101 Is the species highly domesticated?

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1 Desigatio = Low Risk Famil: Solaaceae Taxo: Brufelsia latifolia Som: Fraciscea latifolia Pohl (basiom) Brufelsia boodora (Vell.) J.F. Macbr. Commo Name: Yesterda, Toda ad Tomorrow Kiss Me Quick Questioaire : curret Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Chuck Chimera Desigatio: L Data Etr Perso: Chuck Chimera WRA Score Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? =1, = Does the species have weed races? =1, = Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals =1, = Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 Prit Date: 9/29/2011 Brufelsia latifolia (Solaaceae) Page 1 of 7

2 Desigatio = Low Risk 412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed =1, = Hbridizes aturall =1, = Self-compatible or apomictic =1, = Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio =1, = Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, 4+ ears = Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked =1, =-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people =1, = Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat =1, = Propagules adapted to wid dispersal =1, = Propagules water dispersed =1, = Propagules bird dispersed =1, = Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) =1, = Propagules survive passage through the gut =1, = Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) =1, = Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) =1, = Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire =1, = Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: L WRA Score -3 Prit Date: 9/29/2011 Brufelsia latifolia (Solaaceae) Page 2 of 7

3 Desigatio = Low Risk Supportig Data: Cla, H.F./Hubbard, J.C.. The Hawaii Garde: Tropical Shrubs. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu, HI [Is the species highl domesticated? No] No evidece WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA Cla, H.F./Hubbard, J.C.. The Hawaii Garde: Tropical Shrubs. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu, HI Plowma, T.C.. A revisio of the South America species of Brufelsia (Solaaceae). Fieldiaa Bota. 39: Cla, H.F./Hubbard, J.C.. The Hawaii Garde: Tropical Shrubs. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu, HI Plowma, T.C.. A revisio of the South America species of Brufelsia (Solaaceae). Fieldiaa Bota. 39: Dave's Garder. PlatFiles: Yesterda, Toda ad Tomorrow, Kiss Me Quick - Brufelsia Cla, H.F./Hubbard, J.C.. The Hawaii Garde: Tropical Shrubs. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu, HI Dave's Garder. PlatFiles: Yesterda, Toda ad Tomorrow, Kiss Me Quick - Brufelsia Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Idex [Olie Database] Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Idex [Olie Database] Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Idex [Olie Database] Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Idex [Olie Database]. [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-high] "from tropical America " [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-high] " Brufelsia latifolia is a dimiutive shrub edemic to the state of Rio de Jaeiro i Brazil, i the eviros of the cit of Rio de Jaeiro." [Qualit of climate match data? 2-high] "from tropical America " [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? No] "The South America species of sectio Fraciscea are primaril shrubs or small trees of the uderstor of humid tropical rai forests; those species that have adapted to other eviromets are cosidered more specialized. This group grows primaril i moutaious regios, up to about 2,000 m of altitude. Exceptios are foud i several species that appear to be restricted to ver low elevatios (B. australis, B. imatacaa Plowma, B. latifolia, B. macrocarpa) " [restricted to low elevatios] [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? No] "Hardiess: USDA Zoe 9a: to -6.6 C (20 F) USDA Zoe 9b: to -3.8 C (25 F) USDA Zoe 10a: to -1.1 C (30 F) USDA Zoe 10b: to 1.7 C (35 F) USDA Zoe 11: above 4.5 C (40 F)" [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "from tropical America " [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] "This plat has bee said to grow i the followig regios: Beicia, Califoria Cocord, Califoria Greebrae, Califoria Irvie, Califoria Joshua Tree, Califoria Los Ageles, Califoria Missio Viejo, Califoria Sacrameto, Califoria Staford, Califoria Walut Creek, Califoria Aripeka, Florida Asbur Lake, Florida Big Coppitt Ke, Florida Big Pie Ke, Florida Biscae Park, Florida Black Diamod, Florida Citrus Hills, Florida Dade Cit, Florida Gulfport, Florida Hollwood, Florida Idia Harbour Beach, Florida Iveress, Florida Jacksoville, Florida Kigs Poit, Florida Lakewood Park, Florida Largo, Florida Lauderdale-b-the-sea, Florida Masarktow, Florida Melrose Park, Florida Ocoee, Florida Orage Park, Florida Oragetree, Florida Orlado, Florida Port St Lucie, Florida Sebastia, Florida Tildeville, Florida Vero Beach, Florida Zephrhills, Florida Aialoa, Hawaii Haliimaile, Hawaii Belle Chasse, Louisiaa Estelle, Louisiaa Idepedece, Louisiaa Lafaette, Louisiaa Old Jefferso, Louisiaa (2 reports) Prairieville, Louisiaa Sait Helea Islad, South Carolia Atascocita, Texas Breham, Texas Camero, Texas Cedar Park, Texas Cut Ad Shoot, Texas El Lago, Texas Fulto, Texas High Islad, Texas Hill Coutr Village, Texas Housto, Texas (3 reports) Porter Heights, Texas Redwood, Texas Silsbee, Texas" [Naturalized beod ative rage? No] No evidece [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? No] No evidece [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? No] No evidece [Evirometal weed? No] No evidece Prit Date: 9/29/2011 Brufelsia latifolia (Solaaceae) Page 3 of 7

4 Desigatio = Low Risk Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Brufelsia calcia [Olie Database]. [Cogeeric weed? No] Brufelsia calcia listed as a weed, but o evidece of impacts or cotrol foud species/brufelsia_calci a/ Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Brufelsia itida [Olie Database]. [Cogeeric weed? No] Brufelsia itida listed as a weed, but o evidece of impacts or cotrol foud species/brufelsia_itida/ Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Brufelsia pauciflora [Olie Database]. species/brufelsia_paucif lora/ [Cogeeric weed? No] Brufelsia pauciflora listed as a weed, but o evidece of impacts or cotrol foud Cla, H.F./Hubbard, J.C.. The Hawaii Garde: Tropical Shrubs. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu, HI [Produces spies, thors or burrs? No] "A spreadig, wood, evergree shrub that grows to about 8 feet i height i a loose crow of irregular braches." [No evidece] WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Allelopathic? No] No evidece of allelopath metioed for this popular orametal USDA, ARS, Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network (GRIN) [Olie Database Idex]. Natioal Germplasm Resources Laborator, Beltsville, Marlad. [Parasitic? No] Solaaceae [Not kow to be parasitic] WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Upalatable to grazig aimals? Ukow] Kha, S.A.. Toxicolog Brief: Brufelsia species: Beautiful but deadl. Veteriar Medicie. cle/articledetail.jsp?id=503045&sk=&date=&pagei D= Harriso, M.. Flowerig Shrubs ad Small Trees for the South. Pieapple Press Ic, Sarasota, FL [Toxic to aimals? Yes] "A search of the ASPCA APCC database ATox for Brufelsia species exposures from November 2001 to November 2006 revealed 38 cases ivolvig 42 dogs (three cases ivolved more tha oe dog).4 No cases were reported i a other aimal species. The most commol ivolved breeds were Labrador retrievers (=5) ad golde retrievers (=4). The age rage of exposed dogs was from 1 moth to 8 ears. Weights raged from 6 to 75 lb (2.7 to 34 kg). Evidece of chewed Brufelsia species was foud i 25 cases, ad i six cases, someoe observed the dogs' exposure to Brufelsia species. The quatit of igested plat was kow i four cases: Oe dog igested two leaves, ad three dogs igested 15, 20, ad 30 seeds, respectivel.4 The Brufelsia species ivolved i these cases were Brufelsia calcia var. floribuda (=19), Brufelsia australis (=7), Brufelsia pauciflora (=7), Brufelsia americaa (=2), ospecific Brufelsia species (=2), ad Brufelsia latifolia (=1). Although most of the reported cases were from Califoria (=29), there were also cases from Texas (=4), Orego (=3), Coecticut (=1), ad New Jerse (=1). The gastroitestial tract ad cetral ervous sstem (CNS) were most commol affected. The outcome of 19 dogs is kow: Thirtee dogs recovered with supportive care, two dogs died, two dogs developed sequelae (occasioal seizure episodes), oe dog was euthaized, ad oe dog had a cotiuatio of cliical sigs (letharg) at follow-up...there are case reports of Brufelsia species toxicosis i cattle, dogs, rats, ad mice.1-3,5-7 Several of these cases were fatal, with ospecific ecrops fidigs. Although ol a few Brufelsia species (B. calcia var. floribuda, B. pauciflora, B. australis, B. boodora) have bee implicated i aimal poisoig cases, all species ad all parts of the plat (flowers, leaves, berries, ad seeds) should be cosidered toxic to aimals. Dogs appear to be particularl attracted to the berries ad seeds. Four reports of Brufelsia species toxicosis i dogs have bee published two i Australia5,6 ad two i the Uited States.2,7" [Toxic to aimals? Yes] "Like ma members of the ightshade famil, Brufelsia cotais poisoous substaces. The berries are extremel toxic, ad all parts of the plat (flowers, leaves, berries ad seeds) should be cosidered toxic to aimals. Dogs appear to be particularl attracted to the berries ad seeds." Prit Date: 9/29/2011 Brufelsia latifolia (Solaaceae) Page 4 of 7

5 Desigatio = Low Risk Dave's Garder. PlatFiles: Yesterda, Toda ad Tomorrow, Kiss Me Quick - Brufelsia Cla, H.F./Hubbard, J.C.. The Hawaii Garde: Tropical Shrubs. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu, HI Dave's Garder. PlatFiles: Yesterda, Toda ad Tomorrow, Kiss Me Quick - Brufelsia [Toxic to aimals? Yes] "O Apr 11, 2008, GPGruver14 from Haward, CA wrote: A WORD OF WARNING TO GARDENERS WHO ALSO HAVE DOGS. I have ever actuall grow this plat, but the ASPCA has oted that it is toxic to dogs. To quote their recet article "Accordig to a recetl published stud b Dr. Safdar Kha, veteriar toxicologist for the ASPCA Aimal Poiso Cotrol Ceter (APCC), dogs seem to be particularl attracted to the seeds ad berries of the Brufelsia plat, also kow as morig, oo ad ight ad esterda, toda ad tomorrow. I fact, caies are most susceptible to poisoig b this gardeer s favorite, aptl amed for its fragrat flowers that bloom i vivid purple ad graduall chage to laveder before fadig to white. From 2001 to 2006, the APCC treated 38 cases of Brufelsia poisoig ivolvig 42 dogs. Oe Califoria houd experieced stiff limbs ad excessive droolig after igestig several seeds from the plat. A terrier pupp from Florida developed life-threateig seizures after cosumig aother part of the plat. With help from the APCC ad the services of a local emergec veteriaria, the pupp evetuall made a full recover. However, three of the cases proved fatal." [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? No] "Isects/Diseases: For scale, appl malathio or summer oil. For thrips, use diazao or malathio." [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? Yes] "Dager: Seed is poisoous if igested Parts of plat are poisoous if igested" Cla, H.F./Hubbard, J.C.. The Hawaii [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? No] No evidece Garde: Tropical Shrubs. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu, HI Plowma, T.C.. A revisio of the South America species of Brufelsia (Solaaceae). Fieldiaa Bota. 39: [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? No] No evidece WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? No] No evidece that plat is a fire hazard Cla, H.F./Hubbard, J.C.. The Hawaii Garde: Tropical Shrubs. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu, HI Cla, H.F./Hubbard, J.C.. The Hawaii Garde: Tropical Shrubs. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu, HI Plowma, T.C.. A revisio of the South America species of Brufelsia (Solaaceae). Fieldiaa Bota. 39: Dave's Garder. PlatFiles: Yesterda, Toda ad Tomorrow, Kiss Me Quick - Brufelsia Cla, H.F./Hubbard, J.C.. The Hawaii Garde: Tropical Shrubs. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu, HI Plowma, T.C.. A revisio of the South America species of Brufelsia (Solaaceae). Fieldiaa Bota. 39: Cla, H.F./Hubbard, J.C.. The Hawaii Garde: Tropical Shrubs. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu, HI USDA, ARS, Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network (GRIN) [Olie Database Idex]. Natioal Germplasm Resources Laborator, Beltsville, Marlad. [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Yes] "The shade-lovig Brufelsia latifolia, from tropical America, has flowers that are blue-violet whe the ope, the fade to laveder, ad fiall to white o succeedig das." [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios? Ukow] "requires rich, well-draied, well-watered soil." [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios? Ukow] "A umber of species of sectio Fraciscea have become specialized i their ecological requiremets. Brufelsia latifolia grows ol o sad restigas, a maritime formatio of low shrubs o the coast of southeaster Brazil." [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios? Ukow] "Soil ph requiremets: 6.1 to 6.5 (mildl acidic) 6.6 to 7.5 (eutral)" [Climbig or smotherig growth habit? No] "A spreadig, wood, evergree shrub that grows to about 8 feet i height i a loose crow of irregular braches." [Forms dese thickets? No] "Brufelsia latifolia is the most dimiutive species, ofte flowerig whe ol 30 cm tall ad rarel reachig 1 m i height. " [Dimiutive species. No evidece that it forms thickets] [Aquatic? No] "A spreadig, wood, evergree shrub " [Terrestrial] [Grass? No] Solaaceae Prit Date: 9/29/2011 Brufelsia latifolia (Solaaceae) Page 5 of 7

6 Desigatio = Low Risk USDA, ARS, Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network (GRIN) [Olie Database Idex]. Natioal Germplasm Resources Laborator, Beltsville, Marlad Cla, H.F./Hubbard, J.C.. The Hawaii Garde: Tropical Shrubs. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu, HI Plowma, T.C.. A revisio of the South America species of Brufelsia (Solaaceae). Fieldiaa Bota. 39: Cla, H.F./Hubbard, J.C.. The Hawaii Garde: Tropical Shrubs. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu, HI Plowma, T.C.. A revisio of the South America species of Brufelsia (Solaaceae). Fieldiaa Bota. 39: Plowma, T.C.. A revisio of the South America species of Brufelsia (Solaaceae). Fieldiaa Bota. 39: Plowma, T.C.. A revisio of the South America species of Brufelsia (Solaaceae). Fieldiaa Bota. 39: Plowma, T.C.. A revisio of the South America species of Brufelsia (Solaaceae). Fieldiaa Bota. 39: Cla, H.F./Hubbard, J.C.. The Hawaii Garde: Tropical Shrubs. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu, HI Plowma, T.C.. A revisio of the South America species of Brufelsia (Solaaceae). Fieldiaa Bota. 39: Cla, H.F./Hubbard, J.C.. The Hawaii Garde: Tropical Shrubs. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu, HI Cla, H.F./Hubbard, J.C.. The Hawaii Garde: Tropical Shrubs. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu, HI Plowma, T.C.. A revisio of the South America species of Brufelsia (Solaaceae). Fieldiaa Bota. 39: Cla, H.F./Hubbard, J.C.. The Hawaii Garde: Tropical Shrubs. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu, HI [Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0? No] Solaaceae [Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)? No] "A spreadig, wood, evergree shrub that grows to about 8 feet i height i a loose crow of irregular braches." [Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat? Possibl] "Certai species of sectios Fraciscea ad Guiaeses are of such local occurrece that the ma also be cosidered edagered. This is particularl true of B. latifolia, which is precariousl restricted to the regio aroud the cit of Rio de Jaeiro, ad of B. dweri, o the upper slopes of Cerro Jefe i cetral Paama. Both of these areas are rapidl beig developed for housig ad farmig, respectivel. A large portio of Cerro Jefe has alread bee decimated for buildig poultr farms. Little is kow of the effect ofhuma activities o other South America species because the have ot bee studied i the field. The dager of their extictio is less serious, however, tha for the West Idia species because of the usuall wider distributio of the cotietal species." [Produces viable seed? Yes] "Grow from seeds or cuttigs" [Hbridizes aturall? Ukow] "Brufelsia latifolia is distiguished b its low habit; the rather small, elliptic leaves; ad small, pale violet flowers. It seems to be most closel related to B. boodora, a equall rare, erect-growig shrub of the moutais ear Rio de Jaeiro. This species has arrower, laceolate leaves ad larger flowers tha B. Some specimes (Mika s..) are somewhat itermediate betwee these two species ad idicate a close relatioship ad possibl hbridizatio. However, this remais to be determied whe additioal material is available." [Self-compatible or apomictic? No] "...o viable seed was produced from a of the self-polliated idividuals, idicatig that these species are self-icompatible. [Requires specialist polliators? No] "I sectio Fraciscea the flowers are smaller ad have a shorter tube with a purple limb ad a white ee at the ceter. The are usuall ot fragrat ad are polliated b da-flig butterflies from several differet families." [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? Ukow] "Vegetative reproductio ma also occur to a limited extet b the rootig of broke braches o the forest floor. This has bee observed i B. chiricaspi" [some species of Brufelsia ca spread vegetativel, but ukow for B. latifolia] [Miimum geerative time (ears)? Ukow] "A spreadig, wood, evergree shrub Moderate growth rate " [Wood shrub. Probabl 2 or more ears to maturit] [Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall? No] "Capsule eclosed b persistet calx, mm log, 8-10 mm i diameter, ovoid, apiculate at apex, smooth, glabrous, dark gree, pericarp thi-walled, dr at maturit, crustaceous, sparigl dehiscet. Seeds 10-12, 5-6 mm log, 3 mm i diameter, oblog ellipsoid, agular, dark brow, reticulate-pitted." [No evidece, ad o meas of exteral attachmet] [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] "Havig little medicial or ecoomic value, it is grow primaril for its beaut." [orametal] [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? No] No evidece [Popular orametal. No reports of produce cotamiatio] [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? No] No evidece [Propagules adapted to wid dispersal? No] "Small, orage, sigle, 1/2-ich berries sometimes follow the bloom." [Flesh-fruited; No adaptatios for wid dispersal] Prit Date: 9/29/2011 Brufelsia latifolia (Solaaceae) Page 6 of 7

7 Desigatio = Low Risk Plowma, T.C.. A revisio of the South America species of Brufelsia (Solaaceae). Fieldiaa Bota. 39: Plowma, T.C.. A revisio of the South America species of Brufelsia (Solaaceae). Fieldiaa Bota. 39: Plowma, T.C.. A revisio of the South America species of Brufelsia (Solaaceae). Fieldiaa Bota. 39: Cla, H.F./Hubbard, J.C.. The Hawaii Garde: Tropical Shrubs. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu, HI Plowma, T.C.. A revisio of the South America species of Brufelsia (Solaaceae). Fieldiaa Bota. 39: Plowma, T.C.. A revisio of the South America species of Brufelsia (Solaaceae). Fieldiaa Bota. 39: [Propagules water dispersed? No] "I sectio Fraciscea the fruit is usuall a relativel small capsule that is gree or brow ad has a coriaceous pericarp that becomes thi ad brittle o drig. The persistet calx ecloses the fruit, at least i part. These capsules ma split ope at maturit, but ol sparigl. It ma be that ma species are completel idehiscet ad their seeds are released ol upo rottig o the forest floor...capsule eclosed b persistet calx, mm log, 8-10 mm i diameter, ovoid, apiculate at apex, smooth, glabrous, dark gree, pericarp thi-walled, dr at maturit, crustaceous, sparigl dehiscet." [No evidece of adaptatios for water dispersal] [Propagules bird dispersed? Ukow] "I sectio Fraciscea the fruit is usuall a relativel small capsule that is gree or brow ad has a coriaceous pericarp that becomes thi ad brittle o drig. The persistet calx ecloses the fruit, at least i part. These capsules ma split ope at maturit, but ol sparigl. It ma be that ma species are completel idehiscet ad their seeds are released ol upo rottig o the forest floor...capsule eclosed b persistet calx, mm log, 8-10 mm i diameter, ovoid, apiculate at apex, smooth, glabrous, dark gree, pericarp thi-walled, dr at maturit, crustaceous, sparigl dehiscet." [Not reall flesh-fruited] [Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall)? No] "I sectio Fraciscea the fruit is usuall a relativel small capsule that is gree or brow ad has a coriaceous pericarp that becomes thi ad brittle o drig. The persistet calx ecloses the fruit, at least i part. These capsules ma split ope at maturit, but ol sparigl. It ma be that ma species are completel idehiscet ad their seeds are released ol upo rottig o the forest floor...capsule eclosed b persistet calx, mm log, 8-10 mm i diameter, ovoid, apiculate at apex, smooth, glabrous, dark gree, pericarp thi-walled, dr at maturit, crustaceous, sparigl dehiscet." [No evidece, ad o meas of exteral attachmet] [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Yes] "Small, orage, sigle, 1/2- ich berries sometimes follow the bloom." [Flesh-fruited, presumabl adapted to survive passage through gut] [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? No] "Capsule eclosed b persistet calx, mm log, 8-10 mm i diameter, ovoid, apiculate at apex, smooth, glabrous, dark gree, pericarp thi-walled, dr at maturit, crustaceous, sparigl dehiscet. Seeds 10-12, 5-6 mm log, 3 mm i diameter, oblog ellipsoid, agular, dark brow, reticulate pitted.brufelsia latifolia is a dimiutive shrub edemic to the state of Rio de Jaeiro i Brazil " [small shrub ulikel to produce such high seed desities] [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? No] No evidece WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Well cotrolled b herbicides? Ukow] No iformatio foud o herbicide efficac or chemical cotrol of this species Cla, H.F./Hubbard, J.C.. The Hawaii Garde: Tropical Shrubs. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu, HI [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Yes] "Ma be drasticall prued to desired form or to reduce size; plat is aturall loosegrowig, should ot be maitaied as a topiar form; pruig after flowerig iduces ew growth ad vigorous bloomig durig the followig seaso." WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets)? Ukow] Prit Date: 9/29/2011 Brufelsia latifolia (Solaaceae) Page 7 of 7