Fitting bio-fumigant cover crops into intensive vegetable production systems for integrated crop management

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1 Fitting bio-fumigant cover crops into intensive vegetable production systems for integrated crop management Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Mathieu Ngouajio Dept. Horticulture

2 Add N (legume) Enhance mycorrhiza Add organic matter Enhance Microbial activity Reduce soil compaction Suppress weeds Attract beneficial insects Suppress diseases Recycle nutrients Suppress nematodes Reduce erosion Increase water infiltration Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture

3

4 Synthetic chemicals Methyl bromide Methyl iodide Telone Vapam Vorlex Plant residue Mainly plants that produce glucosinolates

5 Secondary plant metabolites Produced by 15 plant families Mainly the Brassica (or mustard) family. >100 glucosinolates have been identified ( R) N OSO - 3 R C S C 6 H 11 O 5 R=Side chain Glucose Sulfur Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture

6 Myrosinase enzymes are responsible for the degradation of glucosinolates But Myrosinases and glucosinolates are located in different compartments in the cell Tissue Damage triggers the reaction Tissue Damage

7 Isothiocyanate is the most important breakdown product of glucosinolates Used in Commercial fumigants R R C S C Thiocyanate N OSO 3 - S C 6 H 11 O 5 N R S N Isothiocyanate ITC C

8 Isothiocyanate has shown activity on many plant pests R N C S Isothiocyanate Diseases Insects Weeds Nematodes

9 Brassica Species are called Biofumigants because they release isothiocyanate upon damage of their tissues The process of incorporating fresh residues of Brassica Species in the soil is called Biofumigation

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11 1

12 Species selection Appropriate seeding rate Seeding time (tolerate freezing temperature down to 28 F) Initial fertilizer if soil is poor Allow the cover crop to grow up to flowering stage (do not allow seed set)

13 Others Turnip Rape Broccoli Etc

14 Cover Crop Range Rate Used Oilseed radish 10 to Oriental mustard 4 to 6 6 Yellow mustard 10 to 14 8 Brown mustard 10 to 14 8 Sudangrass 40 to Rate: Lbs/A Broadcast and incorporated Large scale: Drilled

15 2

16 Oct. 13, 2003 Oct. 13, 2003 Mini tiller

17 Oct. 13, 2003 Oct. 13, 2003

18 Cover crops incorporated at flowering stage June 23, 2006 About 45 Days after planting

19 Use multiple passes of a disc or a rototiller

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21 Simultaneous flail mowing and incorporation

22 Flail mowing + incorporation Flail mowing + incorporation Rototiller Disc No killing no incorporation

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24 1

25 The cover crop should be scheduled in the rotation system and planted in fall of the year before onions Onions Tomatoes Snap bean Cucumbers Carrots Cucumbers Cucumbers

26 # per 100 cm3 soil Muck research farm 2005: Onion More beneficial microorganisms in the cover crop plots 0 Oilseed radish Oriental mustard Yellow mustard Brown mustard Sudangrass Control MSU Plant Diagnostic Lab

27 Plants/ 25 ft a abc ab ab bc c 400 Oilseed radish Oriental mustard Yellow mustard Brown mustard Sudangrass Control

28 2

29 Cover crop Celery J F M A M J J A S O N D Celery growing season

30 Cover crop Celery J F M A M J J A S O N D Celery growing season

31 Hamilton yield Cereal rye Oilseed radish Oriental mustard Yellow mustard Control Yield (kg/plot) b a a ab b b a a a b BT AT The Brassica species improved celery yield in 2004 & 2005

32 Nematodes/100 cm Plant Parasitic Nematodes Hamilton 2004 Celery Fewer nematodes in the oilseed radish and yellow mustard plots 0 Control MSU Plant Diagnostic Lab Oriental Mustard Oilseed Radish Cover Crop Rye Yellow mustard

33 Decatur 7 Cover Crops Control seeding April 5 Collaboration with Dr. Bird Lab Hamilton 5 Cover Crops Control Seeding April 14 & 28

34 Decatur site About 7 acres Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture Hamilton site About 3 acres

35 Yield (Lb/20 plts) Brown mustard Control plots have lowest yield Marketable Yield: Hamilton a a a a Oriental mustard Oilseed radish Brassica cover crop Yellow mustard b Control

36 27 Marketable Yield: Decatur 25 Yield (Lb/20 plts) ab ab a ab ab a b 15 Brown mustard Oriental mustard Oilseed radish Yellow mustard Defender radish Mustard mix Control Brassica cover crop Control plots have lowest yield

37 3 EXPO. Dec 2007

38 Cover crop Eggplant J F M A M J J A S O N D Eggplant growing season

39 Yield (bushels/a) Methyl bromide Oilseed radish Oriental mustard Yellow mustard Treatment SoilBuilder Control

40 The biofumigants improved various vegetable production systems

41 They should be used in combination with other management tools. They should be considered as a cover crops first and any biofumigation effect should be a plus.

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