Specialty Vegetables Immature Fruit Vegetables

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Specialty Vegetables Immature Fruit Vegetables"

Transcription

1 Specialty Vegetables Immature Fruit Vegetables squash, cucumber, beans, eggplant, tomatillo, corn Peas in pods Green Onions Marita Cantwell Postharvest Technology Short Course June 201 Immature Fruit Vegetables Causes of Quality Loss Beans Summer squash Okra Cucumber, chayote, other cucurbits Eggplant Tomatillo Sweet corn Peas Maturity Water loss Physical damage Chilling injury (most) Decay Internal seed development 1

2 Waxed carton, water absorbent pad, forced air cooled Bulk pack in carton box, forced air cooled. Squash are showing initial symptoms of chilling injury. SEVERE Chilling injury symptoms Water loss from the water soaked areas leads to sunken areas Score Visual Quality (9 to 1) Decay (1 to ) Browning (1 to ) Pitting (1 to ) Average quality and defects of summer squash varieties after storage for 10 days at temperatures. For Visual quality, 9=excellent 7=good, =fair, =poor, 1=unusable For defects, 1=none, 2=slight, =moderate, =moderately severe, And =severe 2 1 C 1 F 7. C F 10 C 0 F 2

3 Shelf-life of cucumbers in relation to temperature Chilling Sensitivity Exposure Time Temperature 100 Relative Storage Life Relative Storage Life Temperature C 77 F Chilling Symptoms: yellowing discoloration pits and sunken areas increased weight loss increased decay Stored 7 days Stored 7 days + 7 days at 20 C

4 Interrupting the chilling period before permanent damage has occurred Not practical commercially but could be used on small scale Total storage period = 12 days Pepino almacenado 1 dias a 1 C Deshidratación Cv Luxell (arriba) y Darlington (abajo) Amarillamiento

5 Pepino almacenado 1 dias a C mas dias a 20 C Cv Luxell (arriba) y Macario (abajo) Mini-pepino more tolerant to low temperature? Handle ~ C Slimy breakdown Mini cucumber packing Alpine Fresh;

6 Opo Smooth Luffa Angles luffa Fuzzy melon Bittermelon and other Asian cucurbits Cucumber recommendations are also good guidelines for these and related cucurbits Bittermelon Simple but careful handling Is critical for many specialty vegetables 6

7 What is wrong with this picture? Chilling Injury Symptoms 7

8 Table 1. Days to visual chilling symptoms. Chilling symptoms included fruit pitting, discoloration of the fruit and calyx, and internal discoloration. Symptoms were considered to reduce marketability when scores exceeded 2.0 (slight) on a point scale. Days to Visible Chilling Symptoms Temperature Black Bell Japanese Chinese 0 C 2 F C 6 F C 1 F C F C 0 F no chilling no chilling no chilling What Happened To these Eggplants? 9 A. Visual Quality Score 9=excellent, 7=good, =fair, =poor, 1=unuseable Delays to cool at 7 C 1 Newtons B. Firmness C. Gloss Visual quality, firmness, and visual symptoms of water loss were correlated with time to cool. Delays to cool should be < hours at 7 C or <6 hours at 2 C. Gloss values decreased after a delay of 9 hours at both temperatures. 7 6 Units Delay to cool: Hours at 7 C

9 Quality of Japanese Eggplant after cooling delays at 2 temperatures and after storage at 7. C for 7 days. Data averages 10 fruits per rep x 2 reps. Temperature & Hrs Delay to Cool 7 C Visual Quality Dehydration Decay Texture Firmness, Newtons Gloss score Gloss Meter Value C LSD Cantwell and Thangiah, Acta Hort, in press. Green Beans Storage Conditions -7. C (1- F) and 9-100% (RH) Very good quality can be maintained for a few days at temperatures below C but chilling injury will be induced. Some chilling may occur even at the recommended storage temperature of C after 7- days. At -7. C (1- F) a shelf-life of -12 days is expected. Water loss is a common postharvest problem. About % weight loss is needed before shrivel and limpness are observed. Botrytis develops as nests on damaged beans. 9

10 Visual Quality (9=excellent, 1=unuseable) Green Bean Quality and Weight Loss M. Cantwell, UC Davis, 1997 y = -0.22x r 2 = % Weight Loss Visual Quality (9=excellent, 1=unuseable) Limpness (1=none, =severe) Days cv. Xera % Weight Loss Shrivel (1=none, =severe) Days 2 C 77 F 20 C 6 F 1 C 9 F 10 C 0 F C 1 F Green Bean 0 C 2 F Quality and Storage Temperature No transfer to warmer temperature to simulate retail handling and therefore few symptoms of chilling injury 10

11 Symptoms of chilling injury Surface pitting Water soaking Browning Necrosis Rots days C (1 F) 7. C ( F) Green Beans: Chilling symptoms are different at different temperatures Stored 7-10days 0 C 2 F C 1 F 11

12 Edamame Seed Development IM M OM Stage of Maturity Pod Wt. (g) Seed Wt. (g) Seed % Immature Mature Overmature cv. Emperor, data average of 0 pods per stage maturity Visual Quality of Edamame Decreases Quite Rapidly in Storage 9= excellent, = poor, unsalable 9 7 Limit of Salability 6 Edamame Visual Quality Average 7 cultivars Days Discoloration damaged, dried areas 0 C (2 F) C (1 F) 10 C (0 F) CA at C can Be beneficial to maintain visual quality Shelf-life is ~7 days at 0- C Pods at 10 C lose color but otherwise look okay 9=excellent, 1=unuseable Limit of Salability Air 1% O 2 Air + 10% CO 2 1% O % CO 2 Visual Quality of Edamame Days at C 12

13 Tomatillo Often sold without husk Maturity important for composition and quality 10 C (0 F) Husk dries at warmer temperature Husk decay at lower temperatures Fruit is chilling sensitive weeks VISUAL SYMPTOMS OF CHILLING INJURY ON SELECTED FRUIT VEGETABLES Vegetable Beans Cucumbers Eggplant Peppers, bell and chili Okra Symptoms Surface pitting, diagonal brown streaks, dullness of normal surface color, discoloration of seeds, increased susceptibility to decay Shallow surfaces pits of various sizes, water-soaked spots, and increased decay Pitting: brown surface areas that become sunken with time; calyx discoloration, and flesh browning Numerous minute to fairly large, shallow, roundish surface depressions (sheet pitting), seed browning, and calyx discoloration Discoloration, water-soaked areas, pitting, and increased calyx discoloration Squash, summer Surface pitting and rapid decay From Jeff Brecht 1

14 Peas Snow peas Sugar Snap Peas 1

15 Storage temperature affects sugar content relatively more than Visual appearance. Cantwell UC Davis A. Soluble solids 11 Temperature impacts flavor (sweetness) More than visual appearance in sugar Snap peas. The best quality and longest shelf-life achieved at 0 C (2 F). Soluble solids, % Sugars, mg/g FW C (2 F) C (1 F) 10 C (0 F) B. Total Sugars (spectrophotometry) 60 C. Total Sugars (HPLC) 7 Sugars, mg/g FW C (2 F) C (1 F) 10 C (0 F) Cantwell and Paulenas, Days 1

16 Sugar Snap and Snow Peas 2012 Frutesa FRUTAS TROPICALES DE GUATEMALA S.A. 1 days at C; sugar snap peas in modified atmospheres A B C D E Air (O2+CO2) HIGH CO2 INJURY 16

17 Apariencia de sugar snap peas (cv Sugar Snap) después de 1 días a ºC en atmósferas controladas + días en aire a ºC. Air Problema de arveja China durante la distribución Snow peas from Young (Y) and old (O) Plantings in California Peas were stored in air At temperatures for 20 days. Note the differences in Appearance of the calyxes As well as the pod. Cantwell, UC Davis 17

18 Sweet corn quality Fresh green husks No decay on silks Tender kernels (differences among cvs) Typical flavor-sweet, not starchy Mechanically harvested Hydrocooled or liquid iced Temperature and Visual Quality Silks and Ears Score, 9=excellent, 1=unuseable A. Visual quality silks cv Diamonds 7A 0 C (2 F) C (1 F) 10 C (0 F) LSD.0 B. Visual quality ears cv Diamonds 7A LSD.0 0 C (2 F) C (1 F) 10 C (0 F) Days Days Cantwell, 200 1

19 Temperature and Loss of Soluble Solids in Corn kernels from 2 cultivars C (2 F) C (1 F) 10 C (0 F) % Soluble solids LSD.0 LSD A. Soluble solids cv Diamonds 7A Cantwell, 200 Days B. Soluble solids cv Snow White Days Green or Spring Onions 19

20 Curvature and telescoping of cut stem end Telescoping or growth of cut stem end Trimmed Green Onions Relationship between water temperature and exposure time on extension growth Temperature, C Effective, Non-injurious Time, min y = (11.1/x) R 2 = Low temperature (0 C) best Low O 2 retards growth (curvature, extension) High CO 2 retards senescence Hot water dips effective to control telescoping Combination of low O 2 and high CO 2 beneficial for storage of heat-treated onions Shelf-life > 1 days C 20

21 Postharvest Handling Nopalitos (Opuntia sp.) Traditional vegetable in Mexico Green vegetable, little water needed Nutritional quality between that of lettuce and spinach Challenges Spines and glochids Fresh-cut product Manage acidity (CAM plant) Storage Conditions for Nopalitos Temperature Short periods: ambient temperatures (1- days) Longer periods: - C (2- weeks) Susceptible to chilling injury; reports are variable Clean (remove spines) after storage High relative humidity, 90-9% RH Reduce dehydration, especially in damaged areas Manage with cold room and packaging Modified atmospheres 10 a 20% CO2 can be beneficial at C ( days) Decay control Hot water and fungicides Minimize harvest damage Cantwell Nopalitos. Guervara et al., 200, Postharvest Biol. Tech. 29:

POSTHARVEST SPECIALISTS postharvest.ucdavis.edu

POSTHARVEST SPECIALISTS   postharvest.ucdavis.edu POSTHARVEST SPECIALISTS http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu postharvest.ucdavis.edu Jim Thompson, Faculty Director Cooling, Transport, Fumigation Mary Lu Arpaia Subtropical Fruits Diane Barrett Processing &

More information

Weight, g Respiration, µl/g-h Firmness, kg/cm

Weight, g Respiration, µl/g-h Firmness, kg/cm Postharvest Handling Melons and Winter Squash Ripe Melon Characteristics Cantaloupe Watermelon HoneyDew HoneyLoupe Canary Casaba Days from anthesis 55 5 0 Weight, g 00 100 50 000 Respiration, µl/g-h 17

More information

Tomato Quality Attributes

Tomato Quality Attributes León, Mexico - Sept Impact of Ripening & Storage Conditions on Ripe Tomato Quality Marita Cantwell Dept. Plant Sciences Univ. California, Davis, CA micantwell@ucdavis.edu; http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu

More information

Melon Quality & Ripening

Melon Quality & Ripening Melon Quality & Ripening Marita Cantwell Dept. Plant Sciences, UC Davis micantwell@ucdavis.edu Fruit Ripening and Ethylene Management Workshop Postharvest Technology Center, UC Davis, March 17-18, 2015

More information

Ripening Tomatoes. Marita Cantwell Dept. Plant Sciences, UC Davis

Ripening Tomatoes. Marita Cantwell Dept. Plant Sciences, UC Davis Ripening Tomatoes Marita Cantwell Dept. Plant Sciences, UC Davis micantwell@ucdavis.edu Fruit Ripening and Ethylene Management Workshop Postharvest Technology Center, UC Davis, March 7-8, 0 Quality of

More information

Tomato Quality Attributes. Mature Fruit Vegetables. Tomatoes Peppers, Chiles

Tomato Quality Attributes. Mature Fruit Vegetables. Tomatoes Peppers, Chiles Mature Fruit Vegetables Tomatoes Peppers, Chiles Marita Cantwell, UC Davis micantwell@ucdavis.edu Maturity at harvest critical for quality Chilling sensitive, but variable in sensitivity Ethylene can control

More information

Postharvest Handling. Leafy & Related Vegetables. Effect of Temperature on Deterioration. Causes of Quality & Postharvest Losses

Postharvest Handling. Leafy & Related Vegetables. Effect of Temperature on Deterioration. Causes of Quality & Postharvest Losses Postharvest Handling Leafy & Related Vegetables Marita Cantwell, UC Davis micantwell@ucdavis.edu http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu Postharvest Technology Short Course June Ch. Postharvest Technology Book

More information

Postharvest Handling

Postharvest Handling Postharvest Handling Leafy & Related Vegetables Marita Cantwell, UC Davis micantwell@ucdavis.edu http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu Postharvest Technology Short Course June Ch. Postharvest Technology Book

More information

Skin Color. Fruit Shape 6/16/2011. Postharvest Handling of Mango. Cultivar Differences

Skin Color. Fruit Shape 6/16/2011. Postharvest Handling of Mango. Cultivar Differences Postharvest Handling of Mango Cultivar Differences Tommy Atkins Mango Kent Mango Keitt Mango Haden Mango Ataulfo Mango Assessing Maturity & Eating Quality Potential Skin Color Maturity at harvest determines

More information

Fruit Ripening & Retail Handling Workshop. Why use cold storage? Ripe Strawberries After 7 days. Respiration and Temperature.

Fruit Ripening & Retail Handling Workshop. Why use cold storage? Ripe Strawberries After 7 days. Respiration and Temperature. Fruit Ripening & Retail Handling Workshop Cold Storage Disorders of Fruits and Vegetables Mikal E. Saltveit Mann Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences University of California, Davis Why use cold storage?

More information

Postharvest Handling Banana & Pineapple

Postharvest Handling Banana & Pineapple Postharvest Handling Banana & Pineapple PINEAPPLE Beth Mitcham Dept. Plant Sciences UCDavis Maturity and Ripeness Stages Intercultivar differences in composition of pineapples Premium Select =Tropical

More information

Postharvest Handling Banana & Pineapple

Postharvest Handling Banana & Pineapple Postharvest Handling Banana & Pineapple Beth Mitcham Dept. Plant Sciences UCDavis PINEAPPLE Maturity and Ripeness Stages 1 Intercultivar Differences in Composition of Pineapples Premium Select = Tropical

More information

Instructor: Stephen L. Love Aberdeen R & E Center 1693 S 2700 W Aberdeen, ID Phone: Fax:

Instructor: Stephen L. Love Aberdeen R & E Center 1693 S 2700 W Aberdeen, ID Phone: Fax: Vegetable Crops PLSC 451/551 Lesson 7, Harvest, Handling, Packing Instructor: Stephen L. Love Aberdeen R & E Center 1693 S 2700 W Aberdeen, ID 83210 Phone: 397-4181 Fax: 397-4311 Email: slove@uidaho.edu

More information

Ripening and Conditioning Fruits for Fresh-cut

Ripening and Conditioning Fruits for Fresh-cut Ripening and Conditioning Fruits for Fresh-cut Adel Kader UCDavis Management of Ripening of Intact and Fresh-cut Fruits 1. Stages of fruit development 2. Fruits that must ripen on the plant 3. Fruits that

More information

Developmental Continuum. Developmental Continuum. Maturity Indices PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY. Development. Growth. Maturation

Developmental Continuum. Developmental Continuum. Maturity Indices PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY. Development. Growth. Maturation Maturation and IMPORTANCE = Harvest Indices Sensory and Nutritional Quality Use Fresh market or Processed Adequate shelf-life Facilitate marketing standards Productivity Postharvest short Course, June

More information

Lecture 4. Factors affecting ripening can be physiological, physical, or biotic. Fruit maturity. Temperature.

Lecture 4. Factors affecting ripening can be physiological, physical, or biotic. Fruit maturity. Temperature. Lecture 4. Factors affecting ripening can be physiological, physical, or biotic. Physiological factors relate to fruit maturity or environmental factors, which affect the metabolism of fruit and banana.

More information

Pitahaya postharvest management and sensory evaluation

Pitahaya postharvest management and sensory evaluation Pitahaya postharvest management and sensory evaluation Mary Lu Arpaia, UC Riverside Marita Cantwell, UC Davis Ramiro Lobo, UCCE San Diego County David Obenland, USDA Parlier Pitahaya Production Seminar

More information

Fruit Ripening & Ethylene Management Workshop. Why use cold storage? Chronological vs Physiological. Effect of temperatures on strawberries

Fruit Ripening & Ethylene Management Workshop. Why use cold storage? Chronological vs Physiological. Effect of temperatures on strawberries Fruit Ripening & Ethylene Management Workshop Cold Storage Disorders of Fruits and Vegetables Why use cold storage? Shelf-life is inversely proportional to respiration (colder temp slower respiration longer

More information

Postharvest Paradox. Harvest Maturity and Fruit Quality. Fruit Maturity, Ripening and Quality. Harvest Maturity for Fruits: A balancing Act

Postharvest Paradox. Harvest Maturity and Fruit Quality. Fruit Maturity, Ripening and Quality. Harvest Maturity for Fruits: A balancing Act Fruit Maturity, Ripening and Quality Maturity at harvest very important to determine final fruit quality and storage life With few exceptions, fruits reach best eating quality when allowed to ripen on

More information

Ripening Mangos & Papayas. Major Mango Cultivars in the USA

Ripening Mangos & Papayas. Major Mango Cultivars in the USA Ripening Mangos & Papayas Jeff Brecht Horticultural Sciences Department University of Florida jkbrecht@ufl.edu Fruit Ripening and Retail Handling Workshop UC Davis, March 25 26, 2014 Major Mango Cultivars

More information

Harvesting and storing home garden vegetables

Harvesting and storing home garden vegetables University of Minnesota Extension www.extension.umn.edu 612-624-1222 Garden Harvesting and storing home garden vegetables Cindy Tong, Extension post-harvest horticulturist One of the joys of summer is

More information

Factors to consider when ripening avocado

Factors to consider when ripening avocado Factors to consider when ripening avocado Mary Lu Arpaia Univ. of CA Riverside, CA mlarpaia@ucanr.edu Why Ripen Avocados? Untreated, fruit ripening may range from a few days to even weeks within a carton

More information

The important points to note are: Firmometer value. Days after treatment

The important points to note are: Firmometer value. Days after treatment Avocado Growers Manual Postharvesting Handling If the fruit are held at 3 to 4 C once sprung, shelf life should not be affected. Care must be taken not to remove sprung fruit to a high temperature as this

More information

Limitations to avocado postharvest handling. Factors to consider when ripening avocado

Limitations to avocado postharvest handling. Factors to consider when ripening avocado Factors to consider when ripening avocado Mary Lu Arpaia Univ. of CA Riverside, CA mlarpaia@ucanr.edu Limitations to avocado postharvest handling v Time after harvest (fruit age) v Stage of ripeness more

More information

PRESERVATION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES BY REDUCTION OF ETHYLENE GAS

PRESERVATION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES BY REDUCTION OF ETHYLENE GAS PRESERVATION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES BY REDUCTION OF ETHYLENE GAS Presented By: David M. Webster CEO AgraCo Technologies International, LLC Source: Cornell University College of Agricultural and Life

More information

Subtropical Fruits. Subtropical Fruits Include

Subtropical Fruits. Subtropical Fruits Include Subtropical Fruits Mark Ritenour Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce Jeff Brecht Horticultural Science Department, Gainesville Subtropical Fruits Some of these fruits are grown in tropical

More information

11/14/16. Postharvest Biology & Handling of Vegetables. I. Introduction. I. Introduction. III. Immature & Mature Fruits. Dr. Jeffrey K.

11/14/16. Postharvest Biology & Handling of Vegetables. I. Introduction. I. Introduction. III. Immature & Mature Fruits. Dr. Jeffrey K. Postharvest Biology & Handling of Vegetables III. Immature & Mature Fruits Dr. Jeffrey K. Brecht Horticultural Sciences Department, Gainesville Dr. Mark A. Ritenour Indian River Research and Education

More information

HARVEST. Post Harvest Handling and Storage. Insta Poll (Discussion) How do you decide when to harvest? Post Harvest WHY? Harvest Methods.

HARVEST. Post Harvest Handling and Storage. Insta Poll (Discussion) How do you decide when to harvest? Post Harvest WHY? Harvest Methods. Post Harvest WHY? Post Harvest Handling and Storage Storage Opportunity Ultimate Goal Growing Season Storage Opportunity Introductory Vegetable Production Last Spring Frost Average = mid May early Sept

More information

Utilization of Modified Atmosphere Packaging to Increase Shelf Life

Utilization of Modified Atmosphere Packaging to Increase Shelf Life Utilization of Modified Atmosphere Packaging to Increase Shelf Life Batziakas Kostas, Rivard Cary and Pliakoni Eleni Department of Horticulture & Natural Resources Kansas State University Fresh Produce

More information

Olives Postharvest Quality Maintenance Guidelines. Carlos H. Crisosto and Adel A. Kader Pomology Department University of California Davis, CA 95616

Olives Postharvest Quality Maintenance Guidelines. Carlos H. Crisosto and Adel A. Kader Pomology Department University of California Davis, CA 95616 Olives Postharvest Quality Maintenance Guidelines Carlos H. Crisosto and Adel A. Kader Pomology Department University of California Davis, CA 95616 Scientific Name and Introduction Olive is a member of

More information

SYMPTOMS OF CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE DAMAGE IN AVOCADOS

SYMPTOMS OF CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE DAMAGE IN AVOCADOS SYMPTOMS OF CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE DAMAGE IN AVOCADOS C. YEARSLEY AND N. LALLU HortResearch, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland ABSTRACT Fruit quality following CA shipping has been variable with the appearance

More information

Keeping Crops Fresh for Market

Keeping Crops Fresh for Market Keeping Crops Fresh for Market Is it Cold? Scott Sanford Sr. Outreach Specialist Rural Energy Program Biological Systems Engineering UW-Madison 1 What affects length of storage? Temperature Humidity Quality

More information

QUALITY ATTRIBUTES LIMITING PAPAYA POSTHARVEST LIFE AT CHILLING AND NON-CHILLING TEMPERATURES

QUALITY ATTRIBUTES LIMITING PAPAYA POSTHARVEST LIFE AT CHILLING AND NON-CHILLING TEMPERATURES Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 118:389-395. 2005. QUALITY ATTRIBUTES LIMITING PAPAYA POSTHARVEST LIFE AT CHILLING AND NON-CHILLING TEMPERATURES EMILIE PROULX, 1 M. CECILIA, N. NUNES, 2 J. P. EMOND 3 AND JEFFREY

More information

Cucumbers SEASONAL AVAILABILITY

Cucumbers SEASONAL AVAILABILITY Cucumbers Cucumbers are said to have originated in India, brought to China 2,000 years ago, and then to Europe via Greece. Explorers such as Christopher Columbus and Hernando de Soto brought cucumbers

More information

Produce Specifications

Produce Specifications Produce Specifications PRODUCT : DISORDER Freshly Shelled Various Bright green peas. Bright green peas: fresh, clean in appearance. Free from foreign matter. Peas with crisp, sweet clean flavour: no foreign

More information

Response of 'Hass' Avocado to Postharvest Storage in Controlled Atmosphere Conditions

Response of 'Hass' Avocado to Postharvest Storage in Controlled Atmosphere Conditions Proc. of Second World Avocado Congress 1992 pp. 467-472 Response of 'Hass' Avocado to Postharvest Storage in Controlled Atmosphere Conditions Dana F. Faubion, F. Gordon Mitchell, and Gene Mayer Department

More information

Studies in the Postharvest Handling of California Avocados

Studies in the Postharvest Handling of California Avocados California Avocado Society 1993 Yearbook 77: 79-88 Studies in the Postharvest Handling of California Avocados Mary Lu Arpaia Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside

More information

Ripening Temperature Management. Why Ripen? Why Temperature Management is Important for Fruits

Ripening Temperature Management. Why Ripen? Why Temperature Management is Important for Fruits Ripening Temperature Management Jeff Brecht Horticultural Sciences Department University of Florida jkbrecht@ufl.edu Why Ripen? Fruit Ripening and Ethylene Management Workshop UC Davis, April 8-9, 27 Ripening

More information

Steve Sargent Extension postharvest horticulturist Horticultural Sciences Department University of Florida-IFAS.

Steve Sargent Extension postharvest horticulturist Horticultural Sciences Department University of Florida-IFAS. Southeast Regional Fruit & Vegetable Conference January 9, 2015 Steve Sargent Extension postharvest horticulturist Horticultural Sciences Department University of Florida-IFAS sasa@ufl.edu DEALING WITH

More information

Eggplant. References: Colorado State University Extension, University of Arizona Cooperative Extension, University of Illinois Extension.

Eggplant. References: Colorado State University Extension, University of Arizona Cooperative Extension, University of Illinois Extension. Eggplant Eggplant is thought to have been cultivated in India and China more than 1,500 years ago. A Chinese cookbook from the fifth century mentions eggplant, and ancient Chinese brides were required

More information

11/7/2016. Postharvest Biology & Handling of Vegetables. I. Introduction. I. Introduction. I. Leafy & Succulent Crops. Dr. Jeffrey K.

11/7/2016. Postharvest Biology & Handling of Vegetables. I. Introduction. I. Introduction. I. Leafy & Succulent Crops. Dr. Jeffrey K. Postharvest Biology & Handling of Vegetables I. Leafy & Succulent Crops Dr. Jeffrey K. Brecht Horticultural Sciences Department, Gainesville Dr. Mark A. Ritenour Indian River Research and Education Center,

More information

Hass Seasonality. Avocado Postharvest Handling. Avocado Postharvest Handling. Mary Lu Arpaia University of California, Riverside

Hass Seasonality. Avocado Postharvest Handling. Avocado Postharvest Handling. Mary Lu Arpaia University of California, Riverside Avocado Postharvest Handling Avocado Postharvest Handling Mary Lu Arpaia University of California, Riverside Major California Avocado Cultivars Bacon Fuerte Gwen Hass Lamb Hass Pinkerton Reed Zutano Hass

More information

REPORT to the California Tomato Commission Tomato Variety Trials: Postharvest Evaluations for 2006

REPORT to the California Tomato Commission Tomato Variety Trials: Postharvest Evaluations for 2006 10 January 2007 REPORT to the California Tomato Commission Tomato Variety Trials: Postharvest Evaluations for 2006 Responsible: Marita Cantwell Project Cooperators: Scott Stoddard Michelle LeStrange Brenna

More information

QUALITY OF IRRADIATED TROPICAL FRUIT

QUALITY OF IRRADIATED TROPICAL FRUIT QUALITY OF IRRADIATED TROPICAL FRUIT Marisa Wall U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI Hawaii: Irradiation treatments approved for export to U.S. Fruit Abiu Atemoya Banana Breadfruit

More information

CALIFORNIA PREMIUM ALMONDS

CALIFORNIA PREMIUM ALMONDS CALIFORNIA PREMIUM ALMONDS PRODUCT CATALOG history This amazing little nut made its first known appearance in 1400 BC. The book of Numbers in the Bible tells of Aaron s rod that blossomed and bore almonds,

More information

Fresh-cut Fruit & Vegetables

Fresh-cut Fruit & Vegetables Fresh-cut Fruit & Vegetables Examples of products Physiology of fresh-cut products Preparation and handling Raw material and quality Marita Cantwell micantwell@ucdavis.edu Postharvest Short Course June

More information

Guide Postharvest Technology for Fresh Chili Pepper in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam

Guide Postharvest Technology for Fresh Chili Pepper in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam AVRDC The World Vegetable Center AVRDC Publication Number: 10-735 International Cooperators Guide Postharvest Technology for Fresh Chili Pepper in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam Antonio L. Acedo, Jr. Introduction

More information

EC Buying Fresh Fruits and Vegetables

EC Buying Fresh Fruits and Vegetables University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Historical Materials from University of Nebraska- Lincoln Extension Extension 1965 EC65-940 Buying Fresh Fruits and Vegetables

More information

Effects of Different Transportation Methods on Quality of Sweet Cherry After Forced-air Cooling

Effects of Different Transportation Methods on Quality of Sweet Cherry After Forced-air Cooling 5:2 (2016) Journal of Food Engineering and Technology Effects of Different Transportation Methods on Quality of Sweet Cherry After Forced-air Cooling Xiaofang Zhang 1, 2, Sheng Liu 1 *, Li-e Jia 1, Lijun

More information

Use of SO 2 to Control Decay. Problems. Table Grape Postharvest Handling. Decay. Bleaching. Total Consumption 700 1,250 ppm Forced air cooling.

Use of SO 2 to Control Decay. Problems. Table Grape Postharvest Handling. Decay. Bleaching. Total Consumption 700 1,250 ppm Forced air cooling. Table Grape Postharvest Handling Carlos H. Crisosto chcrisosto@ucdavis.edu Three BotrytisMain Decay Problems Hairline Bleaching Add bleaching/hairline Use of SO 2 to Control Decay Time Initial Total Consumption

More information

CODEX STANDARD FOR QUICK FROZEN WHOLE KERNEL CORN CODEX STAN

CODEX STANDARD FOR QUICK FROZEN WHOLE KERNEL CORN CODEX STAN CODEX STAN 32 Page of 6. SCOPE CODEX STANDARD FOR QUICK FROZEN WHOLE KERNEL CORN CODEX STAN 32-98 This standard shall apply to quick frozen whole kernel sweet corn of the species Zea mays L. convar. saccharata

More information

1. Title: Identification of High Yielding, Root Rot Tolerant Sweet Corn Hybrids

1. Title: Identification of High Yielding, Root Rot Tolerant Sweet Corn Hybrids Report to the Oregon Processed Vegetable Commission 2007 2008 1. Title: Identification of High Yielding, Root Rot Tolerant Sweet Corn Hybrids 2. Project Leaders: James R. Myers, Horticulture 3. Cooperators:

More information

Harvest Maturity and Fruit Quality. Importance of Maturity Indices. Developmental Continuum. Development Growth. Maturation. Physiological Maturity

Harvest Maturity and Fruit Quality. Importance of Maturity Indices. Developmental Continuum. Development Growth. Maturation. Physiological Maturity Harvest Maturity and Fruit Quality Marita Cantwell Dept. Plant Sciences, UC Davis micantwell@ucdavis.edu Fruit Ripening and Ethylene Management Workshop UC Davis, April8-9, 9 California orange on plane

More information

International Produce Training

International Produce Training International Produce Training www.ipt.us.com Commodity Reference Manual Commodity Reference Manual General: This manual is designed for on-the-job use by federal, federalstate, or industry inspectors.

More information

Harvesting Stonefruit

Harvesting Stonefruit Harvesting Stonefruit Jeff Brecht Horticultural Sciences Dept. University of Florida jkbrecht@ufl.edu Maturity Optimum harvest maturity corresponds to maximum taste and storage quality (adequate shelf

More information

Harvest Preparation. Production. Domestic Production. Table Grape Cultivars & Maturity. Table Grape Maturity. Arpaia Kiwifruit/Figs 6/20/2013

Harvest Preparation. Production. Domestic Production. Table Grape Cultivars & Maturity. Table Grape Maturity. Arpaia Kiwifruit/Figs 6/20/2013 Harvesting and Handling of Grapes Production Domestic Production Table Grape Cultivars & Maturity California produces 98% of table grapes grown in the U.S. CA industry composed of ~550 farmers 1 st vineyard

More information

Arpaia Kiwifruit/Figs 6/18/2014. Harvesting and Handling of Grapes. Production

Arpaia Kiwifruit/Figs 6/18/2014. Harvesting and Handling of Grapes. Production Harvesting and Handling of Grapes Production 1 Domestic Production California produces 98% of table grapes grown in the U.S. CA industry composed of ~550 farmers 1 st vineyard was planted by William Wolfskill

More information

Persimmon 8/27/99 Postharvest Quality Maintenance Guidelines. Carlos H. Crisosto Pomology Department University of California Davis, CA 95616

Persimmon 8/27/99 Postharvest Quality Maintenance Guidelines. Carlos H. Crisosto Pomology Department University of California Davis, CA 95616 Persimmon 8/27/99 Postharvest Quality Maintenance Guidelines Carlos H. Crisosto Pomology Department University of California Davis, CA 95616 Scientific Name and Introduction Persimmon is usually the fruit

More information

Comparison of Two Commercial Modified Atmosphere Box-liners for Sweet Cherries.

Comparison of Two Commercial Modified Atmosphere Box-liners for Sweet Cherries. Comparison of Two Commercial Modified Atmosphere Box-liners for Sweet Cherries. Peter M.A. Toivonen, Frank Kappel, Brenda Lannard and Darrel-Lee MacKenzie. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food

More information

Stages of Fruit Development. Maturation The stage of development leading to the attainment of physiological or horticultural maturity.

Stages of Fruit Development. Maturation The stage of development leading to the attainment of physiological or horticultural maturity. Fruit Preparation for Consumers Stages of Fruit Development Stages of Fruit Development Maturation The stage of development leading to the attainment of physiological or horticultural maturity. Physiological

More information

How to get and preserve good quality in apples a short survey

How to get and preserve good quality in apples a short survey How to get and preserve good quality in apples a short survey Factors affecting apple quality Bruising/Mechanical damage Physiological disorders Bitter Pit Scald Water core Sunburn (sunscald) Internal

More information

Hass Seasonality. Postharvest Diseases. California Avocado Cultivars. Mary Lu Arpaia University of California, Riverside

Hass Seasonality. Postharvest Diseases. California Avocado Cultivars. Mary Lu Arpaia University of California, Riverside Avocado Postharvest Handling California Avocado Cultivars Bacon Fuerte Gwen Hass Mary Lu Arpaia University of California, Riverside Lamb Hass Pinkerton Reed Zutano Hass Seasonality Susceptibility to low

More information

Fresh-cut Products: Overview and Challenges. Fruit 9% Vegetables * 32.8% Packaged salads 58.2% Examples fresh-cut fruit products

Fresh-cut Products: Overview and Challenges. Fruit 9% Vegetables * 32.8% Packaged salads 58.2% Examples fresh-cut fruit products Fresh-cut Products: Overview and Challenges Examples of products Physiology of fresh-cut products Preparation and handling Quality aspects of fresh-cut products Marita Cantwell micantwell@ucdavis.edu http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu

More information

Produce. Selecting and Showing. Karen L. Panter. B-1196 January 2009

Produce. Selecting and Showing. Karen L. Panter. B-1196 January 2009 B-1196 January 2009 Selecting and Showing Produce Karen L. Panter Extension Horticulture Specialist Department of Plant Sciences, University of Wyoming Produce is an important part of every fair. Experience

More information

Diagnosing Vegetable Problems

Diagnosing Vegetable Problems Diagnosing Vegetable Problems by Marianne C. Ophardt WSU Extension Area Educator AGRICULTURE YOUTH & FAMILIES HEALTH ECONOMY ENVIRONMENT ENERGY COMMUNITIES Cucurbits (squash, melons, cukes) Problem:

More information

Community Horticulture Fact Sheet # 56 Keeping Market Produce Fresh

Community Horticulture Fact Sheet # 56 Keeping Market Produce Fresh Community Horticulture Fact Sheet # 56 Keeping Market Produce Fresh Direct marketing of fresh fruits and vegetables provides the grower with the satisfaction of consumer contact and, hopefully, increased

More information

Harvest & Post Harvest Handing of Blueberries for Fresh & IQF Markets. Charles F. Forney Kentville Research and Development Centre

Harvest & Post Harvest Handing of Blueberries for Fresh & IQF Markets. Charles F. Forney Kentville Research and Development Centre Harvest & Post Harvest Handing of Blueberries for Fresh & IQF Markets Charles F. Forney Kentville Research and Development Centre Factors Affecting Fruit Quality and Market Life Fruit Quality Cultural

More information

Final Research Report 1 February, Demonstrating MAP Feasibility for Mango Export

Final Research Report 1 February, Demonstrating MAP Feasibility for Mango Export Final Research Report 1 February, 2016 Demonstrating MAP Feasibility for Mango Export Demonstrating Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) Feasibility for Mango Export Co-Principal Investigators: Dr. Jeffrey

More information

6/14/2015. Maturation and Maturity Indices: Terminology. When to Harvest? Developmental Continuum. Developmental Continuum

6/14/2015. Maturation and Maturity Indices: Terminology. When to Harvest? Developmental Continuum. Developmental Continuum Maturation and Maturation and : When to Harvest? 3 of 97 on fruit maturity ISHS Acta Horticulturae #1079 V International Conference Postharvest Unlimited Marita Cantwell, UC Davis micantwell@ucdavis.edu

More information

Session Six Postharvest quality, outturn. New Zealand and Australia Avocado Grower s s Conference September 2005 Tauranga,, New Zealand

Session Six Postharvest quality, outturn. New Zealand and Australia Avocado Grower s s Conference September 2005 Tauranga,, New Zealand Session Six Postharvest quality, outturn New Zealand and Australia Avocado Grower s s Conference 05 20-22 22 September 2005 Tauranga,, New Zealand Avocado Postharvest Quality An Overview Mary Lu Arpaia

More information

Harvesting and Postharvest Harvesting and Postharvest Handling of Dates Handling of Dates

Harvesting and Postharvest Harvesting and Postharvest Handling of Dates Handling of Dates Harvesting and Postharvest Harvesting and Postharvest Handling of Dates Handling of Dates Adel Kader UCDavis June. 2009 Khimri Stage of Development Khalal Stage of Development Date Orchard in Coachella

More information

WFLO Commodity Storage Manual

WFLO Commodity Storage Manual Peaches Revised 2008 Thermal Properties Fresh Dried English Metric English Metric Moisture, % 87.66 -- 31.80 -- Protein, % 0.70 -- 3.61 -- Fat, % 0.90 -- 0.76 -- Carbohydrate, % 11.10 -- 61.33 -- Fiber,

More information

Zucchini SEASONAL AVAILABILITY

Zucchini SEASONAL AVAILABILITY Zucchini Zucchini, a member of the summer squash family of cucurbits (Cucurbita pepo), owes its name to the Italian word for a small pumpkin or squash, zucchina. Historians believe squash was first grown

More information

VAPOR-HEAT TREATMENT FOR FRUITS AND VEGETABLES GROWN IN HAWAII

VAPOR-HEAT TREATMENT FOR FRUITS AND VEGETABLES GROWN IN HAWAII HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION of the UNIVERSITY OF HAWAll CIRCULAR N0. 16 VAPOR-HEAT TREATMENT FOR FRUITS AND VEGETABLES GROWN IN HAWAII by WINSTON W. JoNES, Assistant Horticulturist HONOLULU,

More information

Green Onions SEASONAL AVAILABILITY

Green Onions SEASONAL AVAILABILITY Green Onions TYPES, VARIETIES & CUTS Green onions are often referred to as bunched or spring onions, salad onions, or scallions. Each refers to a densely planted, mildflavored immature-bulb onion of the

More information

Oranges. References: Agricultural Marketing Resource Center, Purdue University Center for New Crops & Plant Products, USDA.

Oranges. References: Agricultural Marketing Resource Center, Purdue University Center for New Crops & Plant Products, USDA. Oranges Oranges are one of the most ubiquitous crops in the world, grown throughout Asia, the Mediterranean, Africa, and both South and North America. The United States and Brazil are the world s leading

More information

STORAGE SCALD OF APPLES

STORAGE SCALD OF APPLES STORAGE SCALD OF APPLES Dr. Eugene Kupferman WSU-TFREC, 11 North Western Ave. Wenatchee, WA 9881 kupfer@wsu.edu WHAT IS STORAGE SCALD? Simply put, storage scald is the diffuse browning of the skin of apples

More information

CANNING BEANS Dry, with Tomato or Molasses Sauce, Lima, Butter, Pintos, or Soy Snap, Italian, Green, or Wax -- 4

CANNING BEANS Dry, with Tomato or Molasses Sauce, Lima, Butter, Pintos, or Soy Snap, Italian, Green, or Wax -- 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS CANNING ASPARAGUS - Spears and Pieces -- 2 CANNING BAKED BEANS 3 CANNING BEANS Dry, with Tomato or Molasses Sauce, Lima, Butter, Pintos, or Soy Snap, Italian, Green, or Wax -- 4 CANNING

More information

Post-Harvest-Multiple Choice Questions

Post-Harvest-Multiple Choice Questions Post-Harvest-Multiple Choice Questions 1. Chilling injuries arising from the exposure of the products to a temperature a. above the normal physiological range b. below the normal physiological range c.under

More information

Figs Postharvest Quality Maintenance Guidelines. Carlos H. Crisosto and Adel A. Kader Department of Pomology University of California Davis, CA 95616

Figs Postharvest Quality Maintenance Guidelines. Carlos H. Crisosto and Adel A. Kader Department of Pomology University of California Davis, CA 95616 Figs Postharvest Quality Maintenance Guidelines Carlos H. Crisosto and Adel A. Kader Department of Pomology University of California Davis, CA 95616 Scientific Name and Introduction Edible figs are the

More information

The visual quality of minimally processed lettuces stored in air or controlled atmosphere with emphasis on romaine and iceberg types

The visual quality of minimally processed lettuces stored in air or controlled atmosphere with emphasis on romaine and iceberg types ELSEVIER Postharvest Biology and Technology 8 (1996) 179-190 Postharvest Biology and Technology The visual quality of minimally processed lettuces stored in air or controlled atmosphere with emphasis on

More information

Nectarine and Peach Ground Color Guides of the California Tree Fruit Agreement (CTFA) CA Well Mature STONE FRUIT POSTHARVEST HANDLING

Nectarine and Peach Ground Color Guides of the California Tree Fruit Agreement (CTFA) CA Well Mature STONE FRUIT POSTHARVEST HANDLING STONE FRUIT POSTHARVEST HANDLING Carlos H. Crisosto Department of Plant Sciences chcrisosto@ucdavis.edu UC Davis KAC CA Well Mature Nectarine and Peach Ground Color Guides of the California Tree Fruit

More information

1-Methyl cyclopropene (1-MCP): An alternative for controlled atmosphere storage of South African export avocados

1-Methyl cyclopropene (1-MCP): An alternative for controlled atmosphere storage of South African export avocados South African Avocado Growers' Association Yearbook. 2002. 25:25-34 25 1-Methyl cyclopropene (1-MCP): An alternative for controlled atmosphere storage of South African export avocados D Lemmer, F J Kruger,

More information

Tools to control ripening and senescence

Tools to control ripening and senescence TM and EthylBloc TM Technology: Tools to control ripening and senescence Presented to: Fruit Ripening and Ethylene Mgt Workshop By: Deirdre Holcroft Date: 28 April 2009 2009 AgroFresh Inc. All rights reserved.

More information

Produce Specifications

Produce Specifications DISORDER Brown With golden brown to brown skin; white, semi translucent flesh. Well-formed shape with smooth double layer of papery skin covering the overlapping concentric layers of flesh; remnant cut

More information

Produce Specification

Produce Specification Washed Loose and Prepack With fresh, bright colour; tops trimmed; minimal remaining stalk (

More information

Instructor: Stephen L. Love Aberdeen R & E Center P.O. Box 870 Aberdeen, ID Phone: Fax:

Instructor: Stephen L. Love Aberdeen R & E Center P.O. Box 870 Aberdeen, ID Phone: Fax: Vegetable Crops PLSC 404 Lesson 16, Instructor: Stephen L. Love Aberdeen R & E Center P.O. Box 870 Aberdeen, ID 83210 Phone: 397-4181 Fax: 397-4311 Email: slove@uidaho.edu Taxonomy Dicotyledon Family:

More information

STONE FRUIT RIPENING. Yellow Flesh Peach Consumer Acceptance Mealiness. Lack of Flavor. F. Browning. Uneven Ripening

STONE FRUIT RIPENING. Yellow Flesh Peach Consumer Acceptance Mealiness. Lack of Flavor. F. Browning. Uneven Ripening STONE FRUIT RIPENING Mealiness Lack of Flavor F. Browning Uneven Ripening Carlos H. Crisosto University of California, Davis chcrisosto@ucdavis.edu Yellow Flesh Peach Consumer Acceptance - 1995 > FIRMNESS

More information

Heat Transfer and External Quality Attributes of Regal Seedless Table Grapes inside Multi Layered Packaging during Postharvest Cooling and Storage

Heat Transfer and External Quality Attributes of Regal Seedless Table Grapes inside Multi Layered Packaging during Postharvest Cooling and Storage Heat Transfer and External Quality Attributes of Regal Seedless Table Grapes inside Multi Layered Packaging during Postharvest Cooling and Storage M.E.K. Ngcobo 1,2 *, M.A. Delele 1 and Umezuruike Linus

More information

Best Practices for use of SmartFresh on Pear Fruit. Beth Mitcham Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis

Best Practices for use of SmartFresh on Pear Fruit. Beth Mitcham Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis Best Practices for use of SmartFresh on Pear Fruit Beth Mitcham Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis 1-Methylcyclopropene Cyclic olefin gas Inhibitor of ethylene binding and action

More information

Citrus Fruits. Fresh Fruit

Citrus Fruits. Fresh Fruit Top 10 Rarest 2:03 Fruits Citrus Fruits. Fresh Fruit Melons. Fresh Fruit Berries. Fresh Fruit Fresh Fruit Drupes. Fruits which have a single seed that is enclosed in a stony shell Pomes Fresh Fruit Apples

More information

Avocados. References: Agricultural Marketing Resource Center, Purdue University, University of California. SEASONAL AVAILABILITY

Avocados. References: Agricultural Marketing Resource Center, Purdue University, University of California. SEASONAL AVAILABILITY Avocados The avocado is thought to have originated in Southern Mexico, but the fruit was cultivated from the Rio Grande down to central Peru before the Europeans arrived in the New World. The fruit grows

More information

Pre- and Postharvest 1-MCP Technology for Apples

Pre- and Postharvest 1-MCP Technology for Apples Pre- and Postharvest 1-MCP Technology for Apples Dr. Jennifer DeEll Fresh Market Quality Program Lead OMAFRA, Simcoe, Ontario, CANADA Specific topics Definitions SmartFresh SM vs. TM SmartFresh and disorders,

More information

Peppers SEASONAL AVAILABILITY

Peppers SEASONAL AVAILABILITY Peppers Peppers, part of the Solanaceae family, are available in both sweet and hot (chili pepper) varieties and can be found growing in warm climates throughout the world. Strong evidence suggests the

More information

D Lemmer and FJ Kruger

D Lemmer and FJ Kruger D Lemmer and FJ Kruger Lowveld Postharvest Services, PO Box 4001, Nelspruit 1200, SOUTH AFRICA E-mail: fjkruger58@gmail.com ABSTRACT This project aims to develop suitable storage and ripening regimes for

More information

Award Winning Canning. Brenda Hill, Ph.D. Family Consumer Science Educator Cleveland County Extension 2015

Award Winning Canning. Brenda Hill, Ph.D. Family Consumer Science Educator Cleveland County Extension 2015 Award Winning Canning Brenda Hill, Ph.D. Family Consumer Science Educator Cleveland County Extension 2015 Fairs, Festivals and Special Events Objectives for conducting & judging competition events: To

More information

Gas Composition. Modified and Controlled Atmospheres during Transit and Storage 6/21/2012. Modified or Controlled Atmospheres What is it?

Gas Composition. Modified and Controlled Atmospheres during Transit and Storage 6/21/2012. Modified or Controlled Atmospheres What is it? Modified or Controlled Atmospheres What is it? Modified and Controlled Atmospheres during Transit and Storage Beth Mitcham University of California, Davis Reduced oxygen Increased carbon dioxide Removing

More information

Guide 4, Selecting, Preparing, and Canning Vegetables and Vegetable Products

Guide 4, Selecting, Preparing, and Canning Vegetables and Vegetable Products Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Archived Publications Archived USU Extension Publications 1995 Guide 4, Selecting, Preparing, and Canning Vegetables and Vegetable Products Utah State University

More information

Factors Affecting Sweet Cherry Fruit Pitting Resistance/Susceptibility. Yan Wang Postharvest Physiologist MCAREC, OSU

Factors Affecting Sweet Cherry Fruit Pitting Resistance/Susceptibility. Yan Wang Postharvest Physiologist MCAREC, OSU Factors Affecting Sweet Cherry Fruit Pitting Resistance/Susceptibility Yan Wang Postharvest Physiologist MCAREC, OSU Sweet cherry pitting #1 postharvest disorder Pitting not only detract from the appearance

More information

A new approach to understand and control bitter pit in apple

A new approach to understand and control bitter pit in apple FINAL PROJECT REPORT WTFRC Project Number: AP-07-707 Project Title: PI: Organization: A new approach to understand and control bitter pit in apple Elizabeth Mitcham University of California Telephone/email:

More information