, Sabine Adler, Meike Tetzlaf, Veit Dörken, Julia Obermann, Markus Streckenbach, Armin Jagel, Nina Minkley, Thorsten Marx, Michael Markowski, Iris and Marcus Mundry for testing the indentification key.

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69 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 64 Fig. 1: Ultimate branchlets of different Cupressaceae-taxa. A: Widdringtonia nodiflora, arranged decussately but it looks like arranged spirally because the scales are a little bit shifted; B: Athrotaxis laxifolia; C: Athrotaxis cupressoides; D: Sequoiadendron giganteum; E: Taxodium distichum var. imbricatum; F: Taiwania cryptomerioides; G: Athrotaxis selaginoides; H: Cryptomeria japonica; I: Glyptostrobus pensilis; J: Taxodium distichum var. distichum; K: Sequoia sempervirens; L: Metasequoia glyptostroboides; M: Cunninghamia lanceolata; N: Cupressus arizonica var. glabra; O: Juniperus phoenicea subsp. phoenicea; P: Widdringtonia nodiflora: usually arranged decussately; Q: Diselma archeri; R: Pilgerodendron uviferum. A-K, M: leaves arranged spirally. L, N-R: leaves arranged decussately.

70 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 65 Fig. 2: Ultimate branchlets of different Cupressaceae-taxa. A: Microbiota decussata; B: Calocedrus decurrens; C: Calocedrus formosana; D: Chamaecyparis formosensis; E: Chamaecyparis lawsoniana; F: Chamaecyparis obtusa var. obtusa; G: Chamaecyparis pisifera; H: Chamaecyparis thyoides var. thyoides; I: Tetraclinis articulata; J: Platycladus orientalis; K: Thuja koraiensis; L: Thuja occidentalis; M: Thuja plicata; N: Thujopsis dolabrata var. dolabrata; O: Papuacedrus papuana var. papuana; P: Papuacedrus papuana var. arfakensis; Q: Fokienia hodginsii; R: Libocedrus plumosa; S: Libocedrus bidwillii; T: Austrocedrus chilensis; U: Xanthocyparis nootkatensis. A-U: leaves arranged decussately.

71 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 66 Fig. 3: Ultimate branchlets of different Cupressaceae-taxa. A: Juniperus horizontalis, leaves arranged decussately; B-F: leaves arranged in whorls of 3. B: Juniperus rigida subsp. rigida; C: Fitzroya cupressoides; D: Callitris drummondii; E: Callitris canescens; F: Actinostrobus pyramidalis.

72 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 67 Fig. 4: Female cones of different Cupressaceae-taxa. A: Athrotaxis laxifolia; B: Cunninghamia lanceolata; C: Cryptomeria japonica; D: Taiwania cryptomerioides; E: Taxodium distichum var. distichum; F: Glyptostrobus pensilis; G: Sequoiadendron giganteum; H: Sequoia sempervirens; I: Metasequoia glyptostroboides; J: Chamaecyparis lawsoniana; K: Cupressus sempervirens; L: Fokienia hodginsii; M: Platycladus orientalis; N: Microbiota decussata; O: Calocedrus decurrens; P: Thuja koraiensis; Q: Widdringtonia nodiflora.

73 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 68 Fig. 5: Female cones and seeds of different Cupressaceae-taxa. A-H: female cones. A: Austrocedrus chilensis; B: Tetraclinis articulata; C: Libocedrus bidwillii; D: Pilgerodendron uviferum; E: Juniperus communis var. communis; F: Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. oxycedrus; G: Actinostrobus pyramidalis; H: Callitris drummondii; I-V: seeds. I: Microbiota decussata; J: Platycladus orientalis; K: Juniperus recurva var. recurva; L: Athrotaxis laxifolia; M: Chamaecyparis obtusa var. obtusa; N: Chamaecyparis lawsoniana; O: Chamaecyparis pisifera; P: Chamaecyparis thyoides var. thyoides; Q: Chamaecyparis formosensis; R: Cunninghamia lanceolata; S: Widdringtonia nodiflora; T: Thuja koraiensis; U: Thuja occidentalis; V: Thuja plicata.

74 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 69 Fig. 6: Seeds of different Cupressaceae-taxa. A: Sequoiadendron giganteum; B: Widdringtonia schwarzii; C: Thujopsis dolabrata var. dolabrata; D: Tetraclinis articulata; E: Cupressus torulosa; F: Cupressus arizonica var. arizonica; G: Cupressus dupreziana var. atlantica; H: Glyptostrobus pensilis; I: Austrocedrus chilensis; J: Callitris drummondii; K: Calocedrus decurrens; L: Libocedrus bidwillii; M: Fokienia hodginsii; N: Taxodium distichum var. distichum; O: Actinostrobus pyramidalis; P: Fitzroya cupressoides.

75 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 70 Fig. 7: Different features. A: Neocallitropsis pancheri, leaves in whorls of 4, herbarium sample (not the natural colour). B: Cunninghamia lanceolata, female cone scales thin; C: Widdringtonia schwarzii, female cone scale thick; D: Taxodium distichum var. distichum, female cone disintegrated; E: Platycladus orientalis, side view of seed (thick seed); F: Sequoiadendron giganteum, side view of seed (thin seed); G: Cunninghamia lanceolata, female cone scale without umbo or depression; H: Metasequoia glyptostroboides, female cone scale with depression; I: Thuja koraiensis, umbo small, umbo near the apex; J: Platycladus orientalis, umbo large; K: Pilgerodendron uviferum, umbo very large; umbo in the center; L: Tetraclinis articulata, without columella.

76 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 71 Fig. 8: Different features. A: Callitris endlicheri, columella 3-partite; B: Tetraclinis articulata, all female cone scales insert on the same level in mature cones; C: Chamaecyparis formosensis, female cone scales insert on different levels in mature cones; D: Cupressus arizonica var. glabra, branchlets arranged 3-dimensionally; E: Thuja occidentalis, branchlets arranged in one plane; F: Cupressus cashmeriana: scale leaves margin entire; G: Cupressus arizonica var. glabra: scale leaves margin serrate; H: Fitzroya cupressoides, female cone side view; I: Metasequoia glyptostroboides, seed; J: Cupressus macrocarpa, scale leaves with white resin; K: Juniperus rigida subsp. rigida, seed tubercled; L: Callitris drummondii, female cone scales unequal.

77 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 72 Fig. 9: Different features. A: Callitris drummondii, female cone scales angled into a (broad) apex; B: Callitris drummondii, female cone scales tapering towards the apex; C: Callitris canescens, female cone with slender fruiting branchlet; D: Juniperus phoenicea subsp. turbinata, branchlet with scale and needle leaves; E: Callitris preissii, female cone scales united at the base and forming a thick cone base; F: Callitris endlicheri, female cone scales separating almost to the base; G: Chamaecyparis pisifera: bark smoothscaly; H: Xanthocyparis nootkatensis, bark divided in plates; I: Juniperus squamata, bark peeling off in strands; J: Callitris verrucosa, female cones dense warts; K: Callitris endlicheri, female cone scales spreading widely after opening; with untypical columella L: Callitris drummondii, female cone scales not spreading widely after opening.

78 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 73 Fig. 10: Different features. A: Calocedrus formosana, cone-bearing-branchlets flattened, like branchlets without female cones; B: Cunninghamia lanceolata, rows of stomata on the abaxial side in one white stripe; C: Juniperus procera, needle leaves slightly spreading; D: Taxodium distichum var. imbricatum, branches with male cones short and crowded, the cones commonly in short compact secondary branches; E: Callitris drummondii, branchlets triangular; F: Juniperus squamata, dorsal side of needle leaves rounded; G: Juniperus drupacea, dorsal side of needle leaves keeled; H: Juniperus cedrus, needle leaf tip blunt; I: Juniperus communis var. saxatilis, needle leaf tip acute; J: Juniperus squamata, needle leaves decurrent; K: Juniperus rigida subsp. rigida, needle leaves not decurrent; L: Juniperus rigida subsp. rigida, needle leaf with one narrow white stripe; M: Juniperus communis var. saxatilis, needle leaf with one wide white stripe; N: Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa, needle leaf with two white stripes; O: Juniperus thurifera, scale leaves spreading slightly; P: Juniperus sabina var. davurica, scale leaf with a conspicuous gland.

79 SCHULZ et al. (2005) Feddes Repert. 74 Fig. 11: Different features. A: Cupressus gigantea, scale leaf without a conspicuous gland; B: Taxodium mucronatum, branches of male cones long and slender, open, composed of single cones; C: Cupressus dupreziana var. dupreziana, scale leaf tip blunt; D: Juniperus ashei, scale leaf tip acute; E: Cupressus lusitanica var. benthamii, branchlets short and stout; F: Cupressus gigantea, branchlets long and slender; G: Juniperus thurifera, peduncle straight; H: Juniperus sabina var. sabina, peduncle curved; I: Cupressus funebris, scale leaf tip curved outwards; J: Juniperus sargentii, scale leaf incurved (appressed); K: Juniperus excelsa subsp. excelsa, seed not tubercled; L: Callitris endlicheri, columella simple.

80 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006a), accepted Feddes Repert Variability of male cones in Chamaecyparis as an example of Cupressaceae male cones Feddes Repertorium, 117(1-2) SCHULZ, CH. & STÜTZEL, TH. (2006) submitted: Aug., 2005 accepted: Sep., 2005

81 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006a), accepted Feddes Repert. 76 Summary In contrast to flowers of other seed plants, male cones in Cupressaceae show a high intraspecific variability regarding the number of scales per cone and the number of pollen sacs per scale. This is the first time a qualitative and quantitative analysis of this variability is given. The variability is shown in distinct patterns. A typical pattern or diagram can be gathered from the analyses of 30 cones which illustrates the normal situation and the most frequent variability (average cone diagram). However, the overlapping intersections in the cone diagrams between the species do not allow identifications based on single male cones. A detailed study of all five species of Chamaecyparis shows that all of them can be distinguished on the basis of their average male cone diagram. A principal component analysis shows that these five Chamaecyparis species form distinct clusters. Sample cones from different positions off the tree reveal no effect within the variability of the cone diagrams. In contrast, comparison between the wild type and its cultivars reveals a higher variability in cultivars. Introduction Although general morphological investigations within the Cupressaceae have became more detailed in recent years (e.g. JAGEL & STÜTZEL 2001a, 2001b, 2003; FARJON 2002, 2003; SCHULZ et al. 2003) and the morphological work was facilitated by the revision of the Cupressaceae nomenclature (FARJON 2001), information about male cones is less known. To date a lot of species descriptions miss information about the male cones (e.g. Juniperus saxicola). Even when the number of pollen sacs per scale is given, only one value or range of values is stated for the whole cone. So it seems as if the number of pollen sacs per scale within the cone and within the species would be constant. This consistency applies for a lot of seed plants, where the flower configuration within a species is fixed and therefore, each species has its typical diagram (e.g. EICHLER 1954) but not for Cupressaceae (LEMOINE-SÉBASTIAN 1967). Previous investigations of Cupressaceae male cones show that one species comprises several different configurations (LEMOINE-SÉBASTIAN 1967). It is not

82 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006a), accepted Feddes Repert. 77 known whether the variability is limited and whether the variability shows recognizable patterns. One reason for the lack of information about male cones may be their restricted availability on the trees in contrast to long living leaves or female cones. Nevertheless, the male cone configuration can be used for the identification of recent and extinct specimens and also in phylogenetic investigations. For this it is necessary to know the number of scales per cone, the number of pollen sacs per scale and whether the several different cone configurations reveal a detectable and diagnostic pattern. If the cone configuration within a single species and even on a single plant is not definite, the position of sampling might have influence on the male cone configuration. Another question is, if there are differences in the cone configuration between specimens from the wild type and its cultivars and if there are differences, how large they are. Material and methods In total 460 male cones from different species and cultivars were dissected (Tab. 1, 2). The variability between Species, Cultivars and Sampling position were analyzed by a principal component analysis using UNISTAT (Version 4.53e, Shirland Mews). For the principal component analysis the raw data was used. In contrast, we only used the frequent cone configurations with a minimal frequency of 20 % for constructing cone diagrams. For constructing the cone diagram male cones were dissected (for the exact number see Tab. 1: sample column), the number of pollen sacs per scale and the number of scales per cone was counted. Moreover, the frequency of pollen sacs for each cone scale position (from n cones) were calculated. Pollen sacs and cone scales were displayed if their frequency is more than 20 % on a certain position in the cone diagram.

83 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006a), accepted Feddes Repert. 78 Tab. 1: Naming, sample and sampling position of the specimens used in this study. Investigation Species Sample Location Variation Chamaecyparis pisifera (wild type) n = 100 BG Bochum, private Sampling position (height) Sampling position (orientation) Species Cultivars 1 Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (wild type) n = 3 30 Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (wild type) n = 3 30 Chamaecyparis formosensis (wild type) n = 30 Chamaecyparis thyoides var. thyoides (wild type) Chamaecyparis obtusa var. obtusa (wild type) n = 30 n = 30 Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (wild type) n = 30 Chamaecyparis pisifera (wild type) n = 30 Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Alumii Gold' (cultivar) Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Globosa' (cultivar) Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Rogersii' (cultivar) n = 30 n = 30 n = 30 BG Bochum BG Bochum BG Düsseldorf BG Bochum, BG Rombergpark BG Bochum, BG Düssedorf, Palmengarten Frankfurt/Main BG Bochum, private BG Bochum, private BG Münster BG Münster BG Münster Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (wild type) n = 30 BG Bochum Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Alumii Gold' (cultivar) n = 30 BG Münster Cultivars 2 Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Globosa' (cultivar) Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Rogersii' (cultivar) n = 30 n = 30 BG Münster BG Münster Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (wild type) n = 90 BG Bochum Tab. 2: Sampling position of specimens for each investigation. 1 = with exception of Chamaecyparis formosensis. Different positions of sampling Different Only one trees tree Variation Sampling point Different species 1 Cultivars Limited positions of sampling

84 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006a), accepted Feddes Repert. 79 Variability The variability of 100 male cones (from almost 50 different branchlets) was examined exemplary on the species Chamaecyparis pisifera. Therefore, we constructed altogether 10 cone diagrams from 10, 20, 30 up to 100 dissected cones. Sampling position Male cones (n = 30) from almost 30 different branchlets off the tree of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana from three different heights (2 m, 4 m and 8 m) were collected and dissected. The specimens are from a single tree and only from its east side. Only the height was varied. Also 30 male cones of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana from three orientations (North, South and East) were collected and dissected. The specimens are from a single tree and only from a height of 2 m. Species For the investigation of the species variability 30 male cones (from almost 30 different branchlets) of each Chamaecyparis species (Ch. lawsoniana, Ch. pisifera, Ch. thyoides, Ch. obtusa) from different trees (with exception of Chamaecyparis formosensis) and different sampling positions on the tree were collected and dissected. Cultivars The variability of the wild type Chamaecyparis lawsoniana was investigated in two different ways. First the wild type was compared with each of its cultivars (n = 30 cones) then the wild type was compared with all of its cultivars (n = 3 30 cones from cultivars and 90 cones from the wild type).

85 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006a), accepted Feddes Repert. 80 Results Variability The dissection of 100 male cones of Chamaecyparis pisifera revealed 56 different cone diagrams. The number of pollen sacs per cone scale varies from 1-3, the number of scale pairs per cone from 4-8 (Tab. 3). The number of pollen sacs from both sides of the scale pair is almost equal (Tab. 3). Out of the 634 investigated scale pairs of Chamaecyparis pisifera 574 pairs (90.5 %) had an equal number of pollen sacs and only 64 pairs (9.5 %) differed. Therefore, the occurrence of scales with an equal number of pollen sacs is significantly more frequent than with unequal number of pollen sacs (chi-square test; p < ). We found that the cone diagram of 10 dissected cones differs in three positions from the one plotted out of 100 cones and the diagram of 20 dissected cones differs only in one position from the cone diagram made up out of 100 cones. The diagram we received from 30 cones and all further ones (40, 50, 60 90) were always the same as if we dissected 100. Tab. 3: Percentage (= absolute number) of pollen sacs per scale on a certain position in the cones of Chamaecyparis pisifera. 100 male cones were examined, therefore, the percentage and absolute number is the same. The value "0" means this configuration does not exist. The shaded fields correspond to the groups in Fig. 1: white = group 1, light grey = group 2, dark grey = group 3, black = group 4; A, B = two sides of an oppositely arranged scale pair. Order of scale pairs Number of pollen sacs per scale 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B No scale sac sacs sacs

86 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006a), accepted Feddes Repert. 81 The histogram (Fig. 1) displays the frequency dispersal of the number of pollen sacs within a certain position of the cone. Four groups can be distinctly differentiated. These groups are defined by the missing of intermediary frequencies. The diagram (Fig. 1) indicates that the scale pairs 1, 4, 5 and 8 (Tab. 3; Fig. 1: group 1 (white) and 4 (black)) are unequivocal with regard to the frequencies. The highest frequencies of group 4 are above 90 % (Tab. 3: black; Fig. 1: group 4 (black)) which are significantly higher than the frequencies of group 1 which are under 10 % (Tab. 3: white; Fig. 1: group 1 (white)) (chi-square test: p < ). The diagram (Fig. 1) also displays that the scale pairs 2, 3, 6 and 7 (Tab. 3; Fig. 1: group 1 (white), 2 (light grey), 3 (dark grey)) are divided into 3 groups but not as conspicuously as the scale pairs 1, 4, 5 and 8. Fig. 1: Histogram: Frequency dispersal of certain configurations (on the basis of pollen sacs of Chamaecyparis pisifera). Sampling positions The variability of the Cupressaceae male cone configuration within a species might depend on the sampling positions on the tree, where the specimens were collected. But when we compared male cones from three different orientations, the principal component analysis shows three almost completely overlapping areas (Fig. 2), which means that the orientation of the sampling positions do not influence the configuration. Moreover, a correlation between sampling height and cone configuration would be conceivable. But the principal component analysis of these data shows also three almost completely overlapping areas. Therefore, no correlation

87 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006a), accepted Feddes Repert. 82 between sampling height and cone configuration is recognizable (Fig. 3). Besides, the 6 cone diagrams (2 m, 4 m, 6 m, North, South and East) display almost the same result. Five of them show the same diagram and only one group shows a single deviation from the others. Fig. 2: Principal component analysis of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana. Specimens from different directions of the sampling position (North: n = 30; South: n = 30; East: n = 30) were compared. Double values are not displayed. Fig. 3: Principal component analysis of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana. Specimens from different heights of the sampling position (2 m: n = 30; 4 m: n = 30; 8 m: n = 30) were compared. Double values are not displayed.

88 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006a), accepted Feddes Repert. 83 Species Cone diagrams are only useful for species identification, if different species can be distinguished on the basis of their diagrams. Five different cone diagrams could be constructed (Fig. 4; Tab. 4) for all five Chamaecyparis species (Ch. lawsoniana, Ch. obtusa, Ch. pisifera, Ch. formosensis and Ch. thyoides). Tab. 4: Male cone configuration of different Chamaecyparis species. The values in the shaded fields were used for the cone diagram construction. Order of scale pairs Ch. lawsoniana [%] 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th No scale Number of pollen sacs per scale [%] Order of scale pairs Ch. pisifera [%] 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th No scale Number of pollen sacs per scale [%] Order of scale pairs Ch. thyoides [%] 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th No scale Number of pollen sacs per scale [%] Order of scale pairs Ch. obtusa [%] 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th No scale Number of pollen sacs per scale [%] Order of scale pairs Ch. formosensis [%] 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th No scale Number of pollen sacs per scale [%]

89 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006a), accepted Feddes Repert. 84 Fig. 4: Cone diagrams of different Chamaecyparis species. A: Chamaecyparis lawsoniana. B: Chamaecyparis pisifera. C: Chamaecyparis thyoides. D: Chamaecyparis obtusa. E: Chamaecyparis formosensis; black = elements which occur always; grey = elements which occur only sometimes.

90 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006a), accepted Feddes Repert. 85 A statistical analysis is a further possibility to illustrate the variability of the cone configurations between different species. By means of a principal component analysis, samples from the same species form a cluster, while the samples from different species were frequently clearly divided. The samples of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana cluster far away from the other two clusters, whereas Chamaecyparis obtusa and a cluster of three species (Ch. pisifera, Ch. thyoides and Ch. formosensis) are closer together (Fig. 5). Fig. 5: Principal component analysis of 5 different Chamaecyparis species. Double values are not displayed.

91 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006a), accepted Feddes Repert. 86 Cultivars Cultivars were planted because of their different habits and their vegetative appearance which results from abnormal characters of the wild type. In the principal component analysis the cultivars 'Alumii Gold', 'Globosa' and 'Rogersii' of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana were compared with their wild type. The cluster of each cultivar has a conspicuously greater extent than that of the wild type (grey area), and the specimens of all cultivars could be found outside as well as inside the wild type cluster (Fig. 6). Fig. 6: Principal component analysis of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana. The wild type (n = 30) was compared with each of the three cultivars 'Alumii Gold' (n = 30), 'Globosa' (n = 30) and 'Rogersii' (n = 30) separately. Double values are not displayed.

92 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006a), accepted Feddes Repert. 87 A second principal component analysis, comparing 90 specimens of cultivars and 90 specimens of the wild type, shows a similar result. As in the first analysis, the cluster extent of the cultivars is conspicuously wider than that of the wild type (grey area) (Fig. 7). Besides, the 3 cone diagrams of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Alumii Gold', 'Globosa' and 'Rogersii' differ in several characters from their wild type. The cultivar 'Alumii Gold' differs in 6, 'Globosa' in 4 and 'Rogersii' in 7 characters from its wild type. These differences (characters) are additional or missing pollen sacs or cone scales. Fig. 7: Principal component analysis of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana. The wild type (n = 90) was compared with all cultivars (n = 90). Double values are not displayed.

93 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006a), accepted Feddes Repert. 88 Discussion Variability Although, we could draw 56 different cone diagrams out of the 100 dissected male cones, the number of diagrams is certainly not complete. Such a high number of different diagrams is very confusing und can not even represent the whole range of the species variability. Thus, it is reasonable to illustrate the variability of a species in a single diagram which shows only the frequent (typical) configuration. Consequently, rare (untypical) configurations are excluded in such a diagram. The finding of significantly more frequent equal numbers of pollen sacs in a scale pair suits the morphogenetic view of oppositely arranged cone scale primordia. Since the primordia of the oppositely arranged cone scale arise simultaneously the number of pollen sacs has to be the same. The four groups of certain configurations (Fig. 1) were used to define rare (random configurations) and frequent configurations (patterns). We interpreted that group 1 (Fig. 1) corresponds to a random configuration and the groups 2, 3 and 4 (Fig. 1) to patterns. The division of group 1 and 4 is justified by a significantly higher frequencies of certain configurations in group 4 (Tab. 3: scale pairs 1, 4, 5 and 8; Fig. 1: group 1 (white) and 4 (black)). In contrast, the division of group 1, 2 and 3 is justified by the following consideration (Tab. 3: pairs 2, 3, 6 and 7; Fig. 1: group 1 (white), 2 (light grey), 3 (dark grey)). If we defined additionally the frequencies of group 2 together with group 1 to a random configuration, it would reach 34 % (26 %+8 % see Tab. 3: 7th pair), and that would be much too high for a random configuration. The groups (Fig. 1: group 1, 2, 3 and 4) can be recognized only by dissecting 100 cones. The groups 2, 3 and 4 (pattern) have a frequency minimum of 20 %. Thus, the 20 % value can be regarded as threshold. If the variability in other species is higher, it is also possible to use a lower threshold. Defining a threshold is necessary to construct a typical cone diagram without dissecting 100 cones. Because by excluding the cone configuration with a frequency below 20 % we could show in the case of

94 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006a), accepted Feddes Repert. 89 Chamaecyparis pisifera that approximately 30 male cones are enough to detect the typical configuration. Therefore, we suppose that this number (30 male cones) is also enough for other Chamaecyparis species, and that we could use it as a rule-of-thumb. Sampling position A high number of different cone types arises the question which factors influence the configuration of the male cones. In order to see whether the position on the tree has an influence on the cone configuration, we compared 6 different groups. By means of principal component analysis, we could show that the different groups are overlapping in large areas and do not form distinct clusters. Moreover, five of the six groups display the same cone diagram, only one group shows a single deviation from the others. Based on these results, it is possible to reason that the sampling position has if ever only a small influence on the variability of the male cone configuration and hardly any influence on cone diagrams. Nevertheless, different sampling positions are necessary for the investigation of cone configurations because they can minimize the risk that local mutations on branches falsify the typical variability of the species, which could probably not be compensated by a higher number of dissected samples. The six sampling groups contain no local mutations otherwise this would be reflected conspicuously in both principal component analysis and the cone diagram. Species A cone diagram should reflect the typical configuration of the species. For species determinations it is only of use, if the diagrams of different species are conspicuously different. From each species we received several different diagrams. So it is possible to distinguish each Chamaecyparis species based on the male cone configuration. The principal component analysis, which is basically a similarity analysis and the simplified phylogenetic tree after WANG et al. (2003), displays quite similar results (Fig. 5 and Fig. 8). Ch. formosensis and Ch. pisifera form a monophyletic group in the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 8; WANG et al. 2003, LITTLE et al. 2004), and in the principal component analysis both cluster together as well. Ch. pisifera, Ch. formosensis and Ch. thyoides form a monophyletic group in the phylogenetic tree

95 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006a), accepted Feddes Repert. 90 (Fig. 8; WANG et al. 2003) and they all form a single cluster in the principal component analysis. Furthermore, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana clusters far away from the last group and also the topology of the phylogenetic tree displays similar correlations. Only the close relationship between Ch. obtusa and Ch. lawsoniana in the phylogenetic tree (WANG et al. 2003, LITTLE et al. 2004) is not reflected within the principal component analysis, but it is improbable that all relations are reflected within it, because the functions of a similarity analysis and a phylogenetic analysis are essentially different. Consequently, the male cone configuration is a suitable character for phylogenetic analysis. Fig. 8: Simplified after the phylogenetic tree of WANG (2003). Cultivars Only if a cone diagram reflects the typical character of a species, it is useful for the identification of recent and extinct specimens and also of use for phylogenetic analysis. The plant specimens used for diagnostic or constitutive investigations come either from natural areas, or more frequently from botanical gardens or collections. Besides the wild type of conifers, there are frequently cultivars in botanical gardens or collections. At a first glance, the cultivars differ mostly in habit, leaf morphology and leaf colour, because they are selected for that. In order to know whether we can use cultivars for scientific investigations regarding their male cone configurations, we first compared male cones from cultivars with male cones from their wild type. The results of the comparison between the male cone configuration of the wild type (n = 30) and the three cultivars (each n = 30) by means of a principal component analysis, shows that the clusters of the cultivars are much larger than the ones of the wild type, which probably reflects that the variability of the cultivars, regarding to the male cone configuration, is much higher than that of the wild type (Fig. 6). The

96 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006a), accepted Feddes Repert. 91 second investigation with another sample number (wild type n = 90) shows similar results (Fig. 7). The same result is reflected in the cone diagrams of cultivars which differ in several characters from the typical diagram of the wild type. The male cone configuration of the cultivars is conspicuously different from their wild type whereas the difference in the cone diagrams between the different Chamaecyparis species is less, thereby the typical cone diagram is no longer recognizable in the cultivars. Consequently, the configuration of male cones from cultivars are neither suitable for the identification of species nor for phylogenetic investigations. These results fit the idealized conception about cultivars: A wild type has a certain variability of characters and if plant breeders spot e.g. a branchlet with a specific character state, they could cut off it to breed a new cultivar. Therefore, it is conceivable that a cultivar bears the typical characters of its wild type and also some additional untypical character states (local mutations). Principal component analysis versus cone diagram The representations of the variability of male cone configuration by means of cone diagrams and principal component analysis are suitable methods. The cone diagram is only an idealized representation of the reality and it is limited to frequent (= typical) configurations. However, the simplification is done always in the same way and therefore, the diagrams from different species (groups) are a solid basis for comparisons. The principal component analysis is a limited representation of the reality, too, because only the principal components are plotted. Because of this, more than only the frequent (= typical) configurations are represented, and consequently rare configurations have a greater influence as in the cone diagram. The principal component analysis is, therefore, essential to prove, that the way to establish cone diagrams here is sufficient for diagnostic and to lesser extent also for phylogenetic analysis.

97 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006a), accepted Feddes Repert. 92 Acknowledgements We wish to thank the directors and the staffs of botanical gardens in Bochum, Düsseldorf, Münster, Palmengarten Frankfurt/Main and Rombergpark for their kind support in collecting material for the investigation. We also thank Armin Jagel and Nina Minkley for the informed advice and Sabina Adler and Edward Spies for linguistic support. Reference EICHLER, A. W. 1954: Blüthendiagramme. Otto Koeltz: Eppenhain. FARJON, A. 2001: Cupressaceae. In: World checklist and bibliography of conifers, 2 ed. - Kew. FARJON, A. & GARCIA, S. O. 2002: Towards the minimal conifer ontogeny and trends in Cupressus, Juniperus and Microbiota (Cupressaceae s. str.). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 124(2): FARJON, A. & GARCIA, S. O. 2003: Cone and ovule development in Cunninghamia and Taiwania (Cupressaceae sensu lato) and its significance for conifer evolution. - Amer. J. Bot. 90(1): JAGEL, A. & STÜTZEL, TH. 2001a: Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Morphogenese der Samenzapfen von Platycladus orientalis (L.) FRANCO (= Thuja orientalis L.) und Microbiota decussata KOM. (Cupressaceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 123(3): JAGEL, A. & STÜTZEL, TH. 2001b: Zur Abgrenzung der Gattungen Chamaecyparis SPACH. und Cupressus L. (Cupressaceae) und die systematische Stellung von Cupressus nootkatensis D. DON (= Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. DON) SPACH.). Feddes Repert. 112(3/4): JAGEL, A. & STÜTZEL, TH. 2003: On the occurrence of non-axillary ovules in Tetraclinis articulata (VAHL) MAST. (Cupressaceae s. str.). Feddes Repert. 114(7-8): LEMOINE-SEBASTIAN 1967: Appareil reproducteur male des Juniperus. Trav. Lab. Forest. Toulouse. T1 6: LEMOINE-SEBASTIAN 1968: L'Inflorescence femelle des Junipereae. Ontogénèse,

98 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006a), accepted Feddes Repert. 93 Structure, Phylogénèse. Trav. Lab. Forest. Toulouse. T1 7: LITTLE, D.P.; SCHWARZBACH, A.E.; ADAMS, R.P. & HSIEH, C.-F. 2004: The circumscription and phylogenetic relationships of Callitropsis and newly described genus Xanthocyparis (Cupressaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 91(11): SCHULZ, CH.; JAGEL, A. & STÜTZEL, TH. 2003: Cone morphology in Juniperus in the light of cone evolution in Cupressaceae s.l. Flora 198(3): WANG, W. P.; HWANG, C. Y.; LIN, T. P. & HWANG, S. Y. 2002: Historical biogeography and phylogenetic relationships of the genus Chamaecyparis (Cupressaceae) inferred from chloroplast DNA polymorphism. Plant Syst. Evol. 241:

99 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006b), submitted Org. Divers. Evol Evolution of taxodiaceous Cupressaceae Organisms, Diversity & Evolution SCHULZ, CH. & STÜTZEL, TH. (2006) submitted: Oct. 2005

100 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006b), submitted Org. Divers. Evol. 95 Abstract The evolution of taxodiaceous Cupressaceae has been discussed controversially because the analyses using non-molecular data reveal major differences in comparison to the topology of molecular analyses. To solve this problem, we used non-molecular data with an adequate probability of homology in our study. With this type of data, we could show in taxodiaceous Cupressaceae for the first time that phylogenetic trees of molecular and non-molecular data share the same topology. Also, ontogenetic investigations of female cones have already contributed to a better understanding of morphology and anatomy in taxodiaceous Cupressaceae. Moreover, we could show that additional ontogenetic, fossil and cone configuration data fits the topology constructed by using the molecular and non-molecular data. Introduction Taxonomic delimitation Taxodiaceae have to be included in Cupressaceae because, as it is widely accepted, the monophyletic Cupressaceae s. str. have developed out of the paraphyletic Taxodiaceae (= taxodiaceous Cupressaceae). This hypothesis is reflected in molecular (BRUNSFELD et al. 1994; KUSUMI et al. 2000; GADEK et al. 2000; QUINN et al. 2002) as well as in non-molecular investigations (HART 1987; FARJON et al. 2002, FARJON 2005). Sciadopitys verticillata was separated from Cupressaceae s. l. due to several differences (e.g. anatomical differences in PEIRCE 1936; further differences summarized in FARJON 2005) and its sistergroup relationship to Cupressaceae and Taxaceae including Cephalotaxaceae (STEFANOVIC et al. 1998; QUINN et al. 2002). On the basis of detailed developmental studies of female cones (TAKASO & TOMLINSON 1989: Cryptomeria, 1990: Taxodium and Glyptostrobus, 1992: Metasequoia, Sequoia and Sequoiadendron; JAGEL 2001: Athrotaxis; FARJON & GARCIA 2003: Cunninghamia and Taiwania) the following phylogenetic relationships were proposed: Sequoia, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia (Sequoioideae) form a group defined by the following characters: Their cones show no conspicuous ovuliferous scales, and the ovules arise on the cone scale (TAKASO & TOMLINSON 1992). Another two closely related genera are Taxodium and

101 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006b), submitted Org. Divers. Evol. 96 Glyptostrobus. In this group the conspicuous ovuliferous scale (= lobate protuberance) arises later in the ontogeny than in Cunninghamia, and after pollination the conspicuous ovuliferous scale closes the cone (TAKASO & TOMLINSON 1990). The closest relative to Taxodium and Glyptostrobus is the genus Cryptomeria because of its similar cone development (TAKASO & TOMLINSON 1989). Cunninghamia and Taiwania are a further pair of closely related taxa; the ovuliferous scale in Cunninghamia develops as two or three small lobes, each lobe is associated with one ovule (FARJON & GARCIA 2003), and even if these lobes are absent in Taiwania a small ridge appears as their vestige (FARJON & GARCIA 2003). In contrast to Cunninghamia, the ovules of the genus Athrotaxis insert on a conspicuous cushion (= conspicuous ovuliferous scale) which develops later in their ontogeny (JAGEL 2001). As expected, the developmental study in Sciadopitys verticillata reveals major differences to all other taxodiaceous Cupressaceae, for example a centrifugal initiation sequence and maturation of the ovules, or an early developing and conspicuous ovuliferous scale (TAKASO & TOMLINSON 1991). JAGEL (2001) conducted a comprehensive developmental study of taxodiaceous Cupressaceae excluding Sciadopitys and Taiwania. The cone development of Sciadopitys had already been investigated (TAKASO & TOMLINSON 1991) and this genus was found to be closely related to the Cupressaceae (QUINN et al. 2002). Therefore, Sciadopitys is suitable to serve as an outgroup. In our study, we extend the model of JAGEL (2001) and relate it to the molecular phylogenetic trees of KUSUMI et al. (2000). Cone configuration - In addition to the ontogeny of the female cone, the cone configuration (number of cone scales per cone and number of ovules/pollen sacs per cone scale) reveals an additional important character complex for phylogenetic investigations (see SCHULZ & STÜTZEL 2006). Cone configuration investigations of male and female cones were lacking for the taxodiaceous Cupressaceae and have been done in the course of this study. Phylogenetic analysis - By comparing morphological, anatomical and cytological data, and data from further disciplines, a hypothesis of the evolution of taxodiaceous Cupressaceae has been developed. Often the phylogenetic interpretation of a single

102 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006b), submitted Org. Divers. Evol. 97 discipline confirms the interpretation of another discipline as expected. The idea of evolution of taxodiaceous Cupressaceae was developed over several years and was recently confirmed by molecular analyses (GADEK et al. 2000; QUINN et al. 2002; KUSUMI et al. 2000). However, the results of phylogenetic analyses of non-molecular data (GADEK et al. 2000; HART 1987; FARJON et al. 2002, FARJON 2005) were contradictory. These analyses summarized groups together, which are morphologically and molecularly not regarded as being closely related, e.g. Neocallitropsis and Taiwania in GADEK et al. (2000). The molecular analyses are based on single genes (e.g. matk and rbcl for Cupressaceae in GADEK et al. 2000) or specific parts of these genes (methodological approach e.g. in RAUPACH et al. 2004). As in the methodological approach, phylogenetic investigations with non-molecular data should be performed using characters with an adequate probability of homology (e.g. WÄGELE 2005). Regarding this criterion, a phylogenetic analysis and a comparison of the results of molecular and non-molecular analyses could be conducted. Material & Methods Cone configuration In our study, female and male cones were collected from several trees (except Taiwania cryptomerioides, where only one plant was available) and different positions of the trees (Tab. 1). Usually the cone configuration is represented by a cone diagram (e.g. EICHLER 1878). However, in taxodiaceous Cupressaceae male and female cones have a large number of cone scales and thus cone diagrams would be too complex. Formulas as introduced by EICHLER (1878) to describe flowers are not suitable for gymnosperms because there have no different categories of organs like calyx, corolla, androeceum and gymnoceum but only scales with ovules or pollen sacs. But the scales can be numbered consecutively from basal to distal and for the given series the number of pollen sacs or ovules can be added. This leads to formulas of this type: [S 1 -S n ] a [S n+1 -S o ] b-c [S o+1 -S p -(S q )] d [S u+1 -S v ] e S 1 -S n are the n most basal cone scales, which have all a pollen sacs/ovules and S n+1 -S v are the following cone scales which may have b or c pollen sacs/ovules, etc.

103 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006b), submitted Org. Divers. Evol. 98 Scales which occur in some cones and lack in others are in parenthesis. The number of pollen sacs/ovules increases towards position marked bold, the scales in bold display the maximum numbers of pollen sacs/ovules and then the number decreases again. For example Taiwania cryptomerioides in Fig. 1: Fig. 1: Male cone diagram of Taiwania cryptomerioides, the corresponding formula is: [1-7] 3 [8-10] 3-2 [11-12(-17)] 2. Black = elements which occur always. Grey = elements which occur only sometimes. For each taxon 30 male and 30 female cones were dissected, and the representation of the cone formula included only frequent configurations (see SCHULZ & STÜTZEL 2006). Male and female cones in the taxodiaceous Cupressaceae are more variable in relation to the number of cone scales per cone and ovules per cone scale than in Chamaecyparis, therefore, all configurations with a minimum frequency of 13.3 % (4/30) were included. Phylogenetic analysis Our phylogenetic tree was constructed out of 16 characters, and the phylogenetic analysis was conducted with PAUP*4.0b10 (SWOFFORD 1991) using a heuristic search. For this phylogenetic analysis, only characters were used with states which were investigated in most of the species, therefore, there are not too many scores of absent character states in the data set (in this case maximum 2 lacking character states). Characters with a low probability of homology were excluded. Also characters with a too high variability were excluded. The data set

104 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006b), submitted Org. Divers. Evol. 99 contains information from cytological, anatomical, morphological and other investigations (non-molecular data). Tab. 1: Analysed species including the date of collecting and the location (BG = Botanical garden). Species Specimens: location (date) Sciadopitys verticillata BGBochum ( / / ) Cunninghamia lanceolata BGBochum ( / / / ); BGDüsseldorf ( ) Taiwania cryptomerioides BGDüsseldorf ( / / / ) Athrotaxis cupressoides BGBonn ( / / / / / / / ); Pinetum Blijdenstein Hilversum ( ) Athrotaxis laxifolia BGBonn ( / / ); BGDüsseldorf ( / ); BGFreiburg ( ) Athrotaxis selaginoides BGBonn ( / / / ); BGGünterstal ( ) Metasequoia glyptostroboides BGBochum ( / / / ); BGFreiburg ( ); MHannover ( ) Sequoia sempervirens BGDüsseldorf ( / ); BGBochum ( / ); BGBonn ( / ); BGFreiburg ( ) Sequoiadendron giganteum BGBochum ( / / / / ); BG Dortmund ( ) Cryptomeria japonica BGBochum ( / / ); Castrop-Rauxel: private garden ( ) Taxodium distichum BGBochum ( / / ) Palmengarten Frankfurt ( ) Glyptostrobus pensilis BGBochum ( / / / ); BGBonn ( / / ) Character coding Revised non-molecular database (Tab. 2) including the following characters and character states: Rays in wood (PEIRCE 1936; YU 1948): 1(0) 1(1) 1(2) Crassulae in wood (PEIRCE 1936): 2(0) 2(1) Number of pits on the tracheid side of the crossfield (PEIRCE 1936): Transverse walls in wood parenchym (PEIRCE 1936): 3(0) 3(1) 3(2) 4(0) 4(1) Papillae on pollen (UENO 1951): 5(0) 5(1) Archegonial position within female gametophyte (GADEK et al. 2000): 6(0) 6(1) max. 10 cells high max. 24 cells high max. 60 cells high pronounced to indistinct distinct only entire or pitted, but never thick thick with numerous pits (almost) absent present all apical apical and/or lateral

105 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006b), submitted Org. Divers. Evol. 100 Pollination droplets (JAGEL 2001): 7(0) 7(1) Orientation of flowering female cones (JAGEL 2001): Plane conspicuous ovuliferous scale (e.g. JAGEL 2001; Fig. 4): Distal adaxial outgrowing swelling on the cone scale (e.g. JAGEL 2001; Fig. 4): 8(0) 8(1) 8(2) 9(0) 9(1) 9(2) 10(0) 10(1) Insertion of ovules (e.g. JAGEL 2001; Fig. 4): 11(0) 11(1) Orientation of micropyle (SORGER 1925; 12(0) JAGEL 2001; see Fig. 4): 12(1) Proliferation of female cones (MASTERS 1882; 13(0) LEMOINE-SEBASTIAN 1968; Fig. 2A, B): 13(1) Cone configuration of male cones (Tab. 6): 14(0) 14(1) Seeds: 15(0) 15(1) Chromosomes (FARJON 2005 after LI 1989): 16(0) 16(1) do not fuse together fuse together vertically down horizontal or slightly downwards vertically up it arises on the cone, which closes not the cone absent it arises axillary, which closes the cone present absent on the cone scale axillary the micropyle points to the cone axis at the time of maturation the micropyle points to the cone scale tip at the time of maturation proliferating not proliferating the male cone begins proximally with the highest number of pollen sacs per cone scale, then the number decreases the male cone does not begin proximally with the highest number, but first the number increases up to the maximum number then it decreases without an additional structure close to the hilum with an additional structure close to the hilum (Fig. 2C) no Stebbin s type 1A chromosomes Stebbin s type 1A chromosomes

106 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006b), submitted Org. Divers. Evol. 101 Tab. 2: Data set. Characters and states are numbered as in the text.? = character state unknown. Character number Sciadopitys verticillata ? 0? Cunninghamia lanceolata Cunninghamia konishii Taiwania cryptomerioides Athrotaxis cupressoides Athrotaxis laxifolia Athrotaxis selaginoides Metasequoia glyptostroboides 1??? Sequoia sempervirens Sequoiadendron giganteum Cryptomeria japonica Taxodium distichum Taxodium mucronatum Glyptostrobus pensilis Chamaecyparis lawsoniana???? 1 0 0? ? Fig. 2 A: Sciadopitys verticillata: Proliferating female cone. B: Cryptomeria japonica: Proliferating female cone. C: Cunninghamia konishii: seed with additional structure close to the hilum (arrow). D: Cunninghamia lanceolata: ovule with weakly developed ovuliferous scale. E: Taiwania cryptomerioides: aborted ovules. F: Metasequoia glyptostroboides: mature male cone with bijugately arranged scales.

107 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006b), submitted Org. Divers. Evol. 102 Results Cone configuration The cone configuration of the female cones reveals a uniform pattern. Female cones of taxodiaceous Cupressaceae have proximally from 1 or 2 (e.g. Sequoia, see Tab. 3) up to 29 (e.g. Cunninghamia, see Tab. 3) sterile cone scales. Within the cone, the number of ovules per cone scale increases from the proximal to the middle position (e.g. in Athrotaxis selaginoides up to 8 ovules, see Tab. 3) and decreases towards the distal end. The cone has distally up to 32 (Cunninghamia lanceolata, see Tab. 3) sterile cone scales (Tab. 3, 4, 5). Tab. 3: Female cone formula. Bold = the highest number of ovules within the cone. Square brackets = position of ovules within the cone. Superscript = number of ovules on a certain position within the cone. Values in parentheses = cone scale present not in all cones. Values without parentheses = cone scale present in all cones. Taxon Female cone formula Sciadopitys verticillata Cunnighamia lanceolata Taiwania cryptomerioides Athrotaxis cupressoides Athrotaxis laxifolia Athrotaxis selaginoides Metasequoia glyptostoboides Sequoia sempervirens Sequoiadendron giganteum Cryptomeria japonica Taxodium distichum Glyptostrobus pensilis [1-2] 0 [3-4] 0-1 [5-6] 2-5 [7] 3-5 [8-14] 5-10 [15-21] 8-6 [22-24] 7-4 [25-27] 5-4 [28] 4-2 [29] 2 [30] 2-1 [31-32] 1 [33-35] 1-0 [36-40(-52)] 0 [1-20] 0 [21-23] 0,2 [24-29] 0,2,3 [30-40] 2-3 [41-47(-51)] 3-2,0 [52-54] 2,0 [55-72] 0 [1-2] 0 [3] 0-1 [4-5] 0-2 [6-15] 2 [16] 2,0 [17-19] 2-0 [20] 1-0 [(21-25)] 0 [1-6] 0 [7] 0,2,5 [8] 2-5 [9] 3-5 [10-13] 4-6 [14] 6-3 [15] 5-3 [16] 4-2 [17] 2 [(18)] 2-1 [(19-20)] 1-0 [(21-24)] 0 [1-5] 0 [6] 0,3 [7-8] 0,4-6 [9] 5-6 [10-16] 5-7 [17-18] 7-4 [19] 6-4 [20-21] 6-5,3-2 [(22-30)]5-1 [1-8] 0 [9] 0,3-4 [10] 0,4-7 [11-21] 4-8 [22-23] 6-3 [24] 6-2 [25-36] 5-0 [1] 0 [2] 0-3 [3] 2-5 [4-5] 4-6 [6] 5-6,0 [7] 6-4,0 [8] 4-0 [9] 2 [(10-14)] 0 [1] 0 [2] 0,2-3 [3] 2-4 [4] 4-5 [5-15] 5-6 [16-18] 5-3 [19] 3-2,0 [20-21(-28)] 0 [1-2] 0 [3] 0,1,4 [4] 1-5 [5] 4-6 [6] 5-6 [7-10] 5-7 [11-27] 6-8 [28-30] 7-5 [31-34] 6-4 [35-36] 6-3 [37] 5-3,0 [38-39] 4-2,0 [40] 3-2,0 [41(-48)] 0 [1-18] 0 [19-23] 0,2-3 [24-35] 2-3 [36-38] 2,0 [39-42(-55)] 0 [1-2] 0 [3-8] 0,2 [9-16] 2 [17(-22)] 2,0 [(23-27)] 0 [1-14] 0 [15-18] 0,2 [19-23] 0-2 [24-26(-27)] 2,0 [(28-34)] 0

108 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006b), submitted Org. Divers. Evol. 103 Tab. 4: Absolute and average numbers of the female cone scales and ovules. The average values are rounded to natural numbers and the ratio values are rounded to two decimal places. Scales Ovules per scale Ovules per cone Basal sterile scales Absolute number Average number Absolute number Average number Absolute number Average number Absolute Number Average number Sciadopitys verticillata Cunninghamia lanceolata Taiwania cryptomerioides Athrotaxis cupressoides Athrotaxis laxifolia Athrotaxis selaginoides Metasequoia glyptostroboides Sequoia sempervirens Sequoiadendron giganteum Cryptomeria japonica Taxodium distichum Glyptostrobus pensilis Tab. 5: Absolute numbers, average numbers and ratios of the female cone scales and ovules. The average values are rounded to natural numbers and the ratio values are rounded to two decimal places. Absolute number Distal sterile scales Average number Fertile scales Absolute number Average number Average number of sterile scales (proximal + distal) Ratio between fertile and sterile scales Ratio between ovules and scales Sciadopitys verticillata Cunninghamia lanceolata Taiwania cryptomerioides Athrotaxis cupressoides Athrotaxis laxifolia Athrotaxis selaginoides Metasequoia glyptostroboides Sequoia sempervirens Sequoiadendron giganteum Cryptomeria japonica Taxodium distichum Glyptostrobus pensilis

109 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006b), submitted Org. Divers. Evol. 104 In contrast, the male cones of the taxodiaceous Cupressaceae have proximally no sterile cone scales, except Cryptomeria japonica (Tab. 6). Most of the taxa (except Cryptomeria, Taxodium and Glyptostrobus) have proximally the highest number of pollen sacs per cone scale (e.g. 4 in Sequoia, see Tab. 6). Usually the number of pollen sacs decreases from the proximal to the distal position within the cone (e.g. to 1 in Taxodium, see Tab. 6). In Taxodioideae (Cryptomeria, Taxodium and Glyptostrobus) the number of pollen sacs increases from the proximal position of the cone (e.g. to 4 in Glyptostrobus, see Tab. 6) and then decreases (e.g. to 1 in Glyptostrobus, see Tab. 6) (Tab. 6, 7). Tab. 6: Male cone formula. Bold = the highest number of pollen sacs within the cone. Square brackets = position of pollen sacs within the cone. Superscript = number of pollen sacs on a certain position within the cone. Values in parentheses = cone scale present not in all cones. Values without parentheses = cone scale present in all cones. Taxon Male cone formula Sciadopitys verticillata [1-57(-88)] 2 Cunnighamia lanceolata [1-30] 3 [31-52(-60)] 3-2 [(61-83)] 2 Taiwania cryptomerioides [1-7] 3 [8-10] 3-2 [11-12(-17)] 2 Athrotaxis cupressoides [1-21(-26)] 2 Athrotaxis laxifolia [1] 3-2 [2-28(-58)] 2 Athrotaxis selaginoides [1-23] 3-2 [24-39(-59)] 2 Metasequoia glyptostoboides [1-7] 3 [8-12] 3-2 [13-24(-33)] 2 [(34-39)] 2-1 Sequoia sempervirens [1-12] 4-3 [13-14] 3 [15(-25)] 2-1 Sequoiadendron giganteum [1-10] 4-3 [11-12(-13)] 3 [(14-16)] 3-2 [(17-20)] 2 Cryptomeria japonica [1-2] 0 [3] 2 [4] 2-3 [5-7] 3 [8-16] 3-4 [17-19] 3 [(20-21)] 3-2 [(22-26)] 2 Taxodium distichum [1] 5-6 [2-4] 7-5 [5-7] 6-4 [8] 6-3 [9(-17)] 4-1 Glyptostrobus pensilis [1-2] 1-2 [3-4] 2-3 [5-10] 3-4 [11(-13)] 3-2 [(14)] 2 [(15-19)] 2-1

110 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006b), submitted Org. Divers. Evol. 105 Tab. 7: Absolute numbers, average numbers and ratios of the male cone scales and pollen sacs. The average values are rounded to natural numbers and the ratio values are rounded to two decimal places. Absolute number Scales Average number Pollen sacs per fertile scale Absolute number Average number Pollen sacs per cone Absolute number Average number Ratio between pollen sacs and scales Ratio between pollen sacs and ovules Sciadopitys verticillata Cunninghamia lanceolata Taiwania cryptomerioides Athrotaxis cupressoides Athrotaxis laxifolia Athrotaxis selaginoides Metasequoia glyptostroboides Sequoia sempervirens Sequoiadendron giganteum Cryptomeria japonica Taxodium distichum Glyptostrobus pensilis

111 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006b), submitted Org. Divers. Evol. 106 Our non-molecular tree (Fig. 3) shows the same topology as the molecular tree of KUSUMI et al. (2000), merely the Athrotaxis species are reflected as a polytomy. The Taxodioideae (Cryptomeria, Taxodium and Glyptostrobus) and the Sequoioideae (Metasequoia, Sequoia and Sequoiadendron) form monophyletic groups. Fig. 3: Phylogenetic tree based on the heuristic search using non-molecular data. Tree length 26 steps; CI = 0.77; RI = 0.89; RC = Black triangles = character states. Discussion In most of the Cupressaceae s. str. and Taxodioideae, the ovules develop in the axil of a cone scale, but never on the cone scale (Fig. 4F, G). In the Cupressaceae s. str. the cone scale (here similar to a bract) corresponds completely to a leaf, and the ovules solely represent the remnant of a short shoot (SCHULZ et al. 2003). In the Taxodioideae only the bract corresponds to a leaf, and the ovuliferous scale represents the short shoot. In contrast, in the taxodiaceous Cupressaceae (except Taxodioideae) the ovules develop on the cone scale (e.g. TAKASO & TOMLINSON 1992) and the rest of the ovuliferous short shoot can be regarded as adnate or

112 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006b), submitted Org. Divers. Evol. 107 congenitally fused to the cone scale (JAGEL 2001). Cunninghamia, Athrotaxis and the Taxodioideae form a conspicuous ovuliferous scale (part of the short shoot; Fig. 4B, D, F), whereas in Taiwania (usually) and Sequoioideae a conspicuous ovuliferous scale is not recognizable (Fig. 4C, E). But due to the ovules on the cone scale, it can be assumed that the part from the adaxial basal, up to the insertion of the ovules, belongs to the ovuliferous scale (= short shoot) (JAGEL 2001). Consequently, the short shoot in Cunninghamia and Athrotaxis is represented by the free distal part of the ovuliferous scale (= conspicuous ovuliferous scale) and the adnate basal part of the ovuliferous scale (interpreted). In contrast, the short shoot in Taiwania and Sequoioideae is without the conspicuous part of the ovuliferous scale. In Taxodioideae, the short shoot is only represented by the conspicuous part of the ovuliferous scale (= lobate protuberance). The homology of the plane conspicuous ovuliferous scale in Sciadopitys, Cunninghamia, and the Taxodioideae has been discussed intensively. All three groups share probably the same frame-homology: the (conspicuous and interpreted part of the) ovuliferous scale corresponds to a short shoot, simply with different extent. However, there is no detailed homology of the plane conspicuous ovuliferous scale of Cunninghamia and Taxodioideae because the development of the conspicuous ovuliferous scale in the groups between Cunninghamia and Taxodioideae (e.g. Sequoioideae, Taiwania) was switched off. Cunninghamia is the only representative of the Cupressaceae s. l. which contains both a plane conspicuous ovuliferous scale and ovules on the cone scale (Fig. 4B), similar to Sciadopitys (TAKASO & TOMLINSON 1991; Fig. 4A). This character state is most likely plesiomorphic, therefore, it can not support the relationship between Cunninghamia and Sciadopitys but it does not disprove it either. The conspicuous ovuliferous scale of Sciadopitys arises earlier in the ontogeny than the one of Cunninghamia. However, the comparison between Araucaria (KNOPF & STÜTZEL, in prep.), Sciadopitys (TAKASO & TOMLINSON 1991) and Cunninghamia (FARJON 2003) shows different times of development of the plane conspicuous ovuliferous scale. From Araucaria via Sciadopitys to Cunninghamia, the conspicuous ovuliferous scale arises ontogenetically later. As a result, it can be concluded that the time of development has changed during evolution.

113 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006b), submitted Org. Divers. Evol. 108 Fig. 4: Bract and ovuliferous scale development (B, D-F from JAGEL 2001; A, C and G added) is represented in the phylogenetic tree of KUSUMI et al. (2000). * = tip of the female cone scale. Light grey = cone axis, bract and ovule. Black = conspicuous ovuliferous scale (recognizable). Dark grey = adnate ovuliferous scale (interpreted). The high number of ovules per cone scale in Sciadopitys (up to 11), and the low number in the primitive taxodiaceous Cupressaceae like Cunninghamia (3) and Taiwania (2) seems to be contradictory. However, the Sciadopityaceae have several fossil representatives like e.g. Sciadopitys yezo-koshizakae (OHSAWA et al. 1991), Sciadopitys cretacea (OGURA 1932), Sciadopitys tertiaria (FLORIN 1963), Sciadopityostrobus (SAIKI 1992) and Parasciadopitys (YAO et al. 1997). As Parasciadopitys (YAO et al. 1997) had 5 ovules and Sciadopitys verticillata up to 11,

114 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006b), submitted Org. Divers. Evol. 109 this character is probably derived within fossil Sciadopityaceae. Many character states of Sciadopitys verticillata are probably synapomorphies of the Sciadopityaceae, e.g. the pseudo-needles (e.g. HILLE 2002; FARJON 2005), and perhaps the centrifugal development order of ovules (TAKASO & TOMLINSON 1991) and the chromosome number of 2n = 20 as well (LI 1988). The phylogenetic interpretation is difficult because of the assumption that Sciadopitys verticillata is probably a derived species, and the fact, that it is the only representative of a former diverse family. However, both Sciadopitys and Cunninghamia have a high number of male and female cone scales (Tab. 3, 6). The genera Cunninghamia and Taiwania have a cone scale where the distal adaxial part forms no outgrowing swelling and the ovules arise on the cone scale. In Taiwania, sometimes primordia arise on the cone scale in the same position as the primordia of the lobes (= ovuliferous scale) in Cunninghamia (FARJON 2003). We confirm these results in our study, and also occasionally reveal a weakly developed conspicuous ovuliferous scale in Cunninghamia (Fig. 2D). Moreover, a weak swelling is visible close to aborted ovules in Taiwania (Fig. 2E). These findings display a reduction from the conspicuous ovuliferous scale in Cunninghamia to Taiwania. The relationship is also reflected in the fossil species Parataiwania which contains four ovules with small lobate protuberances (= conspicuous ovuliferous scale) and shows many similarities with Taiwania (NISHIDA et al. 1992). Even the cone configurations of male and female cones in Cunninghamia and Taiwania are very similar; only the number of cone scales is reduced in Taiwania (Tab. 3, 6). Altogether, the cones of Taiwania are probably a reduced form of the cones in Cunninghamia. Besides the paraphyletic relationship (Fig. 3), a monophyletic relationship would also be possible (FARJON et al. 2002, FARJON 2005). In Athrotaxis, the ovules are situated on a whitish cushion (= conspicuous ovuliferous scale), which is different to the greenish bract during the pollination time (JAGEL 2001). This fact supports the interpretation of JAGEL (2001) that the basal adaxial part of the cone scale in taxodiaceous Cupressaceae (except Taxodioideae) is an adnate part of the ovuliferous scale. The distal adaxial outgrowing swelling of the bract which closes the cone is a character of Athrotaxis, Sequoioideae and the Cupressaceae s. str. (Fig. 3: character state 10(0)).

115 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006b), submitted Org. Divers. Evol. 110 A long-discussed issue concerning the genus Athrotaxis is, whether Athrotaxis laxifolia is a natural hybrid between A. selaginoides and A. cupressoides or a divided species. The hybrid hypothesis is supported by an intermediary leaf form of A. laxifolia, no distinct areal which is sympatric between both parents areals (ELLIOT 1951; FARJON 1998), intermediary pollination time (JAGEL & STÜTZEL 2001) and molecular investigations (ISODA et al. 2000). Even if cytological investigations (GULLINE 1952) can not support the hybrid hypothesis, many researchers regard A. laxifolia as a natural hybrid (CURTIS 1956; CLIFFORD & CONSTANTINE 1980; GRAY 1998; HILL 1998; JAGEL & STÜTZEL 2001; ISODA et al. 2000). In our study we can support this thesis by intermediary cone configurations of male and female cones in Athrotaxis laxifolia (Tab. 3, 6). The monophyly of Sequoioideae (Metasequoia, Sequoia and Sequoiadendron) is reflected in molecular (BRUNSFELD et al. 1994; KUSUMI et al. 2000; GADEK et al. 2000) as well as in non-molecular trees (Fig. 3). This is supported by the following complex synapomorphy: The ovule is developed on the cone scale, a conspicuous ovuliferous scale is not developed, and the distal adaxial part of the bract forms an outgrowing swelling which closes the cone (Fig. 4E) similar to Athrotaxis (Fig. 4D). The trend revealed in Taiwania and Athrotaxis is continued the conspicuous ovuliferous scale is completely reduced. Within the taxodiaceous Cupressaceae, Metasequoia is distinguished by an opposite phyllotaxis, except bijugately arranged cone scales in adult male cones (Fig. 2F). This character state caused the sistergroup relationship of Metasequoia and Cupressaceae s. str. in FARJON et al. (2002) and FARJON (2005). However, the character "leaf arrangement" has a weak probability of homology. For example, in Juniperus squamata the leaf arrangement within a short branchlet changes from "opposite" to "in whorls of 3" (SCHULZ 2001). Thus the above mentioned synapomorphy of the Sequoioideae has a higher probability of homology than the phyllotaxis. Therefore, a monophyly of the Sequoioideae (BRUNSFELD et al. 1994; KUSUMI et al. 2000; GADEK et al. 2000; Fig. 3) is more probable than the sistergroup relationship between Metasequoia and Cupressaceae s. str. in FARJON et al. (2002) and FARJON (2005).

116 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006b), submitted Org. Divers. Evol. 111 The monophyly of Taxodioideae (Taxodium, Glyptostrobus and Cryptomeria) is reflected in molecular (KUSUMI et al. 2000; GADEK et al. 2000) and non-molecular trees (FARJON et al. 2002, FARJON 2005; Fig. 3). The synapomorphy of Taxodioideae and the Cupressaceae s. str. is the presence of ovules that arise axillary and do not change their position, or orientation during the ontogeny (Fig. 3: character state 11(1)). Only in some derived groups the ovules arise terminally or alternate to the cone scales (SCHULZ et al. 2003). In Taxodioideae, the synapomorphy is a plane conspicuous ovuliferous scale as outgrowth which arises after the ovule development (= lobate protuberance) and closes the cone (Fig. 3: character state 9(2)). Fossil records from LEMOIGNE (1967) support the sistergroup relationship of Taxodioideae and Cupressaceae s. str. This record has oppositely arranged scale leaves (typical for Cupressaceae s. str.) and cones with teeth (= conspicuous ovuliferous scale) like in Cryptomeria. The close relationship between the extant genera Taxodium and Glyptostrobus is also supported by the fossil genus Glyptodium, which is described as intermediary (BOYD 1992). Moreover, a monophylum of Taxodium and Glyptostrobus is reflected in molecular (KUSUMI et al. 2000; GADEK et al. 2000) as well as in non-molecular trees (FARJON et al. 2002, FARJON 2005; Fig. 3). Despite several data from morphological, anatomical, cytological and other comparing investigations of taxodiaceous Cupressaceae, less data remain for phylogenetic investigations. In a lot of comparing investigations, the number of taxa used is too low for phylogenetic investigations within the taxodiaceous Cupressaceae. Data sets with many absent character states can support "wrong" topologies. A multiplicity of homoplasies in the non-molecular trees of GADEK et al. (2000) and FARJON (FARJON et al. 2002, FARJON 2005) is caused by analogies resp. by characters with a low probability of homology, similar to the character "leaf form" in FARJON (FARJON et al and FARJON 2005). The character "leaf form" is an adaptation to the ecological niche, or climate, and it is not as fixed as the cone formation. Another problem is the categorization of character states in non-molecular data sets with regard to phylogenetic reasonable categorization. If the character states are too variable and it is impossible to find phylogenetic reasonable categories, they can not be included in the phylogenetic analysis (e.g. "form of aperture" in PEIRCE 1936).

117 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006b), submitted Org. Divers. Evol. 112 The topologies of the molecular (GADEK et al. 2000; KUSUMI et al. 2000) and the non-molecular tree (Fig. 3) are almost identical. Ontogenetic investigations, fossil records and the cone configuration support a lot of clades in the topology. Extant taxodiaceous Cupressaceae form a small group of relict species, whereas fossil taxodiaceous Cupressaceae were widely distributed and diverse in the Mesozoic (STEWART & ROTHWELL 1993) much more species are extinct than extant. The remaining question is, in which direction will information about fossil taxodiaceous Cupressaceae affect topology. Using fossil taxa for phylogenetic investigations is possible, however, a significant number of descriptions is based on isolated organs or even fragments (MILLER 1999). This leads inevitably to a tree of organs instead of a tree of taxa, and only in few cases (e.g. Sewardiodendron: YAO et al. 1998) a more or less full morphological dataset is available for fossils. Acknowledgements We wish to thank the directors and the staffs of botanical gardens in Bochum, Bonn, Dortmund, Düsseldorf, Freiburg, Günterstal, Hannover and also Pinetum Blijdenstein Hilversum and Palmengarten Frankfurt for their kind support in collecting material for the investigations. We also thank Armin Jagel and Nina Minkley for the informed advice and Sabina Adler and Helen MacGougan for linguistic support.

118 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006b), submitted Org. Divers. Evol. 113 References BOYD, A. 1992: Revision of the Late Cretaceous Pautot flora from west Greenland: Gymnospermopsida (Cycadales, Cycadeoidales, Caytoniales, Ginkoales, Coniferales). Palaeographica, Abt. B, Paläophytol. 225: BRUNSFELD, S. J.; SOLTIS, P. S.; SOLTIS, D. E.; GADEK, P. A.; QUINN, C. J.; STRENGE, D. D. & RANKER, T. A. 1994: Phylogenetic relationships among the genera of Taxodiaceae and Cupressaceae: evidence from rbcl sequences. Syst. Bot. 19(2): CLIFFORD, H. T. & CONSTANTINE, J. 1980: Ferns, fern allied and conifers of Australia. Brisbane. CURTIS, W. M. 1956: The student's flora of Tasmania. Hobart, Tasmania. EICHLER, A. W. 1954: Blüthendiagramme; unchanged reprint of Eppenhain. ELLIOTT, C. G. 1951: Some notes on Athrotaxis. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 76: FARJON, A. 1998: Cupressaceae. In: World checklist and bibliography of conifers. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. FARJON, A. & GARCIA, S. O. 2003: Cone and ovule development in Cunninghamia and Taiwania (Cupressaceae sensu lato) and its significance for conifer evolution. Amer. J. Bot. 90(1): FARJON, A. 2005: A monography of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Kew. FARJON, A.; HIEP, N. T.; HARDER, D. K.; LOC, P. K. & AVERYANOW, L. 2002: A new genus and species in Cupressaceae (Coniferales) from Northern Vietnam, Xanthocyparis vietnamensis. Novon 12: FLORIN, R. 1963: The distribution of conifer and taxad genera in time and space. Acta Horti Berg. 20(4): GADEK, P. A.; ALPERS, D. L.; HESLEWOOD, M. M. & QUINN, C. J. 2000: Relationships within Cupressaceae sensu lato: A combined morphological and molecular approach. Amer. J. Bot. 87(7): GRAY, A. M. 1998: Pines of Tasmania. Austral. Plants 19(156): GULLINE, H. F. 1952: The cytology of Athrotaxis. Pap. & Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania 86: HART, J. A. 1987: A cladistic analysis of conifers: preliminary results. J. Arnold Arbor. 68(3):

119 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006b), submitted Org. Divers. Evol. 114 HILL, K. D. 1998: Cupressaceae. In: Flora of Australia. Volume 48: Ferns, gymnosperms and allied groups. Canberra: CSIRO: HILLE, N. 2002: Vergleichende Studie zur Anatomie und Histogenese von Gymnospermenblättern. Diplomarbeit, Fakultät für Biologie, Lehrstuhl für Spezielle Botanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum. ISODA, K.; BRODRIBB, T. & SHIRAISHI, S. 2000: Hybrid origin of Athrotaxis laxifolia (Taxodiaceae) confirmed by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Austral. J. Bot. 48: JAGEL, A. 2001: Morphologische und morphogenetische Untersuchungen zur Systematik und Evolution der Cupressaceae s.l. (Zypressengewächsen). Dissertation, Fakultät für Biologie, Lehrstuhl für Spezielle Botanik, Ruhr- Universität Bochum. JAGEL, A. & STÜTZEL, TH 2001: Die Zypressengewächse (Cupressaceae s. l.) des Palmengartens Frankfurt: Die Vertreter Neuseelands und Australiens: Libocedrus plumosa, Libocedrus bidwillii und Athrotaxis laxifolia HOOK. Palmengarten 65(1) KUSUMI, J.; TSUMURA, Y.; YOSHIMARU, H. & TACHIDA, H. 2000: Phylogenetic relationships in Taxodiaceae and Cupressaceae sensu stricto based on matk gene, chll gene, trnl-trnf IGS region, and trnl intron sequences. Amer. J. Bot. 87(10): LEMOIGNE, Y. 1967: Paléoflore à Cupressales dans le Trias-Rhétien du Cotentin. Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 264: LEMOINE-SEBASTIAN, C. 1968: Sexualite, strobiles proliferes et hermaphrodites chez les Taxodiacees. Bot. Rhedonica, ser. A 5: LI, L. C. 1988: The systematic position of Sciadopitys SIEB. et ZUCC. based on cytological data. Guihaia 8(2): LI, L. C. 1989: Studies to the cytotaxonomy and systematic evolution of Taxodiaceae WARMING. Acta Biol. (Yunnanica) 11(2): MASTERS, M. T. 1882: Proliferous cones. Gard. Chron. 17: MILLER, C. N. 1999: Implications of fossil conifers for the phylogenetic relationships of living families. Bot. Rev. (Lancaster) 65(3):

120 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006b), submitted Org. Divers. Evol. 115 NISHIDA, M.; OHSAWA, T. & NISHIDA, H. 1992: Structure and affinities of the petrified plants from the Cretaceous of northern Japan and Saghalien VIII. Parataiwania nighongii gen. et sp. nov., a taxodiaceous cone from the Upper Cretaceous of Hokkaido. J. Jap. Bot. 67: 1-9. OGURA, Y. 1932: On the structure and affinities of some Cretaceous plants from Hokkaido. J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. (2): OHSAWA, T.; NISHIDA, M. & NISHIDA, H. 1991: Structure and affinities of the petrified plants from the Cretaceous of northern Japan and Saghalien IX. A petrified cone of Sciadopitys from the Upper Cretaceous of Hokkaido. J. Phytogeogr. Taxon. 39: PEIRCE, A. S. 1936: Anatomical interrelationships of the Taxodiaceae. Trop. Woods 46: QUINN, C. J.; PRICE, R. A. & GADEK, P. A. 2002: Familial concepts and relationships in the conifers based on rbcl and matk sequences comparisons. Kew Bull. 57: RAUPACH, M. J.; HELD, C. & WÄGELE, J.-W. 2004: Mutiple colonization of the deep sea by the Asellota (Crustacea: Peracarida: Isopoda). Deep-Sea Research II 51: SAIKI, K. 1992: A new sciadopityaceous seed cone from the Upper Cretaceous of Hokkaido, Japan. Amer. J. Bot. 79: SCHULZ, CH. 2001: Morphologie und Morphogenese von weiblichen Juniperus- Zapfen und ihre mögliche Bedeutung für die Phylogenie der Gymnospermen. Diplomarbeit, Fakultät für Biologie, Spezielle Botanik. Ruhr-Universität Bochum. SCHULZ, CH. & STÜTZEL, TH. 2006: Variability of pollen cones in Chamaecyparis as an example for Cupressaceae pollen cones. Feddes Repert. 117(1-2). (in press) SCHULZ, CH.; JAGEL, A.; STÜTZEL, TH. 2003: Cone morphology in Juniperus in the light of cone evolution in Cupressaceae s.l. Flora 198(3): SORGER, O. 1925: Die systematische Stellung von Taiwania cryptomerioides HAYATA. Oesterr. Bot. Z. 74(4-6): STEFANOVIC, S.; JAGER, M.; DEUTSCH, J.; BROUTIN, J. & MASSELOT, M. 1998: Phylogenetic relationships of conifers inferred from partial 28S rrna gene sequences. Amer. J. Bot. 85(5):

121 SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006b), submitted Org. Divers. Evol. 116 STEWART, W. N. & ROTHWELL, G. W. 1993: Palaebotany and the evolution of plants. Cambridge. SWOFFORD, D. L. 2002: PAUP: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony. Version 4.0b10. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA. TAKASO, T. & TOMLINSON, P. B. 1989: Aspects of cone and ovule ontogeny in Cryptomeria (Taxodiaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 76(5): TAKASO, T. & TOMLINSON, P. B. 1990: Cone and ovule ontogeny in Taxodium and Glyptostrobus (Taxodiaceae - Coniferales). Amer. J. Bot. 77(9): TAKASO, T. & TOMLINSON, P. B. 1991: Cone and ovule development in Sciadopitys (Taxodiaceae - Coniferales). Amer. J. Bot. 78(3): TAKASO, T. & TOMLINSON, P. B. 1992: Seed cone and ovule ontogeny in Metasequoia, Sequoia and Sequoiadendron (Taxodiaceae - Coniferales). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 109: UENO, J. 1951: Morphology of pollen of Metaseqoia, Sciadopitys and Taiwania. J. Inst. Polytechn. Osaka City Univ., Ser. D, Biol. 2: pl. I. WÄGELE, J.-W. 2005: Foundations of phylogenetic systematics. München. YAO, X. L., TAYLOR, T. N. & TAYLOR, E. L. 1997: A taxodiaceous seed cone from Triassic of Antarctica. Amer. J. Bot 84: YAO, X. L., ZHOU, Z. & ZHANG, B. 1998: Reconstruction of the Jurassic conifer Sewardiodendron laxum (Taxodiaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 85(9): YU, C. H. 1948: The wood structure of Metasequoia disticha. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 2:

122 Interactive identification key & taxon description Zusätzliche Ergebnisse 3.1 Interactive identification key The key comprises 30 genera, 134 species, 7 subspecies, 38 varieties, 1 form, and thus any of the 180 taxa recognized by FARJON (2001). It uses 123 morphological characters (plus 5 extra functions). These characters are divided into 19 character subsets (habit, trunk, bark, crown, branch, branchlet, leaves, needle leaves, scale leaves, lateral leaves, facial leaves, male cone, male cone scales, female cone, female cone scales, columella, seeds, seed wings, supplements). If all characters are included, the identification of each taxon is possible. The key contains 13,889 entered character states (94.62 % of all possible character states). These character states were evaluated of more than 55,000 "unevaluated" character states from literature and own examinations. In addition, the key contains more than 1,000 macroscopic photos in order to test the plausibility of the identification result. Furthermore, the choice of the character states is supported by 100 photographic character boards. You can find the interactive identification key at the end of the dissertation and an instruction manual in the appendix. 3.2 Taxon description Besides the identification key, uniform taxon descriptions are essential for correct determination. They can be used for checking the plausibility and as a reference. The aim of this work was a brief and uniform taxon description including all necessary information for distinct determination of each Cupressaceae taxon. Thus the description contains 6 main subsets (shrub or tree, leaves, male cones, female cones, seeds, supplement). The descriptions contain up to 123 different characters and about 9 additional pieces of information about the taxon (e.g. distribution). The accuracy of distribution data is mostly limited on country level. Furthermore, the description contains all attributable synonyms after FARJON (2001). The used taxonomy in FARJON (2001) is the same as in FARJON (2005). The descriptions of all Cupressaceae taxa are in the appendix, here is Actinostrobus acuminatus displayed as an example.

123 Interactive identification key & taxon description 118 Actinostrobus acuminatus PARL. Shrub: evergreen; procumbent, or erect; 3 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 0.3 m maximum diameter. Crown: widely conical (pyramidal). Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 2 4 mm long; 1 2 mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; medium dark green; apically or loosely spreading; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with inconspicuous or without glands; dorsal side keeled; tip hooked. Male cones: 4 6 mm long; 2 3 mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; ovoid, or oblong; yellow or light brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; 2 3 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; approx. 1.5 times as long as broad; mm wide; 6 cone scales; globose, or ovoid; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, or light; young cones greenish, or green with bluish coating; tip acute. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; inserted at the same level in mature cones; with several small additional cone scales on the female cone; almost equal; tip acute; tip hooked; umbo absent or with small dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: simple (round or angled at the apex). Seeds: 9 12 mm long; 9 13 mm wide; 6 12 seeds per cone; dark brown black; 1 2 seeds per female cone scale; non-flattened. Seed wings: 2 5 mm wide; 3 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany; Distribution: Australia. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonym: Callitris acuminata (PARL.) F. MUELL. Common Name: Moore Cypress Pine (AUS).

124 Diskussion Diskussion 4.1 Bestimmungsschlüssel Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde erstmals sowohl ein konventioneller (SCHULZ et al. 2005) als auch ein interaktiver Bestimmungsschlüssel aller Vertreter der Cupressaceae weltweit erstellt ( /Cupressaceae/titel.htm). Als Grundlage diente die Nomenklatur und Taxonomie von FARJON (2001). Der Bestimmungsschlüssel basiert auf ca Taxonbeschreibungen aus über 100 Literaturquellen. Die ausgewählte Literaturmenge wurde nicht weiter erhöht, da zusätzliche Beschreibungen keine neuen Informationen mehr lieferten. Etwa 75 % der Arten wurden zusätzlich morphologisch Untersuchung. So wurden die Informationen aus der Literatur erweitert, teilweise auch revidiert oder bestätigt (SCHULZ et al. 2005). Aus den Literaturdaten und den eigenen morphologischen Untersuchungen wurden einheitliche Taxonbeschreibungen erstellt. Bei der kritischen Überarbeitung der verwendeten Merkmale wurden viele Merkmale ausgeschlossen, wenn die intraspezifische Variabilität zu groß war, um sie innerhalb einer Art zu erfassen (z. B. die Anzahl der weiblichen Zapfen in einem Cluster). Für einige andere Merkmale zeigte sich, dass die Variabilität in der Literatur bisher zu eng definiert worden war. So wird z. B. bei ELLIOT & JONES (1985) die Variabilität für die Weite der weiblichen Zapfen mit mm angegeben, HARDEN (1990) gibt sie mit mm an real entspricht sie in diesem Fall aber mit mm genau der gesamten aufgeführten Bandbreite. Alle verwendeten Merkmale lassen sich mit Hilfe einer Lupe (20 ) auch bei Felduntersuchungen erkennen. Die Bestimmung wird erleichtert, indem fast jedes Merkmal durch Detailfotos (insgesamt 264) visualisiert wird. Das größte Problem bei der Beschreibung von Taxa ist die korrekte Erfassung der Variabilität des Taxons. Diese Variabilität kann durch eine ausreichend große Stichprobenzahl sowie durch verschiedene Proben aus unterschiedlichen Bereichen des Areals annährend erfasst werden. Wenn aber ein Taxon ein größeres Areal aufweist als eine Gebietsflora abdeckt, wurde häufig nicht die gesamte Variabilität des Taxons in der Flora erfasst, sodass in diesem Fall zusätzliche Florenwerke berücksichtigt wurden. Häufig wurde auch bei den Taxa mit kleinem Areal die

125 Diskussion 120 Variabilität der Merkmalszustände zu eng gesetzt, sodass diese in vielen Fällen durch eigene Untersuchungen erweitert werden musste. Das Programmpaket DELTA wurde ausgewählt, weil es bei einem Vergleich von 7 interaktiven Bestimmungsschlüsseln besonders gut abschnitt (DALLWITZ 2000). Da der Autor selbst der Herausgeber von DELTA ist, lässt sich eine objektive Auswertung nicht unbedingt voraussetzen. So kam es auch kurz nach der Publikation zu einer Kritik (THIELE & DALLWITZ 2000). Fünf Jahre nach dieser Kritik testete DALLWITZ jedoch erneut die Programme, diesmal 9 Bestimmungsschlüssel, und auch da befand sich DELTA mit 217 Punkten (von 234 möglichen) wieder deutlich auf Platz 1, gefolgt von LucID auf Platz 2 mit 133 Punkten (DALLWITZ 2005). Auch wenn der Autor selbst die Bewertung durchgeführt hat, erscheint die Auswertung glaubwürdig und der Abstand zum zweiten Platz überzeugend. Da das DELTA- Format ein ISO-Standard ist, existieren Konversionsprogramme in fast alle anderen wichtigen Datenformate. Die verwendeten Merkmale in dem interaktiven Bestimmungsschlüssel wurden so gewählt, dass sie sich auch auf andere Koniferen-Familien übertragen lassen. Der vorliegende Cupressaceae-Schlüssel stellt somit einen ersten Schritt in einem größeren Projekt dar, das einen umfassenden Bestimmungsschlüssel für die Vertreter aller Koniferen-Familien zum Ziel hat. Ein Problem vieler konventioneller Bestimmungsschlüssel (z. B. BÄSSLER et al. 1999) stellt der Umstand dar, dass häufig mehrere Merkmale pro Bestimmungsschritt verwendet werden (Hilfsmerkmale), was zwar die Wahrscheinlichkeit der richtigen Wahl erhöht, aber gleichzeitig die Benutzung erschwert. Dies gilt insbesondere dann, wenn sich ausschließende und verknüpft vorkommende Merkmale in einem Satz geschachtelt werden (z. B. nadelförmig; oder schuppenförmig, aber [dann] nie dreizeilig, hier verändern das Semikolon und das entsprechende dann die Aussage ins Gegenteil). Daher wird bei dem vorliegenden interaktiven Bestimmungsschlüssel pro Frage nur ein einziges Merkmal verwendet. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit der richtigen Wahl kann jedoch bei Bedarf noch durch Einsetzen der Toleranz -Funktion gesteigert werden. In manchen konventionellen Bestimmungsschlüsseln werden viele Merkmale im Zusammenhang mit den Attributen selten bzw. häufig genutzt,

126 Diskussion 121 was aber bei der Bestimmung unbekannter Individuen nicht von Nutzen ist, da zur Frage der Häufigkeit meist keine Informationen vorliegen. Drei Monate nach der Publikation des konventionellen Bestimmungsschlüssels für Cupressaceae von SCHULZ et al. (Mai 2005), erschien ein zweiter von FARJON (August 2005). In diesem wurden häufig Konstruktionen mit usually, mostly und normally verwendet, die in der Praxis vielfach nicht anwendbar sind (FARJON 2005: z. B. S. 235). Zudem muss an manchen Stellen im Bestimmungsschlüssel der Naturstandort bekannt sein, sonst lässt sich die Art nicht bestimmen (FARJON 2005: z. B. S. 179). Häufig besitzen die beiden Merkmalspaare im Schlüssel große überlappende Merkmalsbereiche. Liegen die Werte der Probe innerhalb dieses Bereichs, scheitert die Bestimmung an diesem Punkt. Außerdem lassen sich viele für die Bestimmung wichtige Details auf den Strichzeichnungen nicht erkennen. Zusätzlich werden mehrfach offenbar falsche Literaturangaben ungeprüft übernommen, wie z. B. Werte über männliche Zapfen bei Cupressus (FARJON 2005: z. B. S. 178). 4.2 Variabilität der männlichen Zapfen Im Gegensatz zu vielen anderen Samenpflanzen variiert bei den Cupressaceae die Konfiguration der männlichen Zapfen deutlich. So konnten nach 100 präparierten Zapfen von Chamaecyparis pisifera 56 verschiedene Zapfendiagramme erstellt werden und die Anzahl unterschiedlicher Zapfendiagramme würde noch weiter ansteigen, je mehr Zapfen präpariert würden. Eine absolute Grenze der Variabilität lässt sich daher kaum erfassen. Bei genauerer Betrachtung der Häufigkeiten der verschiedenen Konfigurationen der Zapfen fällt jedoch auf, dass es neben häufigen Konfigurationen auch deutlich seltenere gibt. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass es signifikant häufige und somit typische Zapfenkonfigurationen gibt, die in einem Zapfendiagramm dargestellt werden können (Fig. 4, Tab. 4 in SCHULZ & STÜTZEL 2006a). Bei Chamaecyparis pisifera konnte gezeigt werden, dass an den beiden gegenüberstehenden Zapfenschuppen (kreuzgegenständige Phyllotaxis) signifikant häufiger eine gleiche Anzahl an Pollensäcken vorkommt als eine ungleiche Anzahl. Dieser Befund deckt sich mit der ontogenetischen Vorstellung von gegenständigen

127 Diskussion 122 Zapfenschuppen, die simultan entstehen (SCHULZ & STÜTZEL 2006a). Da die Variabilität innerhalb eines Individuums annähernd der zwischen verschiedenen Individuen einer Art entspricht, kann durch Auswertung einer begrenzten Anzahl der meist reichlich vorhandenen männlichen Zapfen ein gut verwertbares Bestimmungsmerkmal gewonnen werden. Die Häufigkeiten bestimmter Zapfenkonfigurationen ergaben eine deutliche Einteilung in bis zu 4 Gruppen (Fig. 1 in SCHULZ & STÜTZEL 2006a). Die Konfiguration der ersten Gruppe mit der geringsten Häufigkeit kann als zufällig interpretiert werden, da sie unter der 20 %-Marke liegt und somit bei der Erstellung der Zapfendiagramme nicht berücksichtigt wird. Die 20 %-Marke dient als Grenzwert, ab dem alle Konfigurationen in das Zapfendiagramm eingezeichnet werden. Alle weiteren Gruppen besitzen eine höhere Häufigkeit und können daher als Muster interpretiert werden. Am Beispiel von Chamaecyparis pisifera wurde deutlich, dass ein typisches Zapfendiagramm bereits mit nur 30 präparierten Zapfen erstellt werden kann und sich auch bei Verwendung von mehr als 30 Zapfen das typische Zapfendiagramm nicht mehr änderte. Somit kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass 30 präparierte Zapfen auch für andere Chamaecyparis-Arten ausreichend sind. Insbesondere lässt sich dieser Minimalwert auf die meisten Arten mit einer ähnlichen Anzahl von Zapfenschuppen und Pollensäcken übertragen. Bei einer Vielzahl von Samenpflanzen ist die Anzahl der Blütenorgane bzw. Zapfenorgane konstant, bei den Cupressaceae gibt es jedoch eine breite intraspezifische Variabilität. Daher stellt sich die Frage, welche Faktoren einen Einfluss auf diese Variabilität haben könnten. Untersuchungen von verschiedenen Probeentnahmestellen am Baum zeigten keinen Einfluss auf die Zapfenkonfiguration (Fig. 2, Fig. 3 in SCHULZ & STÜTZEL 2006a). Trotzdem ist es wichtig, dass für die Probeentnahme möglichst viele verschiedene Positionen am Baum gewählt werden, um den Einfluss lokaler Mutationen auf das spätere Zapfendiagramm zu minimieren. Diese lokalen Mutationen können auch an intakten Bäumen des Wildtyps über viele Jahre reproduktiv existieren und werden gärtnerisch als vegetative Sprossmutanten weitervermehrt. An keiner der 6 Probeentnahmestellen konnten solche lokalen Mutationen detektiert werden.

128 Diskussion 123 Zapfendiagramme können zur Unterscheidung von Arten genutzt werden, wenn ein Zapfendiagramm die typische Zapfenkonfiguration des entsprechenden Taxons widerspiegelt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich jede Chamaecyparis-Art allein anhand ihres Zapfendiagramms eindeutig erkennen lässt. Zusätzlich zeigte sich, dass nah verwandte Arten auch ähnlichere Zapfendiagramme aufweisen als entfernt verwandte (Fig. 4 in SCHULZ & STÜTZEL 2006a). Der Vergleich der Zapfenkonfiguration verschiedener Chamaecyparis-Arten mit Hilfe einer Hauptkomponentenanalyse (Fig. 5 in SCHULZ & STÜTZEL 2006a) und der molekulare Stammbaum von WANG et al. (2003) zeigen deutliche Übereinstimmungen. So weisen Ch. formosensis und Ch. pisifera große Ähnlichkeiten in der Hauptkomponentenanalyse auf (Fig. 5 in SCHULZ & STÜTZEL 2006a), und auch im phylogenetischen Stammbaum bilden sie eine monophyletische Gruppe (WANG et al. 2003). Dasselbe gilt auch für die drei Arten Ch. pisifera, Ch. formosensis und Ch. thyoides. Im Gegensatz dazu spiegelt sich die Monophylie von Ch. lawsoniana und Ch. obtusa (WANG et al. 2003) nicht in der Hauptkomponentenanalyse wider (Fig. 5 in SCHULZ & STÜTZEL 2006a). Hierbei ist jedoch zu berücksichtigen, dass zwischen einer Ähnlichkeitsanalyse (z. B. der Hauptkomponentenanalyse) und einer phylogenetischen Analyse im Sinne von HENNING (1950; siehe auch WÄGELE 2000, 2005) erhebliche Unterschiede bestehen. Die Übereinstimmung zwischen den Ergebnissen der Hauptkomponentenanalyse und der phylogenetischen Analyse verdeutlichen, dass die Zapfenkonfiguration ein geeignetes Merkmal für phylogenetische Analysen nah verwandter Arten ist. Da sich die Artunterschiede am Beispiel der Chamaecyparis-Arten in den männlichen Zapfendiagrammen widerspiegeln, lassen sich anhand dieser neben rezenten auch fossile Taxa bestimmen. Rezentes Material für botanische Untersuchungen stammt jedoch vielfach nicht vom Naturstandort, sondern aus Botanischen Gärten und Sammlungen. In diesen finden sich neben dem Wildtyp auch Kultivare. Meistens wurden diese Kultivare aufgrund ihres ungewöhnlichen Habitus, ihrer andersartigen Laubfärbung oder ihrer abweichenden Blattmorphologie, aber nicht aufgrund ihrer andersartigen Zapfenkonfiguration selektiert. Trotzdem besteht die Möglichkeit, dass es bei Kultivaren durch lokale Mutationen zu einer Veränderung in der Zapfenkonfiguration gekommen ist. Daher wurden männliche

129 Diskussion 124 Zapfen vom Wildtyp und von seinen Kultivaren mit Hilfe einer Hauptkomponentenanalyse verglichen. Es stellte sich heraus, dass die Kultivare variabler als der Wildtyp sind und dass die Variabilität der Kultivare die des Wildtyps mit einschließt (Fig. 6, Fig. 7 in SCHULZ & STÜTZEL 2006a). Auch bei der Erstellung der Zapfendiagramme wird bereits deutlich, dass sich die Konfigurationen von den männlichen Zapfen der Kultivaren deutlich von denen des Wildtyps unterscheiden. Somit können Kultivare nicht für Untersuchungen verwendet werden, die die männliche Zapfenkonfiguration betreffen. 4.3 Phylogenie der taxodioiden Cupressaceae Die Gestalt des freien Anteils der Samenschuppe (entspricht dem englischen conspicuous ovuliferous scale) ist innerhalb der Cupressaceae s. l. (und zusätzlich Sciadopitys) sehr vielfältig (z. B. flächige Schüppchen bei Cunninghamia; Polster bei Athrotaxis), wobei die Samenschuppe in verschiedenem Ausmaß mit der Zapfenschuppe kongenital verwachsen ist. Deshalb lässt sich die Samenschuppe nur im Zusammenhang mit der Deckschuppe und der Stellung der Samenanlagen phylogenetisch verstehen. Hieraus ergeben sich sieben verschiedene Gruppen: Sciadopitys, Cunninghamia, Taiwania, Athrotaxis, Sequoioideae, Taxodioideae und Cupressaceae s. str. mit jeweils unterschiedlichen Merkmalszuständen des freien Anteils der Samenschuppe, der Stellung der Samenanlagen und der Deckschuppe (Fig. 4 in SCHULZ & STÜTZEL 2006b). Bei den meisten Cupressaceae s. str. (mit Ausnahme der Fälle, bei denen die Samenanlagen terminal oder alternierend zu den Zapfenschuppen stehen, vgl. JAGEL & STÜTZEL 2001b, 2003; SCHULZ et al. 2003) und Taxodioideae entwickelt sich die Samenanlage in der Achsel der Deckschuppe, jedoch niemals auf deren Fläche. Dabei entspricht die gesamte Zapfenschuppe einem Tragblatt. Bei den Cupressaceae s. str. sind die Samenanlagen der letzte Rest eines Kurztriebes und repräsentieren die Samenschuppe (SCHULZ et al. 2003). Bei den Taxodioideae hingegen besteht der Kurztrieb aus dem freien vegetativen Anteil der Samenschuppe. Bei den übrigen taxodioiden Cupressaceae entwickelt sich die Samenanlage auf der Fläche der Zapfenschuppe. Der Kurztrieb ist folglich kongenital mit der Deckschuppe (= Tragblatt) verwachsen damit gehört der basal adaxiale Teil der Zapfenschuppe zum Kurztrieb und die Samenanlage entsteht auf der Fläche der

130 Diskussion 125 Zapfenschuppe. Bei Cunninghamia, Athrotaxis und den Taxodioideae wird ein freier Anteil der Samenschuppe (= Teil des Kurztriebs) ausgebildet, während sich bei Taiwania und den Sequoioideae dieser freie Anteil der Samenschuppe nicht entwickelt. Aufgrund der Position der Samenanlage muss der basal adaxiale Teil der Zapfenschuppe als zusätzlicher verwachsener Anteil der Samenschuppe interpretiert werden (SCHULZ & STÜTZEL 2006b). Die Homologie des freien Anteils der Samenschuppe in Sciadopitys, Cunninghamia und den Taxodioideae wird kontrovers diskutiert. Es ist anzunehmen, dass alle drei Gruppen eine gemeinsame Rahmenhomologie besitzen: Der freie und der mit der Deckschuppe verwachsene Anteil der Samenschuppe entsprechen einem Kurztrieb unterschiedlicher Ausprägung. Wahrscheinlich besteht keine Detailhomologie zwischen dem freien Anteil der Samenschuppe bei Cunninghamia und den Taxodioideae, da z. B. in den Sequoioideae der freie Anteil der Samenschuppe nicht ausgeprägt ist. Bei den Sequoioideae tritt jedoch eine zweite Reihe von Samenanlagen auf, welche die Grundlage für die Wiederausprägung des freien Anteils der Samenschuppen bei Taxodioideae sein könnte. Eine Alternative wäre ein zweiter Kurztrieb im Sinne einer Beiknospenbildung (vgl. JAGEL 2001). Cunninghamia stellt den einzigen Vertreter der Cupressaceae s. l. dar, der noch einen freien, flächigen Anteil der Samenschuppe besitzt und bei dem gleichzeitig die Samenanlagen auf der Fläche der Zapfenschuppe entstehen. Dasselbe gilt auch für Sciadopitys (Sciadopityaceae). Da dieses Merkmal symplesiomorph ist, lässt sich damit zwar keine Verwandtschaftsbeziehung begründen, aber auch keine widerlegen. Der freie Anteil der Samenschuppe von Sciadopitys entsteht in der ontogenetischen Entwicklung früher als bei Cunninghamia. Beim Vergleich des freien Anteils der Samenschuppe z. B. von Araucaria (KNOPF & STÜTZEL, in Vorber.), Sciadopitys (TAKASO & TOMLINSON 1991) und Cunninghamia (FARJON & GARCIA 2003) wird deutlich, dass die Anlegung des freien, flächigen Anteils der Samenschuppe zu unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten in der Ontogenese stattfindet. Des Weiteren wird der freie Anteil der Samenschuppe von Araucaria über Sciadopitys zu Cunninghamia ontogenetisch immer später angelegt. Dies belegt, dass sich der Anlegungszeitpunkt des freien Anteils der Samenschuppe in der Evolution durchaus verändern kann.

131 Diskussion 126 Die hohe Anzahl von Samenanlagen bei Sciadopitys (bis zu 11 pro Zapfenschuppe) und die niedrige Anzahl bei den ursprünglichen taxodioiden Cupressaceae wie Cunninghamia (3) und Taiwania (2) (Tab. 3, 4 in SCHULZ & STÜTZEL 2006b) erscheinen zunächst widersprüchlich. Allerdings bestand die Familie der Sciadopityaceae ursprünglich aus mehreren Vertretern wie z. B. Sciadopitys yezokoshizakae (OHSAWA et al. 1991), Sciadopitys cretacea (OGURA 1932), Sciadopitys tertiaria (FLORIN 1963), Sciadopityostrobus (SAIKI 1992) und Parasciadopitys (YAO et al. 1997), welche heute nur noch als Fossilien bekannt sind. Parasciadopitys (YAO et al. 1997) besitzt jedoch nur fünf Samenanlagen. Somit ist die rezente Art Sciadopitys verticillata mit bis zu 11 Samenanlagen pro Zapfenschuppe hinsichtlich dieses Merkmals eine stark abgeleitete Art innerhalb der fossilen Sciadopityaceae. Viele Merkmale, die rezent nur bei Sciadopitys verticillata auftreten, sind vermutlich Merkmale, die Synapomorphien der Sciadopityaceae (fossile Arten) darstellen, wie z. B. die Pseudonadeln (z. B. HILLE 2002; FARJON 2005), möglicherweise auch die zentrifugale Anlegung der Samenanlagen (TAKASO & TOMLINSON 1991) und die Chromosomenzahl von 2n = 20 (LI 1988). Diese Merkmale und die vermutlich abgeleitete Stellung innerhalb der fossilen Sciadopityaceae erschweren die phylogenetische Einordnung von Sciadopitys. Die hohe Anzahl von männlichen und weiblichen Zapfenschuppen könnte ein weiteres Indiz für die nahe Verwandtschaft von Sciadopitys zu Cunninghamia sein, auch wenn bei Sequoiadendron ebenfalls eine hohe Zapfenschuppenzahl auftritt. Bei beiden Gattungen Cunninghamia und Taiwania schwillt die Zapfenschuppe während der Reife gleichmäßig an und die Samenanlagen entstehen auf der Zapfenschuppe (Fig. 4B, C in SCHULZ & STÜTZEL 2006b). FARJON & GARCIA (2003) dokumentieren zudem, dass bei Taiwania gelegentlich auf der Zapfenschuppe an der Basis der Samenanlage ein Primordium angelegt wird, welches an der gleichen Stelle auftritt wie der freie Anteil der Samenschuppe bei Cunninghamia. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte dieses Ergebnis verifiziert werden. Zusätzlich wurden bei Cunninghamia Zapfenschuppen beobachtet, bei denen der freie Anteil der Samenschuppe nur sehr schwach entwickelt war (Fig. 2D in SCHULZ & STÜTZEL 2006b). Es gibt also Übergangsformen in der Ausprägung des freien Anteils der Samenschuppe von Taiwania und Cunninghamia (FARJON & GARCIA 2003; SCHULZ & STÜTZEL 2006b). Auch die Konfiguration der männlichen und weiblichen

132 Diskussion 127 Zapfen bei Cunninghamia und Taiwania weisen große Übereinstimmungen auf, bei Taiwania ist lediglich die Anzahl der Zapfenschuppen geringer (Tab. 3, 6 in SCHULZ & STÜTZEL 2006b). In vieler Hinsicht stellen die Zapfen von Taiwania eine Art reduzierte Form der Zapfen von Cunninghamia dar. Die fossile Art Parataiwania wiederum besitzt vier Samenanlagen mit einem kleinen freien Anteil der Samenschuppe und viele Ähnlichkeiten mit Taiwania (NISHIDA et al. 1992), sodass sie vermutlich phylogenetisch zwischen den beiden rezenten Gattungen Taiwania und Cunninghamia steht. Neben der paraphyletischen Beziehung dieser beiden Gattungen (Fig. 3 in SCHULZ & STÜTZEL 2006b) wäre auch eine monophyletische Beziehung denkbar, wie dies auch FARJON et al. (2002) bzw. FARJON (2005) darstellen. Die Samenanlagen von Athrotaxis stehen auf einem weißlichen Wulst, der sich während der Blütezeit farblich von der grünlichen Deckschuppe abhebt. Diese Tatsache unterstützt die These von JAGEL (2001), dass die Samenschuppe, bei allen taxodioiden Cupressaceae auf der Deckschuppe, den basal adaxialen Teil der Zapfenschuppe bis zur Ansatzstelle der Samenanlagen bildet. Bei Athrotaxis werden die Zapfen von einem distal adaxialen Wulst der Deckschuppe verschlossen. Dieses ist ein gemeinsames Merkmal von Athrotaxis, den Sequoioideae und den Cupressaceae s. str. (SCHULZ & STÜTZEL 2006b). Eine immer wieder aufgegriffene Frage innerhalb der Gattung Athrotaxis lautet, ob es sich bei Athrotaxis laxifolia um eine Naturhybride zwischen den Arten Athrotaxis cupressoides und Athrotaxis selaginoides oder um eine eigenständige Art handelt. Obwohl cytologische Untersuchungen die Hybridhypothese nicht unterstützen (GULLINE 1952), existieren dennoch viele Argumente für deren Richtigkeit (vgl. CURTIS 1956; CLIFFORD & CONSTANTINE 1980; GRAY 1998; HILL 1998; JAGEL 2001; JAGEL & STÜTZEL 2001a). Dafür spricht z. B. die intermediäre Blattform und die Tatsache, dass Athrotaxis laxifolia kein eigenständiges Areal besitzt, sondern sympatrisch und in der Regel als Einzelpflanze zwischen den Eltern auftritt (ELLIOT 1951; FARJON 1998). Auch die Aufblühzeit liegt nach Beobachtungen von JAGEL & STÜTZEL (2001a) zwischen der Blütezeit der Eltern. Zusätzlich wird die Hypothese durch molekulare Untersuchungen gestützt (ISODA et al. 2000). In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte außerdem gezeigt werden, dass die Konfiguration der

133 Diskussion 128 männlichen und weiblichen Zapfen von Athrotaxis laxifolia intermediär zwischen den beiden anderen Arten liegt (Tab. 3, 6 in SCHULZ & STÜTZEL 2006b). Die Monophylie der Sequoioideae (Metasequoia, Sequoia und Sequoiadendron) spiegelt sich sowohl in den molekularen Stammbäumen (KUSUMI et al. 2000; GADEK et al. 2000) als auch in dem nicht-molekularen Stammbaum wider (Fig. 3 in SCHULZ & STÜTZEL 2006). Dies wird durch eine komplexe Synapomorphie bestärkt: Die Samenanlagen entwickeln sich auf der Fläche der Zapfenschuppe, ein freier Anteil der Samenschuppe wird nicht mehr ausgebildet und der distal adaxiale Abschnitt der Zapfenschuppe bildet nach der Bestäubung einen Wulst, der den Zapfen verschließt. Der Trend, den freien Anteil der Samenschuppe bis auf Rudimente zu reduzieren, wie er bereits bei Taiwania und Athrotaxis vorzufinden ist, wurde hier weiter fortgesetzt. Da bei den Sequoioideae die Samenanlage auf der Fläche der Zapfenschuppe entsteht, muss folglich ein mit der Zapfenschuppe verwachsener Anteil der Samenschuppe vorhanden sein. Innerhalb der taxodioiden Cupressaceae fällt die Gattung Metasequoia durch ihre gegenständige Blattstellung auf. Diese Phyllotaxis (mit Ausnahme der reifen männlichen Zapfen mit bijugater Phyllotaxis: vgl. Fig. 2F in SCHULZ & STÜTZEL 2006b) führt in der phylogenetischen Analyse mit nicht-molekularen Daten von FARJON et al. (2002) und FARJON (2005) dazu, dass Metasequoia die Schwestergruppe der Cupressaceae s. str. bildet. Hierbei ist aber anzumerken, dass das Merkmal Blattstellung nur eine geringe Homologiewahrscheinlichkeit besitzt. So wechselt z. B. bei Juniperus squamata die Blattstellung innerhalb eines kurzen Ästchens von kreuzgegenständig zu 3er-Wirteln (SCHULZ 2001). Folglich sollte dieses Merkmal nicht oder nur mit geringer Wertigkeit für phylogenetische Analysen verwendet werden. Die zuvor genannte komplexe Synapomorphie der Sequoioideae weist dagegen eine höhere Homologiewahrscheinlichkeit auf. Aufgrund dessen ist es wahrscheinlicher, dass nicht Metasequoia, sondern die Taxodioideae die Schwestergruppe zu den Cupressaceae s. str. darstellen, bei denen die Samenanlagen ebenfalls axillär gebildet werden. Die Monophylie der Taxodioideae (Taxodium, Glyptostrobus, Cryptomeria) spiegelt sich sowohl in Stammbäumen mit molekularen (KUSUMI et al. 2000;

134 Diskussion 129 GADEK et al. 2000) als auch mit nicht-molekularen Daten (Fig. 3 in SCHULZ & STÜTZEL 2006b) wider. In den Taxodioideae erscheint eine neue Synapomorphie: Die Samenanlagen entstehen axillär und bleiben auch während der gesamten ontogenetischen Entwicklung bis hin zur Samenreife in dieser Position. Dieses Merkmal bleibt in den Cupressaceae s. str. bestehen, es kommt lediglich in einigen abgeleiteten Gruppen zu einer weiteren Neuentwicklung, nämlich zu der Ausbildung von terminalen Samenanlagen oder solchen, die mit Zapfenschuppen alternieren (SCHULZ et al. 2003). Die Synapomorphie der Taxodioideae stellt der freie Anteil der Samenschuppe dar, der erst nach der Entwicklung der Samenanlagen entsteht, stark heranwächst und letztlich den Zapfen verschließt. Das Schwestergruppenverhältnis zwischen den Taxodioideae und den Cupressaceae s. str. wird außerdem durch den fossilen Fund von LEMOIGNE (1967) bestärkt. Bei diesem wurden gegenständige Schuppenblätter (typisch für Cupressaceae s. str.) gefunden und ein Zapfen mit Zähnchen (= Samenschuppe), wie er für Cryptomeria typisch ist. Die nahe Verwandtschaft der beiden rezenten Gattungen Taxodium und Glyptostrobus wird durch die fossile Gattung Glyptodium bestärkt, welche als intermediär beschrieben wird (BOYD 1992). Trotz einer Vielzahl von vergleichenden Untersuchungen an taxodioiden Cupressaceae aus Morphologie, Anatomie, Cytologie und anderen Bereichen können nur wenige Daten für phylogenetische Untersuchungen verwendet werden. In vielen vergleichenden Untersuchungen ist die Anzahl der verwendeten Taxa zu gering, um die Merkmale in der vorliegenden phylogenetischen Analyse zu verwenden. Datensätze mit zu vielen fehlenden Merkmalszuständen können in phylogenetischen Analysen falsche Topologien erzeugen. Ein Großteil der Homoplasien wird in den nicht-molekularen Stammbäumen von GADEK et al. (2000) und FARJON (2005) durch Analogien bzw. durch Merkmale mit einer sehr geringen Homologiewahrscheinlichkeit erzeugt. Zum Beispiel besitzt das von FARJON et al. (2002) und FARJON (2005) verwendete Merkmal Blattform eine geringe Homologiewahrscheinlichkeit, weil dieses oft eine Anpassung an ökologische Nischen oder das Klima darstellt. Nicht-molekulare Merkmale weisen häufig viele Merkmalszustände auf, die gruppiert werden müssen. Ein solcher Schritt muss im Zusammenhang mit einer phylogenetisch sinnvollen Kategorisierung stehen. Wenn die Merkmalszustände zu stark schwanken, lassen sich oft keine sinnvollen Kategorien

135 Diskussion 130 finden und es ist ratsam, dieses Merkmal auszuschließen (z. B. Form der Apertur bei PEIRCE 1936), da sonst nur zusätzliche Homoplasien verursacht werden. Die Topologie des auf nicht-molekularen Untersuchungen basierenden Stammbaumes (Fig. 3 in SCHULZ & STÜTZEL 2006b) und die der molekularen Stammbäume (GADEK et al. 2000; KUSUMI et al. 2000) sind nahezu identisch, eine Ausnahme bilden die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse innerhalb der Gattung Athrotaxis. Ontogenetische Untersuchungen, die Einbeziehung von fossilen Vertretern und die Zapfenkonfiguration unterstützen viele Äste in der Topologie des Stammbaumes von SCHULZ & STÜTZEL (2006b). Da die rezenten taxodioiden Cupressaceae nur eine kleine Gruppe von Reliktarten einer im Mesozoikum diverseren und weiter verbreiteten Gruppe sind (STEWART & ROTHWELL 1993), bleibt die Frage offen, inwieweit zusätzliche Informationen über fossile taxodioide Cupressaceae die Topologie in eine andere Richtung beeinflussen würden. Fossile Taxa können in einer phylogenetischen Analyse zwar verwendet werden, jedoch beruhen viele ihrer Beschreibungen auf Fragmenten, da nur sehr selten größere zusammenhängende Pflanzenteile wie z. B. bei Sewardiodendron (YAO et al. 1998) gefunden wurden. Die Anzahl der Merkmale ist daher oft zu gering (MILLER 1999). So würden sich viele freie Stellen im Datensatz für phylogenetische Analysen ergeben, was die Gefahr einer falschen Topologie erhöht.

136 Zusammenfassung Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde erstmals mit Hilfe des DELTA-Systems sowohl ein interaktiver als auch ein konventioneller Bestimmungsschlüssel für die gesamte Familie der Cupressaceae erstellt. Mit beiden Bestimmungsschlüsseln ist es möglich, alle 134 Arten, 7 Unterarten, 38 Varietäten und 1 Form also insgesamt alle 180 Taxa der Cupressaceae zu bestimmen. Durch die Einbindung vieler verschiedener Merkmale und die spezielle Konzipierung des interaktiven Bestimmungsschlüssels mit der Möglichkeit, mit jedem beliebigen Merkmal die Bestimmung zu beginnen, lässt sich auch Pflanzenmaterial bestimmen, das mit konventionellen Bestimmungsschlüsseln unbestimmbar ist. Somit sind neben weiblichen Zapfen auch vegetative Proben, Herbarbelege, Proben von Kultivaren (Bestimmung des Artnamens, nicht des Kultivarnamens) und viele weitere Proben mit eingeschränkter Merkmalsanzahl bestimmbar. Taxa, bei denen zur Bestimmung früher mit Hilfe von Beschreibungen mehrere Stunden benötigt wurden, lassen sich nun mit Hilfe des interaktiven Bestimmungsschlüssels in kürzester Zeit bestimmen. Die interaktive Bestimmung wird zudem durch 100 Bildtafeln mit Detailfotos erleichtert. Des Weiteren lässt sich die Plausibilität des Bestimmungsergebnisses durch über 1000 Detailfotos und 180 einheitliche Taxonbeschreibungen überprüfen. Da die Variabilität für viele Taxa in den Floren zu gering angegeben wurde und überdies viele der Angaben ganz fehlten, wurden etwa 75 % der Cupressaceae-Arten erneut untersucht. Dabei musste die Variabilität der Merkmale in vielen Fällen erweitert werden. Außerdem wurden 17 % (ca. 2350) der Merkmalszustände neu beschrieben. Der konventionelle Bestimmungsschlüssel basiert im Wesentlichen auf den gleichen Grundlagen wie der interaktive Schlüssel. Er nutzt vorwiegend adulte Blätter, weibliche Zapfen und andere einfach erkennbare Merkmale zur Bestimmung. Weiterhin wird die Erkennung von nahezu jedem Merkmal auch hier durch ein Detailfoto (insgesamt 164) erleichtert. Während der Aufbau der männlichen Zapfen bisher bei der Bestimmung der Arten kaum eine Rolle gespielt hat, konnte in der hier vorliegenden Arbeit beispielhaft an

137 Zusammenfassung 132 Chamaecyparis pisifera gezeigt werden, dass die Variabilität der Zapfenkonfigurationen begrenzt ist und bei genügender Stichprobenzahl artspezifische Muster erkennbar werden. Alle 5 Chamaecyparis-Arten lassen sich anhand ihrer Zapfenkonfigurationen eindeutig unterscheiden. Ein möglicher Zusammenhang zwischen dem Sammelort am Baum und der Zapfenkonfiguration konnte mit Hilfe von Zapfendigrammen und einer Hauptkomponentenanalyse ausgeschlossen werden. Die Konfiguration der männlichen Zapfen eignet sich daher sowohl für diagnostische als auch für phylogenetische Untersuchungen. Kultivare weisen jedoch eine wesentlich höhere Variabilität innerhalb der männlichen Zapfen als ihr Wildtyp auf, sodass diese für Untersuchungen, die die männliche Zapfenkonfiguration betreffen, nicht geeignet sind. In Bezug auf die kontrovers diskutierte Phylogenese der taxodioiden Cupressaceae, welche aus der unterschiedlichen Topologie der molekularen und nicht-molekularen Analysen resultiert, konnte gezeigt werden, dass die unterschiedlichen Topologien dadurch zustande kamen, dass bei dem nicht-molekularen Stammbaum zu viele Merkmale mit geringer Homologiewahrscheinlichkeit verwendet wurden. In dieser Arbeit stellte sich nämlich durch Verwendung von Merkmalen mit höherer Homologiewahrscheinlichkeit heraus, dass die herangezogenen molekularen Stammbäume und der nicht-molekulare Stammbaum dieselbe Topologie aufweisen. Des Weiteren konnten Synapomorphien für die einzelnen Gruppen innerhalb der taxodioiden Cupressaceae definiert werden. Zudem stützen auch morphogenetische Untersuchungen, die Einbeziehung von fossilen Vertretern und die Zapfendiagramme der taxodioiden Cupressaceae einzelne Äste der Stammbaum-Topologie. Die bereits durch molekulare Analysen bekannte Monophylie der Taxodioideae (Cryptomeria, Taxodium und Glyptostrobus) und der Sequoioideae (Metasequoia, Sequoia und Sequoiadendron) wurde durch die nicht-molekularen Daten ebenfalls bestätigt und konnte durch Synapomorphien mit hoher Homologiewahrscheinlichkeit bestärkt werden. Auch die lang diskutierte Hybridhypothese von Athrotaxis laxifolia konnte durch weitere Indizien aus der Analyse der Zapfenkonfigurationen bestärkt werden. Durch Daten aus unterschiedlichen Bereichen konnte so eine plausible Rekonstruktion der Phylogenese der taxodioiden Cupressaceae dargestellt werden.

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145 Taxon descriptions Anhang 7.1 Taxon descriptions Actinostrobus acuminatus PARL. Shrub: evergreen; procumbent, or erect; 3 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 0.3 m maximum diameter. Crown: widely conical (pyramidal). Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 2 4 mm long; 1 2 mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; medium dark green; apically spreading; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with inconspicuous or without glands; dorsal side keeled; tip hooked. Male cones: 4 6 mm long; 2 3 mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 5 8 male cone scale whorls; ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; 2 3 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; approx. 1.5 times as long as broad; mm wide; 6 cone scales; globose, or ovoid; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, or bright; young cones greenish, or green with bluish coating; tip acute. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; inserted at the same level in mature cones; with several small additional cone scales on the female cone; almost equal; tip acute; tip hooked; umbo absent, or with small dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: simple (round or angled at the apex). Seeds: 9 12 mm long; 9 13 mm wide; 6 12 seeds per cone; dark brown black; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; non-flattened. Seed wings: 2 5 mm wide; 3 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Australia. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonym: Callitris acuminata (PARL.) F. MUELL. Common name: Moore Cypress Pine (AUS). Actinostrobus arenarius C. A. GARDNER Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 5 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 0.3 m maximum diameter. Crown: columnar to narrowly, or widely conical (pyramidal). Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly; arranged in whorls of 3. Scale leaves: 2 4 mm long; 1 2 mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); apically spreading; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with inconspicuous or without glands; dorsal side keeled; tip straight. Male cones: 3 5 mm long; mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 5 6 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; 2 3 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; approx. as long as broad; mm wide; 6 cone scales; globose, or ovoid; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or bright; young cones green with bluish coating; tip acute. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; inserted at the same level in mature cones; with several small additional cone scales on the female cone; almost equal; tip acute; tip straight; umbo absent or present, or with small dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: 2 7 mm long; simple (round or angled at the apex). Seeds: 6 11 mm long; 5 12 mm wide; 6 12 seeds per cone; bright middle brown; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; non-flattened. Seed wings: 1 2 mm wide; 2, or 3 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 3 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Australia. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonym: Actinostrobus pyramidalis MIQ. var. arenarius (C. A. GARDNER) SILBA. Common names: Bruce Cypress Pine (AUS), Tamin (AUS). Actinostrobus pyramidalis MIQ. Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 8 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown; smooth scaly. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 3 40 mm long; arranged 3- dimensionally; triangular or roundish in cross-section.

146 Taxon descriptions 141 Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 2 4 mm long; 1 2 mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; bright dark green; apically spreading; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with inconspicuous or without glands; dorsal side keeled. Male cones: 3 6 mm long; mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 5 6 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; 2 3 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 6 cone scales; globose, or ovoid; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, bright, or dark; young cones greenish; tip rounded. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; inserted at the same level in mature cones; with several small additional cone scales on the female cone; almost equal; tip blunt, or acute; umbo absent or present, or with small dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: 4 11 mm long; simple (round or angled at the apex). Seeds: 5 8 mm long; 3 6 mm wide; 6 12 seeds per cone; bright middle brown, or red; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; non-flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 2, or 3 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Australia. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Callitris actinostrobus F. MUELL., Frenela actinostrobus (F. MUELL.) F. MUELL. Common name: King George's Cypress Pine (AUS). Athrotaxis cupressoides D. DON Tree: evergreen; erect; 15 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 0.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; smooth scaly, peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: dense, or rather open; columnar to narrowly conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: 2 5 mm wide; mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 2 5 mm long; mm wide; arranged spirally; medium dark green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt; with inconspicuous or without glands; with serrate margin. Male cones: 2 4 mm long; 2 4 mm wide; solitary; ovoid, or oblong; male cone scales; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged spirally; 2 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 8 15 mm long; 8 15 mm wide; cone scales; globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright, or dark; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged spirally; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt, or acute; umbo absent, or with small or large dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: absent. Seeds: 1 5 mm long; seeds per cone; 1 7 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7). Distribution: Tasmania. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonym: Cunninghamia cupressoides (D. DON) SIEBOLD & ZUCC. Common name: Pencil Pine (ENG). Athrotaxis laxifolia HOOK. Tree: evergreen; erect; 9.2 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1 m maximum diameter. Bark: red; smooth scaly, peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: dense, or rather open; globose irregular, or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 2 8 mm long; mm wide; arranged spirally; bright dark green; apically spreading; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with inconspicuous or without glands; with smooth margin. Male cones: 2 4 mm long; 2 4 mm wide; solitary; ovoid, or oblong; male cone scales; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged spirally; 2-4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; 9 24 mm wide; cone scales; globose, or ovoid; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright, or dark; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged spirally; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several

147 Taxon descriptions 142 small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip acute; umbo absent, or with small or large dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre, a little bit below the centre, or umbo near the tip. Columella: absent. Seeds: 1 5 mm long; mm wide; seeds per cone; bright middle brown; 1 9 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Tasmania. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonym: Athrotaxis doniana HENKEL & W. HOCHST. Common name: Loose-Leaf Pencil Pine (ENG). Athrotaxis selaginoides D. DON Tree: evergreen; erect; 40 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; smooth scaly, peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: dense, or rather open; columnar to narrowly conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (awl-shaped: rounded in cross-section), or (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: 6 15 mm long; mm wide; arranged spirally; arranged in 3 rows; spreading; dark green; tip acute; with two white stripes. Male cones: 2 4 mm long; 2 4 mm wide; solitary; ovoid, or oblong; male cone scales; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged spirally; 1-5 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; 8 21 mm wide; cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, globose, or ovoid; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright, or dark; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged spirally; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt, or acute; umbo absent, or with large dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre, a little bit below the centre, or near the tip. Columella: absent. Seeds: 1 6 mm long; mm wide; seeds per cone; bright dark brown black; 1 9 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Tasmania. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Athrotaxis gunneana HOOK. ex CARRIÈRE, Cunninghamia selaginoides (D. DON) SIEBOLD & ZUCC. Common name: King Billy Pine (ENG). Austrocedrus chilensis (D. DON) PIC. SERM & BIZZARRI Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 20 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 2 m maximum diameter. Bark: red, or brown; peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: 2 7 mm wide; 4 50 mm long; arranged in one plane; flattened in cross-section; with white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 8 mm long; 1 7 mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); apically spreading, or closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous glands, with inconspicuous or without glands. Lateral leaves: mm long; facial and lateral leaves conspicuously unequal in length; visibly adjoined (facial leaves are not overlapping). Facial leaves: mm long. Male cones: 2 4 mm long; solitary; 8 12 male cone scales; 4 6 male cone scale pairs; globose, ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 3 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 6 20 mm long; 3 15 mm wide; 4 cone scales; ovoid, or oblong; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright, or dark; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted at the same level in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with small or large dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: 3 14 mm long; simple (round or angled at the apex). Seeds: 3 15 mm long; 3 10 mm wide; 3 5 seeds per cone; bright middle brown; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 unequal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: South America: Argentina, Chile. IUCN Red List: vulnerable. Synonyms: Libocedrus chilensis (D. DON)

148 Taxon descriptions 143 ENDL., Thuja andina POEPP. & ENDL., Thuja chilensis D. DON [1832]. Common name: Chilean Cedar (ENG). Callitris baileyi C. T. WHITE Tree: evergreen; erect; 18 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 2 m maximum diameter. Bark: smooth scaly, or furrowed. Crown: columnar to narrowly, widely conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: arranged 3- dimensionally; triangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 2 5 mm long; arranged in whorls of 3; bright dark green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); with inconspicuous or without glands; dorsal side keeled. Male cones: solitary; ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3 or in whorls of 4; 2 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; 8 14 mm wide; 6 cone scales; ovoid, or oblong; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright, or dark; young cones green with bluish coating; not warty; shedding seeds and falling shortly after maturity; female-cone-bearing branchlets slender. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; inserted at the same level in mature cones; separated almost to the base; spreading widely after opening; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; unequal; tip blunt, or acute; with small dorsal umbo near the tip; smaller ones angled into a broad tip, or tapering towards the tip; larger ones tapering towards the tip; with dorsal furrow below the tip. Columella: 2 5 mm long; simple (round or angled at the apex). Seeds: 2 9 seeds per cone; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: 2 unequal wings. Supplement: 2 3 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Australia. IUCN Red List: rare. Common name: Cypress Pine (ENG). Callitris columellaris F. MUELL. Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 30 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 4 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; furrowed, or smooth scaly. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 2 30 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 8 mm long; mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3 or in whorls of 4; medium dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with inconspicuous or without glands; dorsal side rounded. Male cones: 1 10 mm long; 2 5 mm wide; several together, or solitary; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3 or in whorls of 4; 2 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 7 26 mm long; mm wide; 6 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, globose, or ovoid; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; dark; not warty; shedding seeds and falling shortly after maturity; female-cone-bearing branchlets slender. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; inserted at the same level in mature cones; separated almost to the base; spreading widely after opening; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; unequal; tip blunt, or acute; umbo absent, or with small dorsal umbo near the tip; smaller ones tapering towards the tip; larger ones angled into a broad tip; without dorsal furrow below the tip. Columella: 3 7 mm long; simple (round or angled at the apex). Seeds: 3 5 mm wide; seeds per cone; red, or bright middle brown; 2 9 seeds per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 2, or 3 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: 2 3 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Australia. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Callitris arenosa A. CUNN. ex R. T. BAKER et H. G. SMITH., Callitris columellaris F. MUELL. var. campestris SILBA, Callitris columellaris F. MUELL. var. intratropica (R. T. BAKER & H. G. SMITH) SILBA, Callitris glauca R. BR. ex R. T. BAKER & H. G. SMITH, Callitris glaucophylla J. THOMPSON & L. A. S. JOHNSON, Callitris hugelii (CARR.) FRANCO, Callitris intratropica R. T. BAKER & H. G. SMITH, Frenela hugelii CARR., Frenela moorei PARL., Frenela robusta A. CUNN. ex ENDL., Frenela robusta A. CUNN. ex ENDL. var. microcarpa BENTH., Frenela robusta A. CUNN. ex MIRB. var. microcarpa BENTH., Frenela verrucosa A. CUNN. ex ENDL. [1847], Frenela verrucosa A. CUNN. ex ENDL. var. laevis MOORE, Widdringtonia equisetiformis MAST.

149 Taxon descriptions 144 Common names: Northern Cypress Pine (ENG), White Cypress Pine (ENG), Flinders Range Cypress Pine (ENG), Flinders Range Pine (ENG), Murray Pine (ENG), Coastal Cypress Pine (ENG), Bribie Island Pine (ENG), White Cypress (ENG), White Pine (ENG). Callitris canescens (PARL.) S. T. BLAKE Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 9 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey; smooth scaly, or furrowed. Crown: columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 4 mm long; mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; bright green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with inconspicuous or without glands; dorsal side rounded. Male cones: 2 3 mm long; solitary; ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3 or in whorls of 4; 2 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 8 17 mm long; 8 20 mm wide; 6 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, or globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright, or dark; not warty; persistent and holding seeds for several years after maturity; female-cone-bearing branchlets stout, or female-cone-bearing branchlets slender. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; inserted at the same level in mature cones; united at the base and forming a thick cone base, or separated almost to the base; only slightly opened allowing just seed release; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; unequal; tip blunt, or acute; umbo absent, or with small or large dorsal umbo near the tip; smaller ones angled into a broad tip, or tapering towards the tip; larger ones angled into a broad tip; without dorsal furrow below the tip. Columella: 1 2 mm long; simple (round or angled at the apex). Seeds: seeds per cone; dark brown black; 2 9 seeds per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: 2 3 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Australia. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Callitris morrisonii R. T. BAKER, Callitris morrisonii sensu J. BLACK, Frenela canescens PARL. [1868]. Common names: Scrubby Cypress Pine (ENG), Cypress Pine (ENG). Callitris drummondii (PARL.) F. MUELL. Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 15 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; furrowed, or smooth scaly. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 2 30 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 6 mm long; mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; bright dark green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with inconspicuous or without glands; dorsal side keeled. Male cones: solitary; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3 or in whorls of 4; 2 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 8 18 mm long; mm wide; 6 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, globose, or ovoid; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or dark; not warty; persistent and holding seeds for several years after maturity; female-cone-bearing branchlets stout. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; inserted at the same level in mature cones; united at the base and forming a thick cone base; only slightly opened allowing just seed release; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; unequal; tip blunt, or acute; umbo absent, or with small dorsal umbo near the tip; smaller ones tapering towards the tip; larger ones angled into a broad tip; without dorsal furrow below the tip. Columella: 2 4 mm long; simple (round or angled at the apex). Seeds: 5 11 mm wide; 2 9 seeds per cone; red, or bright middle brown; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: 2 4 mm wide; 2 unequal wings. Supplement: 2 3 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Australia. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonym: Frenela drummondii PARL. [1863]. Common name: Cypress Pine (ENG).

150 Taxon descriptions 145 Callitris endlicheri (PARL.) F. M. BAILEY Tree: evergreen; erect; 25 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 2 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, brown, or black; smooth scaly, or furrowed. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 2 30 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 4 mm long; mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with inconspicuous or without glands; dorsal side rounded or keeled. Male cones: 1 3 mm long; several together; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3 or in whorls of 4; 2 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; 8 20 mm wide; 6 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, globose, or ovoid; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; dark; not warty, or warty; with only one wart near the top, or few warts; shedding seeds and falling shortly after maturity; female-cone-bearing branchlets slender. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; inserted at the same level in mature cones; separated almost to the base; only slightly opened allowing just seed release; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; unequal; tip blunt, or acute; umbo absent, or with small dorsal umbo near the tip; smaller ones tapering towards the tip; larger ones angled into a broad tip, or tapering towards the tip; without dorsal furrow below the tip. Columella: mm long; apart (2-/3-/4-lobed, 2-/3-/4-partite). Seeds: 2 8 mm long; 2 8 mm wide; seeds per cone; red, or dark brown black; 3 6 seeds per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: 1 5 mm wide; 2, or 3 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: 2 3 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Australia. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Callitris calcarata R. BR. ex R. T. BAKER & H. G. SMITH, Frenela endlicheri PARL. [1868], Frenela endlicheri PARL. var. mucronata (PARL.) BENTH. Common names: Black Cypress Pine (ENG), Red Cypress Pine (ENG). Callitris macleayana (F. MUELL.) F. MUELL. Tree: evergreen; erect; 50 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: red, or brown; smooth scaly, or furrowed, or peeling off in strands. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular in cross-section. Leaves: adult and juvenile leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section), or scaly. Needle leaves: 6 15 mm long; arranged in whorls of 4; bright green. Scale leaves: 2 6 mm long; arranged in whorls of 3 or in whorls of 4; medium dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); apically spreading, or spreading; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with inconspicuous or without glands; dorsal side keeled. Male cones: 5 8 mm long; solitary; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3 or in whorls of 4; 2 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 6 8 cone scales; ovoid, or oblong; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; dark; not warty; persistent and holding seeds for several years after maturity; female-cone-bearing branchlets stout. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3 or in whorls of 4 (always 8 cone scales); inserted at the same level in mature cones; united at the base and forming a thick cone base; only slightly opened allowing just seed release; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; almost equal; tip acute; with small dorsal umbo near the tip; smaller ones tapering towards the tip; larger ones tapering towards the tip; with dorsal furrow below the tip. Columella: 0 2 mm long; apart (2-/3-/4-lobed, 2-/3-/4-partite). Seeds: mm long; 2 9 seeds per cone; red, or bright middle brown; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: 6 12 mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: 2 3 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Australia. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Callitris parlatorei F. MUELL., Frenela macleayana (F. MUELL.) PARL., Frenela parlatorei (F. MUELL) PARL., Leichhardtia macleayana SHEP., Octoclinis macleayana F. MUELL. [1858]. Common names: Stringybark Cypress Pine (ENG), Stringybark Pine (ENG).

151 Taxon descriptions 146 Callitris monticola J. GARDEN Shrub: evergreen; erect; 3 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 0.3 m maximum diameter. Bark: smooth scaly, or furrowed. Crown: columnar to narrowly, widely conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Branches: ascending. Ultimate branchlets: arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 2 4 mm long; arranged in whorls of 3; medium dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); with inconspicuous or without glands; dorsal side keeled. Male cones: solitary; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3 or in whorls of 4; 2 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 6 cone scales; depressed-globose or 2-lobed; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright, or dark; young cones green with bluish coating; not warty; persistent and holding seeds for several years after maturity; female-cone-bearing branchlets stout. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; inserted at the same level in mature cones; separated almost to the base; only slightly opened allowing just seed release; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; unequal; tip blunt, or acute; with small or large dorsal umbo near the tip; smaller ones tapering towards the tip; larger ones angled into a broad tip; without dorsal furrow below the tip. Columella: 3 5 mm long; apart (2-/3-/4-lobed, 2-/3-/4-partite). Seeds: seeds per cone; dark brown black; 2 9 seeds per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: 2 3 mm wide; 2, or 3 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: 2 3 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Australia. IUCN Red List: rare. Common names: Steelhead (ENG), Dwarf Cypress Pine (ENG). Callitris muelleri (PARL.) BENTH. & HOOK. F. ex. F. MUELL. Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 15 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: black; smooth scaly, or furrowed. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending. Ultimate branchlets: arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves, or adult and juvenile leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section), or scaly. Needle leaves: 5 10 mm long; arranged in whorls of 4. Scale leaves: 4 10 mm long; arranged in whorls of 3; medium dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt; with inconspicuous or without glands; dorsal side keeled. Male cones: 1 3 mm long; several together; ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3 or in whorls of 4; 2 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 6 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, or globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; not warty; persistent and holding seeds for several years after maturity; female-cone-bearing branchlets stout. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; inserted at the same level in mature cones; united at the base and forming a thick cone base; only slightly opened allowing just seed release; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; unequal; tip blunt; with small dorsal umbo near the tip; smaller ones tapering towards the tip; larger ones angled into a broad tip, or tapering towards the tip; without dorsal furrow below the tip. Columella: 1 4 mm long; apart (2-/3-/4-lobed, 2-/3-/4- partite), or simple (round or angled at the apex). Seeds: seeds per cone; dark brown black; 2 9 seeds per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: 2 4 mm wide; 2, or 3 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: 2 3 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Australia. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonym: Frenela muelleri PARL. [1868]. Common names: Mueller s Cypress Pine (ENG), Cypress Pine (ENG). Callitris neocaledonica DUMMER Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 8 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1 m maximum diameter. Bark: smooth scaly, or furrowed. Crown: widely conical (pyramidal), or globose

152 Taxon descriptions 147 irregular. Branches: ascending. Ultimate branchlets: 2 3 mm wide; mm long; arranged 3- dimensionally; triangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 2 5 mm long; mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with inconspicuous or without glands; dorsal side keeled. Male cones: 2 3 mm long; mm wide; solitary; 6 12 male cone scales; 2 4 male cone scale whorls; globose, ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3 or in whorls of 4; 2 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 8 10 mm long; 6 8 mm wide; 6 cone scales; ovoid, or oblong; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; not warty; female-cone-bearing branchlets slender. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; inserted at the same level in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; almost equal; tip blunt; with large dorsal umbo; smaller ones angled into a broad tip; larger ones angled into a broad tip; without dorsal furrow below the tip. Columella: present. Seeds: flattened. Seed wings: 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: 2 3 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: New Caledonia. IUCN Red List: vulnerable. Synonyms: Callitris neocaledonica DUMMER [1914], Callitris sulcata (PARL.) SCHLTR. var. alpina R. H. COMPTON. Callitris oblonga RICH. & A. RICH. Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 8 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1 m maximum diameter. Bark: smooth scaly, or furrowed. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly, widely conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Branches: ascending. Ultimate branchlets: arranged 3- dimensionally; triangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 3 5 mm long; arranged in whorls of 3; medium dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with inconspicuous or without glands; dorsal side keeled. Male cones: 1 3 mm long; several together, or solitary; 9 18 male cone scales; 3 6 male cone scale whorls; ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3 or in whorls of 4; 2 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 6 8 cone scales; ovoid; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; dark; not warty; persistent and holding seeds for several years after maturity; female-cone-bearing branchlets stout. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3 or in whorls of 4 (always 8 cone scales); inserted at the same level in mature cones; separated almost to the base; only slightly opened allowing just seed release; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; unequal; tip acute; with small dorsal umbo near the tip; smaller ones tapering towards the tip; larger ones tapering towards the tip; without dorsal furrow below the tip. Columella: 1 3 mm long; apart (2-/3-/4-lobed, 2-/3-/4-partite), or simple (round or angled at the apex). Seeds: 3 5 mm long; 2 6 mm wide; seeds per cone; red, or dark brown black; 2 9 seeds per female cone scale; non-flattened, or flattened. Seed wings: 1 3 mm wide; 2, or 3 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: 2 4 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Australia: Tasmania. IUCN Red List: vulnerable. Synonyms: Callitris gunnii HOOK. F., Frenela fruticosa ENDL., Frenela gunnii (HOOK. F.) ENDL., Frenela gunnii (HOOK. F.) ENDL. var. mucronata (PARL.) BENTH., Frenela macrostachya KNIGHT & PERRY ex GORDON. Common names: Tasmanian Cypress Pine (ENG), Esk Cypress Pine (ENG). Callitris preissii MIQ. Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 20 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 0.8 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; smooth scaly, or furrowed. Crown: rather open; widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 1 20 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 2 4 mm long; mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; medium dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely

153 Taxon descriptions 148 appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with inconspicuous or without glands; dorsal side rounded. Male cones: 1 5 mm long; mm wide; solitary, or several together; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3 or in whorls of 4; 2 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 6 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, globose, or ovoid; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; dark; young cones green with bluish coating; not warty, or warty; with only one wart near the top, or few warts; persistent and holding seeds for several years after maturity; female-cone-bearing branchlets stout. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; inserted at the same level in mature cones; united at the base and forming a thick cone base; only slightly opened allowing just seed release; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; unequal; tip blunt, or acute; umbo absent, or with small dorsal umbo near the tip; smaller ones tapering towards the tip; larger ones angled into a broad tip; without dorsal furrow below the tip. Columella: 2 4 mm long; simple (round or angled at the apex). Seeds: 4 7 mm long; 3 8 mm wide; seeds per cone; red, or dark brown black; 6 12 seeds per female cone scale; non-flattened, or flattened. Seed wings: 1 4 mm wide; 2, or 3 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: 2 3 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Australia. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Callitris gracilis R. T. BAKER, Callitris preisii MIQ. ssp. murrayensis J. GARDEN, Callitris preisii MIQ. var. murrayensis (J. GARDEN) SILBA, Callitris propinqua R. BR. ex R. T. BAKER et H. G. SMITH., Callitris robusta (A. CUNN. ex PARL.) F. M. BAIL, Callitris tuberculata R. BR. ex R. T. BAKER et H. G. SMITH, Frenela crassivalvis MIQ., Frenela gulielmi PARL., Frenela robusta A. CUNN. ex ENDL. Common names: Rottnest Island Pine (ENG), Slender Pine (ENG), Southern Cypress Pine (ENG), Murray Pine (ENG), Black Cypress Pine (ENG), Slender Cypress Pine (ENG), Mallee Pine (ENG). Callitris rhomboidea R. BR. ex RICH. & A. RICH. Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 15 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 0.4 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, or green, or brown; smooth scaly, or furrowed. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: arranged 3- dimensionally; triangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; arranged in whorls of 3; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); with inconspicuous or without glands; dorsal side keeled. Male cones: 1 4 mm long; several together, or solitary; ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3 or in whorls of 4; 2 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 8 20 mm long; 8 20 mm wide; 6 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, globose, or ovoid; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; dark, or bright; not warty; persistent and holding seeds for several years after maturity; female-cone-bearing branchlets stout. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; inserted at the same level in mature cones; separated almost to the base; spreading widely after opening; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; unequal; tip blunt, or acute; with small or large dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre, or near the tip; smaller ones tapering towards the tip; larger ones angled into a broad tip; without dorsal furrow below the tip. Columella: 1 4 mm long; apart (2-/3-/4-lobed, 2-/3- /4-partite). Seeds: 3 5 mm wide; seeds per cone; dark brown black; 2 9 seeds per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: 2 3 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Australia: Tasmania. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Callitris cupressiformis VENT. ex LONDON, Callitris cupressiformis VENT. var. tasmanica BENTH., Callitris tasmanica (BENTH.) R. T. BAKER et H. G. SMIT, Cupressus australis PERS., Cyparissia australis (PERS.) HOFFMANNS., Frenela australis (PERS.) MIRB. ex ENDL., Frenela rhomboidea (R. BR. ex RICH. & A. RICH.) ENDL., Frenela rhomboidea (R. BR. ex RICH. & A. RICH.) ENDL. var. mucronata BENTH., Frenela rhomboidea (R. BR. ex RICH. & A. RICH.) ENDL. var. tasmanica BENTH., Frenela triquetra SPACH., Thuja australis BOSC ex POIR., Thuja

154 Taxon descriptions 149 inaequalis DESF. Common names: Oyster Bay Pine (ENG), Port Jackson Pine (ENG), Cypress Pine (ENG). Callitris roei (ENDL.) F. MUELL. Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 5 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 0.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey; smooth scaly, or furrowed. Crown: columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 3 5 mm long; arranged in whorls of 3; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); with inconspicuous or without glands; dorsal side keeled. Male cones: 2 4 mm long; solitary; ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3 or in whorls of 4; 2 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 6 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, or globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; not warty; persistent and holding seeds for several years after maturity; female-cone-bearing branchlets stout. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; inserted at the same level in mature cones; united at the base and forming a thick cone base; only slightly opened allowing just seed release; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; unequal; tip blunt, or acute; with small or large dorsal umbo near the tip; smaller ones tapering towards the tip; larger ones angled into a broad tip; with dorsal furrow below the tip. Columella: 3 5 mm long; simple (round or angled at the apex). Seeds: 2 9 seeds per cone; red, or bright middle brown; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: 3 5 mm wide; 2 unequal wings. Supplement: 2 3 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Australia. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonym: Frenela subcordata PARL. Common name: Cypress Pine (ENG). Callitris sulcata (PARL.) SCHLTR. Tree: evergreen; erect; 12 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1.2 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, or brown; smooth scaly, or furrowed. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly, widely conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Branches: ascending. Ultimate branchlets: arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 4 6 mm long; arranged in whorls of 3; bright green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); with inconspicuous or without glands; dorsal side rounded or keeled. Male cones: 3 5 mm long; mm wide; solitary; 9 15 male cone scales; 3 5 male cone scale whorls; ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3 or in whorls of 4; 2 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 8 18 mm long; mm wide; 6 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, ovoid, or globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright, or dark; young cones green with bluish coating; not warty; persistent and holding seeds for several years after maturity, or shedding seeds and falling shortly after maturity; female-cone-bearing branchlets slender. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; inserted at the same level in mature cones; separated almost to the base; only slightly opened allowing just seed release; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; almost equal; tip blunt, or acute; with large dorsal umbo; smaller ones tapering towards the tip; larger ones angled into a broad tip; with dorsal furrow below the tip. Columella: 2 4 mm long; simple (round or angled at the apex). Seeds: flattened. Seed wings: 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: 2 3 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: New Caledonia. IUCN Red List: endangered. Synonyms: Callitris balansae (BRONGN. & GRIS.) SCHLTR., Frenela balansae BRONGN. & GRIS., Frenela sulcata PARL. [1906], Octoclinis juniperoides CARRIERE. Callitris verrucosa (A. CUNN. ex ENDL.) F. MUELL. Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 8 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1 m maximum diameter. Bark: smooth scaly, or furrowed. Crown: columnar to narrowly, widely conical

155 Taxon descriptions 150 (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Branches: ascending. Ultimate branchlets: arranged 3- dimensionally; triangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 2 4 mm long; arranged in whorls of 3; medium dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); with inconspicuous or without glands; dorsal side rounded. Male cones: 3 5 mm long; several together; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3 or in whorls of 4; 2 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 6 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, globose, or ovoid; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright; warty; densely warty on the whole cone; persistent and holding seeds for several years after maturity; female-cone-bearing branchlets stout. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; inserted at the same level in mature cones; united at the base and forming a thick cone base; only slightly opened allowing just seed release; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; unequal; tip blunt, or acute; with small or large dorsal umbo near the tip; smaller ones tapering towards the tip; larger ones angled into a broad tip; without dorsal furrow below the tip. Columella: 2 4 mm long; simple (round or angled at the apex). Seeds: seeds per cone; dark brown black; 2 9 seeds per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: 2 5 mm wide; 2, or 3 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: 2 3 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Australia. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Callitris preisii MIQ. ssp. verrucosa (A. CUNN. ex ENDL.) J. GARDEN, Callitris preisii MIQ. var. verrucosa (A. CUNN. ex ENDL.) SILBA, Frenela robusta A. CUNN. ex ENDL., Frenela robusta A. CUNN. ex ENDL. var. verrucosa (A. CUNN. ex ENDL.) BENTH., Frenela verrucosa A. CUNN. ex ENDL. [1847]. Common names: Mallee Cypress Pine (ENG), Mallee Pine (ENG), Scrub Cypress Pine (ENG), Mallee Pine (ENG). Calocedrus decurrens (TORR.) FLORIN Tree: evergreen; erect; 46 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 2 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, brown, or red; peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 5 50 mm long; arranged in one plane; flattened in cross-section; without white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 2 5 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; medium dark green; apically spreading, or closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip acute; with inconspicuous or without glands. Lateral leaves: 2 5 mm long; facial and lateral leaves more or less equal in length; not visibly adjoined (facial leaves are overlapping). Facial leaves: mm long. Male cones: 4 8 mm long; 2 3 mm wide; solitary; 6 18 male cone scales; 3 9 male cone scale whorls; ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 1 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; 7 39 mm wide; 2 6 cone scales; oblong; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels, or at the same level in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt, or acute; with small dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: mm long; simple (a flat, woody plate). Seeds: 8 26 mm long; 5 10 mm wide; 2 5 seeds per cone; bright middle brown; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: 1 5 mm wide; 2 unequal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: Mexico, USA. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Heyderia decurrens (TORR.) K. KOCH, Libocedrus decurrens TORR. [1853], Thuja craigiana A. MURRAY BIS, Thuja decurrens (TORR.) VOSS. Common names: Incense Cedar (ENG), Beautiful Cedar (ENG). Calocedrus formosana (FLORIN) FLORIN Tree: evergreen; erect; 35 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 3 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; smooth scaly, peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate

156 Taxon descriptions 151 branchlets: 2 4 mm wide; 4 30 mm long; arranged in one plane; flattened in cross-section; with, or without white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green; apically spreading, or closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with inconspicuous or without glands. Lateral leaves: 2 7 mm long; facial and lateral leaves more or less equal in length; not visibly adjoined (facial leaves are overlapping); 1-2 stomata row(s) wide. Facial leaves: mm long. Male cones: mm long; mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 3 8 male cone scale whorls; ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 1 5 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 2 6 cone scales; oblong; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or bright; young cones green with bluish coating; female-cone-bearing branchlets flattened and like the branchlets without female cones. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels, or at the same level in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with small dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: mm long; simple (a flat, woody plate). Seeds: 4 8 mm long; mm wide; 1 8 seed(s) per cone; bright middle brown; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: 3 10 mm wide; 2 unequal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: Taiwan. IUCN Red List: vulnerable. Synonyms: Calocedrus macrolepis KURZ var. formosana (FLORIN) W. C. CHENG & L. K. FU, Heyderia formosana (FLORIN) H. L. LI, Libocedrus formosana FLORIN [1930], Libocedrus macrolepis (KURZ) BENTH. & HOOK f. var. formosana (FLORIN) H. L. LI, Libocedrus macrolepis (KURZ) BENTH. & HOOK. F. Calocedrus macrolepis KURZ Tree: evergreen; erect; 35 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: white, grey, red, or brown; smooth scaly, peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: rather open; widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: 2 4 mm wide; 4 30 mm long; arranged in one plane; flattened in cross-section; with, or without white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); apically spreading, or closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with inconspicuous or without glands. Lateral leaves: 2 7 mm long; facial and lateral leaves more or less equal in length; not visibly adjoined (facial leaves are overlapping); 1-4 stomata row(s) wide. Facial leaves: mm long. Male cones: 4 8 mm long; 2 3 mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 3 8 male cone scale whorls; ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 3 5 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; 4 14 mm wide; 2 6 cone scales; oblong; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or bright; young cones green with bluish coating; female-cone-bearing branchlets terete or 4-angled and not like the branchlets without female cones. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels, or at the same level in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with small dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: 8 20 mm long; simple (a flat, woody plate). Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 8 seed(s) per cone; bright middle brown; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: 3 10 mm wide; 2 unequal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: China, Birma, Thailand, Vietnam. IUCN Red List: vulnerable. Synonyms: Heyderia macrolepis (KURZ) H. L. LI, Libocedrus arfakensis GIBBS [1917], Libocedrus macrolepis (KURZ) BENTH. & HOOK. F., Thuja macrolepis (KURZ) VOSS. Common name: Tùng Huong (VIE). Chamaecyparis formosensis MATSUM. Tree: evergreen; erect; 65 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 7 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown, or red; divided in plates, peeling off in strands, furrowed, or smooth scaly. Crown: dense, or rather open; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or

157 Taxon descriptions 152 horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 2 20 mm long; arranged in one plane; flattened in cross-section; with white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 2 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright green; apically spreading, or closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip acute; with inconspicuous or without glands; without white resin; without resin glands on leading shoots. Lateral leaves: 1 2 mm long; facial and lateral leaves more or less equal in length; visibly adjoined (facial leaves are not overlapping). Facial leaves: 1 2 mm long. Male cones: 1 3 mm long; mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 5 7 male cone scale whorls; ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 1 3 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 6 12 mm long; mm wide; cone scales; ovoid; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright, or reddish; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with dorsal depression, or with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre, or near the tip. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; seeds per cone; red, or bright middle brown; 2 6 seeds per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: Taiwan. IUCN Red List: rare. Synonym: Cupressus formosensis (MATSUM.) A. HENRY. Common name: Formosa-Scheinzypresse (GER). Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. MURRAY BIS) PARL. Tree: evergreen; erect; 61 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 6.1 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, brown, or red; smooth scaly, divided in plates, or furrowed. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 4 25 mm long; arranged in one plane; flattened in cross-section; with white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 4 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; medium dark green; apically spreading, or closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous, inconspicuous, or without glands; without white resin; with resin glands on leading shoots. Lateral leaves: mm long; facial and lateral leaves more or less equal in length; visibly adjoined (facial leaves are not overlapping). Facial leaves: mm long. Male cones: mm long; mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 7 8 male cone scale pairs; ovoid, or oblong; red or orange. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 1 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; 7 12 mm wide; 8 10 cone scales; globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; dark, or reddish; young cones greenish or green with bluish coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with dorsal depression, or with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: 2 5 mm long; mm wide; seeds per cone; red, or bright middle brown; 2 6 seeds per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: USA. IUCN Red List: rare. Synonyms: Chamaecyparis boursieri CARRIERE, Cupressus fragrans KELLOGG, Cupressus lawsoniana A. MURRAY BIS [1855]. Common name: Scheinzypresse (GER). Chamaecyparis obtusa (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.) ENDL. var. formosana (HAYATA) HAYATA Tree: evergreen; erect; 40 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 3.6 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown, or red; smooth scaly, or peeling off in strands. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 2 25 mm long; arranged in one plane; flattened in cross-section; with white or glaucous marking.

158 Taxon descriptions 153 Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright green; apically spreading, or closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous, inconspicuous, or without glands; without white resin; with, or without resin glands on leading shoots. Lateral leaves: 1 5 mm long; facial and lateral leaves conspicuously unequal in length; visibly adjoined (facial leaves are not overlapping). Facial leaves: mm long. Male cones: mm long; mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 5 6 male cone scale whorls; ovoid, or oblong; yellow, bright brown, red, or orange. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 1 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; 8 11 mm wide; 8 10 cone scales; globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, or dark; young cones greenish or green with bluish coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with dorsal depression, or with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: 1 4 mm long; simple (round, angled at the apex, or a flat, woody plate). Seeds: mm long; mm wide; seeds per cone; dark brown black; 2 7 seeds per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: Taiwan. IUCN Red List: vulnerable. Synonyms: Chamaecyparis obtusa (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.) ENDL., Chamaecyparis obtusa (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.) ENDL. var. formosana (HAYATA) HAYATA, Chamaecyparis obtusa (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.) ENDL. ssp. formosana (HAYATA) H. L. LI, Chamaecyparis obtusa (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.) ENDL. var. obtusa f. formosana HAYATA [1910], Cupressus obtusa (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.) F. MUELL. var. obtusa f. formosana (HAYATA) CLINTON- BAKER, Cupressus obtusa (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.) F. MUELL., Cupressus obtusa (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.) F. MUELL. var. formosana (HAYATA) DALLIM. & A. B. JACKS. [homo]. Common name: Hinoki- Scheinzypresse (GER). Chamaecyparis obtusa (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.) ENDL. var. obtusa Tree: evergreen; erect; tree; 40 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 3.6 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown, or red; smooth scaly, or peeling off in strands. Crown: dense, or rather open; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 2 25 mm long; arranged in one plane; flattened in crosssection; with white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; medium dark green; apically spreading, or closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous, inconspicuous, or without glands; without white resin; with, or without resin glands on leading shoots. Lateral leaves: 1 3 mm long; facial and lateral leaves conspicuously unequal in length; visibly adjoined (facial leaves are not overlapping). Facial leaves: mm long. Male cones: mm long; mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 5 6 male cone scale whorls; ovoid, or oblong; yellow, bright brown, red, or orange. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 1 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 7 13 mm long; 7 12 mm wide; 8 10 cone scales; globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, or dark; young cones greenish or green with bluish coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with dorsal depression, or with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: 1 4 mm long; simple (round, angled at the apex, or a flat, woody plate). Seeds: mm long; mm wide; seeds per cone; dark brown black; 2 7 seeds per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: Japan. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Chamaecyparis breviramis MAXIM., Chamaecyparis obtusa (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.) ENDL., Chamaecyparis obtusa (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.) ENDL. var. breviramea (MAXIM.) MAST., Chamaecyparis obtusa (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.) ENDL. var. fastigiato-ovata UYEKI, Chamaecyparis obtusa (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.) ENDL. var. pendula (MAXIM.) MAST., Chamaecyparis pendula MAXIM., Cupressus breviramis F. MUELL., Cupressus obtusa (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.) F. MUELL.,

159 Taxon descriptions 154 Retinispora obtusa SIEBOLD & ZUCC. [1844], Thuja obtusa (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.) MAST. Common names: Hinoki-Scheinzypresse (GER). Chamaecyparis pisifera (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.) ENDL. Tree: evergreen; erect; 50 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 3.7 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, brown, or red; smooth scaly, or peeling off in strands. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 2 20 mm long; arranged in one plane; flattened in cross-section; with white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 5 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green; apically spreading, or closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous, inconspicuous, or without glands; without white resin; without resin glands on leading shoots. Lateral leaves: mm long; facial and lateral leaves more or less equal in length; visibly (facial leaves are not overlapping), or not visibly adjoined (facial leaves are overlapping). Facial leaves: mm long. Male cones: 1 3 mm long; mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 5 8 male cone scale whorls; globose; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 1 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; 5 7 mm wide; 8 14 cone scales; globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, bright, or dark; young cones greenish or green with bluish coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with dorsal depression, or with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent, or present; 1 4 mm long; simple (round, angled at the apex, or a flat, woody plate). Seeds: 1 3 mm long; mm wide; 8 24 seeds per cone; red, bright dark brown, or black; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: 2 4 mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: Japan. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Cupressus pisifera (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.) F. MUELL, Retinispora pisifera SIEBOLD & ZUCC. [1844], Thuja pisifera (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.) MAST. Common names: Sawara (JAP), Sawara-Scheinzypresse (GER). Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) BRITTON, STERNS & POGGENB. var. henryae (H. L. LI) LITTLE Tree: evergreen; erect; 28 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, brown, or red; smooth scaly, furrowed, or divided in plates. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: 1 2 mm wide; 1 20 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally, or in one plane; flattened in cross-section; without white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 2 3 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright green; closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; with resin glands on leading shoots. Lateral leaves: 1 4 mm long; facial and lateral leaves more or less equal in length; visibly (facial leaves are not overlapping), or not visibly adjoined (facial leaves are overlapping). Facial leaves: 1 3 mm long. Male cones: 1 4 mm long; mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 5 7 male cone scale whorls; ovoid; yellow, bright brown, red, or orange. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 1 2 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 4 7 mm long; 4 9 mm wide; 4 8 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, or globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, or dark; young cones green with bluish coating, or reddish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; umbo or depression absent, or present; with dorsal depression, or with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: mm long; simple (round, angled at the apex, or a flat, woody plate). Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 4 24 seeds per cone; bright brown black; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: 2 3 mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings.

160 Taxon descriptions 155 Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: USA. IUCN Red List: rare. Synonyms: Chamaecyparis henryae H. L. LI [1962], Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) BRITTON, STERNS & POGGENB. Common name: Atlantic White Cedar (ENG). Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) BRITTON, STERNS & POGGENB. var. thyoides Tree: evergreen; erect; 30 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1.15 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown, or red; smooth scaly, or divided in plates. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: 1 2 mm wide; 1 20 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally, or in one plane; flattened in cross-section; without white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; medium dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); apically spreading, or closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; with resin glands on leading shoots. Lateral leaves: 1 4 mm long; facial and lateral leaves more or less equal in length; visibly (facial leaves are not overlapping), or not visibly adjoined (facial leaves are overlapping). Facial leaves: 1 3 mm long. Male cones: 1 4 mm long; mm wide; solitary; 8 14 male cone scales; 4 7 male cone scale whorls; ovoid; yellow, bright brown, red, or orange. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 1 2 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 4 7 mm long; 4 9 mm wide; 4 8 cone scales; globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, or dark; young cones green with bluish coating, or reddish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; umbo or depression absent or present; with dorsal depression, or with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: mm long; simple (round, angled at the apex, or a flat, woody plate). Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 4 24 seeds per cone; bright brown black; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: 2 3 mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: USA. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea (SPRENG.) SPACH, Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) BRITTON, STERNS & POGGENB., Cupressus palustris SALISB., Cupressus thyoides L. [1753], Thuja sphaeroidea SPRENG., Thuja sphaeroidalis RICH. & A. RICH. Common name: Atlantic White Cedar (ENG). Cryptomeria japonica (THUNB. ex L. F.) D. DON Tree: evergreen; erect; 64 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 5 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; furrowed, or peeling off in strands. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (awl-shaped: rounded in cross-section). Needle leaves: 2 20 mm long; mm wide; arranged spirally; arranged in 5 rows; slightly spreading, or spreading; dark green; tip blunt. Male cones: 2 9 mm long; mm wide; several together, or solitary; ovoid, or oblong; male cone scales; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged spirally; 1 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 9 30 mm long; mm wide; cone scales; globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged spirally; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip acute; with small or large dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre, or near the tip. Columella: absent, or present; 5 15 mm long; simple (round or angled at the apex). Seeds: 4 8 mm long; mm wide; seeds per cone; red, bright dark brown, or black; 1 5 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 4 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n), 23 chromosomes (2n), 33 chromosomes (3n), or 44 chromosomes (4n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: China, Japan. IUCN Red List: not

161 Taxon descriptions 156 listed. Synonyms: Cryptomeria japonica (THUNB. ex L. F.) D. DON, Cryptomeria generalis E. H. L. KRAUSE, Cryptomeria japonica (THUNB. ex L. F.) D. DON var. lobbii HORT. ex CARRIERE, Cryptomeria japonica (THUNB. ex L. F.) D. DON var. pungens CARRIERE, Cryptomeria japonica (THUNB. ex L. F.) D. DON var. radicans NAKAI, Cryptomeria lobbiana BILLAIN, Cryptomeria lobbii HORT. ex F. SCHNEIDER, Cryptomeria nigricans CARRIERE, Cupressus japonica THUNB. ex L. F. [1782], Schubertia japonica (THUNB. ex L. F.) SPACH, Taxodium japonicum (THUNB. ex L. F.) BRONGN., Cryptomeria fortunei HOOIBR., Cryptomeria japonica (THUNB. ex L. F.) D. DON ssp. sinensis (MIQ.) P. D. SELL, Cryptomeria japonica (THUNB. ex L. F.) D. DON var. fortunei (HOOIBR.) HENRY, Cryptomeria kawaii HAYATA, Cryptomeria mairei (LEV.) NAKAI, Cupressus mairei (LEV.) NAKAI, Cupressus mairei LEV. Common names: Sugi (JAP), Sicheltanne (GER). Cunninghamia konishii HAYATA Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 50 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 3 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, brown, or black; smooth scaly, peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly conical (pyramidal). Branches: horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: 8 35 mm long; mm wide; arranged spirally; arranged in 2 rows, not exact in one plane; spreading; bright, or dark green; tip acute; with two white stripes; with 7 15 stomata rows. Male cones: at close quarters; male cone scales; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged spirally; 2 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, globose, or ovoid; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged spirally; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip acute; umbo absent. Columella: absent. Seeds: 2 8 mm long; 1 5 mm wide; seeds per cone; bright brown black; 2 4 seeds per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: China, Taiwan, Laos, Vietnam. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Cunninghamia kawakamii HAYATA, Cunninghamia lanceolata (LAMB.) HOOK. var. konishii (HAYATA) FUJITA. Common name: Shan Mu (CHN). Cunninghamia lanceolata (LAMB.) HOOK. Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 50 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 3 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, brown, or black; divided in plates, smooth scaly, peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm long; arranged 3- dimensionally; roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: 8 70 mm long; mm wide; arranged spirally; arranged in 2 rows, not exact in one plane; spreading; bright dark green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip acute; with two white stripes; with stomata rows. Male cones: at close quarters; male cone scales; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged spirally; 2 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, globose, or ovoid; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged spirally; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip acute; umbo absent. Columella: absent. Seeds: 4 9 mm long; 2 7 mm wide; seeds per cone; bright brown black; 1 4 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: China. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Abies lanceolata (LAMB.) POIR, Belis jaculifolia SALISB., Belis lanceolata (LAMB.) HOFFMANNS, Cunninghamia jacufolia (SALISB.) DRUCE, Cunninghamia sinensis R. BR. ex RICH. & A. RICH., Cunninghamia unicanaliculata D. Y. WANG & H. L. LIU, Cunninghamia unicanaliculata D. Y. WANG & H. L. LIU var. pyramidalis D. Y. WANG &

162 Taxon descriptions 157 H. L. LIU, Pinus lanceolata LAMB. [1803], Raxopitys cunninghamia J. NELSON. Common name: Shan Mu (CHN). Cupressus arizonica GREENE var. arizonica Tree: evergreen; erect; 30 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1.15 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, brown, or black; furrowed, or divided in plates. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with inconspicuous or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side keeled; tip curved out- or inwards. Male cones: 2 5 mm long; mm wide; solitary; 8 20 male cone scales; 4 10 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 4 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 6 12 cone scales; globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright; young cones greenish or green with bluish coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with large dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; 3 5 mm wide; seeds per cone; dark brown black; 8 10 seeds per female cone scale; flattened; tubercled; with, or without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 3 5 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: Mexico, USA. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Cupressus benthamii ENDL. var. arizonica, Cupressus arizonica GREENE var. bonita LEMMON, Cupressus arizonica GREENE var. arizonica f. glomerata MARTÍNEZ, Cupressus arizonica GREENE var. arizonica f. minor MARTÍNEZ. Common names: Rough-Bark Arizona Cypress (ENG), Arizona Cypress (ENG). Cupressus arizonica GREENE var. glabra (SUDW.) LITTLE Tree: evergreen; erect; 21.3 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1.6 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; divided in plates, or smooth scaly. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 5 20 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with conspicuous white resin, or glands; dorsal side keeled; tip curved outor inwards. Male cones: 3 5 mm long; mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 5 9 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 4 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 5 12 cone scales; globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright, or dark; young cones greenish or green with bluish coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with small or large dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: 4 5 mm long; 3 8 mm wide; seeds per cone; bright brown black; 4 19 seeds per female cone scale; flattened; tubercled; with, or without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 3 5 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: USA. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonym: Cupressus glabra SUDW. [1910]. Common names: Smooth Arizona (ENG), Smooth Arizona Cypress (ENG), Smooth-Bark Arizona Cypress (ENG), Arizona Cypress (ENG).

163 Taxon descriptions 158 Cupressus arizonica GREENE var. montana (WIGGINS) LITTLE Tree: evergreen; erect; 21.3 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1.15 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, brown, or red; furrowed. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 8 20 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with conspicuous white resin, or glands; dorsal side keeled; tip curved outor inwards. Male cones: mm long; mm wide; solitary; 8 14 male cone scales; 4 7 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 4 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 8 12 cone scales; ovoid, globose, depressedglobose or 2-lobed; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright; young cones greenish or green with bluish coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: 3 4 mm long; mm wide; seeds per cone; bright middle brown; 8 10 seeds per female cone scale; flattened; tubercled; with, or without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 3 5 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: Mexico, USA. IUCN Red List: vulnerable. Synonym: Cupressus montana WIGGINS [1933]. Common names: San Pedro Martir Cypress (ENG), Arizona Cypress (ENG). Cupressus arizonica GREENE var. nevadensis (ABRAMS) LITTLE Tree: evergreen; erect; 25 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1.15 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; furrowed. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with conspicuous white resin, or glands; dorsal side keeled; tip curved outor inwards. Male cones: 3 5 mm long; mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 5 8 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 4 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 6 8 cone scales; ovoid, oblong, globose, depressed-globose, or 2-lobed; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright; young cones greenish or green with bluish coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: 4 5 mm long; 3 5 mm wide; seeds per cone; bright brown black; 8 14 seeds per female cone scale; flattened; tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 3 5 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: USA. IUCN Red List: rare. Synonyms: Cupressus macnabiana A. MURRAY BIS var. nevadensis (ABRAMS.) ABRAMS., Cupressus nevadensis ABRAMS.[1919]. Common names: Piute Cypress (ENG), Paiute Cypress (ENG), Arizona Cypress (ENG). Cupressus arizonica GREENE var. stephensonii (C. B. WOLF) LITTLE Tree: evergreen; erect; 15.3 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1.15 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; divided in plates, or smooth scaly. Crown: dense; widely

164 Taxon descriptions 159 conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 6 20 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; slender, or roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with conspicuous, inconspicuous, or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; tip curved out- or inwards. Male cones: 2 4 mm long; mm wide; solitary; 8 14 male cone scales; 4 7 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 4 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 6 8 cone scales; globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright; young cones greenish or green with bluish coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with small, or large dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: 5 9 mm long; 5 8 mm wide; seeds per cone; dark brown black; 8 10 seeds per female cone scale; flattened; tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 3 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: North America: Mexico, USA. IUCN Red List: vulnerable. Synonyms: Cupressus arizonica GREENE var. revealiana SILBA, Cupressus stephensonii C. B. WOLF [1948]. Common names: Cuyamaca Cypress (ENG), Cuyamaca-Zypresse (GER), Arizona Cypress (ENG), Stephenson Cypress (ENG). Cupressus bakeri JEPS. Tree: evergreen; erect; 30.5 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, or red; divided in plates, or smooth scaly. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 5 20 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with conspicuous glands; with, or without white resin; dorsal side keeled; tip curved inwards. Male cones: 2 3 mm long; mm wide; solitary; 8 12 male cone scales; 4 6 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 3 5 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 4 8 cone scales; globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright, or dark; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; 2 4 mm wide; seeds per cone; bright middle brown; 6 20 seeds per female cone scale; flattened; not tubercled; with, or without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 3 4 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: USA. IUCN Red List: vulnerable. Synonyms: Cupressus bakeri JEPS. ssp. typica C. B. WOLF, Cupressus bakeri subsp. matthewsii C.B. WOLF, Cupressus macnabiana A. MURRAY BIS var. bakeri (JEPS.) JEPS. Common names: Bakers Cypress (ENG), Modoc Cypress (ENG), Modoc- Zypresse (GER), Siskiyou Cypress (ENG). Cupressus cashmeriana ROYLE ex CARRIÈRE Tree: evergreen; erect; 18.3 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 2 m maximum diameter. Bark: red, or brown; peeling off in strands. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 3 15 mm long; arranged in one plane; flattened in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); spreading, or apically spreading; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves =

165 Taxon descriptions 160 monomorphic); tip acute; with conspicuous, inconspicuous, or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; tip curved outwards. Male cones: 3 7 mm long; 1 3 mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 7 8 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; cone scales; globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; dark, or reddish; young cones greenish or green with bluish coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with dorsal depression, or with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: 2 6 mm long; 1 4 mm wide; seeds per cone; bright brown black; 8 12 seeds per female cone scale; flattened; tubercled; with, or without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: 1 2 mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: Bhutan, India, China. IUCN Red List: vulnerable. Synonyms: Cupressus assamica SILBA, Cupressus darjeelingensis (SILBA) SILBA, Cupressus himalaica SILBA, Cupressus himalaica SILBA var. darjeelingensis SILBA, Cupressus pendula GRIFF., Cupressus pseudohimalaica SILBA, Cupressus torulosa D. DON var. cashmeriana (ROYLE ex CARRIÈRE) Kent, Cupressus torulosis GRIFF. Common name: Kashmir Cypress (ENG). Cupressus chengiana S. Y. HU var. chengiana Tree: evergreen; erect; 30 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 5 35 mm long; arranged in one plane; roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; medium dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt; with conspicuous white resin, or glands; dorsal side rounded or keeled; tip curved inwards. Male cones: 2 4 mm long; mm wide; solitary; 8 12 male cone scales; 4 6 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 5 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 6 10 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, globose, ovoid, or oblong; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, or dark; young cones green with bluish coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with small dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: absent. Seeds: 3 5 mm long; 2 4 mm wide; seeds per cone; bright brown black; 6 20 seeds per female cone scale; flattened; not tubercled. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Asia: China. IUCN Red List: vulnerable. Synonyms: Cupressus chengiana S. Y. HU var. kansouensis SILBA, Cupressus chengiana S. Y. HU var. wenchuanhsiensis SILBA, Cupressus fallax FRANCO. Common names: Cheng Cypress (ENG), Min River Cypress (ENG). Cupressus chengiana S. Y. HU var. jiangensis (N. ZHAO) SILBA Tree: evergreen; erect; 27 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; arranged 3-dimensionally, or in one plane; roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; medium dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt; with conspicuous, inconspicuous, or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded or keeled; tip curved inwards. Male cones: 2 4 mm long; solitary; male cone scales; 6 8 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale.

166 Taxon descriptions 161 Female cones: mm long; 5 10 mm wide; 12 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, globose, ovoid, or oblong; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, or dark; young cones green with bluish coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with small dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: absent. Seeds: 3 5 mm long; 2 4 mm wide; seeds per cone; bright middle brown; 6 20 seeds per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: 1 2 mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Asia: China. IUCN Red List: endangered. Synonyms: Cupressus jiangensis N. ZHAO [1980]. Common names: Jiange Cypress (ENG), Pine Cypress (ENG), Cheng Cypress (ENG). Cupressus duclouxiana HICKEL Tree: evergreen; erect; 60 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 0.8 m maximum diameter. Bark: red, or brown; peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous, inconspicuous, or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; tip curved outwards. Male cones: 4 7 mm long; 2 3 mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 6 10 male cone scale whorls; globose, ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 6 10 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, or globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, reddish, or dark; young cones green with bluish coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: 3 5 mm long; 1 3 mm wide; seeds per cone; red, bright dark brown, or black; seeds per female cone scale; flattened; tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: China. IUCN Red List: rare. Common names: Ducloux Cypress (ENG), Yunnan Cypress (ENG), Chinese Cypress (ENG). Cupressus dupreziana A. CAMUS var. atlantica (GAUSSEN) SILBA Tree: evergreen; erect; 40 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 4 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, or brown; furrowed. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 4 11 mm long; arranged in one plane; flattened in cross-section; without white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; medium dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic), or two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous, inconspicuous, or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side keeled; tip curved outwards. Lateral leaves: mm long; facial and lateral leaves more or less equal in length; not visibly adjoined (facial leaves are overlapping). Facial leaves: mm long. Male cones: 3 7 mm long; mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 6 10 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 8 12 cone scales; globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; dark; young cones greenish, or reddish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent.

167 Taxon descriptions 162 Seeds: 3 5 mm long; 3 6 mm wide; seeds per cone; bright middle brown; 6 20 seeds per female cone scale; flattened; tubercled; with, or without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: 1 2 mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 3 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Africa: Morocco. IUCN Red List: endangered. Synonyms: Cupressus atlantica GAUSSEN [1950], Cupressus sempervirens L. var. atlantica (GAUSSEN) SILBA. Common names: Atlas Cypress (ENG), Moroccan Cypress (ENG), Azel Cypress (ENG). Cupressus dupreziana A. CAMUS var. dupreziana Tree: evergreen; erect; 20 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 3 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; furrowed. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 4 11 mm long; arranged in one plane; flattened in cross-section; without white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 2 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic), or two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip blunt; with, or without white resin; with conspicuous glands;; dorsal side rounded; tip curved outwards. Lateral leaves: mm long; facial and lateral leaves more or less equal in length; not visibly adjoined (facial leaves are overlapping). Facial leaves: 1 2 mm long. Male cones: 3 7 mm long; mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 9 12 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, globose, or ovoid; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; dark; young cones greenish, or reddish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: 4 6 mm long; 3 6 mm wide; seeds per cone; red, or bright middle brown; 6 20 seeds per female cone scale; flattened; tubercled, or not tubercled; without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: 1 2 mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Africa: Algeria. IUCN Red List: endangered. Synonyms: Cupressus lereddei GAUSSEN, Cupressus sempervirens L. var. dupreziana (A. CAMUS) SILBA [1981]. Common names: Duprez Cypress (ENG), Saharan Cypress (ENG), Tamrit Cypress (ENG), Tamrit-Zypresse (GER), Tarout (ENG). Cupressus funebris ENDL. Tree: evergreen; erect; 35 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 0.6 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; peeling off in strands, furrowed, or smooth scaly. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 4 12 mm long; arranged in one plane; flattened in crosssection; without white or glaucous marking. Leaves: adult and juvenile leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section), or scaly. Needle leaves: 4 10 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; arranged in 4 rows; spreading; bright dark green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip acute. Scale leaves: 1 3 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); apically spreading, or closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip acute; with inconspicuous or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side keeled; tip curved out- or inwards. Lateral leaves: mm long; facial and lateral leaves more or less equal in length; not visibly adjoined (facial leaves are overlapping). Facial leaves: mm long. Male cones: 3 7 mm long; 2 3 mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 6 12 male cone scale whorls; ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 8 15 mm long; 8 13 mm wide; 6 12 cone scales; globose, depressed-globose or 2-lobed; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; dark, or bluish; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature

168 Taxon descriptions 163 cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; seeds per cone; red, bright dark brown, or black; 3 7 seeds per female cone scale; flattened; tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: 1 2 mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 3 5 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: Bhutan, China, India, Nepal. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Chamaecyparis funebris (ENDL) FRANCO, Cupressus funebris ENDL. var. gracilis CARRIERE, Cupressus pendula ABEL. Common names: Weeping Cypress (ENG), Mourning Cypress (ENG), Chinese Weeping Cypress (ENG), Funebral Cypress (ENG), Funereal Cypress (ENG), Funeral Cypress (ENG). Cupressus gigantea W. C. CHENG & L. K. FU Tree: evergreen; erect; 45 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 6 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, or brown; peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 4 20 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous white resin, or glands; dorsal side rounded; tip curved inwards. Male cones: 3 7 mm long; mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 7 8 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; cone scales; globose, oblong, or ovoid; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish; young cones reddish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with large dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: absent. Seeds: 3 6 mm wide; seeds per cone; 6 20 seeds per female cone scale; flattened; not tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: 1 2 mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: China. IUCN Red List: vulnerable. Common names: Giant Cypress (ENG), Tsangpo River Cypress (ENG). Cupressus goveniana GORDON var. abramsiana (C. B. WOLF) LITTLE Tree: evergreen; erect; 18 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 0.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, or brown; furrowed. Crown: dense; widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 2 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with inconspicuous or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; tip curved inwards. Male cones: 3 4 mm long; mm wide; solitary, or several together; male cone scales; 5 8 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 1 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 8 10 cone scales; ovoid, or globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright, or dark; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with small or large dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: 3 5 mm long; 3 6 mm wide; seeds per cone; dark brown black; seeds per female cone scale; flattened; not tubercled, or tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: 0 1 mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 3 5 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: North America: USA. IUCN Red List: endangered.

169 Taxon descriptions 164 Synonym: Cupressus abramsiana C. B. WOLF [1948]. Common names: Californian Cypress (ENG), Gowan Cypress (ENG), Santa Cruz Cypress (ENG), Santa Cruz-Zypresse (GER). Cupressus goveniana GORDON var. goveniana Tree: evergreen; erect; 45.7 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 2.1 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown, or grey; furrowed. Crown: dense, or rather open; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 8 25 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; long; quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with inconspicuous or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; tip curved inwards. Male cones: 3 4 mm long; mm wide; solitary, or several together; male cone scales; 6 7 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 3 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; 6 20 mm wide; 6 10 cone scales; ovoid, or globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: 3 5 mm long; 3 4 mm wide; seeds per cone; dark brown black; seeds per female cone scale; flattened; tubercled; without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: 0 1 mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 3 5 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: USA. IUCN Red List: endangered. Synonyms: Cupressus goveniana GORDON subsp. pigmaea (LEMMON) A. CAMUS, Cupressus goveniana GORDON var. parva LEMMON, Cupressus goveniana GORDON var. pigmaea LEMMON, Cupressus pigmaea (LEMMON) SARG. Common names: Californian Cypress (ENG), Gowan Cypress (ENG), Mendocino Cypress (ENG), Mendocino- Zypresse (GER). Cupressus guadalupensis S. WATSON var. forbesii (JEPS.) LITTLE Tree: evergreen; erect; 10 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 0.75 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown, or red; divided in plates, or smooth scaly. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly, widely conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Branches: ascending. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 8 15 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous glands; dorsal side rounded; tip curved outwards. Male cones: 3 4 mm long; mm wide; solitary; 8 14 male cone scales; 5 7 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 3 5 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 6 10 cone scales; globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright, or dark; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with small or large dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: 5 7 mm long; 3 4 mm wide; seeds per cone; red, bright dark brown, or black; seeds per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 3 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: USA, Mexico. IUCN Red List: vulnerable. Synonyms: Cupressus forbesii JEPS. [1922], Cupressus guadalupensis S. WATSON subsp. forbesii (JEPS.) BEAUCH. Common names: Forbes Cypress (ENG), Tecate Cypress (ENG), Tecate-Zypresse (GER).

170 Taxon descriptions 165 Cupressus guadalupensis S. WATSON var. guadalupensis Tree: evergreen; erect; 20 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1.6 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown, or red; divided in plates, or smooth scaly. Crown: rather open; globose irregular, or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 7 30 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous, inconspicuous, or without glands; with, or without white resin; dorsal side rounded; tip curved outwards. Male cones: 3 6 mm long; 2 5 mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 7 9 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 6 10 cone scales; globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright, or dark; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with large dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: 4 7 mm long; 3 6 mm wide; seeds per cone; dark brown black; 6 20 seeds per female cone scale; flattened; tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 3 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: Mexico: Guadalupe Island. IUCN Red List: endangered. Synonym: Cupressus macrocarpa GORDON var. guadalupensis (S. WATSON) MAST. Common names: Guadalupe Cypress (ENG), Guadalupe-Zypresse (GER). Cupressus lusitanica MILL. var. benthamii (ENDL.) CARRIÈRE Tree: evergreen; erect; 33 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1.8 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, brown, or red; peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: dense, or rather open; columnar to narrowly conical (pyramidal). Branches: drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; mm long; arranged in one plane; quadrangular in cross-section; without white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 2 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); apically spreading, or closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip acute; with conspicuous, inconspicuous, or without glands; with, or without white resin; dorsal side rounded or keeled; tip curved outwards. Lateral leaves: mm long; facial and lateral leaves more or less equal in length; not visibly adjoined (facial leaves are overlapping). Facial leaves: 1 2 mm long. Male cones: 2 4 mm long; solitary; male cone scales; 6 10 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 4 8 cone scales; globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright, or dark; young cones green with bluish coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; 3 6 mm wide; seeds per cone; bright brown black; 8 10 seeds per female cone scale; flattened; tubercled; with, or without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: 0 1 mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 3 4 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: Mexico, Guatemala. IUCN Red List: rare. Synonyms: Cupressus benthamii ENDL. [1847], Cupressus benthamii ENDL. var. knightiana (PERRY ex GORDON) MAST., Cupressus knightiana PERRY ex GORDON. Common name: Bentham s Cypress (ENG).

171 Taxon descriptions 166 Cupressus lusitanica MILL. var. lusitanica Tree: evergreen; erect; 30.5 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1.15 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: dense, or rather open; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; stout, or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with inconspicuous or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded or keeled; tip curved outwards. Male cones: mm long; mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 7 10 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 6 8 cone scales; globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright, or dark; young cones green with bluish coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with small or large dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; 2 4 mm wide; seeds per cone; bright brown black; 8 10 seeds per female cone scale; flattened; not tubercled, or tubercled; without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: 0 1 mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 4 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Cupressus excelsa SCOTT ex CARRIÈRE, Cupressus glauca LAM., Cupressus lindleyi KLOTZSCH ex ENDL., Cupressus lindleyi KLOTZSCH ex ENDL. var. hondurensis (SILBA) SILBA, Cupressus lusitanica MILL. var. uhdeana (CARRIÈRE) CARRIÈRE, Cupressus lusitanica MILL. var. glauca A. HENRY, Cupressus lusitanica MILL. var. hondurensis SILBA, Cupressus benthamii ENDL. var. lindleyi (KLOTZSCH ex ENDL.) MAST., Cupressus lusitanica MILL. var. lindleyi (KLOTZSCH ex ENDL.) CARRIERE, Cupressus lusitanica MILL. var. skinneri CARRIERE ex A. HENRY, Cupressus pendula L HER. [1785], Cupressus uhdeana GORDON ex CARRIÈRE. Common names: Mexican Cypress (ENG), Portuguese Cypress (ENG), Cedar of Goa (ENG). Cupressus macnabiana A. MURRAY BIS Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 12.5 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 0.4 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; smooth scaly, or furrowed. Crown: dense; widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 3 10 mm long; arranged in one plane; flattened in cross-section; without white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; medium dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic), or two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip blunt; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; tip curved inwards. Lateral leaves: 1 3 mm long; facial and lateral leaves more or less equal in length; not visibly adjoined (facial leaves are overlapping). Facial leaves: mm long. Male cones: 2 3 mm long; mm wide; solitary; 6 8 male cone scales; 3 4 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 3 5 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 6 8 cone scales; globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, bluish, or bright; young cones green with bluish coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with large dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: 2 5 mm long; 2 5 mm wide; seeds per cone; bright brown black; seeds per female cone scale; flattened; not tubercled, or tubercled; without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 3 5 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North

172 Taxon descriptions 167 America: USA. IUCN Red List: rare. Synonym: Cupressus nabiana MAST. Common name: MacNab Cypress (ENG). Cupressus macrocarpa HARTW. ex. GORDON Tree: evergreen; erect; 25 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1.9 m maximum diameter. Bark: white, grey, red or brown; smooth scaly, or furrowed. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: 1 2 mm wide; 5 20 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; in cross-section roundish or quadrangular. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 3 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt; with inconspicuous or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; tip curved inwards. Male cones: 4 6 mm long; mm wide; solitary; 6 14 male cone scales; 3 7 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 6 10 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 8 14 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, ovoid, or globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, bright, or dark; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; seeds per cone; red, bright dark brown, or black; seeds per female cone scale; flattened; tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 3 5 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n), or 44 chromosomes (4n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: USA. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Cupressus lambertiana HORT. ex CARRIERE, Cupressus macrocarpa HARTW. ex GORDON var. lambertiana (CARRIERE) MAST., Cupressus hartwegii CARRIERE. Common name: Monterey Cypress (ENG). Cupressus sargentii JEPS. Tree: evergreen; erect; 25 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1.2 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, brown, or black; smooth scaly, or furrowed. Crown: dense, or rather open; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 5 10 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish or quadrangular in crosssection. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with conspicuous, inconspicuous, or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded or keeled; tip curved outor inwards. Male cones: 3 5 mm long; mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 5 6 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 3 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 4 10 cone scales; ovoid, or globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright, or dark; young cones reddish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with small or large dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; 5 6 mm wide; seeds per cone; dark brown black; 6 20 seeds per female cone scale; flattened; not tubercled, or tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 3 5 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: USA. IUCN Red List: rare. Synonyms: Cupressus goveniana GORDON var. sargentii (JEPS.) A. HENRY, Cupressus sargentii JEPS. var. duttonii JEPS. Common name: Sargent Cypress (ENG).

173 Taxon descriptions 168 Cupressus sempervirens L. Tree: evergreen; erect; 45.7 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 0.95 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown, or grey; furrowed, or smooth scaly. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 5 30 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; medium dark green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt; with inconspicuous or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; tip curved inwards. Male cones: mm long; mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 6 11 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 6 14 cone scales; ovoid, oblong, or globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright, or dark; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: 3 7 mm long; 2 6 mm wide; seeds per cone; bright brown black; 8 22 seeds per female cone scale; flattened; not tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: 0 1 mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Africa: Algeria, Libya; Asia: Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey; Europe: Croatia, Cyprus, France: Corsica; Greece, Italy: Sardinia; Malta, Portugal, Spain: Balearic Islands; Canaries. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Cupressus elongata SALISB., Cupressus horizontalis MILL., Cupressus horizontalis MILL. var. pendula HORT. ex ENDL., Cupressus patula PERS., Cupressus sempervirens L. f. horizontalis (MILL.) VOSS, Cupressus sempervirens L. subsp. horizontalis (MILL.) A. CAMUS, or Cupressus sempervirens L. var. horizontalis (MILL.) LOUDON, Cupressus sempervirens L. var. numidica TRAB. Common names: Mediterranean Cypress (ENG), Common Cypress (ENG), Italian Cypress (ENG). Cupressus torulosa D. DON Tree: evergreen; erect; 50 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 3.6 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, or brown; peeling off in strands. Crown: dense; widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 5 60 mm long; arranged in one plane; roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 2 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with inconspicuous or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; tip curved inwards. Male cones: 3 6 mm long; mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 6 8 male cone scale whorls; globose, or ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 6 12 cone scales; ovoid, or globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, or dark; young cones green with bluish coating, greenish, or reddish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with dorsal depression, or with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: 3 5 mm long; 3 5 mm wide; seeds per cone; red, bright dark brown, or black; 6 8 seeds per female cone scale; flattened; not tubercled; with, or without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: 1 2 mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 3 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: China, India, Nepal. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Cupressus doniana HORT. ex HOOK. f., Cupressus karnaliensis SILBA, Cupressus karnaliensis SILBA var. mustangensis SILBA, Cupressus sempervirens L. var. indica ROYLE ex PARL., Cupressus tongmaiensis SILBA, Cupressus tongmaiensis SILBA var. ludlowii SILBA, Cupressus tonkinensis SILBA, Cupressus whitleyana CARRIÈRE, Cupressus

174 Taxon descriptions 169 austrotibetica SILBA. Common names: Himalayan Cypress (ENG), Himalaya-Zypresse (GER), Twisted Cypress (ENG), Bhutan Cypress (ENG). Diselma archeri HOOK. F. Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 6.1 m maximum height; monoecious, or dioecious. Trunk: 1 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; furrowed, or smooth scaly. Crown: dense; globose irregular, or procumbent. Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 1 20 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; medium dark green; apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with inconspicuous or without glands. Male cones: 1 2 mm long; solitary; 6 12 male cone scales; 3 6 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 3 6 mm long; 3 6 mm wide; 4 cone scales; globose, or ovoid; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; dark; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted at the same level in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; flattened; tip blunt; umbo absent. Columella: mm long; simple (round or angled at the apex), or apart (2-/3-/4-lobed, 2-/3-/4-partite). Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 4 seeds per cone; bright brown black; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 2, or 3 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 11 chromosomes (1n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Tasmania. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonym: Fitzroya archeri (HOOK. F.) BENTH. & HOOK. F. Fitzroya cupressoides (MOLINA) I. M. JOHNST. Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 48.8 m maximum height; monoecious, or dioecious. Trunk: 9.2 m maximum diameter. Bark: red, or brown; peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: dense, or rather open; widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: 1 5 mm long; 1 2 mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; slightly spreading, or spreading; dark green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip blunt, or acute; with two white stripes. Male cones: 4 6 mm long; solitary; male cone scales; 5 8 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; 4 7 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 3 9 mm long; 6 15 mm wide; 4 9 cone scales; globose, depressed-globose or 2- lobed; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; inserted at the same level in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre, or near the tip. Columella: 2 6 mm long; apart (2-/3- /4-lobed, 2-/3-/4-partite). Seeds: 1 5 mm long; 1 5 mm wide; 6 25 seeds per cone; red, or bright middle brown; 1 6 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 3, or 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 8 cotyledones; 11 chromosomes (1n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: South America: Argentina, Chile. IUCN Red List: rare. Synonyms: Abies cupressoides (MOLINA) POIR., Cupresstellata patagonica (HOOK. F.) J. NELSON, Fitzroya patagonica HOOK. F. ex LINDL., Libocedrus tetragona (HOOK.) ENDL., Pinus cupressoides MOLINA [1782], Thuja tetragona HOOK. Common names: Alerce (GER), Alerce (SPA), Patagonische Zypresse (GER). Fokienia hodginsii (DUNN) A. HENRY & H. H. THOMAS Tree: evergreen; erect; 13 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 0.3 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, brown, or red; divided in plates, or furrowed. Crown: rather open; widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: 2 7 mm wide; 5 50 mm long; arranged in one plane; flattened in cross-section; with white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; 2 7 mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 4; bright dark green; closely appressed; two types of leaves

175 Taxon descriptions 170 (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with inconspicuous or without glands. Lateral leaves: 3 10 mm long; facial and lateral leaves more or less equal in length; not visibly adjoined (facial leaves are overlapping). Facial leaves: 2 7 mm long. Male cones: mm long; mm wide; several together, or solitary; 6 16 male cone scales; 3 8 male cone scale whorls; ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 1 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; cone scales; ovoid, or globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent, or present; 4 10 mm long; simple (round, angled at the apex, or a flat, woody plate). Seeds: 3 8 mm long; 3 10 mm wide; seeds per cone; red, or bright middle brown; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: 2 8 mm wide; 2 unequal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 11 chromosomes (1n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: China, Laos, Vietnam. IUCN Red List: rare. Synonyms: Cupressus hodginsii DUNN [1908], Fokienia kawaii HAYATA, Fokienia maclurei MERR. Common name: Po mu (VIE). Glyptostrobus pensilis (STAUNTON ex D. DON) K. KOCH Tree: deciduous, or evergreen; erect; 25 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1.2 m maximum diameter. Bark: white, grey, red, or brown; smooth scaly, or peeling off in strands. Crown: rather open; widely conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section), or scaly. Needle leaves: 2 12 mm long; mm wide; arranged spirally; arranged in 2 rows, not exact in one plane; spreading; bright green; tip acute; without any white stripes. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged spirally; bright green; apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with inconspicuous or without glands. Male cones: several together, or solitary; male cone scales; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged spirally; 1 9 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; 9 15 mm wide; cone scales; ovoid, or oblong; cone-like (first open, disintegrating after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged spirally; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt, or acute; with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: 4 8 mm long; 1 4 mm wide; 7 19 seeds per cone; bright brown black; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; non-flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings, or unequal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 4 5 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: China, Vietnam. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Cuprespinnata heterophylla (BRONGN.) J. NELSON, Glyptostrobus aquatica (ANTOINE) R. PARKER, Glyptostrobus heterophylla (BRONGN.) ENDL., Glyptostrobus sinensis A. HENRY ex LODER, Sabina aquatica ANTOINE, Taxodium japonicum (THUNB. ex L. F.) BRONGN., Taxodium japonicum (THUNB. ex L. F.) BRONGN. var. heterophylla BRONGN., Taxodium sinense (J. FORBES) J. NELSON, Thuja pensilis STAUNTON ex D. DON [1828]. Common names: Chinese Deciduous Cypress (CHN), Water Pine (ENG). Juniperus angosturana R. P. ADAMS Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 18 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 0.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; divided in plates, or peeling off in strands. Crown: dense; globose irregular. Branches: ascending. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 6 12 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular, roundish, or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 3 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; bright dark green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with inconspicuous or without glands; without white resin; with serrate margin.

176 Taxon descriptions 171 Male cones: mm long; mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 6 8 male cone scale whorls; ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3. Female cones: 3 8 mm long; 2 6 mm wide; 2 4 cone scales; globose, or ovoid; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or reddish; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 3 seed(s) per cone; bright brown black; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; not tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: North America: Mexico. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonym: Juniperus monosperma (ENGELM.) SARG. var. gracilis MARTINEZ. Common name: Slender One-Seed Juniper (ENG). Juniperus ashei J. BUCHHOLZ Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 15 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 1.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: red, brown, or grey; peeling off in strands. Crown: rather open; globose irregular. Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 4 20 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular, roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 2 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; medium dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute or blunt; with conspicuous glands; with, or without white resin; dorsal side rounded or keeled; with serrate margin; tip curved inwards. Male cones: 3 6 mm long; 1 3 mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 5 8 male cone scale whorls; ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 1 5 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 6 10 mm long; 5 10 mm wide; ovoid, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy, or leathery; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or dark; female-cone bearingbranchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent, or present; with small dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 8 seed(s) per cone; bright brown black; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened, or non-flattened; not tubercled, or tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: Mexico, USA. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Sabina tetragona (SCHLTDL.) ANTOINE, Juniperus sabinoides SARG., Juniperus tetragona MOENCH., Juniperus tetragona MOENCH var. oligosperma ENGELM., Juniperus sabinoides (KUNTH) NEES, Juniperus occidentalis HOOK. var. texana VASEY, Juniperus occidentalis HOOK. var. conjugens ENGELM., Juniperus mexicana SPRENG., Juniperus tetragona SCHLTDL., Cupressus sabinoides KUNTH, Sabina sabinoides SMALL. Common names: Ashe Juniper (ENG), Mountain Cedar (ENG), Rock Cedar (ENG), Mexican Cedar (ENG). Juniperus barbadensis L. var. barbadensis Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 15.2 m maximum height. Trunk: 0.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: peeling off in strands. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 5 20 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; arranged oppositely; bright green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with conspicuous, inconspicuous, or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with smooth margin. Male cones: 3 6 mm long; solitary; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely. Female cones: 5 8 mm long; 5 8 mm wide; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish; female-cone bearingbranchlets straight, or curved. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone. Columella: absent.

177 Taxon descriptions 172 Seeds: 2 3 seeds per cone; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; non-flattened. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica. IUCN Red List: endangered. Synonym: Juniperus virginiana L. var. barbadensis (L.) GORDON [1858]. Juniperus barbadensis L. var. lucayana (BRITTON) R. P. ADAMS Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 15.2 m maximum height. Trunk: 1.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: peeling off in strands. Crown: rather open; globose irregular. Branches: horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 5 20 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; in cross-section quadrangular. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with conspicuous, inconspicuous, or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with smooth margin. Male cones: mm long; mm wide; solitary; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 3 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; 5 8 mm wide; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); leathery; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish; young cones green with bluish coating; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight, or curved. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone. Columella: absent. Seeds: 1 4 seed(s) per cone; non-flattened. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Bahamas, Barbados, Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica. IUCN Red List: indeterminate. Synonyms: Juniperus australis (ENDL.) PILG., Juniperus lucayana BRITTON [1908], Juniperus virginiana L. var. australis ENDL., Sabina alpestris JORD., Sabina virginiana (L.) ANTOINE, Sabina virginiana (L.) ANTOINE var. australis (ENDL.) ANTOINE, Juniperus barbadensis L. var. jamaicensis SILBA. Juniperus bermudiana L. Tree: evergreen; erect; 15.3 m maximum height. Trunk: 1.2 m maximum diameter. Bark: red, or grey; smooth scaly. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; mm long; arranged 3- dimensionally; stout, or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with smooth margin; tip curved inwards. Male cones: solitary; male cone scales; 7 9 male cone scale whorls; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 5 7 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 4 5 mm long; 6 8 mm wide; depressed-globose or 2-lobed; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone. Columella: absent. Seeds: 2 4 seeds per cone; bright brown black; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Bermuda Islands. IUCN Red List: endangered. Synonyms: Juniperus pyramidalis SALISB., Sabina bermudiana (L.) ANTOINE, Juniperus virginiana L. var. bermudiana (L.) VASEY, Juniperus oppositifolia MOENCH. Common name: Bermuda Cedar (ENG). Juniperus blancoi MARTÍNEZ var. blancoi Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 15 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 0.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown, or grey; peeling off in strands. Crown: rather open; globose irregular, or columnar to narrowly conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish or quadrangular in crosssection.

178 Taxon descriptions 173 Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with smooth margin; tip curved inwards. Male cones: ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely. Female cones: 3 6 mm long; 5 9 mm wide; 2 4 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or dark; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 2 5 seeds per cone; bright brown black; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; non-flattened; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: North America: Mexico. IUCN Red List: indeterminate. Common names: Blanco Cedar (ENG), Blanco Juniper (ENG). Juniperus blancoi MARTÍNEZ var. mucronata (R. P. ADAMS) FARJON Tree: evergreen; erect; 15 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 0.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown; peeling off in strands. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with smooth margin; tip curved inwards. Male cones: ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely. Female cones: 4 6 mm long; 5 8 mm wide; 2 4 cone scales; globose, depressed-globose or 2- lobed; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or dark; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 2 seed(s) per cone; bright brown black; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: North America: Mexico. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonym: Juniperus mucronata R. P. ADAMS [2000]. Juniperus brevifolia (SEUB.) ANTOINE Shrub: evergreen; erect; 3 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 0.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; furrowed, or peeling off in strands. Crown: dense, or rather open; widely conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Branches: horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: arranged 3- dimensionally; roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: 6 9 mm long; 1 2 mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; spreading; bright dark green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip blunt, or acute; dorsal side rounded; with two white stripes; not decurrent and jointed at the base. Male cones: solitary, or several together; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3. Female cones: 8 10 mm long; 8 10 mm wide; 3 cone scales, or 6 cone scales; globose; berrylike (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, bright, or dark; without coating. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent, or with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: 3 seeds per cone; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Azores. IUCN Red List: endangered. Synonym: Juniperus oxycedrus L. var. brevifolia SEUB. [1844]. Common name: Cedro do Mato (POR).

179 Taxon descriptions 174 Juniperus californica CARRIÈRE Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 12 m maximum height; monoecious, or dioecious. Trunk: 0.6 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, or brown; peeling off in strands, or smooth scaly. Crown: rather open; globose irregular. Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 2 mm long; 1 2 mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; bright green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with serrate margin; tip curved inwards. Male cones: solitary; male cone scales; 6 8 male cone scale whorls; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3. Female cones: mm long; 7 20 mm wide; 6 9 cone scales; ovoid, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); leathery; not disintegrating after maturity; young cones green with bluish coating; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent, or with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 2 seed(s) per cone; bright middle brown; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled, or not tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the first year; 4 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: Mexico, USA. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Sabina californica (CARRIÈRE) ANTOINE, Juniperus pyriformis A. MURRAY BIS ex LINDL., Juniperus cedrosiana KELLOGG, Juniperus cerrosianus KELLOGG, Juniperus californica CARRIÈRE F. lutheyana. Common names: California Juniper (ENG), Cedros Island Juniper (ENG), Cedar Island Juniper (ENG), Desert White Cedar (ENG), Sweet-Berried Juniper (ENG), Sweet-Barried Cedar (ENG), White Cedar (ENG). Juniperus cedrus WEBB & BERTHEL. Tree: evergreen; erect; 30 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 0.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; furrowed, or peeling off in strands. Crown: rather open; widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; long; triangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; slightly spreading, or spreading; bright dark green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip acute; dorsal side keeled; with two white stripes; not decurrent and jointed at the base. Male cones: mm long; mm wide; solitary, or several together; 9 12 male cone scales; 3 4 male cone scale whorls; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; 1 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 9 12 mm long; 9 12 mm wide; 3 cone scales, or 6 cone scales; globose; berrylike (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, reddish, or bright; young cones green with bluish coating; with, or without coating. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent. Columella: absent. Seeds: 5 9 mm long; 3 6 mm wide; 3 seeds per cone; dark brown black; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled, or not tubercled; with, or without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Madeira, Canaries. IUCN Red List: endangered. Synonyms: Juniperus webbii CARRIÈRE, Juniperus grandifolius LINK, Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. maderensis MENEZES, Juniperus canariensis GUYOT & MATHOU, Juniperus turbinata GUSS. subsp. canariensis (GUYOT & MATHOU) RIVAS-MARTÌNEZ, Juniperus turbinata GUSS. [1844]. Common name: Canary Island Juniper (ENG). Juniperus chengii L. K. FU & Y. F. YU Tree: evergreen; erect; 9 m maximum height. Trunk: 1 m maximum diameter. Crown: columnar to narrowly, widely conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular, roundish, or quadrangular in cross-section.

180 Taxon descriptions 175 Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 2 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; dorsal side keeled; tip curved inwards. Male cones: yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3. Female cones: 9 11 mm long; 8 10 mm wide; ovoid, or oblong; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy, or leathery; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, or dark; reddish-yellow reddish-brown (beneath glaucous coating or without glaucous coating), or blue-green dark blue black (beneath glaucous coating or without glaucous coating). Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 seed per cone; 1 seed per female cone scale; nonflattened. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Asia: China. IUCN Red List: not listed. Juniperus chinensis L. var. chinensis Tree: evergreen; erect; 25 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 0.6 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, or brown; smooth scaly, or furrowed. Crown: rather open, or dense; columnar to narrowly, widely conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 5 35 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: adult and juvenile leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section), or scaly. Needle leaves: 4 12 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; arranged in 4 rows; slightly spreading, or spreading; dark green; tip acute; dorsal side rounded; with two white stripes; decurrent and not jointed at the base. Scale leaves: 1 3 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; medium dark green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt; with, or without white resin; with conspicuous glands; dorsal side rounded; with smooth margin; tip curved inwards. Male cones: 3 6 mm long; 2 3 mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 5 9 male cone scale whorls; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 3 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 4 9 mm long; 4 9 mm wide; 4 8 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, ovoid, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or dark; young cones reddish, or green with bluish coating; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 2 5 seeds per cone; bright brown black; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n), 33 chromosomes (3n), or 44 chromosomes (4n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: China, Birma, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus virginica THUNB., Juniperus sinensis J. F. GMEL., Juniperus cernua ROXB., Juniperus dimorpha ROXB., Juniperus flagelliformis HORT. ex LOUDON, Juniperus thunbergii HOOK. & ARN., Juniperus sphaerica LINDL., Juniperus fortunei HORT. ex CARRIÈRE, Juniperus cabiancae VIS., Juniperus chinensis L. var. pendula FRANCH., Juniperus sabina L. var. erectopatens (W. C. CHENG & L. K. FU) Y. F. YU & L. K. FU, Juniperus erectopatens (W. C. CHENG & L. K. FU) R. P. ADAMS, Sabina chinensis L., Sabina dimorpha (ROXB.) ANTOINE, Sabina sphaerica (LINDL.) ANTOINE, Sabina cabiancae (VIS.) ANTOINE, Sabina vulgaris ANTOINE, Sabina vulgaris ANTOINE var. erectopatens W. C. CHENG & L. K. FU. Common name: Chinese Juniper (ENG). Juniperus chinensis L. var. sargentii A. HENRY Shrub: evergreen; procumbent, or erect; 2 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 0.2 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, or brown; peeling off in strands. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly, widely conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 5 20 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: adult and juvenile leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section), or scaly. Needle leaves: 3 6 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3;

181 Taxon descriptions 176 arranged in 4 rows; spreading, or slightly spreading; bright green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip acute; dorsal side rounded; with two white stripes; decurrent and not jointed at the base. Scale leaves: 1 3 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with smooth margin; tip curved inwards. Male cones: 4 6 mm long; 2 3 mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 7 9 male cone scale whorls; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 3 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 7 9 mm long; 7 9 mm wide; 4 8 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, ovoid, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or dark; young cones greenish; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 2 5 seeds per cone; bright brown black; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n), or 44 chromosomes (4n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: China, Japan, Russia, Kurilen. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Sabina chinensis L., Sabina chinensis (L.) ANTOINE var. sargentii (A. HENRY) W. C. CHENG & L. K. FU, Sabina pacifica NAKAI, Sabina sargentii (A. HENRY) MIYABE & TATEWAKI, Juniperus sargentii (A. HENRY) TAKEDA ex NAKAI. Common names: China-Wacholder (GER), Sargent Juniper (ENG). Juniperus chinensis L. var. tsukusiensis (MASAM.) MASAM. Shrub: evergreen; procumbent; 25 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 2.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, or brown; peeling off in strands. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly, widely conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Branches: horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: adult and juvenile leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section), or scaly. Needle leaves: 5 8 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; arranged in 4 rows; spreading, or slightly spreading; dark green; tip acute; dorsal side rounded; with two white stripes; decurrent and not jointed at the base. Scale leaves: 1 3 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; dorsal side keeled; with smooth margin; tip curved inwards. Male cones: 4 6 mm long; 2 3 mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 7 9 male cone scale whorls; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 3 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 4 9 mm long; 4 9 mm wide; 4 8 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, ovoid, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or dark; young cones greenish; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 2 5 seeds per cone; bright brown black; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 44 chromosomes (4n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Asia: China, Japan, Mongolia. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus tsukusiensis MASAM. [1930]. Common name: China-Wacholder (GER). Juniperus coahuilensis (MARTÍNEZ) GAUSSEN ex R. P. ADAMS var. arizonica R. P. ADAMS Shrub: evergreen; erect; 8 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 1 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, or brown; peeling off in strands. Crown: dense; globose irregular. Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 7 10 mm long; arranged 3- dimensionally; triangular or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 3 mm long; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; bright green; apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no

182 Taxon descriptions 177 differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with conspicuous white resin, or glands; dorsal side keeled; with serrate margin; tip curved outwards. Male cones: ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3. Female cones: 6 7 mm long; 6 7 mm wide; 2 4 cone scales; globose, or ovoid; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bright, bluish, or reddish; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 2 seed(s) per cone; bright brown black; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: North America: USA. IUCN Red List: not listed. Juniperus coahuilensis (MARTÍNEZ) GAUSSEN ex R. P. ADAMS var. coahuilensis Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 9.2 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 1 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, or brown; peeling off in strands. Crown: dense; globose irregular. Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 7 10 mm long; arranged 3- dimensionally; triangular or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 3 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; bright green; apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous white resin, or glands; dorsal side keeled; with serrate margin; tip curved outwards. Male cones: ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3. Female cones: 6 7 mm long; 4 7 mm wide; 2 4 cone scales; globose, or ovoid; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bright, bluish, or reddish; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 2 seed(s) per cone; bright brown black; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; not tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: North America: Mexico, USA. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus erythrocarpa CORY, Juniperus erythrocarpa CORY. var. coahuilensis MARTÌNEZ. Common names: Roseberry (ENG), Cory s Juniper (ENG). Juniperus comitana MARTÍNEZ Tree: evergreen; erect; 10 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 0.8 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; peeling off in strands. Crown: dense, or rather open; globose irregular, or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 5 25 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 2 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; bright green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; dorsal side rounded; with serrate margin; tip curved inwards. Male cones: 5 7 mm long; 2 4 mm wide; solitary, or several together; 12 male cone scales; 5 7 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow, bright brown, red, or orange. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 5 9 mm long; 5 9 mm wide; 2 4 cone scales; globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or dark; young cones greenish or green with bluish coating; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight, or curved. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 2 seed(s) per cone; bright middle brown; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: North America: Mexico. IUCN Red List: vulnerable. Common name: Comitan Juniper (ENG).

183 Taxon descriptions 178 Juniperus communis L. var. communis Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 15.3 m maximum height; monoecious, or dioecious. Trunk: 1.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, brown, or red; divided in plates, peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly conical (pyramidal), globose irregular, or procumbent. Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 7 45 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: 5 15 mm long; mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; spreading; bright dark green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip acute; dorsal side keeled; with a single wide white stripe; not decurrent and jointed at the base. Male cones: 7 10 mm long; 2 3 mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 5 6 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; 3 7 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 5 6 mm long; 4 9 mm wide; 3 cone scales; ovoid, or oblong; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or dark; young cones greenish; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent, or with small dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 3 seeds per cone; bright brown black; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled; without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second, or third year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Europe: Albania, Austria, Belgium, Belorussiya, Bosnia and Herzegowina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechoslovaki, Denmark, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, France: Corsica; Germany, Great Britain: Bermuda Islands; Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Yugoslavia; Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kygystan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Russia, Kurilen, Syria, Tadzhikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus communis L. subsp. communis, or Juniperus communis L. var. vulgaris AITON, Juniperus borealis SALISB., Juniperus communis L. subsp. eucommunis SYME, Juniperus communis L. var. genuina FORMÁNEK, Juniperus communis L. var. typica FOMIN, Juniperus suecica MILL., Juniperus communis L. var. suecica (MILL.) AITON, Juniperus difformis GILIB., Juniperus oblonga M.-BIEB., Juniperus communis L. var. caucasica ENDL., Juniperus communis L. var. oblonga (M.-BIEB.) PARL, Juniperus communis L. subsp. oblonga (M.-BIEB.) GALUSHKO, Juniperus communis L. var. erecta PURSH, Juniperus hemisphaerica J. & C. PRESL, Juniperus communis L. subsp. hemisphaerica (J. & C. PRESL) NYMAN, Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. hemisphaerica (J. & C. PRESL) E. SCHMID, Juniperus communis L. var. aborescens GAUDIN, Juniperus communis L. var. oblonga HORT. ex LOUDON, Juniperus communis L. var. hispanica ENDL., Juniperus occidentalis HORT. ex CARRIÈRE, Juniperus communis L. var. stricta CARRIÈRE, Juniperus microphylla ANTOINE, Juniperus depressa STEVEN, Juniperus communis L. var. depressa (STEVEN) BOISS., Juniperus communis L. var. montana NEILR., Juniperus communis L. var. fastigiata PARL., Juniperus cracovia HORT. ex K. KOCH, Juniperus kanitzii CSATÒ, Juniperus vulgaris TRAGUS ex BUBANI, Juniperus communis L. var. brevifolia SANIO, Juniperus communis L. subsp. brevifolia (SANIO) PÉNZES, Juniperus niemannii E. L. WOLF, Juniperus albanica PÉNZES, Juniperus communis L. subsp. cupressiformis VICT. & SENNEN ex PÉNZES, Juniperus communis L. subsp. pannonica PÉNZES, Juniperus communis L. var. pannonica (PÉNZES) SÓO, Juniperus communis L. f. crispa BROWICZ & ZIELINSKI. Common name: Common Juniper (ENG). Juniperus communis L. var. depressa PURSH Shrub, or tree: evergreen; procumbent; 10 m maximum height; monoecious, or dioecious. Trunk: 0.3 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, brown, or red; divided in plates, peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: dense; globose irregular, or procumbent. Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 5 60 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: 7 15 mm long; 1 2 mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; spreading; bright dark green, or

184 Taxon descriptions 179 green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip acute; dorsal side keeled; with a single wide white stripe; not decurrent and jointed at the base. Male cones: 7 10 mm long; 2 3 mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 5 6 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3. Female cones: 6 9 mm long; 6 13 mm wide; 3 cone scales; ovoid, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or dark; young cones greenish; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent, or with small dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 3 seeds per cone; bright brown black; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second, or third year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: Canada, USA. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus depressa (PURSH) RAF., Juniperus communis L. subsp. depressa (PURSH) FRANCO, Juniperus canadensis LODD. ex BURGSD., Juniperus communis L. var. canadensis (LODD. ex BURGSD.) LOUDON, Juniperus intermedia SCHUR, Sabina alpestris JORD., Sabina occidentalis (HOOK.) ANTOINE. Common name: Common Juniper (ENG). Juniperus communis L. var. megistocarpa FERNALD & H. ST. JOHN Shrub: evergreen; procumbent; 15.3 m maximum height; monoecious, or dioecious. Trunk: 1.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, brown, or red; divided in plates, peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: dense; globose irregular, or procumbent. Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular or roundish in crosssection. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: mm long; 1 2 mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; spreading; bright dark green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip acute; dorsal side keeled; with a single wide white stripe; not decurrent and jointed at the base. Male cones: 7 10 mm long; 2 3 mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 5 6 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3. Female cones: 9 13 mm long; 6 13 mm wide; 3 cone scales; ovoid, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or dark; young cones greenish; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent, or with small dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 3 seeds per cone; bright brown black; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second, or third year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: North America: Canada. IUCN Red List: endangered. Common name: Common Juniper (ENG). Juniperus communis L. var. nipponica (MAXIM.) E. H. WILSON Shrub: evergreen; procumbent; 1 m maximum height; monoecious, or dioecious. Trunk: 0.3 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, brown, or red; divided in plates, peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: dense; procumbent. Branches: horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: 7 9 mm long; mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; spreading, or slightly spreading; bright, or dark green; tip acute; dorsal side keeled; with a single narrow white stripe; not decurrent and jointed at the base. Male cones: 3 5 mm long; 2 3 mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 5 6 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3. Female cones: 5 6 mm long; 5 7 mm wide; 3 cone scales; globose, or ovoid; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy, or leathery; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or dark; young cones green with bluish coating; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent, or with small dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: absent.

185 Taxon descriptions 180 Seeds: mm wide; 3 seeds per cone; bright brown black; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year, or maturity in the third year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Asia. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus nipponica MAXIM. [1868], Juniperus rigida SIEBOLD & ZUCC. subsp. nipponica (MAXIM.) FRANCO. Common name: Common Juniper (ENG). Juniperus communis L. var. saxatilis PALL. Shrub: evergreen; procumbent; 1 m maximum height; monoecious, or dioecious. Trunk: 0.3 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, brown, or red; divided in plates, peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: dense; globose irregular, or procumbent. Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: 4 15 mm long; 1 2 mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; spreading; bright green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip blunt, or acute; dorsal side keeled; with a single wide white stripe; not decurrent and jointed at the base. Male cones: 3 5 mm long; 2 3 mm wide; solitary; 9 15 male cone scales; 3 5 male cone scale whorls; oblong, or ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; 3 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 4 9 mm long; 4 9 mm wide; 3 cone scales; ovoid, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or dark; young cones greenish; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent, or with small dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 3 seeds per cone; bright brown black; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second, or third year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Europe: Albania, Austria, Belgium, Belorussiya, Bosnia and Herzegowina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechoslovaki, Denmark, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, France: Corsica; Germany, Great Britain: Bermuda Islands; Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Yugoslavia; Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kygystan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Russia, Kurilen, Syria, Tadzhikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, India. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus communis L. subsp. saxatilis (PALL.) E. MURRAY, Juniperus communis L. var. montana AITON, Juniperus sibirica BURGSD., Juniperus nana WILLD., Juniperus nana WILLD. var. montana (AITON) ENDL., Juniperus montana (AITON) LINDL. & GORDON, Juniperus sibirica BURGSD. var. montana (AITON) BECK, Juniperus communis L. var. nana (WILLD.) BAUMG., Juniperus communis L. subsp. nana (WILLD.) SYME, Juniperus communis L. var. alpina SUTER, Juniperus nana WILLD. var. alpina (SUTER) ENDL., Juniperus communis L. subsp. alpina (SUTER) CELAK, Juniperus alpina S. F. GRAY, Juniperus pygmaea K. KOCH, Juniperus communis L. subsp. pygmaea (K. KOCH) IMKHAN, Juniperus caesia REGEL, Juniperus communis L. var. jackii REHDER, Juniperus rebunensis KUDÔ & SUZAKI, Juniperus oblonga M.-BIEB., Juniperus communis L. var. caucasica ENDL., Juniperus communis L. var. oblonga (M.-BIEB.) PARL, Juniperus communis L. subsp. oblonga (M.-BIEB.) GALUSHKO. Common name: Common Juniper (ENG). Juniperus convallium REHDER & E. H. WILSON var. convallium Tree: evergreen; erect; 12.2 m maximum height; monoecious, or dioecious. Trunk: 1.2 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey; smooth scaly. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly, widely conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 2 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with serrate, or smooth margin.

186 Taxon descriptions 181 Male cones: mm long; solitary; 6 8 male cone scales; 3 4 male cone scale whorls; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 3 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 6 10 mm long; 5 8 mm wide; ovoid, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, reddish, or dark; with, or without coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 seed per cone; 1 seed per female cone scale; nonflattened; tubercled; with, or without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Asia: China, China: Tibet. IUCN Red List: rare. Synonyms: Juniperus mekongensis KOM., Juniperus ramulosa FLORIN, Sabina convallium (REHDER & E. H. WILSON) W. C. CHENG & L. K. FU [1978]. Juniperus convallium REHDER & E. H. WILSON var. microsperma (W. C. CHENG & L. K. FU) SILBA Tree: evergreen; erect; 9.2 m maximum height; monoecious, or dioecious. Trunk: 1 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey; smooth scaly. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly, widely conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Branches: ascending. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 2 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with serrate margin. Male cones: mm long; solitary; 6 8 male cone scales; 3 4 male cone scale whorls; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 3 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 5 7 mm long; 4 6 mm wide; ovoid, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, reddish, or dark; with, or without coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 seed per cone; 1 seed per female cone scale; nonflattened; not tubercled, or tubercled; without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Asia: China. IUCN Red List: rare. Synonyms: Sabina convallium (REHDER & E. H. WILSON) W. C. CHENG & L. K. FU var. microsperma W. C. CHENG & L. K. FU [1975], Sabina convallium (REHDER & E. H. WILSON) W. C. CHENG & L. K. FU [1978], Sabina microsperma (W. C. CHENG & L. K. FU) W. C. CHENG & L. K. FU, Juniperus microsperma (W. C. CHENG & L. K. FU) R. P. ADAMS. Juniperus deppeana STEUD. var. deppeana Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 30 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 2 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; divided in plates, furrowed, or smooth scaly. Crown: rather open, or dense; globose irregular, or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular, roundish, or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 2 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; dorsal side keeled; with serrate margin; tip curved inwards. Male cones: 2 5 mm long; solitary; 8 14 male cone scales; 4 7 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 1 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 8 15 mm long; 8 15 mm wide; 4 8 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); leathery; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, or dark; young cones greenish or green with bluish coating; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight, or curved. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent. Columella: absent.

187 Taxon descriptions 182 Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 6 seed(s) per cone; bright brown black; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; not tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: Mexico, USA. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus mexicana SCHIEDE ex SCHLTDL. & CHAM., or Sabina mexicana SCHIEDE ex (SCHLTDL. & CHAM) ANTOINE., or Sabina gigantea (ROEZL) ANTOINE, or Juniperus foetida SPACH., or Juniperus thurifera SPACH., or Juniperus gigantea ROEZL. Common names: Alligator Juniper (ENG), Alligator-Wacholder (GER), Oak-Bark Juniper (ENG), Checkered-Bark Juniper (ENG). Juniperus deppeana STEUD. var. pachyphlaea (TORR.) MARTÍNEZ Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 20 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 2 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; divided in plates, smooth scaly, or peeling off in strands. Crown: rather open, or dense; columnar to narrowly conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 3 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with inconspicuous or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side keeled; with serrate margin; tip curved outwards. Male cones: 2 5 mm long; solitary; 6 10 male cone scales; 4 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 1 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 8 20 mm long; 8 20 mm wide; 6 8 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or reddish; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 6 seed(s) per cone; bright middle brown; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; not tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: North America: Mexico, USA. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus pachyphlaea TORR. [1857], Sabina pachyphlaea (TORR.) ANTOINE, Sabina plochyderma ANTOINE. Common names: Alligator Juniper (ENG), Alligator-Wacholder (GER), Oak-Bark Juniper (ENG), Checkered-Bark Juniper (ENG). Juniperus deppeana STEUD. var. robusta MARTÍNEZ Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 25 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 2 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; divided in plates, peeling off in strands, or smooth scaly. Crown: rather open, or dense; widely conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 7 15 mm long; arranged 3- dimensionally; stout, or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with inconspicuous or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side keeled; with serrate margin; tip curved inwards. Male cones: 2 5 mm long; solitary; 8 12 male cone scales; 4 6 male cone scale whorls; globose, ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 1 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; 8 15 mm wide; 6 8 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or reddish; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent, or with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 6 seed(s) per cone; bright middle brown; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; non-flattened; not tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips).

188 Taxon descriptions 183 Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: Mexico. IUCN Red List: indeterminate. Synonyms: Juniperus patoniana MARTÍNEZ var. patoniana f. obscura MARTÍNEZ, or Juniperus patoniana MARTÍNEZ, or Juniperus deppeana STEUD. var. patoniana (MARTÍNEZ) ZANONI. Common names: Alligator Juniper (ENG), Alligator- Wacholder (GER), Oak-Bark Juniper (ENG), Checkered-Bark Juniper (ENG). Juniperus deppeana STEUD. var. sperry CORRELL Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 20 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 2 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; divided in plates, smooth scaly, or peeling off in strands. Crown: rather open, or dense; widely conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Branches: drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 3 mm long; arranged oppositely; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous, inconspicuous, or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side keeled; with serrate margin; tip curved inwards. Male cones: 2 5 mm long; solitary; 6 10 male cone scales; 4 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 1 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 8 13 mm long; 8 15 mm wide; 6 8 cone scales; depressed-globose or 2-lobed; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 6 seed(s) per cone; bright middle brown; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: North America: Mexico, USA. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus deppeana STEUD. f. sperryi (CORRELL) R. P. ADAMS, or Juniperus deppeana STEUD. subsp. sperryi (CORRELL) E. MURRAY. Common names: Alligator Juniper (ENG), Alligator- Wacholder (GER), Oak-Bark Juniper (ENG), Checkered-Bark Juniper (ENG). Juniperus deppeana STEUD. var. zacatecensis MARTÍNEZ Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 8 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 2 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; divided in plates, smooth scaly, or furrowed. Crown: rather open, or dense; widely conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 3 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with conspicuous, inconspicuous, or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side keeled; with serrate margin; tip curved inwards. Male cones: 2 5 mm long; 1 2 mm wide; solitary; 6 10 male cone scales; 4 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 6 8 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, or whitish; young cones greenish; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent, or with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 6 seed(s) per cone; bright middle brown; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; not tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: North America: Mexico, USA. IUCN Red List: indeterminate. Common names: Alligator Juniper (ENG), Alligator-Wacholder (GER), Oak-Bark Juniper (ENG), Checkered-Bark Juniper (ENG).

189 Taxon descriptions 184 Juniperus drupacea LABILL. Tree: evergreen; erect; 18.3 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 0.8 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; peeling off in strands. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: 1 3 mm wide; mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; spreading; bright, or dark green; tip acute; dorsal side keeled; with two white stripes; decurrent and not jointed at the base. Male cones: mm long; 4 12 mm wide; at close quarters; male cone scales; 5 6 male cone scale whorls; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 6 9 cone scales; globose, or ovoid; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, reddish, or dark; with coating; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 3 seeds per cone; bright middle brown; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; not tubercled; with, or without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Europe: Greece; Asia: Turkey, Syria, Lebanon. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonym: Arceuthos drupacea (LABILL.) ANTOINE & KOTSCHY [1854]. Common name: Syrian Juniper (ENG). Juniperus durangensis MARTÍNEZ Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 5 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 0.4 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: rather open; globose irregular. Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 8 13 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with serrate margin. Male cones: mm long; solitary; male cone scales; 6 male cone scale whorls; globose, ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3. Female cones: 6 7 mm long; 4 6 mm wide; 2 6 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, ovoid, oblong, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, or bluish; with coating; young cones reddish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 4 seed(s) per cone; red, or dark brown black; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: North America: Mexico. IUCN Red List: vulnerable. Common name: Durango Juniper (ENG). Juniperus excelsa M.-BIEB. subsp. excelsa Tree: evergreen; erect; 30.5 m maximum height; monoecious, or dioecious. Trunk: 2.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; peeling off in strands, furrowed, or smooth scaly. Crown: dense, or rather open; globose irregular, or columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal), or procumbent. Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 5 15 mm long; arranged in one plane; roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: adult and juvenile leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section), or scaly. Needle leaves: 5 10 mm long; mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; spreading; dark green; tip acute; dorsal side keeled; with two white stripes; decurrent and not jointed at the base. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; bright green;

190 Taxon descriptions 185 apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with smooth margin; tip curved outwards. Male cones: 3 4 mm long; 2 3 mm wide; solitary; 8 10 male cone scales; 4 5 male cone scale whorls; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 3 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 8 13 mm long; 6 13 mm wide; 4 6 cone scales; globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, or bluish, or dark; young cones green with bluish coating, or reddish; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight, or curved. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 2 8 seeds per cone; red, or bright middle brown; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled; without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia, Cyprus; Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kygystan, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Iran. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus foetida SPACH., Juniperus foetida SPACH. var. excelsa (M.-BIEB.) SPACH., Juniperus sabina L. var. excelsa (M.-BIEB.) GEORGI [1800], Juniperus sabina L. var. taurica PALL., Juniperus taurica (PALL.) LIPSKY, Juniperus lycia (PALL.), Juniperus isophyllos K. KOCH, Juniperus olivieri CARRIÈRE, Juniperus aegaea GIESEB., or Juniperus excelsa M.-BIEB. subsp. excelsa var. depressa O. SCHWARZ, Sabina excelsa (M.-BIEB.) ANTOINE, Sabina isophyllos (K. KOCH) ANTOINE, Sabina olivieri (CARRIÈRE) ANTOINE, Sabina religiosa ANTOINE. Common name: Grecian Juniper (ENG). Juniperus excelsa M.-BIEB. subsp. polycarpos (K. KOCH) TAKHT. Shrub, or tree: evergreen; procumbent, or erect; 25 m maximum height; monoecious, or dioecious. Trunk: 2.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; peeling off in strands, furrowed, or smooth scaly. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal), or procumbent. Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 4 20 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: adult and juvenile leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section), or scaly. Needle leaves: 5 10 mm long; mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; spreading; bright green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip acute; dorsal side keeled; with two white stripes; decurrent and not jointed at the base. Scale leaves: 1 2 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; bright green; apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with smooth margin; tip curved outwards. Male cones: 3 4 mm long; 2 3 mm wide; solitary; 8 10 male cone scales; 4 5 male cone scale whorls; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 3 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 7 14 mm long; 7 14 mm wide; 4 6 cone scales; globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); leathery; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, reddish, or dark; young cones green with bluish coating, or reddish; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight, or curved. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 2 6 seeds per cone; red, or bright middle brown; 2 seeds per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled; with, or without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Tadzhikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Yemen. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus polycarpos K. KOCH [1849], Sabina polycarpos (K. KOCH) ANTOINE, Sabina turcomanica (B. FEDTSCH.) NEVSKI, Juniperus excelsa M.-BIEB. var. polycarpos (K. KOCH) SILBA, Juniperus macropoda BOISS., Juniperus turcomanica B. FEDTSCH., Juniperus excelsa M.-BIEB. subsp. turcomanica (B. FEDTSCH.) IMKHAN., Juniperus seravschanica KOM., Juniperus polycarpos K. KOCH

191 Taxon descriptions 186 var. seravschanica (KOM.) KITAM, Sabina seravschanica (KOM.) NEVSKI, Juniperus excelsa M.-BIEB. subsp. seravschanica (KOM.) IMKHAN., Juniperus excelsa M.-BIEB. subsp. polycarpos (K. KOCH) TAKHT. var. pendula (MULK.) IMKHAN., Juniperus polycarpos K. KOCH var. pendula MULK., Juniperus excelsa M.-BIEB. var. farreana P. N. MEHRA. Common name: Grecian Juniper (ENG). Juniperus flaccida SCHLTDL. var. flaccida Tree: evergreen; erect; 12.2 m maximum height; monoecious, or dioecious. Trunk: 0.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; peeling off in strands, or smooth scaly. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly conical (pyramidal), globose irregular, or procumbent. Branches: horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 4 25 mm long; arranged 3- dimensionally, or in one plane; triangular, quadrangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: adult and juvenile leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section), or scaly. Needle leaves: 4 8 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; arranged in 4 rows; spreading; bright green; tip acute; dorsal side keeled; with two white stripes; decurrent and not jointed at the base. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green; apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with serrate margin; tip curved outwards. Male cones: mm long; mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 6 10 male cone scale whorls; ovoid, or oblong; yellow, or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 1 5 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 9 20 mm long; 8 20 mm wide; 6 8 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy, or woody; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, or bright; young cones green with bluish coating; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight, or curved. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 4 13 seeds per cone; bright brown black; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; non-flattened. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: Mexico, USA. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus gracilis ENDL., Sabina flaccida (SCHLDTL.) ANTOINE [1857]. Common names: Drooping Juniper (ENG), Mexican Drooping Juniper (ENG), Mexican Juniper (ENG). Juniperus flaccida SCHLTDL. var. martinezii (PÉREZ DE LA ROSA) SILBA Tree: evergreen; erect; 8 m maximum height; monoecious, or dioecious. Trunk: 1 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; peeling off in strands, or smooth scaly. Crown: rather open; widely conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Branches: horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; arranged 3-dimensionally, or in one plane; roundish in cross-section. Leaves: adult and juvenile leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section), or scaly. Needle leaves: 5 8 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; arranged in 4 rows; spreading; bright green; tip acute; dorsal side rounded; with two white stripes; decurrent and not jointed at the base. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright green; apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with conspicuous white resin, or glands; dorsal side rounded; with serrate margin; tip curved outwards. Male cones: 3 5 mm long; mm wide; solitary; 8 20 male cone scales; 4 7 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 5 8 mm long; 5 9 mm wide; 6 8 cone scales; globose, or ovoid; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy, or woody; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, or bright; young cones green with bluish coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 3 seed(s) per cone; bright brown black; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: North America: Mexico. IUCN Red List: rare. Synonym:

192 Taxon descriptions 187 Juniperus martinezii PEREZ DE LA ROSA. Common names: Drooping Juniper (ENG), Mexican Drooping Juniper (ENG), Mexican Juniper (ENG). Juniperus flaccida SCHLTDL. var. poblana MARTÍNEZ Tree: evergreen; erect; 12.2 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 0.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; peeling off in strands, or smooth scaly. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Branches: horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; arranged 3-dimensionally, or in one plane; roundish in cross-section. Leaves: adult and juvenile leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section), or scaly. Needle leaves: 5 8 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; arranged in 4 rows; spreading; bright green; tip acute; dorsal side rounded; with two white stripes; decurrent and not jointed at the base. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright green; apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with serrate margin; tip curved outwards. Male cones: 2 3 mm long; mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 8 10 male cone scale whorls; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 6 8 cone scales; globose, depressed-globose or 2-lobed; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy, or woody; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, or bright; young cones green with bluish coating; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight, or curved. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 4 13 seeds per cone; bright brown black; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; non-flattened; not tubercled. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: North America: Mexico. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Cupressus thurifera SCHLDTL., Cupressus thurifera KUNTH, Chamaecyparis thurifera (KUNTH) ENDL. Common names: Drooping Juniper (ENG), Mexican Drooping Juniper (ENG), Mexican Juniper (ENG). Juniperus foetidissima WILLD. Shrub, or tree: evergreen; procumbent, or erect; 20 m maximum height; monoecious, or dioecious. Trunk: 1 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey; peeling off in strands, or divided in plates. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly, widely conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: 1 2 mm wide; arranged 3-dimensionally; quadrangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: adult and juvenile leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section), or scaly. Needle leaves: 5 8 mm long; mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; slightly spreading, or spreading; tip acute; dorsal side keeled; with a single narrow, or wide white stripe, or with two white stripes; decurrent and not jointed at the base. Scale leaves: 2 4 mm long; arranged oppositely; bright green; apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; dorsal side rounded; with smooth margin; tip curved outor inwards. Male cones: mm long; mm wide; solitary; 8 12 male cone scales; 4 6 male cone scale whorls; globose, or ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 5 13 mm long; 5 13 mm wide; 4 6 cone scales; ovoid, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, or dark, or bluish; young cones green with bluish coating; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; with small dorsal umbo. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 3 seed(s) per cone; bright brown black; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Europe: Albania, Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Macedonia; Asia: Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Lebanon, Turkey. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus foetidissima WILLD. var. pindicola FORMÁNEK, Juniperus foetidissima WILLD. var. squarrosa MEDW., Juniperus foetida SPACH. var. squarrulosa SPACH., Juniperus phoenicea PALL., Juniperus sabina SIBTH. & SM., Juniperus foetida

193 Taxon descriptions 188 SPACH., Juniperus sabinoides GRISEB., Sabina grisebachii ANTOINE, Sabina foetidissima (WILLD.) ANTOINE. Common name: Stinking Juniper (ENG). Juniperus formosana HAYATA f. formosana Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 23 m maximum height. Trunk: 2 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown, or grey; peeling off in strands. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: arranged 3- dimensionally; triangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; spreading; dark green; tip acute; dorsal side keeled; with two white stripes; not decurrent and jointed at the base. Male cones: 4 6 mm long; solitary; 9 12 male cone scales; 3 4 male cone scale whorls; globose, or ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; 4 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 6 9 mm long; 6 9 mm wide; 3 6 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; young cones greenish; without coating. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 3 seeds per cone; bright brown black; 1 seed per female cone scale; flattened, or non-flattened; tubercled. Seed wings: present, or absent (sometimes only small rips); mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: China, China: Tibet. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus formosana HAYATA var. concolor HAYATA, Juniperus taxifolia PARL., Juniperus mairei LEMÉE & LÉV., Juniperus chekiangensis NAKAI. Common names: Prickly Cypress (ENG), Formosan Juniper (ENG). Juniperus formosana HAYATA f. tenella HAND.-MAZZ. Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 23 m maximum height. Trunk: 2 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown, or grey; peeling off in strands. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: horizontal, or ascending. Ultimate branchlets: arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; spreading; dark green; tip acute; dorsal side keeled; with two white stripes; not decurrent and jointed at the base. Male cones: 4 6 mm long; solitary; 9 12 male cone scales; 3 4 male cone scale whorls; globose, or ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; 4 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 6 9 mm long; 6 9 mm wide; 3 6 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; young cones greenish; without coating. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 3 seeds per cone; bright brown black; 1 seed per female cone scale; flattened, or non-flattened; tubercled. Seed wings: present, or absent (sometimes only small rips); mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Asia: China, Taiwan. IUCN Red List: not listed. Common names: Prickly Cypress (ENG), Formosan Juniper (ENG). Juniperus gamboana MARTÍNEZ Tree: evergreen; erect; 12.2 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 0.9 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, brown, or black; divided in plates. Crown: dense, or rather open; globose irregular, or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: horizontal, or ascending. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with serrate margin; tip curved inwards.

194 Taxon descriptions 189 Male cones: 5 7 mm long; mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 6 8 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow, bright brown, red, or orange. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 5 9 mm long; 5 9 mm wide; 4 6 cone scales; globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, bluish, or bright; young cones green with bluish coating; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 seed per cone; red, or bright middle brown; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: North America: Mexico. IUCN Red List: vulnerable. Common name: Gamboa Juniper (ENG). Juniperus gracilior PILG. var. gracilior Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 10 m maximum height. Trunk: 1 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; divided in plates, or peeling off in strands. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly, widely conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Branches: drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; arranged 3-dimensionally; quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright green; apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with inconspicuous or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with smooth margin; tip curved outwards. Male cones: mm long; mm wide; solitary; ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 4 5 mm long; 4 6 mm wide; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy, or leathery; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or reddish; femalecone bearing-branchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone. Columella: absent. Seeds: 1 2 seed(s) per cone; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Domenican Republic. IUCN Red List: endangered. Juniperus gracilior PILG. var. ekmanii (FLORIN) R. P. ADAMS Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 15 m maximum height. Trunk: 1.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; divided in plates, or peeling off in strands. Crown: dense; widely conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; arranged 3- dimensionally; quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; green with coating (somewhat bluish); apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with inconspicuous or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with smooth margin; tip curved outwards. Male cones: mm long; mm wide; solitary, or several together; 6 8 male cone scales; 3 4 male cone scale whorls; globose; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 3 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 4 6 mm long; 3 6 mm wide; globose, or ovoid; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, or bright; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent, or with small dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: absent. Seeds: 1 2 seed(s) per cone; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Haiti. IUCN Red List: extinct/endangered. Synonym: Juniperus ekmanii FLORIN [1934].

195 Taxon descriptions 190 Juniperus gracilior PILG. var. urbaniana (PILG. & EKMAN) R. P. ADAMS Shrub: evergreen; procumbent; 0.3 m maximum height. Trunk: 0.2 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; divided in plates, or peeling off in strands. Crown: rather open; procumbent. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; arranged 3-dimensionally; quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with smooth margin; tip curved outwards. Male cones: mm long; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 3 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 4 7 mm long; 4 7 mm wide; 4 cone scales; globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); leathery; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, bluish, or bright; female-cone bearingbranchlets straight, or curved. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; 1 2 seed(s) per cone; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Haiti. IUCN Red List: endangered. Synonyms: Juniperus urbaniana PILG. & EKMAN [1926], Juniperus barbadensis L. var. urbaniana (PILG. & EKMAN) SILBA, Juniperus barbadensis L. subsp. urbaniana (PILG. & EKMAN) BORHIDI. Juniperus horizontalis MOENCH Shrub: evergreen; procumbent; 0.5 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 0.05 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown; peeling off in strands, or smooth scaly. Crown: dense; procumbent. Branches: horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 4 20 mm long; arranged 3- dimensionally; triangular, roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: adult and juvenile leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section), or scaly. Needle leaves: 2 8 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; arranged in 4 rows; slightly spreading; dark green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip acute; dorsal side rounded; with two, or without any white stripes; decurrent and not jointed at the base. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; medium dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with conspicuous, inconspicuous, or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with smooth margin; tip curved out- or inwards. Male cones: mm long; 1 4 mm wide; several together, or solitary; 8 10 male cone scales; 4 5 male cone scale whorls; ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 1 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 5 7 mm long; 5 9 mm wide; 4 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, globose, or ovoid; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish; young cones greenish; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight, or curved. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent, or with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: 4 5 mm long; mm wide; 1 3 seed(s) per cone; bright brown black; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; non-flattened; not tubercled, or tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: Canada, USA. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus hudsonica J. FORBES, Sabina horizontalis (MOENCH.) RYDB., Juniperus prostata PERS., Juniperus virginiana L. var. prostata (PERS.) TORR., Sabina prostata (PERS.) ANTOINE, Juniperus sabina MICHX., Juniperus repens NUTT., Juniperus sabina MICHX. var. humilis HOOK., Juniperus sabina MICHX. var. procumbens PURSH. Common name: Creeping Juniper (ENG). Juniperus indica BERTOL. Shrub, or tree: evergreen; procumbent, or erect; 18.3 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 2 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown; divided in plates, peeling off in strands, or smooth scaly.

196 Taxon descriptions 191 Crown: dense, or rather open; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; arranged 3-dimensionally; quadrangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves, or adult and juvenile leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section), or scaly. Needle leaves: 3 8 mm long; arranged in whorls of 3; slightly spreading, or spreading; bright dark green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip acute; dorsal side rounded; with two white stripes; decurrent and not jointed at the base. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with serrate margin; tip curved inwards. Male cones: 2 3 mm long; 1 2 mm wide; solitary; 6 8 male cone scales; 3 4 male cone scale whorls; globose, or ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 3 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 6 13 mm long; 5 9 mm wide; 3 5 cone scales; ovoid, oblong, or globose; berrylike (closed after maturity); fleshy, or leathery; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or dark; with coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 2 seed(s) per cone; 1 seed per female cone scale; flattened; not tubercled; without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Asia: China, Bhutan, India, Nepal. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus wallichiana HOOK. F. & THOMSON ex E. BRANDIS, Juniperus wallichiana HOOK. F. & THOMSON ex E. BRANDIS var. meionocarpa HAND.-MAZZ., Sabina wallichiana (HOOK. F. & THOMSON ex E. BRANDIS) W. C. CHENG & L. K. FU var. meionocarpa (HAND.-MAZZ.) W. C. CHENG & L. K. FU, Sabina wallichiana (HOOK. F. & THOMSON ex E. BRANDIS) W. C. CHENG & L. K. FU. Common name: Black Juniper (ENG). Juniperus jaliscana MARTÍNEZ Tree: evergreen; erect; 10 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 0.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown, or grey; furrowed, or peeling off in strands. Crown: dense; globose irregular, or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; bright dark green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with serrate margin; tip curved inwards. Male cones: ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely. Female cones: 6 10 mm long; 6 10 mm wide; 4 6 cone scales; globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, or bright; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 2 11 seeds per cone; 1 3 seed(s) per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: North America: Mexico. IUCN Red List: endangered. Common name: Jalisco Juniper (ENG). Juniperus komarovii FLORIN Tree: evergreen; erect; 20 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 2 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, or brown. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; arranged 3- dimensionally; roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; medium dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish), or bright green; apically spreading; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with smooth margin; tip curved inwards.

197 Taxon descriptions 192 Male cones: 2 3 mm long; solitary; 8 12 male cone scales; 4 6 male cone scale whorls; globose, or ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 3 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 8 12 mm long; 6 12 mm wide; ovoid, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, dark, or reddish; with, or without coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 seed per cone; 1 seed per female cone scale; nonflattened; tubercled. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Asia: China. IUCN Red List: rare. Synonyms: Juniperus glaucescens FLORIN, Sabina komarovii (FLORIN) W. C. CHENG & W. T. WANG. Juniperus monosperma (ENGELM.) SARG. Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 18.3 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 0.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, or brown; peeling off in strands, or divided in plates. Crown: dense, or rather open; globose irregular. Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 6 12 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular, roundish, or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 3 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed, or apically spreading; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with conspicuous white resin, or glands; dorsal side rounded or keeled; with serrate margin; tip curved outwards. Male cones: solitary; 8 12 male cone scales; 3 6 male cone scale whorls; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3. Female cones: 4 8 mm long; 4 8 mm wide; ovoid, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or reddish; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 3 seed(s) per cone; bright brown black; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips), or present (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: USA. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus occidentalis HOOK. var. gymnocarpa LEMMON, Juniperus californica CARRIÈRE var. monosperma (ENGELM.) LEMMON, Sabina monosperma (ENGELM.) RYDB, Juniperus mexicana SCHIEDE ex SCHLTDL. & CHAM. var. monosperma (ENGELM.) CORY, Juniperus mexicana SPRENG., Juniperus occidentalis HOOK. var. monosperma ENGELM. [1878], Juniperus gymnocarpa (LEMMON) CORY, Juniperus occidentalis HOOK. F. gymnocarpa (LEMMON) REHDER. Common names: One Seed Juniper (ENG), Sabina (ENG). Juniperus monticola MARTÍNEZ Shrub: evergreen; procumbent; 3 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 0.4 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, or brown; peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: dense, or rather open; globose irregular, or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 5 40 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally, or in one plane; stout, or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 2 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with serrate margin; tip curved inwards. Male cones: 3 5 mm long; male cone scales; 6 male cone scale whorls; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 5 10 mm long; 5 10 mm wide; 8 cone scales; globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or dark; with coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent. Columella: absent.

198 Taxon descriptions 193 Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 2 9 seeds per cone; bright middle brown; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; non-flattened; not tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: North America: Mexico. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus monticola MARTÍNEZ var. monticola f. compacta MARTÍNEZ, Juniperus monticola MARTÍNEZ var. monticola f. orizabensis MARTÍNEZ, Juniperus sabinoides (KUNTH) NEES var. sabinoides f. orizabensis (MARTÍNEZ) M. C. JOHNST., Juniperus sabinoides HUMB. ex LINDL. & GORDON, Cupressus sabinoides KUNTH, Juniperus sabinoides (KUNTH) NEES, Juniperus tetragona SCHLTDL., Juniperus mexicana SPRENG., Sabina tetragona (SCHLTDL.) ANTOINE. Common name: Mountain Juniper (ENG). Juniperus occidentalis HOOK. var. australis (VASEK) A. H. & N. H. HOLMGREN Tree: evergreen; erect; 30 m maximum height; monoecious, or dioecious. Trunk: 0.85 m maximum diameter. Bark: red, or brown; smooth scaly, or peeling off in strands. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly, widely conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 3 mm long; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute or blunt; with conspicuous white resin, or glands; dorsal side rounded; with serrate margin. Male cones: 5 7 mm long; solitary; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 7 10 mm long; 7 10 mm wide; ovoid, or oblong; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or dark; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent, or with small dorsal umbo. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 2 3 seeds per cone; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; non-flattened. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: Canada, USA. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonym: Juniperus occidentalis HOOK. subsp. australis VASEK [1966]. Common name: Western Juniper (ENG). Juniperus occidentalis HOOK. var. occidentalis Tree: evergreen; erect; 30 m maximum height; monoecious, or dioecious. Trunk: 0.85 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown, or red; smooth scaly, or peeling off in strands. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly, widely conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 3 25 mm long; arranged 3- dimensionally; triangular or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 3 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute or blunt; with conspicuous white resin, or glands; dorsal side rounded; with serrate margin; tip curved inwards. Male cones: 5 7 mm long; mm wide; solitary; 4 10 male cone scales; 2 5 male cone scale whorls; globose, or ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 5 9 mm long; 5 9 mm wide; 2 4 cone scales; ovoid, or oblong; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or dark; young cones greenish or green with bluish coating; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent, or with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: 2 7 mm long; mm wide; 1 3 seed(s) per cone; bright brown black; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled; with, or without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North

199 Taxon descriptions 194 America: Canada, USA. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Sabina occidentalis (HOOK.) ANTOINE, Juniperus pseudocupressus DIECK, Juniperus andina NUTT., Chamaecyparis boursieri DECNE. Common name: Western Juniper (ENG). Juniperus osteosperma (TORR.) LITTLE Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 12 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1.2 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, or brown; peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly, widely conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 4 15 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section), or scaly. Needle leaves: 3 8 mm long; mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; spreading; bright green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip acute; dorsal side keeled; with two white stripes; not decurrent and jointed at the base. Scale leaves: 1 2 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous white resin, or glands; dorsal side rounded or keeled; with serrate margin; tip curved outwards. Male cones: 2 3 mm long; 4 6 male cone scales; 2 3 male cone scale whorls; globose, ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3. Female cones: 6 16 mm long; 6 16 mm wide; globose, depressed-globose or 2-lobed; berry-like (closed after maturity); leathery; not disintegrating after maturity; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 2 seed(s) per cone; bright brown black; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the first year, or second year; 4 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: USA. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus tetragona SCHLTDL. var. osteosperma TORR [1857], Sabina osteosperma (TORR.) ANTOINE, Juniperus californica CARRIÈRE subsp. osteosperma (TORR.) E. MURRAY, Juniperus occidentalis HOOK. var. utahensis (ENGELM.) KENT, Juniperus utahensis (ENGELM.) LEMMON var. megalocarpa (SUDW.) SARG., Juniperus utahensis (ENGELM.) LEMMON var. cosnino LEMMON, Juniperus megalocarpa SUDW., Sabina megalocarpa (SUDW.) COCKERELL, Juniperus utahensis (ENGELM.) LEMMON, Sabina utahensis (ENGELM.) RYDB., Sabina knightii (A. NELSON) RYDB., Juniperus monosperma (ENGELM.) SARG. var. knightii (A. NELSON) LEMMON, Juniperus knightii A. NELSON, Juniperus tetragona SCHLTDL., Juniperus californica CARRIÈRE var. utahensis ENGELM. Common names: Utah Juniper (ENG), Sabina Morena (ENG). Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. badia (H. GRAY) DEBEAUX Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 12.2 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 0.95 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; peeling off in strands. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: arranged 3- dimensionally; triangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: 9 19 mm long; 1 3 mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; spreading; dark green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip acute; dorsal side keeled; with two white stripes; not decurrent and jointed at the base. Male cones: 4 6 mm long; several together, or solitary; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3. Female cones: 9 13 mm long; 9 13 mm wide; 3 6 cone scales; ovoid, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish; young cones greenish, or green with bluish coating; without coating. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; with small dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 3 seeds per cone; red, bright dark brown, or black; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; not tubercled; without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips).

200 Taxon descriptions 195 Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Europe: Portugal, Spain. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonym: Juniperus oxycedrus L. var. badia H. GRAY [1889]. Common names: Prickly Juniper (ENG), Sharply Cedar (ENG). Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. macrocarpa (SIBTH. & SM.) NEILR. Shrub, or tree: evergreen; procumbent, or erect; 6 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 0.95 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; peeling off in strands. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; spreading; dark green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip acute; dorsal side keeled; with two white stripes; not decurrent and jointed at the base. Male cones: 4 6 mm long; mm wide; several together, or solitary; 9 18 male cone scales; 3 6 male cone scale whorls; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; 3 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 3 6 cone scales; ovoid, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish; young cones greenish, or green with bluish coating; without coating. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; with small dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: absent. Seeds: 5 10 mm long; 4 7 mm wide; 3 seeds per cone; red, bright dark brown, or black; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; not tubercled; without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Africa: Algeria, Libya, Morocco; Asia: Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel; Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, France: Corsica; Greece, Italy: Sardinia; Macedonia, Malta, Portugal: Madeira; Spain: Balearic Islands; Yugoslavia. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus macrocarpa SIBTH. & SM. [1816], Juniperus communis L. var. macrocarpa (SIBTH. & SM.) SPACH, Juniperus lobelii GUSS., Sabina phoenicea (L. ) ANTOINE var. lobelii (GUSS.) ANTOINE, Juniperus macrocarpa SIBTH. & SM. var. lobelii (GUSS.) PARL., Juniperus biasolettii LINK, Juniperus umbilicata GODR., Juniperus willkommii ANTOINE, Juniperus sphaerocarpa ANTOINE, Juniperus macrocarpa SIBTH. & SM. var. globosa NEILR., Juniperus major DIOSCORIDES ex BULBANI, Juniperus oxycedrus L. var. macrocarpa (SIBTH.& SM.) SILBA, Sabina phoenicea (L.) ANTOINE [1857]. Common names: Prickly Juniper (ENG), Sharply Cedar (ENG). Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 14 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 0.95 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; peeling off in strands. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: 9 19 mm long; 1 3 mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; spreading; dark green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip blunt, or acute; dorsal side rounded; with two white stripes; not decurrent and jointed at the base. Male cones: 4 6 mm long; 2 3 mm wide; several together, or solitary; 9 18 male cone scales; 3 6 male cone scale whorls; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; 1 5 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 9 13 mm long; 9 13 mm wide; 3 6 cone scales; ovoid, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish; without coating; young cones greenish, or green with bluish coating. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; with small dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 3 seeds per cone; red, bright dark brown, or black; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; not tubercled; without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips).

201 Taxon descriptions 196 Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Africa: Algeria, Libya, Morocco; Asia: Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel; Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, France: Corsica; Greece, Italy: Sardinia; Macedonia, Malta, Portugal: Madeira; Spain: Balearic Islands; Yugoslavia, Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus glauca SALISB., Juniperus rufescens LINK, Juniperus oxycedrus L. var. rufescens (LINK) CARRIÉRE, Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. rufescens (LINK) ASCH & GRAEBN., Juniperus oxycedrina ST.-LÉG., Juniperus oxycedrus L. var. wittmaniana HORT. ex CARRIÉRE, Juniperus marschalliana STEV., Juniperus rhodocarpa STEVEN, Juniperus oxycedrus L. var. brachyphylla LORET, Juniperus oxycedrus L. var. microcarpa NEILR., Juniperus heterocarpa TIMB.- LAGR. ex LORET & BARANDON, Juniperus tremolsii PAU, Juniperus oxycedrus L. var. oxycedrus f. parvifolia NOVÁK, Juniperus oxycedrus L. var. parvifolia (NOVÁK) JOVAN., Juniperus oxycedrus L. var. fastigiata JOVAN., Juniperus tenella ANTOINE. Common names: Prickly Juniper (ENG), Sharply Cedar (ENG). Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. transtagana FRANCO Shrub: evergreen; erect; 2 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 0.95 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; peeling off in strands. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: 4 12 mm long; mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; spreading; dark green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip acute; dorsal side keeled; with two white stripes; not decurrent and jointed at the base. Male cones: 4 6 mm long; several together, or solitary; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3. Female cones: 7 10 mm long; 7 10 mm wide; 3 cone scales, or 6 cone scales; ovoid, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish; without coating; young cones greenish, or green with bluish coating. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; with small dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: absent. Seeds: 3 seeds per cone; red, bright dark brown, or black; 1 seed per female cone scale; nonflattened; not tubercled. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Europe: Portugal, Spain. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus oxycedrus L. var. transtagana (FRANCO) SILBA, or Juniperus navicularis GAND. Common names: Prickly Juniper (ENG), or Sharply Cedar (ENG). Juniperus phoenicea L. subsp. phoenicea Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 12.2 m maximum height; monoecious, or dioecious. Trunk: 0.6 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown; furrowed. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 4 22 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves, or adult and juvenile leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section), or scaly. Needle leaves: 5 8 mm long; mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; spreading; bright dark green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip acute; dorsal side rounded; with two white stripes; decurrent and not jointed at the base. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; bright dark green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with serrate margin; tip curved inwards. Male cones: mm long; 1 2 mm wide; solitary; 6 12 male cone scales; 3 5 male cone scale whorls; ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; 1 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 6 15 mm long; 6 11 mm wide; 6 9 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy, or leathery; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish; young cones greenish; without coating; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight, or curved. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent, or with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent.

202 Taxon descriptions 197 Seeds: 3 6 mm long; mm wide; 3 12 seeds per cone; red, bright dark brown, or black; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled; without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 44 chromosomes (4n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel; Europe: Albania, Croatia, Cyprus, France: Corsica; Greece, Italy: Sardinia; Macedonia, Malta, Portugal: Madeira; Spain: Balearic Islands. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus phoenicea L. subsp. eumediterranea P.LEBRETON & S. THIVEND, Juniperus phoenicea L. var. lobelii GUSS., Juniperus phoenicea L. var. malacocarpa ENDL., Juniperus phoenicea L. var. sclerocarpa ENDL., Juniperus phoenicea L. var. prostrata WILLK., Juniperus phoenicea L. subsp. phoenicea f. prostrata DEBRECZY & RÁCZ, Juniperus tetragona MOENCH., Juniperus terminalis SALISB., Juniperus lycia L., Juniperus oophora KUNZE, Juniperus bacciformis CARRIÉRE, Sabina phoenicea (L.) ANTOINE [1857], Sabina lycia (L.) ANTOINE, Sabina bacciformis (CARRIÉRE) ANTOINE, Sabinella phoenicea (L.) NAKAI. Common name: Phoenician Juniper (ENG). Juniperus phoenicea L. subsp. turbinata (GUSS.) NYMAN Shrub, or tree: evergreen; procumbent; 12.2 m maximum height; monoecious, or dioecious. Trunk: 0.6 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown; furrowed. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 4 22 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves, or adult and juvenile leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section), or scaly. Needle leaves: 5 8 mm long; mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; spreading; bright dark green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip acute; dorsal side rounded or keeled; with two white stripes; decurrent and not jointed at the base. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; bright green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with serrate margin; tip curved inwards. Male cones: solitary; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3. Female cones: 6 15 mm long; 7 14 mm wide; 6 8 cone scales; ovoid, or depressed-globose, 2- lobed, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy, or leathery; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish; young cones greenish; without coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent. Columella: absent. Seeds: 3 9 seeds per cone; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; non-flattened. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 44 chromosomes (4n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Europe, Albania, Croatia, Cyprus, France: Corsica; Greece, Italy: Sardinia; Macedonia, Malta, Portugal: Madeira; Spain: Balearic Islands IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus phoenicea L. var. turbinata (GUSS.) PARL., Juniperus turbinata GUSS. [1844], Sabina turbinata (GUSS.) ANTOINE, Juniperus oophora KUNZE. Common name: Phoenician Juniper (ENG). Juniperus pinchotii SUDW. Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 6 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 0.3 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown, or grey; peeling off in strands. Crown: rather open; globose irregular. Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 5 20 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 2 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; bright dark green; apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with conspicuous, inconspicuous, or without glands; with conspicuous white resin; dorsal side keeled; with serrate margin; tip curved outwards. Male cones: solitary; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3.

203 Taxon descriptions 198 Female cones: 5 10 mm long; 6 10 mm wide; 6 8 cone scales; globose, ovoid, depressedglobose or 2-lobed; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; without coating; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 2 seed(s) per cone; bright middle brown; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: Mexico, USA. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus pinchotii SUDW. var. erythrocarpa (CORY) SILBA, Juniperus monosperma (ENGELM.) SARG. var. pinchotii (SUDW.) MELLE, Juniperus erythrocarpa CORY, Juniperus texensis MELLE. Common names: Pinchot Juniper (ENG), Redberry Juniper (ENG). Juniperus pingii W. C. CHENG ex FERRÉ var. pingii Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 30 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, or brown; furrowed. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending. Ultimate branchlets: arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: 3 7 mm long; mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; appressed, or slightly spreading; green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip acute; dorsal side keeled; with two white stripes; decurrent and not jointed at the base. Male cones: 3 4 mm long; 3 4 mm wide; solitary; 6 9 male cone scales; 2 3 male cone scale whorls; globose, or ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; 2 3 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 7 9 mm long; 4 5 mm wide; 6 cone scales; globose, ovoid, depressed-globose or 2-lobed; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; dark; without coating. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; with small dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 seed per cone; 1 seed per female cone scale; nonflattened; tubercled. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Asia: China. IUCN Red List: rare. Synonym: Sabina pingii (CHENG ex FERRÉ) CHENG & W. T. WANG [1978]. Juniperus pingii W. C. CHENG ex FERRÉ var. wilsonii (REHDER) SILBA Shrub, or tree: evergreen; procumbent, or erect; 6 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 0.6 m maximum diameter. Bark: furrowed. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending. Ultimate branchlets: arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: 3 6 mm long; mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; appressed, or slightly spreading; bright dark green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip acute; dorsal side keeled; with two white stripes; decurrent and not jointed at the base. Male cones: 3 4 mm long; 3 4 mm wide; solitary; 6 9 male cone scales; 2 3 male cone scale whorls; globose, or ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; 2 3 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 6 7 mm long; 5 7 mm wide; 3 cone scales; globose, ovoid, depressed-globose or 2-lobed; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; dark; without coating. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; with small dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 seed per cone; 1 seed per female cone scale; nonflattened; not tubercled; with, or without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: China. IUCN Red List: rare. Synonyms: Juniperus pingii W. C. CHENG ex FERRÉ. var. carinata Y. F. YU & L. K. FU,

204 Taxon descriptions 199 Juniperus squamata BUCH.-HAM. ex D. DON f. wilsonii REHDER [1920], Sabina pingii (W. C. CHENG ex FERRÉ) CHENG & W. T. WANG var. wilsonii (REHDER) W. C. CHENG & L. K. FU, Sabina squamata (BUCH.-HAM. ex D. DON) ANTOINE var. wilsonii (REHDER) W. C. CHENG & L. K. FU, Sabina wilsonii (REHDER) W. C. CHENG & L. K. FU, Juniperus wallichiana HOOK. F. & THOMPSON ex E. BRANDIS var. loderi HORNIBR., Juniperus wallichiana HOOK. F. & THOMSON ex E. BRANDIS, Juniperus squamata BUCH.-HAM. ex D. DON var. loderi (HORNIBR.) HORNIBR., Juniperus carinata (Y. F. YU & L. K. FU) R. P. ADAMS, Sabina squamata (BUCH.-HAM. ex D. DON) ANTOINE, Sabina pingii (CHENG ex FERRÉ) CHENG & W. T. WANG [1978]. Juniperus procera HOCHST. ex ENDL. Tree: evergreen; erect; 40 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 3.4 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, or brown; peeling off in strands, or smooth scaly. Crown: rather open; widely conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 3 12 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally, or in one plane; quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves, or adult and juvenile leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section), or scaly. Needle leaves: 4 10 mm long; mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; appressed, or slightly spreading, or spreading; bright green; tip acute; dorsal side rounded or keeled; without any white stripes; decurrent and not jointed at the base. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright green; apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with smooth margin; tip curved outwards. Male cones: 3 5 mm long; 2 3 mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 5 6 male cone scale whorls; ovoid; red, orange, yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 3 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 3 7 mm long; 3 7 mm wide; 4 6 cone scales; globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish; young cones green with bluish coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 4 seed(s) per cone; bright middle brown; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; non-flattened; not tubercled; without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Africa: Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Maliwi, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire), Zimbabwe; Asia: Saudi Arabia, Yemen. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Sabina procera (HOCHST. ex ENDL.) ANTOINE, Juniperus hochstetteri ANTOINE, Juniperus abyssinica HORT. ex K. KOCH. Common names: African Pencil Cedar (ENG), East African Juniper (ENG). Juniperus procumbens (SIEBOLD ex ENDL.) MIQ. Shrub: evergreen; procumbent; 0.8 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 0.2 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown; smooth scaly. Crown: dense; procumbent. Branches: drooping, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 3 10 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: mm long; 1 3 mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; arranged in 4 rows; spreading; bright dark green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip acute; dorsal side rounded; with two white stripes; decurrent and not jointed at the base. Male cones: mm long; mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 5 7 male cone scale whorls; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely. Female cones: 8 9 mm long; 8 9 mm wide; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or dark; with coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; 2 3 seeds per cone; non-flattened. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: 2 6 cotyledones; 44 chromosomes (4n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: Japan. IUCN Red List:

205 Taxon descriptions 200 not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus chinensis L. var. procumbens SIEBOLD ex ENDL. [1847], Sabina procumbens (SIEBOLD ex ENDL.) IWATA & KUSAKA, Sabina chinensis (L.) ANTOINE var. procumbens (SIEBOLD ex ENDL.) ANTOINE, Juniperus japonica HORT. ex CARRIÉRE, Sabina chinensis L. Common name: Creeping Juniper (ENG). Juniperus przewalskii KOM. Tree: evergreen; erect; 20 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 2 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown; peeling off in strands. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly, widely conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: adult and juvenile leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section), or scaly. Needle leaves: 4 8 mm long; arranged in whorls of 3; appressed, slightly spreading, or spreading; green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip blunt; dorsal side rounded or keeled; decurrent and not jointed at the base. Scale leaves: mm long; arranged oppositely; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); spreading, apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; with smooth margin; tip curved outwards. Male cones: 2 3 mm long; solitary; 6 10 male cone scales; 3 5 male cone scale whorls; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 3 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 8 15 mm long; 8 15 mm wide; globose, ovoid, depressed-globose or 2-lobed; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 seed per cone; 1 seed per female cone scale; nonflattened; tubercled. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Asia: China. IUCN Red List: rare. Synonyms: Juniperus zaidamensis KOM., Sabina przewalskii (KOM.) W. C. CHENG & L. K. FU, Sabina przewalskii (KOM.) W. C. CHENG & L. K. FU F. pendula CHENG & L. K. FU. Juniperus pseudosabina FISCH. & C. A. MEY. Shrub, or tree: evergreen; procumbent, or erect; 15 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 0.3 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey; divided in plates, or smooth scaly. Crown: dense; globose irregular, or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 5 15 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish or quadrangular in crosssection. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt; with conspicuous glands; dorsal side rounded or keeled; with serrate margin; tip curved inwards. Male cones: 2 3 mm long; 1 3 mm wide; solitary; 6 8 male cone scales; 3 4 male cone scale whorls; globose, or ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 3 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 7 17 mm long; 6 13 mm wide; oblong, ovoid, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or dark; without coating; female-cone bearing-branchlets curved. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 seed per cone; 1 seed per female cone scale; flattened; not tubercled; with, or without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kygystan, Uzbekistan. IUCN Red List: rare. Synonyms: Juniperus pseudosabina FISCH. & C. A. MEY var. turkestanica (KOM.) SILBA, Sabina fischeri ANTOINE, Sabina pseudosabina (FISCH. & C. A. MEY) W. C. CHENG & W. T. WANG, Sabina pseudosabina (FISCH. & C. A. MEY) W. C. CHENG & W. T. WANG var. turkestanica (KOM.) C. Y. YANG, Juniperus sabina PALL., Juniperus centrasiatica KOM., Juniperus turkestanica KOM., Sabina centrasiatica (KOM.) W. C. CHENG & L. K. FU.

206 Taxon descriptions 201 Juniperus recurva BUCH.-HAM. ex D. DON var. coxii (A. B. JACKS.) MELVILLE Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 12.2 m maximum height; monoecious, or dioecious. Trunk: 2 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; peeling off in strands. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; long; roundish or triangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: 5 10 mm long; mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; slightly spreading; dark green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip acute; dorsal side rounded; with two white stripes; decurrent and not jointed at the base. Male cones: 3 6 mm long; solitary; male cone scales; 5 8 male cone scale whorls; ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 3 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 6 8 mm long; 5 6 mm wide; 3 cone scales; ovoid; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, or dark; without coating; young cones green with bluish coating; female-cone bearing-branchlets curved. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 seed per cone; 1 seed per female cone scale; nonflattened; tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: China, Birma. IUCN Red List: vulnerable. Synonyms: Juniperus coxii A. B. JACKS. [1932], Sabina recurva (BUCH.-HAM. ex D. DON) ANTOINE var. coxii (A. B. JACKS.) W. C. CHENG & L. K. FU, Sabina recurva (BUCH.-HAM. ex D. DON) ANTOINE [1857]. Common name: Coffin Juniper (ENG). Juniperus recurva BUCH.-HAM. ex D. DON var. recurva Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 12.2 m maximum height; monoecious, or dioecious. Trunk: 1.2 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown, or grey; peeling off in strands. Crown: dense; widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: 2 3 mm wide; 5 23 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; slightly spreading; bright dark green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip acute; dorsal side rounded; with a single wide, or two white stripes; decurrent and not jointed at the base. Male cones: 3 6 mm long; solitary; male cone scales; 5 8 male cone scale whorls; ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 3 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 6 12 mm long; 4 9 mm wide; 3 cone scales; ovoid; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, or dark; without coating; young cones green with bluish coating; female-cone bearing-branchlets curved. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: 5 8 mm long; mm wide; 1 seed per cone; bright brown black; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; not tubercled; with, or without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: Afghanistan, Pakistan, China, India. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus recurva BUCH.-HAM. ex D. DON var. typica PATSCHKE, Juniperus butanensis WENDER, Sabina recurva (BUCH.-HAM. ex D. DON) ANTOINE [1857], Sabinella recurva (BUCH.-HAM. ex D. DON) NAKAI. Common name: Drooping Juniper (ENG). Juniperus rigida SIEBOLD & ZUCC. subsp. conferta (PARL.) KITAM. Shrub: evergreen; procumbent; 6 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 0.1 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown, or grey; smooth scaly, or furrowed. Crown: dense; procumbent. Branches: horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: 5 40 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular or roundish in cross-section.

207 Taxon descriptions 202 Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: 8 19 mm long; mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; slightly spreading, or spreading; bright green; tip acute; dorsal side rounded or keeled; with a single narrow white stripe; not decurrent and jointed at the base. Male cones: mm long; mm wide; solitary; 6 12 male cone scales; 2 4 male cone scale whorls; globose, or ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3. Female cones: 8 13 mm long; 8 13 mm wide; 3, or 6 cone scales; globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or dark; with coating; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent or present, with small dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 3 seed(s) per cone; red, bright dark brown, or black; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: Russia, Japan. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus rigida SIEBOLD & ZUCC. subsp. litoralis (MAXIM.) URUSSOV, Juniperus conferta PARL. [1863], Juniperus rigida SIEBOLD & ZUCC. var. conferta (PARL.) PATSCHKE, Juniperus litoralis MAXIM., Juniperus coreana NAKAI. Common name: Nadel-Wacholder (GER). Juniperus rigida SIEBOLD & ZUCC. subsp. rigida Shrub, or tree: evergreen; procumbent, or erect; 12.2 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 0.3 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, or brown; furrowed, or peeling off in strands. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: horizontal, or ascending. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 8 60 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; long; triangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; spreading; bright dark green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip acute; dorsal side keeled; with a single narrow white stripe; not decurrent and jointed at the base. Male cones: 3 5 mm long; mm wide; solitary, or several together; 9 15 male cone scales; 3 5 male cone scale whorls; globose, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; 4 8 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 5 9 mm long; 5 9 mm wide; 3 6 cone scales; globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, dark, or reddish; with coating; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent, or with small dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 3 seed(s) per cone; red, bright dark brown, or black; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled; with, or without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: China, Japan, Korea. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus communis THUNB., Juniperus seoulensis NAKAI, Juniperus texensis MELLE, Juniperus utilis KOIDZ. var. modesta NAKAI, Juniperus rigida SIEBOLD & ZUCC. F. modesta (NAKAI) Y. C. ZHU, Juniperus rigida SIEBOLD & ZUCC. subsp. nipponica (MAXIM.) FRANCO, Juniperus nipponica MAXIM. [1868], Juniperus utilis KOIDZ. Common name: Nadel-Wacholder (GER). Juniperus sabina L. var. arenaria (E. H. WILSON) FARJON Tree: evergreen; procumbent, or erect; 25 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 2.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, or brown; divided in plates, or peeling off in strands. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 4 16 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: adult and juvenile leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section), or scaly. Needle leaves: 6 12 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; arranged in 4 rows; slightly spreading, or spreading; bright green; tip acute; dorsal side rounded; with two white stripes; decurrent and not jointed at the base. Scale leaves: 1 3 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green; apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of

208 Taxon descriptions 203 leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt; with conspicuous, inconspicuous, or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with smooth margin; tip curved out- or inwards. Male cones: 4 6 mm long; 2 3 mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 7 9 male cone scale whorls; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 3 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 4 9 mm long; 4 9 mm wide; 4 8 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, reddish, or dark; young cones greenish; female-cone bearing-branchlets curved. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 5 seed(s) per cone; 1 seed per female cone scale; nonflattened; tubercled. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 44 chromosomes (4n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Asia: China. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus chinensis L. var. arenaria H. E. WILSON [1928], Juniperus arenaria (H. E. WILSON) FLORIN. Common name: China-Wacholder (GER). Juniperus sabina L. var. davurica (PALL.) FARJON Shrub: evergreen; procumbent; 0.5 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 0.3 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; divided in plates, or peeling off in strands. Crown: dense; procumbent. Branches: horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 5 22 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: adult and juvenile leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section), or scaly. Needle leaves: 3 9 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; arranged in 4 rows; spreading, or slightly spreading; bright, or dark green; tip acute; dorsal side rounded; with a single wide, or two white stripes; decurrent and not jointed at the base. Scale leaves: 1 3 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous, inconspicuous, or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with smooth margin; tip curved inwards. Male cones: 4 5 mm long; 2 4 mm wide; male cone scales; 6 9 male cone scale whorls; ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 4 6 mm long; 5 8 mm wide; 4 6 cone scales; globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, reddish, or dark; young cones greenish; female-cone bearing-branchlets curved. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 6 seed(s) per cone; non-flattened; not tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: China, Korea, Russia, Kurilen. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Sabina davurica (PALL.) ANTOINE [1857], Juniperus davurica PALL. subsp. davurica, Juniperus davurica PALL., Juniperus davurica PALL. subsp. maritima URUSSOW. Juniperus sabina L. var. sabina Shrub, or tree: evergreen; procumbent, or erect; 4.6 m maximum height; monoecious, or dioecious. Trunk: 0.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; divided in plates. Crown: dense; globose irregular, or procumbent. Branches: horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 4 16 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves, or adult and juvenile leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section), or scaly. Needle leaves: 3 7 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; arranged in 4 rows; appressed, slightly spreading, or spreading; bright green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip acute; dorsal side rounded; with two white stripes; decurrent and not jointed at the base. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous, inconspicuous, or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with smooth margin; tip curved inwards.

209 Taxon descriptions 204 Male cones: 3 4 mm long; mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 5 7 male cone scale whorls; ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 5 8 mm long; 5 9 mm wide; 4 6 cone scales; ovoid, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy, or leathery; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or dark; young cones greenish; female-cone bearing-branchlets curved. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent. Columella: absent. Seeds: 4 5 mm long; mm wide; 1 3 seed(s) per cone; bright middle brown; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled; with, or without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the first, or second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: China, Mongolia, Russia, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kygystan; Europe: Albania, Austria, Belorussiya, Bosnia and Herzegowina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechoslovaki, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Macedonia, Romania, Yugoslavia. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus sabina L. var. vulgaris ENDL., Juniperus sabina L. var. cupressifolia AITON, Juniperus sabina L. var. tamarisciifolia AITON, Juniperus sabina L. var. lusitanica (MILL.) C. K. SCHNEID, Juniperus sabina L. var. monosperma C. Y. YANG, Juniperus sabina L. var. yulinensis (T. C. CHANG & C. G. CHEN) Y. F. YU & L. K. FU, Juniperus humilis SALIS. [1796], Juniperus kanitzii CSATÒ, Juniperus lusitanica MILL., Sabina vulgaris ANTOINE, Sabina officinalis GARCKE, Sabina vulgaris ANTOINE var. arborescens ANTOINE, Sabina cupressifolia ANTOINE ex K. KOCH, Sabina alpestris JORD., Sabina villarsii JORD., Sabina vulgaris ANTOINE var. yulinensis T. C. CHANG & C. G. CHEN. Common name: Sadebaum (GER). Juniperus saltillensis M. T. HALL Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 8 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 1 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey; peeling off in strands. Crown: dense; globose irregular. Branches: ascending. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; bright green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt; with conspicuous, inconspicuous, or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with serrate margin; tip curved inwards. Male cones: mm long; 8 12 male cone scales; 4 6 male cone scale whorls; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 3 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 4 cone scales; globose, or ovoid; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy, or leathery; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, dark, or reddish; young cones green with bluish coating; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight, or curved. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent, or with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 3 seed(s) per cone; dark brown black; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the first year, or second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: North America: Mexico. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonym: Juniperus ashei J. BUCHHOLZ var. saltillensis (M. T. HALL) SILBA. Common name: Saltillo Juniper (ENG). Juniperus saltuaria REHDER & E. H. WILSON Tree: evergreen; erect; 20 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 0.9 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown, or grey. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; arranged 3-dimensionally; stout, or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt; with inconspicuous or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with serrate margin.

210 Taxon descriptions 205 Male cones: mm long; mm wide; solitary; 6 8 male cone scales; 3 4 male cone scale whorls; globose; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 3 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 4 10 mm long; 5 8 mm wide; ovoid, globose, depressed-globose or 2-lobed; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; dark, or bluish; without coating; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 seed per cone; 1 seed per female cone scale; nonflattened; not tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Asia: China. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonym: Sabina saltuaria (REHDER & E. H. WILSON) W. C. CHENG & W. T. WANG. Juniperus saxicola BRITTON & P. WILSON Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 8 m maximum height. Trunk: 0.5 m maximum diameter. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly, widely conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Ultimate branchlets: arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: 4 7 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; arranged in 4 rows; slightly spreading, or spreading; decurrent and not jointed at the base. Male cones: yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely. Female cones: mm long; 3 4 mm wide; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, or globose; berrylike (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish; with coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone. Columella: absent. Seeds: 2 seeds per cone; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: North America: Cuba. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus barbadensis L. subsp. saxicola (BRITTON & P. WILSON) BORHIDI, Juniperus barbadensis L. var. saxicola (BRITTON & P. WILSON) SILBA. Juniperus scopulorum SARG. Tree: evergreen; erect; 20 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 0.85 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; peeling off in strands, or divided in plates. Crown: rather open; globose irregular, or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 4 35 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 3 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous, inconspicuous, or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded or keeled; with smooth margin; tip curved out- or inwards. Male cones: 3 5 mm long; mm wide; solitary; 3 9 male cone scales; 1 3 male cone scale whorls; ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely. Female cones: 4 9 mm long; 4 9 mm wide; 4 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, globose, or ovoid; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy, or leathery; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or dark; young cones greenish; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight, or curved. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; 2 4 mm wide; 1 3 seed(s) per cone; red, or bright middle brown; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled, or not tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: Canada, USA. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus virginiana L. var. scopulorum (SARG.) LEMMON, Sabina scopulorum (SARG.) RYDB., Juniperus virginiana L. subsp. scopulorum (SARG.) E. MURRAY, Juniperus excelsa PURSH, or Juniperus virginiana L. var. montana VASEY, Juniperus occidentalis HOOK. var. pleiosperma ENGELM., Juniperus scopulorum SARG. var.

211 Taxon descriptions 206 patens FASSET, Juniperus fassetii A. BOIVIN, Juniperus scopulorum SARG. F. columnaris (FASSET) REHDER, Juniperus scopulorum SARG. var. columnaris FASSET. Common names: Rocky Mountain Juniper (ENG), Rocky Mountain Redcedar (ENG), River Juniper (ENG). Juniperus semiglobosa REGEL Tree: evergreen; erect; 20 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 2 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; smooth scaly, peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: rather open, or dense; globose irregular, or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: 1 2 mm wide; 8 20 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; quadrangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves, or adult and juvenile leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section), or scaly. Needle leaves: 8 10 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; arranged in 4 rows; spreading; dark green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip acute; dorsal side rounded or keeled; with a single narrow, or wide white stripe, or with two white stripes; decurrent and not jointed at the base. Scale leaves: 1 2 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; bright green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with smooth margin; tip curved inwards. Male cones: 3 5 mm long; 2 4 mm wide; solitary; 8 10 male cone scales; 4 5 male cone scale whorls; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 3 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 4 7 mm long; 4 10 mm wide; 4 6 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, or globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy, or leathery; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or dark; with coating; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; with small dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; 2 5 mm wide; 1 4 seed(s) per cone; red, or bright middle brown; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened; tubercled. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: China, India, Nepal, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kygystan, Tadzhikistan, Uzbekistan. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus semiglobosa REGEL var. drobovii (SUMNEV.) SILBA, Juniperus semiglobosa REGEL var. talassica (LIPSKY) SILBA, Juniperus tianschanica SUMNEV., Juniperus talassica LIPSKY, Juniperus schugnanica KOM., Juniperus sabina L. var. jarkendensis (KOM.) SILBA, Juniperus media V. D. DMITRIEV, Juniperus jarkendensis KOM., Juniperus drobovii SUMNEV., Sabina vulgaris L. var. jarkendensis (KOM.) C. Y. YANG, Sabina semiglobosa (REGEL) L. K. FU & Y. F. YU. Juniperus squamata BUCH.-HAM. ex D. DON Shrub: evergreen; procumbent, or erect; 20 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 0.3 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown, or grey; peeling off in strands, or smooth scaly. Crown: dense; globose irregular, or columnar to narrowly conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular or roundish in crosssection. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: mm long; 1 3 mm wide; arranged in whorls of 3; slightly spreading, or spreading; dark green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip acute; dorsal side rounded or keeled; with two white stripes; decurrent and not jointed at the base. Male cones: 3 4 mm long; 1 3 mm wide; several together, or solitary; 9 12 male cone scales; 3 4 male cone scale whorls; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; 3 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 4 9 mm long; 4 6 mm wide; 2 6 cone scales; ovoid, oblong, or globose; berrylike (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or dark; with, or without coating; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: 3 6 mm long; 2 5 mm wide; 1 seed per cone; bright brown black; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled, or not tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips).

212 Taxon descriptions 207 Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: Afghanistan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, China, Birma, Taiwan. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Sabina squamata (BUCH.-HAM. ex D. DON) ANTOINE, Juniperus recurva BUCH.-HAM. ex D. DON var. densa HORT. ex CARRIÉRE, Juniperus recurva BUCH.-HAM. ex D. DON var. squamata (BUCH.-HAM. ex D. DON) PARL., Sabina recurva (BUCH.-HAM. ex D. DON) ANTOINE var. densa (CARRIÉRE) ANTOINE, Juniperus densa (CARRIÉRE) GORDON, Juniperus morrisonicola HAYATA, Sabinella morrisonicola (HAYATA) NAKAI, Juniperus squamata BUCH.-HAM. ex D. DON var. fargesii REHDER & E. H. WILSON, Juniperus squamata BUCH.-HAM. ex D. DON var. parvifolia Y. F. YU & L. K. FU, Juniperus fargesii (REHDER & E. H. WILSON) KOM., Juniperus lemeeana LÉV & BLIN., Juniperus kansuensis KOM., Juniperus franchetiana LÉV & KOM., Juniperus squamata BUCH.-HAM. ex D. DON var. hongxiensis Y. F. YU & L. K. FU, Juniperus squamata BUCH.-HAM. ex D. DON var.morrisonicola (HAYATA) H. L. LI & H. KENG, Sabina recurva (BUCH.-HAM. ex D. DON) ANTOINE [1857], Juniperus baimashanensis Y. F. YU & L. K. FU. Common names: Mount Morrison Juniper (ENG), Himalayan Juniper (ENG). Juniperus standleyi STEYERM. Shrub, or tree: evergreen; procumbent, or erect; 4.6 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 0.4 m maximum diameter. Bark: red, or brown; peeling off in strands. Crown: dense; globose irregular, or columnar to narrowly conical (pyramidal), or procumbent. Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 5 20 mm long; arranged in one plane, or arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; bright dark green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt; dorsal side rounded; with serrate margin; tip curved inwards. Male cones: 1 2 mm long; globose; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely. Female cones: 7 10 mm long; 7 10 mm wide; 2 6 cone scales; ovoid, globose, depressedglobose or 2-lobed; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish; female-cone bearing-branchlets curved. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 3 6 seeds per cone; dark brown black; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; non-flattened; with, or without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: North America: Mexico, Guatemala. IUCN Red List: indeterminate. Common name: Standley Juniper (ENG). Juniperus taxifolia HOOK. & ARN. Shrub, or tree: evergreen; procumbent, or erect; 13 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 1.3 m maximum diameter. Crown: columnar to narrowly, widely conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Branches: horizontal, or ascending. Ultimate branchlets: arranged 3-dimensionally; long; triangular or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: 7 20 mm long; 1 2 mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; spreading; bright green; tip blunt; dorsal side keeled; with two white stripes; not decurrent and jointed at the base. Male cones: 3 4 mm long; mm wide; solitary; 9 15 male cone scales; 3 5 male cone scale whorls; ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3. Female cones: 7 9 mm long; 6 9 mm wide; 3 cone scales; globose; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; young cones greenish; without coating. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 3; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; 2 5 mm wide; 3 seeds per cone; bright brown black; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the third year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Asia: Japan. IUCN Red List: indeterminate. Synonyms: Juniperus taxifolia HOOK. & ARN. var. luchuenensis KOIDZ., Juniperus lutchuensis KOIDZ.

213 Taxon descriptions 208 Juniperus thurifera L. Tree: evergreen; erect; 15 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 3.7 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown; smooth scaly, or peeling off in strands. Crown: dense; globose irregular, or columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 5 20 mm long; arranged in one plane; quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves, or adult and juvenile leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section), or scaly. Needle leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; arranged in 4 rows; spreading; bright dark green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip blunt, or acute; dorsal side rounded; with a single narrow, or wide white stripe; decurrent and not jointed at the base. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; medium dark green; closely appressed, or apically spreading; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip acute; with conspicuous, inconspicuous, or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with smooth margin; tip curved outwards. Male cones: 2 4 mm long; mm wide; solitary; 8 12 male cone scales; 4 6 male cone scale whorls; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely. Female cones: 7 10 mm long; 7 10 mm wide; 6 cone scales; globose, depressed-globose or 2- lobed; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or reddish; with coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 2 4 seeds per cone; bright brown black; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; not tubercled; without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Africa: Algeria, Morocco; Europe: France: Corsica; Spain. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Sabina thurifera (L.) ANTOINE, Juniperus hispanica MILL., Juniperus sabinoides ENDL., Sabina foetidissima (WILLD.) ANTOINE var. bonatiana (VIS.) ANTOINE, Sabina pseudothurifera ANTOINE, Juniperus cinerea CARRIÉRE, Juniperus thurifera L. var. africana MAIRE, Juniperus gallica (COINCY) ROUY, Juniperus thurifera L. subsp. gallica (COINCY) E. MURRAY, Juniperus bonatiana VIS., Juniperus thurifera L. var. gallica COINCY, Juniperus africana (MAIRE) VILLAR, Sabina foetidissima (WILLD.) ANTOINE. Common name: Spanish Juniper (ENG). Juniperus tibetica KOM. Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 30 m maximum height; monoecious, or dioecious. Trunk: 3 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, or brown; divided in plates. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: 1 2 mm wide; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 3 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; bright dark green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded; with smooth margin; tip curved inwards. Male cones: mm long; mm wide; solitary; 6 10 male cone scales; 3 4 male cone scale whorls; globose, oblong, or ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 3 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 8 16 mm long; 5 13 mm wide; ovoid, globose, depressed-globose or 2-lobed; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, bluish, or dark; young cones greenish; without coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 3 seed(s) per cone; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled; with, or without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Asia: China. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus potaninii KOM., Juniperus zaidamensis KOM. F. squarosa KOM., Juniperus distans FLORIN, Sabina tibetica (KOM.) W. C. CHENG & L. K. FU, Juniperus zaidamensis KOM. Common name: Szechuan Juniper (ENG).

214 Taxon descriptions 209 Juniperus virginiana L. var. silicicola (SMALL) E. MURRAY Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 30 m maximum height; monoecious, or dioecious. Trunk: 1.15 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; peeling off in strands. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 5 25 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves, or adult and juvenile leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section), or scaly. Needle leaves: 5 10 mm long; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; arranged in 4 rows; slightly spreading, or spreading; bright dark green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip acute; dorsal side rounded; with a single narrow, or wide white stripe, or with two white stripes; decurrent and not jointed at the base. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright green; apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; dorsal side keeled; with smooth margin; tip curved outwards. Male cones: 4 5 mm long; 1 2 mm wide; solitary; 6 12 male cone scales; 4 6 male cone scale whorls; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 3 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 3 7 mm long; 3 4 mm wide; globose, or ovoid; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish; without coating; young cones green with bluish coating; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight, or curved. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; mm wide; 1 2 seed(s) per cone; bright brown black; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n), or 33 chromosomes (3n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: USA. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Sabina silicicola SMALL [1923], Juniperus silicicola (SMALL) L. H. BAILEY, Juniperus virginiana L. subsp. silicicola (SMALL) E. MURRAY. Common name: Pencil Cedar (ENG). Juniperus virginiana L. var. virginiana Tree: evergreen; erect; 30 m maximum height; monoecious, or dioecious. Trunk: 1.15 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; peeling off in strands. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 5 25 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; quadrangular in crosssection. Leaves: only adult leaves, or adult and juvenile leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section), or scaly. Needle leaves: 5 10 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely or in whorls of 3; arranged in 4 rows; slightly spreading, or spreading; dark green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip acute; dorsal side rounded; with a single wide, or two white stripes; decurrent and not jointed at the base. Scale leaves: 1 3 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; medium dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed, or apically spreading; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous glands; without white resin; dorsal side keeled; with smooth margin; tip curved outwards. Male cones: 2 4 mm long; 1 2 mm wide; solitary; 8 12 male cone scales; 4 6 male cone scale whorls; globose, or ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 3 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 2 7 mm long; 3 6 mm wide; 2 4 cone scales; ovoid, globose, depressed-globose or 2-lobed; berry-like (closed after maturity); fleshy; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish; young cones green with bluish coating; female-cone bearing-branchlets straight, or curved. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; umbo absent, or with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: 3 5 mm long; mm wide; 1 2 seed(s) per cone; bright brown black; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened; tubercled; with, or without conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n), or 33 chromosomes (3n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: Canada, USA, USA: Hawaii. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus foetida SPACH. var. virginiana (L.) SPACH. [1841], Juniperus virginiana

215 Taxon descriptions 210 L. var. vulgaris ENDL., Sabina virginiana (L.) ANTOINE, Juniperus caroliana MILL., Juniperus caroliniana DU ROI, Juniperus arborescens MOENCH, Juniperus hermanii SPRENG., Juniperus virginiana L. var. crebra FERNALD & GRISCOM, Juniperus virginiana L. subsp. crebra (FERNALD & GRISCOM) E. MURRAY, Juniperus foetida SPACH. Common name: Pencil Cedar (ENG). Libocedrus austrocaledonica BRONGN. & GRIS. Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 6 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 0.6 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown; peeling off in strands, furrowed, or smooth scaly. Crown: columnar to narrowly conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; arranged in one plane; flattened in cross-section; with white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 3 6 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green; closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with inconspicuous or without glands; facial leaves do not touch following facial leaves. Lateral leaves: 2 6 mm long; facial and lateral leaves conspicuously unequal in length; not visibly adjoined (facial leaves are overlapping); tip blunt. Facial leaves: 1 4 mm long. Male cones: 8 12 mm long; 2 3 mm wide; solitary; 6 18 male cone scales; 3 5 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely. Female cones: 8 12 mm long; 2 5 mm wide; 4 cone scales; ovoid, or oblong; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright; young cones greenish or green with bluish coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted at the same level in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with very large dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: 3 7 mm long; simple (round or angled at the apex). Seeds: 4 8 mm long; mm wide; 2 4 seeds per cone; bright middle brown; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: 2 9 mm wide; 2 unequal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: New Caledonia. IUCN Red List: vulnerable. Libocedrus bidwillii HOOK. F. Tree: evergreen; erect; 20 m maximum height; monoecious, or dioecious. Trunk: 1 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; peeling off in strands. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 2 40 mm long; arranged in one plane; flattened, or quadrangular in cross-section; with white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; medium dark green; closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with inconspicuous or without glands. Lateral leaves: 1 3 mm long; facial and lateral leaves more or less equal in length; not visibly adjoined (facial leaves are overlapping). Facial leaves: mm long. Male cones: mm long; solitary; 6 18 male cone scales; 3 5 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 3 5 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 5 12 mm long; 3 12 mm wide; 4 cone scales; ovoid, or oblong; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; dark; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted at the same level in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with very large dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: mm long; simple (round or angled at the apex). Seeds: 3 4 mm long; 4 10 mm wide; 2 4 seeds per cone; red, bright dark brown, or black; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: 4 10 mm wide; 2 unequal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: New Zealand. IUCN Red List: not listed. Common names: Kaikawaka (NOC), Pahautea (NOC), Mountain Cedar (ENG). Libocedrus chevalieri J. BUCHHOLZ Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 5 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 0.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown, or black; peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: dense; columnar to

216 Taxon descriptions 211 narrowly, widely conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; arranged in one plane; flattened in cross-section; upper and lower side equal; without white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 2 9 mm long; 1 2 mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green; apically spreading; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); with inconspicuous or without glands. Lateral leaves: 1 3 mm long; facial and lateral leaves more or less equal in length. Facial leaves: 1 2 mm long. Male cones: 8 10 mm long; mm wide; solitary; 6 18 male cone scales; 8 9 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 3 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; 2 5 mm wide; 4 cone scales; ovoid, or oblong; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted at the same level in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with very large dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: 4 12 mm long; simple (round, angled at the apex, or a flat, woody plate). Seeds: 2 8 mm long; mm wide; 2 4 seeds per cone; bright middle brown; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 unequal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: New Caledonia. IUCN Red List: endangered. Libocedrus plumosa (D. DON) SARG. Tree: evergreen; erect; 30.5 m maximum height; monoecious, or dioecious. Trunk: 1.2 m maximum diameter. Bark: red, or brown; peeling off in strands. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: 2 7 mm wide; 4 50 mm long; arranged in one plane; flattened in cross-section; with white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; 1 7 mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright green; closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip acute; with conspicuous, inconspicuous, or without glands. Lateral leaves: 2 5 mm long; facial and lateral leaves conspicuously unequal in length; visibly adjoined (facial leaves are not overlapping); tip acute. Facial leaves: mm long. Male cones: mm long; 4 15 mm wide; solitary; 6 18 male cone scales; 4 6 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 3 5 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 8 15 mm long; 1 7 mm wide; 4 cone scales; ovoid, or oblong; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted at the same level in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with very large dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: simple (round or angled at the apex). Seeds: mm long; 3 10 mm wide; 2 4 seeds per cone; bright middle brown; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: 3 10 mm wide; 2 unequal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: New Zealand. IUCN Red List: vulnerable. Synonyms: Dacrydium plumosum D. DON [1828], Libocedrus doniana (HOOK.) ENDL., Thuja doniana HOOK. Common names: Kawaka (NZL), New Zealand Cedar (ENG). Libocedrus yateensis GUILLAUMIN Tree: evergreen; erect; 12 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1.2 m maximum diameter. Bark: red, or brown; peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; arranged in one plane; flattened in cross-section; upper and lower side different. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 2 10 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green; apically spreading, or closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip acute; with inconspicuous or without glands; tip of facial leaves touch the base of following facial leaves. Lateral leaves: 4 6 mm long; facial and lateral leaves more or less equal in length, or conspicuously unequal in length; not visibly adjoined (facial leaves are overlapping). Facial leaves: mm long.

217 Taxon descriptions 212 Male cones: 6 10 mm long; 1 3 mm wide; solitary; 6 18 male cone scales; 8 10 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 3 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 8 12 mm long; 1 7 mm wide; 4 cone scales; ovoid, or oblong; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted at the same level in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with very large dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: simple (round or angled at the apex). Seeds: 4 8 mm long; 1 4 mm wide; 2 4 seeds per cone; bright middle brown; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: 2 7 mm wide; 2 unequal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: New Caledonia. IUCN Red List: endangered. Metasequoia glyptostroboides HU & W. C. CHENG Tree: deciduous; erect; 50 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 2.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; peeling off in strands, furrowed, or divided in plates. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm long; arranged in one plane; flattened or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: 8 25 mm long; 1 3 mm wide; arranged oppositely; arranged in 2 rows, not exact in one plane; spreading; bright green; tip blunt, or acute; without any white stripes. Male cones: mm long; 2 4 mm wide; several together, or solitary; male cone scales; 7 20 male cone scale pairs; globose, or ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged spirally or oppositely; 1 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; 8 28 mm wide; cone scales; globose, ovoid, or oblong; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, or dark; young cones greenish, or reddish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; umbo absent, or with dorsal depression, or with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent, or present; 1 5 mm long; simple (round or angled at the apex). Seeds: 4 6 mm long; 3 5 mm wide; seeds per cone; bright dark brown black; 1 9 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: China. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Metasequoia glyptostroboides HU & W. C. CHENG var. caespitosa Y. H. LONG & Y. WU, Sequoia glyptostroboides (HU & W. C. CHENG) WEIDE. Common names: Dawn Redwood (ENG), Water Fir (ENG), Water Larch (ENG). Microbiota decussata KOM. Shrub: evergreen; procumbent; 0.6 m maximum height; monoecious, or dioecious. Trunk: 0.09 m maximum diameter. Bark: red, or brown; smooth scaly. Crown: dense; procumbent. Branches: horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: 1 2 mm wide; 3 20 mm long; arranged in one plane; flattened or quadrangular in cross-section; without white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 3 mm long; 1 2 mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green; closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip acute; with conspicuous, inconspicuous or without glands. Lateral leaves: mm long; facial and lateral leaves more or less equal in length; not visibly adjoined (facial leaves are overlapping). Facial leaves: 1 3 mm long. Male cones: mm long; mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 5 6 male cone scale whorls; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 1 3 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 1 5 mm long; 2 6 mm wide; 2 4 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, or globose; cone-like (open after maturity); leathery, or woody; not disintegrating after maturity; dark; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted at the same level in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with small or large dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre, a little bit below the centre, or near the tip. Columella: absent. Seeds: 2 4 mm long; 1 3 mm wide; 1 2 seed(s) per cone; bright dark brown black; 1 seed per female cone scale; non-flattened. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips).

218 Taxon descriptions 213 Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: Russia, Russia: Kurilen. IUCN Red List: indeterminate. Neocallitropsis pancheri (CARRIÈRE) DE LAUB. Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 12 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 0.67 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, or brown; peeling off in strands. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: 4 17 mm long; mm wide; arranged in whorls of 4; slightly spreading, or spreading; bright, or dark green; tip blunt, or acute. Male cones: mm long; 5 7 mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 6 8 male cone scale whorls; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 4; 7 14 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 8 10 mm long; 5 7 mm wide; 8 cone scales; ovoid, or oblong; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright. Female cone scales: arranged in whorls of 4 (always 8 cone scales); inserted at the same level in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; almost equal; tip blunt, or acute; with small or large dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: 1 2 mm long; simple (round or angled at the apex). Seeds: 6 11 mm long; 2 4 mm wide; 1 12 seed(s) per cone; bright middle brown; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened, or non-flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 2, 3, or 4 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: New Caledonia. IUCN Red List: endangered. Synonyms: Callitropsis araucarioides R. H. COMPTON, Eutacta pancheri CARRIERE [1867], Neocallitropsis araucarioides (R. H. COMPTON) FLORIN. Papuacedrus papuana (F. MUELL.) H. L. LI var. arfakensis (GIBBS) R. J. JOHNS Tree: evergreen; erect; 35 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 0.8 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, brown, or black; smooth scaly, peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: horizontal, or ascending. Ultimate branchlets: 2 5 mm wide; 3 30 mm long; arranged in one plane; in cross-section flattened; with white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 2 20 mm long; 1 5 mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip acute; with inconspicuous or without glands. Lateral leaves: 2 7 mm long; facial and lateral leaves conspicuously unequal in length; visibly (facial leaves are not overlapping), or not visibly adjoined (facial leaves are overlapping). Facial leaves: 1 20 mm long. Male cones: 4 25 mm long; 2 3 mm wide; solitary; 8 30 male cone scales; 4 10 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely or in whorls of 4; 2 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 4 15 mm long; 2 10 mm wide; 4 6 cone scales; ovoid; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; dark; young cones greenish or green with bluish coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted at the same level in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; unequal; tip blunt, or acute; with small or large dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: 1 5 mm long; simple (round or angled at the apex). Seeds: 4 6 mm long; 2 3 mm wide; 4 seeds per cone; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: 3 8 mm wide; 2 unequal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: New Guinea. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Libocedrus arfakensis GIBBS [1917], Libocedrus papuana F. MUELL. var. arfakensis (GIBBS) DE LAUB, Libocedrus papuana F. MUELL. [1889], Papuacedrus papuana (F. MUELL.) H. L. LI, Papuacedrus arfakensis (GIBBS) H. L. LI. Common name: Ab (NEGA).

219 Taxon descriptions 214 Papuacedrus papuana (F. MUELL.) H. L. LI var. papuana Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 50 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 0.8 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, brown, or black; smooth scaly, peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: rather open, or dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: 2 10 mm wide; 2 60 mm long; arranged in one plane; flattened in cross-section; with white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; 1 10 mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip acute; with inconspicuous or without glands. Lateral leaves: 4 12 mm long; facial and lateral leaves conspicuously unequal in length; visibly (facial leaves are not overlapping), or not visibly adjoined (facial leaves are overlapping). Facial leaves: 1 20 mm long. Male cones: 4 25 mm long; 2 3 mm wide; solitary; 8 30 male cone scales; 4 10 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged in whorls of 4, or arranged oppositely; 2 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 4 15 mm long; 2 5 mm wide; 4 6 cone scales; ovoid; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; dark; young cones greenish or green with bluish coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted at the same level in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; unequal; tip blunt, or acute; with small or large dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: 1 5 mm long; simple (round or angled at the apex). Seeds: 4 6 mm long; 2 3 mm wide; 4 6 seeds per cone; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: 3 8 mm wide; 2 unequal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: New Guinea. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Libocedrus papuana F. MUELL. [1889], Libocedrus toricellensis SCHLTR. ex LAUTERB., Papuacedrus toricellensis (SCHLTR. ex LAUTERB.) H. L. LI, Papuacedrus papuana (F. MUELL.) H. L. LI, Thuja papuana (F. MUELLER) VOSS. Common name: Ab (NEGA). Pilgerodendron uviferum (D. DON) FLORIN Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 40 m maximum height; dioecious. Trunk: 1 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; smooth scaly, or furrowed. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section), or scaly. Needle leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; arranged in 4 rows; spreading; bright green; tip blunt, or acute; with a single wide white stripe. Scale leaves: 1 4 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green; spreading, apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt; with inconspicuous or without glands. Male cones: 4 10 mm long; 1 3 mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 8 12 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 4 8 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 6 12 mm long; 3 5 mm wide; 4 cone scales; oblong, or ovoid; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted at the same level in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt, or acute; with large or very large dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: 3 11 mm long; 1 4 mm wide; 3 4 seeds per cone; bright middle brown; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: 6 11 mm wide; 2 unequal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: South America: Argentina, Chile. IUCN Red List: endangered, or vulnerable. Synonym: Juniperus uvifera D. DON [1828]. Common name: Ciprès de la Guaitecas (ARG).

220 Taxon descriptions 215 Platycladus orientalis (L.) FRANCO Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 25 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown, or red; divided in plates, peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly, widely conical (pyramidal), or globose irregular. Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: 1 2 mm wide; 1 25 mm long; arranged in one plane; flattened in cross-section; without white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly; smell aromatic. Scale leaves: 1 3 mm long; 1 2 mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green; apically spreading, or closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip blunt; with conspicuous, inconspicuous, or without glands; with, or without resin glands on leading shoots. Lateral leaves: 1 3 mm long; facial and lateral leaves more or less equal in length; not visibly adjoined (facial leaves are overlapping). Facial leaves: 1 3 mm long; with furrow on facial leaves. Male cones: 2 3 mm long; mm wide; solitary; 8 16 male cone scales; 4 8 male cone scale whorls; globose, or ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 1 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 6 10 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, globose, ovoid, or oblong; cone-like (open after maturity); leathery, or woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, reddish, or bright; young cones green with bluish coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels, or at the same level in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with large or very large dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: absent. Seeds: 4 8 mm long; 2 4 mm wide; 2 18 seeds per cone; red, bright dark brown, or black; 1 3 seed(s) per female cone scale; non-flattened. Seed wings: absent (sometimes only small rips). Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: China, Japan, Russia. IUCN Red List: rare. Synonyms: Biota orientalis (L.) ENDL., Cupressus pendula THUNB., Platycladus striata SPACH, Thuja acuta MOENCH, Thuja chengii BORDERES & GAUSSEN, Thuja orientalis L. [1753], Thuja decora SALSB., Thuja orientalis L. var. argyi LEMEE & LEV. Common names: Chinese Cypress (ENG), Oriental Arborvitae (CHN), Morgenländischer Lebensbaum (GER). Sequoia sempervirens (D. DON) ENDL. Tree: evergreen; erect; 110 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 8 m maximum diameter. Bark: red, or brown; divided in plates, smooth scaly, or furrowed. Crown: dense, or rather open; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm long; arranged in one plane; roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section), or scaly. Needle leaves: 6 30 mm long; 1 3 mm wide; arranged spirally; arranged in 2 rows, exact in one plane; spreading; bright dark green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip acute; with two white stripes. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged spirally; bright dark green; apically spreading, or closely appressed; tip acute; with inconspicuous or without glands. Male cones: 1 3 mm long; solitary, or several together; 6 25 male cone scales; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged spirally; 1 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; cone scales; globose, or ovoid; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, or dark; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged spirally; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with dorsal depression; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: 1 7 mm long; mm wide; seeds per cone; red, or bright middle brown; 1 7 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 4 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n), or 66 chromosomes (6n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: USA. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Gigantabies taxifolia J. NELSON, Sequoia gigantea ENDL., Sequoia religiosa PRESL, Taxodium sempervirens D. DON [1824]. Common names: Sequoyah (ENG), Redwood (ENG), Cherokee Chief (ENG).

221 Taxon descriptions 216 Sequoiadendron giganteum (LINDL.) J. BUCHHOLZ Tree: evergreen; erect; 100 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 12 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; smooth scaly, peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: dense; widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (awl-shaped: rounded in cross-section). Needle leaves: 2 12 mm long; mm wide; arranged spirally; arranged in 3 rows; slightly spreading, or appressed; dark green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip acute. Male cones: 6 9 mm long; solitary, or several together; male cone scales; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged spirally; 1 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; cone scales; ovoid; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, or dark; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged spirally; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; umbo or depression absent or present; with dorsal depression, or with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: 3 8 mm long; 2 6 mm wide; seeds per cone; bright middle brown; 1 12 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: 1 4 mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 3 6 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: USA. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Gigantabies wellingtoniana J. NELSON, Sequoia gigantea ENDL., Steinhauera gigantea (LINDL.) KUNTZE ex VOSS, Taxodium giganteum (LINDL.) KELLOGG & BEHR, Taxodium washingtonianum WINSLOW, Washingtonia californica WINSLOW, Wellingtonia gigantea LINDL. [1853]. Common names: Giant Sequoia (ENG), Sequoia Tree (ENG). Taiwania cryptomerioides HAYATA Tree: evergreen; erect; tree; 75 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 2 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; divided in plates, or peeling off in strands. Crown: dense, or rather open; widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular, roundish or quadrangular in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (awl-shaped: rounded in cross-section), or needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: 1 25 mm long; mm wide; arranged spirally; arranged in 5 rows; spreading; dark green, or green with whitish coating (somewhat bluish); tip acute. Male cones: several together; male cone scales; ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged spirally; 2 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 8 25 mm long; 3 12 mm wide; cone scales; ovoid, or oblong; cone-like (open after maturity); leathery, or woody; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, bluish, or bright; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged spirally; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; umbo absent, or with small dorsal umbo. Columella: absent. Seeds: 3 7 mm long; mm wide; seeds per cone; bright middle brown; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: China, Taiwan, Birma. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Taiwania flousiana GAUSSEN, Taiwania yunnanensis KOIDZ. Common name: Tai Wan Shan (CHN). Taxodium distichum (L.) RICH. var. distichum Tree: deciduous; erect; 50 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 2 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, brown, or black; smooth scaly, peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: rather open; widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm long; arranged in one plane; flattened or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: 3 20 mm long; mm wide; arranged spirally; arranged in 2 rows, exact in one plane; spreading; bright green; tip blunt, or acute; without any white stripes.

222 Taxon descriptions 217 Male cones: 5 10 mm long; 5 10 mm wide; several together; 6 17 male cone scales; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged spirally; 1 8 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, globose, or ovoid; cone-like (disintegrating after maturity); leathery, or woody; disintegrating into several parts after maturity; bright; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged spirally; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt, or acute; with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: 4 26 mm long; 3 23 mm wide; seeds per cone; red, or bright middle brown; 1 3 seed(s) per female cone scale; non-flattened. Seed wings: present, or absent (sometimes only small rips); mm wide; 2, or 3 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 4 9 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n), or 24 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: USA. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Cuprespinnata disticha (L.) J. NELSON, Cupressus disticha L. var. patens AITON, Cupressus laeta SALISB., Glyptostrobus pendulus (J. FORBES) ENDL., Schubertia disticha (L.) MIRB., Taxodium distichum (L.) RICH., Taxodium distichum (L.) RICH. var. nutans CARRIERE, Taxodium distichum (L.) RICH. var. patens (AITON) SWEET, Taxodium distichum (L.) RICH. var. pendulum (J. FORBES) CARRIERE, Taxodium sinense (J. FORBES) J. NELSON, Taxodium sinense J. FORBES var. pendulum, Taxodium sinense NOIS ex GORDON. Common name: Baldcypress (ENG). Taxodium distichum (L.) RICH. var. imbricatum (NUTT.) CROOM Tree: deciduous; erect; 50 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 2 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; smooth scaly, peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (awl-shaped: rounded in cross-section). Needle leaves: 2 10 mm long; mm wide; arranged spirally; arranged in 3 rows; appressed; bright green; tip acute. Male cones: 5 10 mm long; 5 10 mm wide; several together; 6 10 male cone scales; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged spirally; 4 5 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; cone scales; globose, or ovoid; cone-like (disintegrating after maturity); leathery, or woody; disintegrating into several parts after maturity; bright; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged spirally; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt, or acute; with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: 4 26 mm long; 5 23 mm wide; 6 16 seeds per cone; red, bright dark brown, or black; 1 3 seed(s) per female cone scale; non-flattened. Seed wings: present, or absent (sometimes only small rips); mm wide; 2, or 3 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 4 9 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: USA. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Taxodium distichum KUNTH, or Taxodium distichum (L.) RICH. var. nutans CARRIERE, Taxodium distichum (L.) RICH. ssp. nutans (AITON) E. MURRAY, Taxodium distichum (L.) RICH. var. microphyllum (BRONGN.) CARRIERE, Taxodium distichum (L.) RICH. var. fastigiatum KNIGHT ex CARRIERE, Taxodium distichum (L.) RICH. var. ascendens CARRIERE ex MAST., Taxodium imbricatum (NUTT.) R. M. HARPER, Taxodium ascendens BRONGN., Taxodium ascendens BRONGN. var. nutans (AITON) REHDER, Taxodium lineatum (POIR.) DRUCE, Taxodium microphyllum BRONGN., Cupressus disticha L. var. imbricata NUTT. [1818], Cupressus disticha L. var. nutans AITON, Thuja lineata POIR., Glyptostrobus lineatus (POIR.) DRUCE. Common name: Pond Cypress (ENG). Taxodium mucronatum TEN. Tree: deciduous, or evergreen; erect; 50 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 6.2 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, or brown; divided in plates, smooth scaly, peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm long; arranged 3- dimensionally, or in one plane; flattened or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section). Needle leaves: 5 18 mm long; mm wide; arranged spirally; arranged in 2 rows, exact in one plane; spreading; bright green; tip blunt, or acute; without any white stripes.

223 Taxon descriptions 218 Male cones: several together; male cone scales; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged spirally; 4 5 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; cone scales; globose, or ovoid; cone-like (disintegrating after maturity); leathery, or woody; disintegrating into several parts after maturity; bluish, or bright; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged spirally; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt, or acute; with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: absent. Seeds: 4 26 mm long; 3 23 mm wide; 6 16 seeds per cone; bright brown black; 1 3 seed(s) per female cone scale; non-flattened. Seed wings: present, or absent (sometimes only small rips); mm wide; 2, or 3 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 4 9 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: Mexico, Guatemala, USA. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Cuprespinnata mexicana (CARRIERE) J. NELSON, Taxodium distichum KUNTH, Taxodium distichum (L.) RICH. var. mexicanum (CARRIERE) GORDON, Taxodium distichum (L.) RICH. var. mucronatum (TEN) A. HENRY, or Taxodium mexicanum CARRIERE. Common name: Mexikanische Sumpfzypresse (GER). Tetraclinis articulata (VAHL) MAST. Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 15.2 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 0.4 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, or brown; divided in plates, or furrowed. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: 1 2 mm wide; 3 40 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; flattened in cross-section; without white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 2 6 mm long; 1 2 mm wide; arranged oppositely; medium dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with inconspicuous or without glands. Lateral leaves: 2 6 mm long; facial and lateral leaves more or less equal in length; not visibly adjoined (facial leaves are overlapping). Facial leaves: 2 6 mm long. Male cones: 3 7 mm long; mm wide; several together, or solitary; male cone scales; 5 11 male cone scale whorls; ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 1 9 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 8 13 mm long; 8 18 mm wide; 4 cone scales; globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish; young cones greenish or green with bluish coating. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted at the same level in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt, or acute; with small or large dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; 6 15 mm wide; 5 8 seeds per cone; bright middle brown; 1 4 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: 4 8 mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 4 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Africa: Algeria, Morocco; Europe: Spain, Malta. IUCN Red List: rare. Synonyms: Callitris quadrivalens VENT., Cupressus articulata (VAHL.) MIRB., Thuja articulata VAHL [1791]. Common names: Alerce (GER), Alerce (SPA), Arartree (ENG). Thuja koraiensis NAKAI Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 10 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 0.8 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; divided in plates, smooth scaly, peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: rather open, or dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 2 40 mm long; arranged in one plane; flattened in cross-section; with white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly; smell not conspicuous. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip blunt; with conspicuous, inconspicuous, or without glands; with resin glands on leading shoots. Lateral leaves: mm long; facial and lateral leaves more or less equal in length; not visibly adjoined (facial leaves are overlapping); tip blunt. Facial leaves: mm long; without furrow on facial leaves.

224 Taxon descriptions 219 Male cones: 1 3 mm long; mm wide; solitary; 6 10 male cone scales; 3 5 male cone scale whorls; globose; yellow, bright brown, red, or orange. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 1 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 6 13 mm long; 4 12 mm wide; 6 10 cone scales; ovoid, or oblong; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, bright, or dark; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels, or at the same level in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with small dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: present, or absent; 4 14 mm long; simple (round, angled at the apex, or a flat, woody plate). Seeds: 3 8 mm long; mm wide; 5 25 seeds per cone; bright middle brown; 1 3 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: China, Korea. IUCN Red List: rare. Common name: Koreanischer Lebensbaum (GER). Thuja occidentalis L. Tree: evergreen; procumbent, or erect; 38 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1.75 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; smooth scaly, or furrowed, or peeling off in strands. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 2 40 mm long; arranged in one plane; flattened in cross-section; without white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly; smell aromatic. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous glands; with resin glands on leading shoots. Lateral leaves: mm long; facial and lateral leaves more or less equal in length; not visibly adjoined (facial leaves are overlapping); tip acute. Facial leaves: mm long; without furrow on facial leaves. Male cones: mm long; mm wide; solitary; 6 12 male cone scales; 3 6 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 6 15 mm long; 4 12 mm wide; 6 10 cone scales; oblong, or ovoid; cone-like (open after maturity); leathery, or woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright, or dark; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels, or at the same level in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt, or acute; umbo absent, or with small or large dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: 2 10 mm long; simple (round, angled at the apex, or a flat, woody plate). Seeds: 3 7 mm long; 1 7 mm wide; 4 14 seeds per cone; red, bright dark brown, or black; 1 2 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: Canada, USA. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Cupressus arborvitae TARG., Thuja obtusa MOENCH, Thuja odorata MARSHALL, Thuja procera SALISB., Thuja theophrastii C. BAUHIN ex NIEUWL. Common name: Abendländischer Lebensbaum (GER). Thuja plicata DONN ex D. DON Tree: evergreen; erect; 75 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 5 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; divided in plates, or furrowed. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 2 40 mm long; arranged in one plane; flattened in cross-section; with white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly; smell aromatic. Scale leaves: 1 6 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip acute; with conspicuous, inconspicuous, or without glands; with resin glands on leading shoots, or without resin glands on leading shoots. Lateral leaves: mm long; facial and lateral leaves more or less equal in length; not visibly adjoined (facial leaves are overlapping); tip blunt, or acute. Facial leaves: mm long; without furrow on facial leaves.

225 Taxon descriptions 220 Male cones: mm long; mm wide; solitary; 4 12 male cone scales; 3 6 male cone scale whorls; ovoid, or oblong; red or orange. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 9 15 mm long; 4 12 mm wide; 8 12 cone scales; ovoid, or oblong; cone-like (open after maturity); leathery, or woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright, or dark; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels, or at the same level in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt, or acute; umbo absent, or with small or large dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: 4 12 mm long; simple (round, angled at the apex, or a flat, woody plate). Seeds: 4 8 mm long; mm wide; 8 20 seeds per cone; red, or bright middle brown; 1 3 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: Canada, USA. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Thuja gigantea NUTT., Thuja lobbii HORT ex GORD. Common names: Canoe Cedar (ENG), Western Red Cedar (ENG). Thuja standishii (GORDON) CARRIÈRE Tree: evergreen; erect; 30 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 2.1 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; smooth scaly, peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 2 40 mm long; arranged in one plane; flattened in crosssection; with white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly; smell not conspicuous. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with conspicuous white resin; with conspicuous, inconspicuous or without glands; without resin glands on leading shoots. Lateral leaves: mm long; facial and lateral leaves more or less equal in length; visibly (facial leaves are not overlapping), or not visibly adjoined (facial leaves are overlapping); tip blunt, or acute. Facial leaves: mm long; without furrow on facial leaves. Male cones: mm wide; solitary; 6 12 male cone scales; 3 6 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 7 11 mm long; 4 12 mm wide; 8 12 cone scales; oblong, or ovoid; cone-like (open after maturity); leathery, or woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright, or dark; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels, or at the same level in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; umbo absent, or with small or large dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: present, or absent; 4 12 mm long; simple (round, angled at the apex, or a flat, woody plate). Seeds: 5 6 mm long; 1 3 mm wide; seeds per cone; bright brown black; 1 3 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: 2 7 mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: Japan. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Thuja japonica MAXIM., Thuja gigantea NUTT. var. japonica (MAXIM.) FRANCH. & SAV., Thuja gigantea NUTT., Thujopsis standishii GORD. [1862]. Common names: Japanischer Lebensbaum (GER), Kurobe (JAP), Nezuko (JAP). Thuja sutchuenensis FRANCH. Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 20 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 2 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; smooth scaly, or divided in plates. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, or horizontal. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 2 40 mm long; arranged in one plane; flattened in cross-section; with white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; medium dark green; closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip blunt; with inconspicuous or without glands; without resin glands on leading shoots. Lateral leaves: facial and lateral leaves more or less equal in length; tip blunt. Facial leaves: mm long; with furrow on facial leaves.

226 Taxon descriptions 221 Male cones: 2 3 mm long; solitary; 6 8 male cone scales; 3 4 male cone scale whorls; globose, or ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 3 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 5 7 mm long; 3 4 mm wide; 8 cone scales; oblong, or ovoid; cone-like (open after maturity); leathery, or woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bright, or dark; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels, or at the same level in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt, or acute; umbo absent, or with small or large dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: present, or absent; simple (round, angled at the apex, or a flat, woody plate). Seeds: mm long; 2 5 mm wide; 4 12 seeds per cone; 1 3 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: China. IUCN Red List: extinct. Thujopsis dolabrata (THUNB. ex L. F.) SIEBOLD & ZUCC. var. dolabrata Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 30.5 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 2 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, brown, or black; peeling off in strands. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: 2 7 mm wide; 3 35 mm long; arranged in one plane; flattened in cross-section; with white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; 2 7 mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green; apically spreading, or closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip blunt; with inconspicuous or without glands. Lateral leaves: mm long; facial and lateral leaves more or less equal in length; not visibly adjoined (facial leaves are overlapping); curved at the apex; tip acute. Facial leaves: mm long. Male cones: 5 6 mm long; 3 5 mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 6 10 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 3 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 8 19 mm long; mm wide; 6 10 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, or globose; cone-like (open after maturity); leathery, or woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or bright; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt, or acute; with small or large dorsal umbo near the tip; thickened at the tip. Columella: 4 12 mm long; simple (round, angled at the apex, or a flat, woody plate). Seeds: 1 7 mm long; 1 4 mm wide; seeds per cone; bright brown black; 1 8 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: Japan. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Thujopsis dolabrata (THUNB. ex L. F.) SIEBOLD & ZUCC. var. australis HENRY, Libocedrus dolabrata (THUNB. ex L. F.) E. J. NELSON, Platycladus dolabrata (THUNB. ex L. F.) SPACH, Thuja dolabrata THUNB. ex L. F. [1782], Thujopsis dolabrata (THUNB. ex L. F.) SIEBOLD & ZUCC. Common names: Asunaro (JAP), Hiba (GER). Thujopsis dolabrata (THUNB. ex L. F.) SIEBOLD & ZUCC. var. hondai MAKINO Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 30.5 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 2 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; peeling off in strands, or furrowed. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending, horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: 2 7 mm wide; 3 35 mm long; arranged in one plane; flattened in cross-section; with white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; 2 7 mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green; apically spreading, or closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with inconspicuous or without glands. Lateral leaves: mm long; facial and lateral leaves more or less equal in length; not visibly adjoined (facial leaves are overlapping); not curved at the apex; tip blunt. Facial leaves: mm long.

227 Taxon descriptions 222 Male cones: 5 6 mm long; 3 5 mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 6 10 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 3 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 6 10 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, or globose; cone-like (open after maturity); leathery, or woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or bright; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted on different levels in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt, or acute; with small dorsal umbo near the tip; not thickened at the tip. Columella: 4 12 mm long; simple (round, angled at the apex, or a flat, woody plate). Seeds: 1 7 mm long; 1 5 mm wide; seeds per cone; bright brown black; 1 8 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Asia: Japan. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Thujopsis dolabrata (THUNB. ex L. F.) SIEBOLD & ZUCC., Thujopsis hondai (MAKINO) HENRY. Common names: Hiba (GER), Hinoki-asunaro (JAP). Widdringtonia cedarbergensis J. A. MARSH Tree: evergreen; erect; 20 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 2 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; smooth scaly, furrowed, or divided in plates. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 2 40 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 2 4 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); with inconspicuous or without glands. Male cones: 1 6 mm long; 1 4 mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 5 7 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 4 cone scales; globose, or ovoid; cone-like (open after maturity); leathery, or woody; not disintegrating after maturity; dark; warty; warty only on the edge. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted at the same level in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; almost equal; tip blunt, or acute; with small or large dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: mm long; simple (round or angled at the apex). Seeds: 5 15 mm long; 5 15 mm wide; 4 20 seeds per cone; dark brown black; 1 3 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 3 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Africa: South Africa. IUCN Red List: endangered. Common names: African Cypresses (ENG), Clanwilliam Cedar (ENG), Cape Cedar (ENG). Widdringtonia nodiflora (L.) POWRIE Shrub, or tree: evergreen; erect; 10 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 1 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; smooth scaly. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 2 40 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 3 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt, or acute; with inconspicuous or without glands. Male cones: 1 6 mm long; 1 4 mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 5 7 male cone scale whorls; ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 4 cone scales; ovoid, or globose; cone-like (open after maturity); leathery, or woody; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, or dark; not warty. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted at the same level in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; almost equal; tip blunt, or acute; with small or large dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: mm long; simple (round or angled at the apex). Seeds: 3 9 mm long; mm wide; 2 32 seeds per cone; dark brown black; 2 10 seeds per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings.

228 Taxon descriptions 223 Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 3 cotyledones; chromosomes (1n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Africa: South Africa, Maliwi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Juniperus capensis LAM., Widdringtonia cupressoides (L.) ENDL., Widdringtonia commersonii (BRONGN.) ENDL., Widdringtonia natalensis ENDL., Widdringtonia wallichii ENDL., Widdringtonia caffra O. BERG, Widdringtonia magoni MAST., Widdringtonia dracomontana STAPF, Widdringtonia nodiflora (L.) POWRIE var. dracomontana (STAPF) SILBA, Widdringtonia stipitata STAPF, Cupressus cornuta CARRIERE, Brunia nodiflora L. [1753], Thuja cupressoides L., Pachylepis cupressoides (L.) BRONGN., Pachylepis commersonii BRONGN., Callitris cupressoides (L.) SCHRAD. ex E. MEY., Callitris commersonii (BRONGN.) T. DURAND & SCHINZ. Common names: African Cypresses (ENG), Berg Cypress (ENG). Widdringtonia schwarzii (MARLOTH) MAST. Tree: evergreen; erect; 40 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 5 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; smooth scaly, divided in plates, or furrowed. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 2 40 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 3 4 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green; closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt; with inconspicuous or without glands. Male cones: 1 6 mm long; 1 4 mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 5 7 male cone scale pairs; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: mm long; mm wide; 4 cone scales; globose, or ovoid; cone-like (open after maturity); leathery, or woody; not disintegrating after maturity; dark; young cones greenish; warty; warty only on the edge. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted at the same level in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; almost equal; tip blunt, or acute; with small or large dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre. Columella: mm long; simple (round or angled at the apex). Seeds: 4 13 mm long; 2 9 mm wide; 9 18 seeds per cone; dark brown black; 1 5 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: 1 5 mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 3 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Africa: South Africa. IUCN Red List: endangered. Synonym: Callitris schwarzii MARLOTH [1905]. Common names: African Cypresses (ENG), Willowmore Cedar (ENG). Widdringtonia whytei RENDLE Tree: evergreen; erect; 42.7 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 4.6 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; furrowed. Crown: dense; columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Branches: ascending. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 2 40 mm long; arranged 3-dimensionally; triangular or roundish in cross-section. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: 1 3 mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green; apically spreading, or closely appressed; only one type of leaves (no differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = monomorphic); tip blunt; with inconspicuous or without glands. Male cones: 1 6 mm long; 1 4 mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 5 7 male cone scale whorls; oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 4 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 9 18 mm long; 9 18 mm wide; 4 cone scales; ovoid, or globose; cone-like (open after maturity); leathery, or woody; not disintegrating after maturity; reddish, or dark; not warty. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted at the same level in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; almost equal; tip acute; with small or large dorsal umbo near the tip. Columella: mm long; simple (round or angled at the apex). Seeds: 8 20 mm long; mm wide; 2 18 seeds per cone; dark brown black; 3 10 seeds per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: 1 10 mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the first year; 2 4 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated in greenhouse in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: Africa: Maliwi. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Callitris whytei (RENDLE) ENGL.,

229 Taxon descriptions 224 Widdringtonia nodiflora (L.) POWRIE var. whytei (RENDLE) SILBA. Common names: African Cypresses (ENG), Mlanje Cedar (ENG). Xanthocyparis nootkatensis (D. DON) FARJON & HARDER Tree: evergreen; erect; 60 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 5.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: brown, or grey; divided in plates, peeling off in strands, or smooth scaly. Crown: rather open; columnar to narrowly conical (pyramidal). Branches: horizontal, or drooping. Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; 5 20 mm long; arranged in one plane; flattened in cross-section; without white or glaucous marking. Leaves: only adult leaves on adult plants; scaly. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green, or green with coating (somewhat bluish); apically spreading, or closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip acute; with conspicuous, inconspicuous, or without glands; without white resin; dorsal side rounded or keeled. Lateral leaves: 2 4 mm long; facial and lateral leaves more or less equal in length; not visibly adjoined (facial leaves are overlapping). Facial leaves: mm long. Male cones: 3 7 mm long; mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 6 10 male cone scale whorls; globose, ovoid, or oblong; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 6 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 7 12 mm long; 7 12 mm wide; 4 8 cone scales; depressed-globose, 2-lobed, or globose; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; bluish, or dark; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted at the same level in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with small or large dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre, or near the tip. Columella: absent. Seeds: 3 7 mm long; 3 7 mm wide; 6 24 seeds per cone; bright brown black; 1 5 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened; not tubercled; with conspicuous hilum. Seed wings: 1 2 mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 2 4 cotyledones; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: cultivated in Germany; cultivated outdoor in the Ruhr Area (hardiness zone 7); Distribution: North America: Canada, USA. IUCN Red List: not listed. Synonyms: Chamaecyparis obtusa (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.) ENDL., Chamaecyparis obtusa (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.) ENDL. ssp. formosana (HAYATA) H. L. LI, Cupressus arborvitae TARG., Cupressus nutkatensis HOOK., Cupressus obtusa (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.) F. MUELL., Thuja gigantea NUTT., Thujopsis dolabrata (THUNB. ex L. F.) SIEBOLD & ZUCC. var. australis HENRY. Common names: Yellow Cedar (ENG), Yellow Cypress (ENG). Xanthocyparis vietnamensis FARJON & HIEP Tree: evergreen; erect; 15 m maximum height; monoecious. Trunk: 0.5 m maximum diameter. Bark: grey, red, or brown; smooth scaly, or peeling off in strands. Crown: columnar to narrowly or widely conical (pyramidal). Ultimate branchlets: mm wide; mm long; arranged in one plane; roundish in cross-section; without white or glaucous marking. Leaves: adult and juvenile leaves on adult plants; needle-like (linear: flattened in cross-section), or scaly. Needle leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged in whorls of 4; tip acute. Scale leaves: mm long; mm wide; arranged oppositely; bright dark green; apically spreading, or closely appressed; two types of leaves (differentiation in lateral and facial leaves = dimorphic); tip acute; with conspicuous, inconspicuous, or without glands; without white resin. Male cones: mm long; mm wide; solitary; male cone scales; 5 6 male cone scale whorls; ovoid; yellow or bright brown. Male cone scales: arranged oppositely; 2 pollen sacs per male cone scale. Female cones: 9 11 mm long; mm wide; 4 cone scales; depressed-globose or 2-lobed; cone-like (open after maturity); woody; not disintegrating after maturity; dark; young cones greenish. Female cone scales: arranged oppositely; inserted at the same level in mature cones; without several small additional cone scales on the female cone; tip blunt; with small dorsal umbo; umbo more or less in the centre, or near the tip. Columella: absent. Seeds: mm long; 4 5 mm wide; 4 9 seeds per cone; red, bright dark brown, or black; 1 3 seed(s) per female cone scale; flattened. Seed wings: mm wide; 2 (almost) equal wings. Supplement: maturity in the second year; 22 chromosomes (2n). Cultivation: not cultivated in Germany. Distribution: Asia: Vietnam. IUCN Red List: not listed.

230 Instruction A brief instruction on the interactive Cupressaceae key Start the program Click on "Browse " (red arrow). Choose "Cupressaceae.ink" by double-clicking (red arrow) Explanation of the screen layout (panes) The boundaries between the panes (= special kind of window) are not fixed, so it is possible to move them e.g. to make the taxon names completely readable. The "Best Characters" pane (top left: red) shows the chosen characters for the following identification. The number of chosen characters is displayed in parentheses. The number of characters in this pane depends on the choice of the character subset (maximum 128 characters). The "Remaining Taxa" pane (top right: yellow) displays the included taxa at the current stage of identification (e.g. at the start, all chosen taxa). At the end of the identification, the result the identified taxon is displayed here. The "Eliminated Taxa" pane (down right: blue) shows only taxa that are incompatible with the chosen character states. The "Used Characters" pane (down left: green) displays the chosen character states.

231 Instruction General information for using the identification key The identification of all Cupressaceae taxa with this interactive key is much easier than with a conventional key. A correct identification of taxa of the genera Callitris, Cupressus and Juniperus as well as the identification of the subspecies and varieties is somewhat difficult. The identification of these taxa requires precise measuring as well as a precise relating of the character states, which is sometimes only possible with a strong lens or a dissecting microscope. When using the identification key, it is necessary to know that this information is essential for a successful identification. General The identification key mostly works with specimens from plants with adult leaves. Most taxa reach this stage after 3-4 years. For plants which reach the adult stage only after decades, it is possible to use the characters of juvenile leaves. Do not use the extreme (untypical) values of characters. For optimal results use rather typical measurements. No identification key can use extreme values e.g. from aborted cones or untypically large cones. If possible use several specimens in order to detect the typical character states. For the measurement and investigation of tiny characters, use a lens or a binocular with the recommended magnification (20 ). Male cones Data is still incomplete for some groups, and the variability is rather high. Use male cones only if no other characters are available. Measure cones a short period before, during or after pollination. Female cones Measure cones a short period before, during or after seed release. Cone scales can be counted with or without the small aborted scales. It is also possible to count the umbos instead of cone scales (this is sometimes much easier). Use mature cones for both the measurement and the colour. The information regarding the number and arrangement of female cones can be received from immature cones. Seeds It is also possible to count the scars (when they are conspicuous) in the cone instead of the seeds. Vegetative characters If you measure the scale leaves, use the upper side of the branchlet. For investigation of vegetative specimens always use ultimate branchlets. Do not use the last two leaf whorls on the tip of the ultimate branchlets for the identification. Some typical characters are not visible due to their possible incomplete development. The toothing of scale leaves is only visible with a strong lens (20 ).

232 Instruction Identification Click on "Use a subset of the characters" (red arrow) Choose a subset of characters by double-clicking (red arrow), for example "female cones s. l.". It makes sense to choose a character subset in order to remove useless characters. Moreover, it is possible to choose a combination of character subsets by clicking. detailed information see and Choose the character by clicking, for example "length of female cones". The characters are arranged in descending order by their separating power and reliability of use; therefore, it is reasonable to start with the uppermost character. If there is no information available for this character, skip it and choose the next character below. detailed information see and 7.2.8

233 Instruction In most cases an explanatory figure is displayed. Some figures are with an interactive character board, where the characters states are selected by double-clicking. If the window is without an interactive character board, read it and then close the window (red arrow) Enter the value (red arrow) and click on "OK" (green arrow). The button "Notes" offers additional information about the character (yellow arrow). detailed information see If the determination is finished, the result is displayed in the top right pane, e.g. Sequoiadendron giganteum (red arrow). The used character (state) is displayed in the bottom left pane (green arrow).

234 Instruction The plausibility can be checked by the taxon description. Therefore, click on "Information about taxa" (red arrow) Double-click on "Full description" (red arrow) Now it is possible to compare additional characters in order to check whether the result is plausible Thereafter, close the last window. The plausibility can also be checked by detail photos. For example double-click on "Sequoiadendron_giganteum_female_cone.jps" (red arrow).

235 Instruction Now it is possible to compare the specimen(s) with the detail photos Close the last two windows. If the result is plausible click on "Restart the identification" for a new determination (red arrow), then return to If the result is not plausible, see Plausibility/Errors The plausibility of your result can be proved both with the taxon description and detail photos. Detail photos of approximately 50% of the species (more than 1,000 detail photos) are available. If the result is not plausible, please read the following lines. Read the instruction for the Cupressaceae key Determine the specimen again with tolerance set to 1 or 2 (see ) Use simply recognizable characters Check the notes before you use the character Extra functions (character subset) The functions "Cultivation in Germany", "Place of cultivation in Germany" and "Distribution" can be used in connection with an identification, but also independently of any identification. The functions "IUCN Red List", "Synonym(s)", and "Names" can only be used independently of a determination.