Enhancing wild bees in cities: Practical approaches for gardeners. Dr. Scott MacIvor Assistant Professor April 27 th 2017
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1 Enhancing wild bees in cities: Practical approaches for gardeners Dr. Scott MacIvor Assistant Professor April 27 th 2017
2 Bees for pollination services
3 Bees for pollination services Insect pollination: Pollen exchange
4 Honey bees?
5 Honey bees? Provincial bylaw: Honey bees are not legal to house 30m from a residential space in Ontario. Promoting honey bees does not improve biodiversity
6 Overview: Bee Families of Toronto (and RI..) Apidae (40+ species) -Honey bees, Bumble bees, Carpenter bees Halictidae (80+ species) -Sweat bees, Green bees Andrenidae (60+ species) -Mining bees Colletidae (50+ species) -Plasterer bees, Cellophane bees Megachilidae (40+ species) - Leaf cutter bees, Mason bees, Wool Carder bees
7 Wild bee lifecycle: Bumble bees
8 Wild bee lifecycle: Solitary bees
9 Overview Forage Nest Nest Material
10 Overview Forage
11 Forage
12 Forage
13 Forage: Reduce bee handling time!
14 Forage: Flowers all season
15 Forage: Vision colour matters!
16 Forage: Nutrition
17 Nesting Nest
18 Nesting: Above ground or below it?
19 Nesting above ground
20 Nesting above ground
21 Nesting above ground
22 Nesting above ground
23 Cut stems long; keep and bundle
24
25 Nesting above ground
26 Nesting below ground
27 Nesting below ground
28 Nesting below ground
29 Nesting below ground
30 Nesting below ground
31 Nesting below ground
32 Nesting below ground -?-PERCENT SAND Cane, 1991
33 Nesting below ground
34 Nesting below ground
35 Nesting below ground
36 Nesting below ground
37 Nesting below ground
38 Nesting below ground
39 Nesting below ground
40 Nesting below ground
41 Bare, open ground, no mulch!
42 Bare, open ground, no mulch! Quistberg et al Quistberg et al. 2016
43 Nesting below ground
44 Nesting below ground
45 Nesting below ground
46 Nesting below ground
47 Nesting below ground
48 Nesting below ground: Toronto
49 Nesting below ground: Toronto
50 Nesting materials Leaves, mud, resins, pebbles to construct brood cells.
51 Nesting materials A B C D E F G H I J K L MacIvor (2016) R Open Sci.
52 Nesting materials MacIvor (2016) R Open Sci.
53 Nesting materials: Plastics? Plastic shopping bag Window caulking MacIvor & Moore (2013)
54 Findings: Nesting resources Introduced bee has broader leaf preference Megachile rotundata PD=2.97 Megachile rotundata pd=2.97 Megachile centunctularis pd=1.51 Megachile pugnata pd=1.22 Megachile centuncularis PD=1.51 Megachile pugnata PD=1.22 Celastrus scandens Euphorbia dentata Securigera varia Lotus corniculatus Robinia pseudoacacia Caragana arborescens Melilotus albus Desmodium canadense Amphicarpaea bracteata Cercis canadensis Carya cordiformis Rubus occidentalis Fragaria virginiana Rosa blanda Rosa virginiana Rosa glauca Rosa multiflora Rosa palustris Crataegus macrosperma Prunus avium Prunus virginiana Rhamnus cathartica Tilia cordata Acer platanoides Acer saccharum Rhus typhina Oenothera biennis Oenothera parviflora Oenothera pilosella Epilobium ciliatum Epilobium parviflorum Lythrum salicaria Ribes hirtellum Vitis riparia Cornus stolonifera Cornus racemosa Artemisia biennis Symphyotrichum novae angliae Solidago canadensis Rudbeckia triloba Helianthus annuus Convolvulus arvensis Ipomoea hederacea Stachys palustris Syringa vulgaris Cynanchum rossicum Chenopodium album Silene vulgaris Fallopia convolvulus Chelidonium majus Setaria viridis MacIvor (2016) R Open Sci
55 Findings: Nesting resources Native bee uses different leaves than introduced bees M. pugnata (Native) Bray Curtis pair-wise distance M. centuncularis M. rotundata * MacIvor (2016) R Open Sci
56 Findings: Nesting resources Native bee uses different leaves than introduced bees All plants selected have antimicrobial properties! M. pugnata (Native) Bray Curtis pair-wise distance M. centuncularis M. rotundata * MacIvor (2016) R Open Sci
57 Re-cap Plant flowers - lots of them Observe bare soil patches; avoid mulch Rockeries and south facing slopes Bundle cut stems; prune woody plants for bees Talk to neighbours and councillors and let them know what you are up to!
58 How to help: Talk to your neighbours!
59 How to help: Talk to your councillors!
60 City Action: Toronto Pesticide Ban
61 City Action: Toronto Pesticide Ban
62
63 Re-cap Forage Nest Nest Material
64 @jscottmacivor Thank you. Questions?
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