Thousand Cankers Disease: Prevention & Early Detection in the Upper Midwest

Transcription

1 Thousand Cankers Disease: Prevention & Early Detection in the Upper Midwest Upper Midwest Invasive Species Conference LaCrosse, Wisconsin October 29-31, 2012 Kathryn Kromroy, Minnesota Department of Agriculture & Jennifer Juzwik, Northern Research Station, U.S. Forest Service

2 Thousand Cankers Disease (TCD): October 2012 Quick review Prevention Regulation Outreach Early Detection Results to date TCD Other Photo by T. Choinski, Winona, MN

3 The disease Walnut twig beetle (WTB) Pityophthorus juglandis Entry / exit holes W. Cranshaw, Colorado State Univ., Bugwood.org Tunneling W. Cranshaw, Colorado State Univ.

4 The disease The walnut twig beetle introduces a fungus - Geosmithia morbida W. Cranshaw, Colorado State Univ., Bugwood.org that kills the bark & phloem, causing cankers Ned Tisserat, Colorado State University Ned Tisserat, Colorado State University that coalesce to girdle the branch or stem

5 The disease Dieback & decline Death K. Kromroy, MDA. Boulder, Colorado Oct Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University

6 Hosts of Thousand Cankers Disease: Juglans Susceptibility Black walnut (J. nigra) high Hinds, or northern California walnut (J. hindsii) Southern California walnut (J. californica) Black walnut hybrids (J. nigra x J. sp.) English walnut (J. regia) Little walnut (J. microcarpa) Arizona walnut (J. major) low

7 Reports of WTB & black walnut mortality before : Original description of WTB in New Mexico 1959: WTB in California 1988: WTB in Utah 1990s: Walnut decline, mortality in Utah, Idaho, Oregon *2001: 1 st report mortality assoc. with WTB, New Mexico : WTB, mortality in other western states *2008: Geosmithia isolated from cankers surrounding WTB galleries in declining walnuts in Colorado

8 TCD occurrence Nevada 2011!! Tennessee 2010 Pennsylvania 2011 Virginia 2011 Original host, Arizona walnut (Juglans major)

9 TCD threatens eastern black walnut, an important resource Iowa 3 rd largest volume black walnut in world million board feet TCD estimated loss total $1.8 billion, $72 million/year Wisconsin 18.5 million black walnut trees Annually export > $4 million in products Minnesota 6 million black walnut trees on forestland & almost 300,000 in urban areas (2010 MN DNR Rapid Assessment data). Annual state harvest is 1-2 million board feet; 4% of $75 million total stumpage value for all wood harvested 40+ mills in Minnesota use walnut; 12% imported (WI, IA) bark on

10 What should we do?

11 Thousand Cankers Disease Prevention: Regulation & Outreach What are the pathways?

12 With some ideas about pathways, target the origin, destination and in-between with outreach and regulation.

13 Newsletters, websites Telephone, , visits Presentations Surveys TO Partner organizations Mill owners, loggers Landowners Tree care companies Nurseries Photos courtesy of Mike Greenheck, Forest Field Day, Gorman Creek Farm, Kellogg, MN, October 2010 Prevention: Outreach

14 Regulation: Quarantines What is a quarantine? Series of rules regulating the movement of certain articles to prevent the spread of pests that threaten a resource Who can establish a quarantine? Agencies with the authority to protect the threatened resources varies by state What are the different kinds of quarantines? Federal vs. state Interior vs. exterior

15 Regulation: Quarantines Who is regulating for TCD? Infested western states? No APHIS? No Eastern states? Yes

16 State Quarantines

17 Regulations to prevent spread of TCD: State exterior quarantines Some key elements: State Minnesota Wisconsin Iowa Regulatory Agency Effective date of exterior quarantine Dept. of Agriculture (MDA) (2/3/2011) 8/8/2011 Dept. of Agriculture, Trade & Consumer Protection (DATCP) Dept. of Agriculture (IDA) 8/1/2011 No exterior quarantine at this time

18 State exterior quarantines: Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan State Regulated articles Exempt articles Minnesota Walnut twig beetle; G. morbida; all plants, plant parts of genus Juglans, including but not limited to: logs, green lumber, nursery stock, scion wood, bud wood, chips, mulch, stumps, roots, branches, packaging material; all hardwood firewood; (WI firewood of all species) Other Nuts, nutmeats, hulls; Processed lumber + 100% bark free & kiln dried with squared edges; Finished wood products without bark, including walnut furniture, musical instruments & gunstocks. Sale &/or movement of regulated articles into state: If originate in or transit through a state or other area known to have TCD Prohibited unless importer has compliance agreement with MDA and articles have a phytosanitary certificate from originating state verifying that material meets conditions of the compliance agreement. (MI PROHIBITED) If originate in other areas Must provide proof of harvest location by state (WI -?) Special exemptions May be moved into state for research purposes with written approval from Commissioner

19 Pathway surprises Juglans seedlings from western state Juglans logs at rail yard P. Haiker, MDA P. Ahlen, MDA

20 forums/vawp.pl?read= Juglans raw wood: burls for wood hobbyists (PA, OH) T. Seeland, MDA. Davis, Nov Juglans products made from killed walnut All of our reclaimed wood slabs are salvaged from urban or rural residences from hazardous or unwanted trees. We do everything from harvesting and transporting the trees (from California and other parts of the world).

21 Thousand Cankers Disease: Early Detection Identify high risk sites: Rail yards, mills, those with reported walnut dieback or decline Visual survey: assess individual tree condition and look for signs and symptoms of TCD Trapping: Use lure specific for walnut twig beetle in Lindgren funnel traps S.Seybold, USFS

22 Early Detection: Visual survey Wilting leaves Attached brown leaves Small leaves

23 Early Detection: Trapping with WTB lure

24 TCD Early Detection in Minnesota: 2011 Visual Survey: MDA & USFS 109 sites - urban, industrial & rural 2548 black walnut trees 5 (<1%) suspect & sampled None with WTB or TCD

25 TCD Early Detection in Minnesota: 2012 R. Mayeda, 2012 Willmar MN 2012 Visual & Trapping Survey: MDA 41 sites, urban, industrial & rural) 885 black walnut trees 11 (1%) suspect & sampled Traps at 3 sites, 3 per site?? with WTB or TCD

26 TCD Early Detection in Iowa: 2011 Visual Survey: Tivon Feely, IA DNR 204 sites: 64 urban, 140 rural 850 black walnut trees 13 (<2%) suspect & sampled NO WTB or TCD

27 TCD Early Detection in Iowa: Trapping Survey: Iowa DNR, Tivon Feeley 438 traps, all with beetles, 1 68 beetles trap Several different beetles, many identified 343 (78%) with ambrosia or Pityophthorus species No WTB

28 TCD Early Detection in Wisconsin: 2011 Visual Survey: Mark Guthmiller, WI DNR 28 sites natural (state parks) & plantation stands Varying levels of dieback & decline Branch sampling - 44 samples (2 per tree) 2011

29 TCD Early Detection in Wisconsin: 2011 Visual Survey Results Observed late bud break & leaf expansion, branch flagging & early yellowing, dieback, sapsucker injury, epicormic branching None with WTB or TCD Other pests & diseases observed in declining trees & stands Predisposing: sites, soils, phytoplasma diseases (?) Inciting: cold injury Contributing: ambrosia beetles, buprestid beetles, walnut scale, other canker fungi (Fusarium, Nectria)

30 Early Detection in Wisconsin: 2012 Trapping Surveys: Rebecca Gray, WI DATCP 15 mills 2 traps per mill To date - NO WTB WI DNR, M. Guthmiller, Renee Pinski 21 sites 2 traps/site

31 Early Detection in Wisconsin: 2012 WI DNR, more results from sites in southern Wisconsin Phytoplasma tests 4 sites positive (Agdia testing,2011 & 2012), 1 from butternut, 3 from black walnut. Branch Rearing for Agrilus and WTB 6 sites with decline from 2011 were branch sampled and put in rearing containers. No suspect WTB were recovered. Agrilus beetles (3 spp.) reared from 5 of 6 sites; all from dry recent dead branch material vs branch material with green cambium. Species previously documented on walnut, may play secondary role in decline. Walnut Decline Surveys 6 sites with decline in 2011 surveyed in 2012; all negative for WTB based on branch peeling. To date, no WTB or TCD

32 What s next? Continue outreach: target other audiences Continue regulation: work with industry to promote business while protecting resource Continue survey: visual, trapping with pheromone, other trapping (largely with Farm Bill support)

33 Thanks to: Tivon Feeley, Forest Health Program Leader Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, IA Mark Guthmiller, Forest Health Specialist-Southern Region Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources South Central Region, Fitchburg, WI Rebecca H. Gray, Environmental Enforcement Specialist Wisconsin Dept. of Agriculture, Trade & Consumer Protection Madison, WI APHIS PPQ for funding Bob Koch, Minnesota Department of Agriculture Paul Castillo, U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station, St. Paul, MN Mike Greenheck, Gorman Creek Farms, Kellogg, MN Minnesota Department of Natural Resources