101 Is the species highly domesticated?

Transcription

1 Famil: Clusiaceae Taxo: Mammea americaa Som: Mammea emargiata Moc. & Sessé ex Chois Commo Name: mammee-apple mamm-apple tropical-apricot Questioaire : curret Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Patti Clifford Desigatio: L Data Etr Perso: Patti Clifford WRA Score Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? =1, = Does the species have weed races? =1, = Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals =1, = Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 Prit Date: 2/24/2012 Mammea americaa (Clusiaceae) Page 1 of 6

2 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed =1, = Hbridizes aturall =1, = Self-compatible or apomictic =1, = Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio =1, = Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, >3 4+ ears = Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked =1, =-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people =1, = Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat =1, = Propagules adapted to wid dispersal =1, = Propagules water dispersed =1, = Propagules bird dispersed =1, = Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) =1, = Propagules survive passage through the gut =1, = Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) =1, = Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) =1, = Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire =1, = Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: L WRA Score -1 Prit Date: 2/24/2012 Mammea americaa (Clusiaceae) Page 2 of 6

3 Supportig Data: WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Is the species highl domesticated?? No] No evidece of domesticatio that reduces ivasive traits WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Has the species become aturalized where grow? NA] WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Does the species have weed races? NA] USDA, ARS Natioal Geetics Resources Program. Mammea americaa Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network (GRIN) [olie database] USDA, ARS Natioal Geetics Resources Program. Mammea americaa Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network (GRIN) [olie database] Morto, J.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 2 - high] Native distributio: Atigua ad Barbuda; Bahamas; Cuba; Domiica; Domiica Republic; Greada; Guadeloupe; Haiti; Jamaica; Martiique; Motserrat; Puerto Rico; St. Kitts ad Nevis; St. Vicet ad Greadies; Triidad ad Tobago - Triidad; Virgi Islads (British) - Tortola; Virgi Islads (U.S.) - St. Croix, St. Joh, St. Thomas. [Qualit of climate match data? 2 - High] Native distributio: Atigua ad Barbuda; Bahamas; Cuba; Domiica; Domiica Republic; Greada; Guadeloupe; Haiti; Jamaica; Martiique; Motserrat; Puerto Rico; St. Kitts ad Nevis; St. Vicet ad Greadies; Triidad ad Tobago - Triidad; Virgi Islads (British) - Tortola; Virgi Islads (U.S.) - St. Croix, St. Joh, St. Thomas. [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? Yes] The mame is limited to tropical or ear-tropical climates. I Cetral America, it thrives from ear sealevel to 3,300 ft (1,000 m) World Agroforestr Cetre. Agroforestr [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? Yes] Limited to tropical or tree database - Mammea americaa. semi-tropical areas. Frost sesitive. BIOPHYSICAL LIMITS Altitude: m S/Mammea_americaa.pdf Mea aual temperature: deg C Mea aual raifall: mm USDA, ARS Natioal Geetics Resources Program. Mammea americaa Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network (GRIN) [olie database] Morto, J.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL Radall, R.. Global Compedium of Weeds Mammea americaa. caa/ Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Idex [Olie Database] Radall, R.. Global Compedium of Weeds Mammea americaa. caa/ Radall, R.. Global Compedium of Weeds Mammea americaa. caa/ Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Idex [Olie Database] Morto, J.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] Native distributio: Atigua ad Barbuda; Bahamas; Cuba; Domiica; Domiica Republic; Greada; Guadeloupe; Haiti; Jamaica; Martiique; Motserrat; Puerto Rico; St. Kitts ad Nevis; St. Vicet ad Greadies; Triidad ad Tobago - Triidad; Virgi Islads (British) - Tortola; Virgi Islads (U.S.) - St. Croix, St. Joh, St. Thomas. [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] "Itroduced ito the tropics of the Old World, it is of ver limited occurrece i West Africa (particularl Sierra Leoe), Zazibar, southeaster Asia, Java, the Philippies, ad Hawaii. [Naturalized beod ative rage?] The Global Compedium of Weeds lists Mammea as aturalized i the Galapagos. However the referece does ot idicate whether Mammea is just itroduces or aturalized. [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? No] No evidece. [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? No] No evidece. [Evirometal weed? No] No evidece. [Cogeeric weed? No] No evidece. [Produces spies, thors or burrs? No] "The mame tree, hadsome ad greatl resemblig the souther magolia, reaches 60 to 70 ft (18-21 m) i height, has a short truk which ma attai 3 or 4 ft ( m) i diameter, ad ascedig braches formig a erect, oval head, desel foliaged with evergree, opposite, gloss, leather, dark-gree, broadl elliptic leaves, up to 8 i (20 cm) log ad 4 i (10 cm) wide. The fragrat flowers, with 4 to 6 white petals ad with orage stames or pistils or both, are 1 to 1 1/2 i (2.5-4 cm) wide whe full ope ad bore sigl or i groups of 2 or 3 o short stalks." Prit Date: 2/24/2012 Mammea americaa (Clusiaceae) Page 3 of 6

4 WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Allelopathic?] Ukow USDA, ARS Natioal Geetics Resources Program. Mammea americaa Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network (GRIN) [olie database] Oakes, A.J./Butcher, J.O.. Poisoous ad ijurous plats of the U.S. Virgi Islads. Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, mericaa+%2b+%22droppig Oakes, A.J./Butcher, J.O.. Poisoous ad ijurous plats of the U.S. Virgi Islads. Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, mericaa+%2b+%22droppig Morto, J.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL [Parasitic? No] Clusiaceae. [Upalatable to grazig aimals?] Ordiaril livestock do ot cosume the large, wood Mammea americaa fruits, which eclose poisoous seeds. A greater source of dager is preseted b dr seeds lig withi reach of hugr aimals, particularl hugr hogs. [Toxic to aimals? Yes] Ordiaril livestock do ot cosume the large, wood Mammea americaa fruits, which eclose poisoous seeds. A greater source of dager is preseted b dr seeds lig withi reach of hugr aimals, particularl hugr hogs. [Toxic to aimals? Yes] "Morris et al. (1952) commeted that, while the delicious mame "has formed part of the diet of the ihabitats of the Caribbea Islads for ma geeratios, it is well kow that this fruit produces discomfort, especiall i the digestive sstem, i some persos." The reported also that "a cocetrated extract of the fresh fruit" proved fatall toxic to guiea pigs, ad was also foud poisoous to dogs ad cats. The extract was made from the edible portio ol. The authors likeed the mame to the akee (Blighia sapida), q.v., as a huma hazard, ad Djerassi, et al., aver that "reports of poisoig i humas are kow." World Agroforestr Cetre. Agroforestr tree database - Mammea americaa. [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? No] Resistat to pests ad diseases. A black mildew (Aulographum melioloides) attacks leaves ad heart rot ifects older trees eterig through basal scars. Wet-wood termites attack dead truks S/Mammea_americaa.pdf ad braches ad dr-wood termites attack seasoed lumber Morto, J.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL Nellis, D.W.. Poisoous plats ad aimals of Florida ad the Caribbea. Pieapple Press Ic., Sarasota, FL [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas"? Yes] Morris et al. (1952) commeted that, while the delicious mame "has formed part of the diet of the ihabitats of the Caribbea Islads for ma geeratios, it is well kow that this fruit produces discomfort, especiall i the digestive sstem, i some persos." The reported also that "a cocetrated extract of the fresh fruit" proved fatall toxic to guiea pigs, ad was also foud poisoous to dogs ad cats. The extract was made from the edible portio ol. The authors likeed the mame to the akee (Blighia sapida), q.v., as a huma hazard, ad Djerassi, et al., stated that "reports of poisoig i humas are kow." [edible fruit] [medicial] [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas"? Yes] The seeds are toxic WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems?] Ukow Horticopia. Mammea americaa Mammee Apple, South America Apricot, Mammee htm [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle?] Partial shade to partial su to full su Tropilab.com. Mammea americaa. [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle?] Full su to light shade. Tropilab.com, World Agroforestr Cetre. Agroforestr tree database - Mammea americaa. [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad)? Yes] The mame tree favors deep, rich, well-draied soil, but is quite adaptable to eve shallow, sad terrai, ad it grows aturall i limestoe S/Mammea_americaa.pdf areas of Jamaica, as well as oolitic limestoe of the Bahamas ad southeaster Florida World Agroforestr Cetre. Agroforestr tree database - Mammea americaa. [Climbig or smotherig growth habit? No] Mammea americaa is a evergree tree, m tall, with a short truk that ma attai m i diameter, ad ascedig, desel foliaged braches formig a erect, oval head. S/Mammea_americaa.pdf Prit Date: 2/24/2012 Mammea americaa (Clusiaceae) Page 4 of 6

5 WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Forms dese thickets?] Ukow World Agroforestr Cetre. Agroforestr [Aquatic? No] Terrestrial; tree. tree database - Mammea americaa. S/Mammea_americaa.pdf World Agroforestr Cetre. Agroforestr [Grass? No] Clusiaceae. tree database - Mammea americaa. S/Mammea_americaa.pdf Ecclopedia [Nitroge fixig wood plat? No] Clusiaceae. Nitroge fixatio. Natiomaster.com, e-fixatio World Agroforestr Cetre. Agroforestr tree database - Mammea americaa. S/Mammea_americaa.pdf [Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)? No] Tree; wood WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat? No] No evidece Morto, J.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Hbridizes aturall?] Ukow. [Produces viable seed? Yes] "Seeds are the usual meas of dissemiatio ad the germiate i 2 moths or less ad sprout readil i leaf-mulch uder the tree." World Agroforestr Cetre. Agroforestr tree database - Mammea americaa. S/Mammea_americaa.pdf [Self-compatible or apomictic? No] Dioecious (male ad female flowers o separate plats] Vozzo, J.A.. Tropical Tree Seed Maual. USDA Forest Service, Washigto, D.C Morto, J.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL Vozzo, J.A.. Tropical Tree Seed Maual. USDA Forest Service, Washigto, D.C Morto, J.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL Vozzo, J.A.. Tropical Tree Seed Maual. USDA Forest Service, Washigto, D.C Morto, J.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL Morto, J.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL Morto, J.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL [Requires specialist polliators? No] "The flowers are white with four flesh petals, ma stames, ad a sigle ovar. The fragrat flowers attract hoebees ad hummigbirds." [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? No] Grow b seeds or graftig. [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? No] Mammea americaa is propagated primaril b seed or b air-laerig. [Miimum geerative time (ears)? >3] Seedligs bear i 6 to 8 ears i Mexico, 8 to 10 ears i the Bahamas. [Miimum geerative time (ears)? >3] The trees ma fruit at 6 to 7 ears. [Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked areas)? No] "The fruit, earl roud or somewhat irregular, with a short, thick stem ad a more or less distict tip or merel a bristle-like floral remat at the apex, rages from 4 to 8 i (10-20 cm) i diameter, is heav ad hard utilfull ripe whe it softes slightl. The ski is light-brow or graish-brow with small, scattered, wart or scurf areas, leather, about 1/8 i (3 mm) thick ad bitter." Small fruits are usuall sigle-seeded; larger fruits ma have 2, 3 or 4 seeds. The seed is russetbrow, rough, ovoid or ellipsoid ad about 2 1/2 i (6.25 cm) log." [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] "Itroduced ito the tropics of the Old World, it is of ver limited occurrece i West Africa (particularl Sierra Leoe), Zazibar, southeaster Asia, Java, the Philippies, ad Hawai. [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? No] "The fruit, earl roud or somewhat irregular, with a short, thick stem ad a more or less distict tip or merel a bristle-like floral remat at the apex, rages from 4 to 8 i (10-20 cm) i diameter, is heav ad hard utilfull ripe whe it softes slightl. The ski is light-brow or graish-brow with small, scattered, wart or scurf areas, leather, about 1/8 i (3 mm) thick ad bitter." Small fruits are usuall sigleseeded; larger fruits ma have 2, 3 or 4 seeds. The seed is russetbrow, rough, ovoid or ellipsoid ad about 2 1/2 i (6.25 cm) log." Prit Date: 2/24/2012 Mammea americaa (Clusiaceae) Page 5 of 6

6 Morto, J.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL [Propagules adapted to wid dispersal? No "The fruit, earl roud or somewhat irregular, with a short, thick stem ad a more or less distict tip or merel a bristlelike floral remat at the apex, rages from 4 to 8 i (10-20 cm) i diameter, is heav ad hard utilfull ripe whe it softes slightl. The ski is light-brow or graish-brow with small, scattered, wart or scurf areas, leather, about 1/8 i (3 mm) thick ad bitter." Small fruits are usuall sigle-seeded; larger fruits ma have 2, 3 or 4 seeds. The seed is russetbrow, rough, ovoid or ellipsoid ad about 2 1/2 i (6.25 cm) log." WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Propagules water dispersed?] Ukow Vozzo, J.A.. Tropical Tree Seed Maual. USDA Forest Service, Washigto, D.C Morto, J.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL Oakes, A.J./Butcher, J.O.. Poisoous ad ijurous plats of the U.S. Virgi Islads. Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, mericaa+%2b+%22droppig Morto, J.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL [Propagules bird dispersed?] Ukow [Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall)? No] "The fruit, earl roud or somewhat irregular, with a short, thick stem ad a more or less distict tip or merel a bristle-like floral remat at the apex, rages from 4 to 8 i (10-20 cm) i diameter, is heav ad hard utilfull ripe whe it softes slightl. The ski is light-brow or graish-brow with small, scattered, wart or scurf areas, leather, about 1/8 i (3 mm) thick ad bitter." Small fruits are usuall sigle-seeded; larger fruits ma have 2, 3 or 4 seeds. The seed is russetbrow, rough, ovoid or ellipsoid ad about 2 1/2 i (6.25 cm) log." [o meas of exteral attachmet] [Propagules survive passage through the gut?] Ordiaril livestock do ot cosume the large, wood Mammea americaa fruits, which eclose poisoous seeds. A greater source of dager is preseted b dr seeds lig withi reach of hugr aimals, particularl hugr hogs. [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? No] "The productivit of idividual trees varies cosiderabl. I Puerto Rico, high-ieldig trees ma bear 150 to 200 fruits per crop, totallig 300 to 400 fruits per ear." World Agroforestr Cetre. Agroforestr tree database - Mammea americaa. [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)?] Seed ma be recalcitrat; viabilit is maitaied for 2-4 moths i moist storage at 20 deg C. S/Mammea_americaa.pdf Vozzo, J.A.. Tropical Tree Seed Maual. [Well cotrolled b herbicides?] Ukow. USDA Forest Service, Washigto, D.C World Agroforestr Cetre. Agroforestr tree database - Mammea americaa. S/Mammea_americaa.pdf [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Yes] Coppices well WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets)?] Ukow. Prit Date: 2/24/2012 Mammea americaa (Clusiaceae) Page 6 of 6