Effect of Packaging Materials, Desiccant on Longevity of Summer Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cv. G2-52 Stored Both in the form of Pod and Kernel

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1 Available online at Vijayalakshmi and Malabasari Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (1): (2018) ISSN: DOI: ISSN: Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (1): (2018) Research Article Effect of Packaging Materials, Desiccant on Longevity of Summer Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cv. G2-52 Stored Both in the form of Pod and Kernel Vijayalakshmi, N. * and Malabasari, T. A. ** Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, UAS, Dharwad , Karnataka *Corresponding Author vijjinpalliga@gmail.com Received: Revised: Accepted: ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted in Seed Quality Research Laboratory of National Seed Project, Seed Unit, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during to evaluate the effect of packaging materials, desiccant on longevity of summer groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cv. G2-52 stored both in the form of pod and kernel. The groundnut seeds were stored both in the form of pod and kernel. The seed moisture content was reduced to desired level by adding desiccant zeolite beads with a specific bead to seed ratio and stored in four different packaging materials. Among the four different packaging materials pods stored in PICS bag recorded highest germination (83.67 %), oil content (47.39) and protein content (27.52) and maintained the lowest moisture content (5.03 %). Whereas, the seeds stored in gunny bag deteriorated rapidly in all the seed quality parameters and recorded the lowest germination (54 %), oil content (45.01 %) and protein content (25.32 %) with fluctuating higher moisture content (12.03 %) at the end of eighth of storage period. Key words: Near infrared machine, zeolite beads, PICS bag. INTRODUCTION Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), is King of oil seed crops is believed to be native of Brazil (South America). Groundnut is also called as wonder nut and poor men s cashew nut. Groundnut is also called as Poor man s almond because of its high oil content (44-50 %) and protein content (25-35 %). It can supply about 5.6 and 5.8 calories per gram of kernel in the raw and roasted form respectively. Groundnut is one of the poor storers. Storing seeds after harvest till the next cropping season without impairing the quality is of prime importance for successful seed production. Being an oil seed crop groundnut seed has short life and looses its viability quickly under ambient conditions. Ageing in groundnut seed leads to increased lipid peroxidation, decreased activities of several free radical and peroxide scavenging enzymes 10. Groundnut seeds are more sensitive to storage conditions like high temperature; high seed moisture content and light exposure. Cite this article: Vijayalakshmi, N. and Malabasari, T.A., Effect of Packaging Materials, Desiccant on Longevity of Summer Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cv. G2-52 Stored Both in the Form of Pod and Kernel, Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6(1): (2018). doi: Copyright Jan.-Feb., 2018; IJPAB 1661

2 The qualitative loss of seed can be attributed to the seedling establishment in the field. Such biochemical changes in protein, carbohydrates, problem is generally due to high temperature fatty acids and vitamins 4 rate of ageing mainly prevailing during drying period and depends on genotype, moisture and subsequent storage during kharif season where temperature. In rapid and slow ageing (natural in, high humidity causes rapid seed ageing), the pattern of deterioration proceeding deterioration. Therefore, several attempts have to the death is the same whether seed survives been made by several workers in many crops for few hours or decades. to develop methods for maintaining the The problem of loss of seed viability viability and vigour of seeds for longer period is more serious in groundnut harvested in the during storage. It is known fact that the choice summer season and about 50 per cent viability of suitable form of seed (Both pod and kernel), could be lost within 4 to 5 s of storage in use of desiccants, containers selected for such produce. Seeds with high oil content, storing the seeds and storage environment appear to loose their germination and vigour in exert a positive effect on the viability and a short time despite the precaution taken vigour of the seeds in storage. during harvesting and drying 9. In this direction, presently groundnut In storage the viability and vigour of seeds are stored in the form of pod which seeds not only vary from genera to genera and involves bulk handling and huge area required variety to variety but also regulated by many for storage. Hence, storage of kernel can be physico-chemical factors like moisture thought off. But, as such kernel cannot not be content, atmospheric relative humidity, stored without proper drying and storing them temperature, initial seed quality, physical and in suitable packaging materials. chemical composition of seed, gaseous exchange, storage structures and packaging MATERIAL AND METHODS materials etc. 3, As the seed is hygroscopic in The storage experiment was conducted in the nature, seed quality is affected by variation in Seed Quality Research Laboratory of National moisture content, relative humidity, Seed Project, Seed Unit, University of temperature etc. To combat these factors, it s Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad on Effect of better to store the seeds in moisture vapour packaging materials, desiccant on longevity of proof containers like polythene bags, gunny summer groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cv. bag lined with polythene with or without G2-52 stored both in the form of pod and desiccating agent to maintain the quality of kernel. The experiment was conducted during seed for longer period. It is known that for the period of July 2016 to March, Seeds storage of seeds in vapour proof containers, of groundnut cv. G2-52 were obtained from seeds have to be dried to a lower level compared to storing in vapour pervious the Seed Unit, UAS, Dharwad which were containers. This extra drying may not be harvested from 2016 summer produce. Both possible always. Hence, a simple method of pod and kernel forms were used for storage adding required quantity of desiccant in the studies. The pods were hand shelled and used package could serve the same purpose, as the for studies. seed get dried in the package itself to required Four packaging materials were used moisture content. It is therefore; increasingly for the experiment like PICS (P 1 -Perdue evident that control of seed moisture content improved crop storage bag), HDPE bag (P 2 ), and storage environment is a must to safe polythene bag 700 gauge (P 3 ), gunny bag (P 4 ). guard the shelf life of seed 12. Hence, in this Description of zeolite beads used under study influence of desiccant along with experiment suitable containers on storability of seed is Seed drying beads are modified ceramic investigated. materials (Aluminium silicates or zeolites ) However, storability of summer that specifically absorb and hold water produce is an additional constraint to maintain molecules very tightly in their microscopic Copyright Jan.-Feb., 2018; IJPAB 1662

3 pores. The beads will continue to absorb water per 1. Five grams of seed sample was taken at until all of their pores are filled, up to 20 to 25 random from each treatment in two per cent of their initial weight. First moisture replications, ground and dried in oven at 130 ± percentage of seed is calculated with the help 10 0 C for two hours. The seed moisture content of hygrometer for relative humidity and was determined by using the following temperature. Then required bead quantity to formula and it was expressed on wet weight bring down at required percentage level of basis. seed (4-8 % for small and large seeds) was M 2 M 3 also calculated with the help of hygrometer. Moisture content (%) = M 2 M The amount of beads required for lowering the Where, M 1 - Weight of the container without moisture percentage of seed depends upon seed (g), M 2 Weight of the container + seed several factors: i) the water-holding capacity before drying (g), M 3 Weight of the of the beads; ii) the quantity of seeds to be container + seed after drying (g). dried; iii) the initial seed moisture content and Oil content iv) the final desired seed moisture content. Oil content of each treatment was recorded After knowing the initial moisture content ly by near infrared (NIR) machine and percentage of seed and the desired moisture expressed as percentage by weight basis. content percentage, the required quantity of Protein content zeolite beads is calculated. In the present Protein content of each treatment was recorded experiment the initial moisture content was ly with near infrared (NIR) machine and 7.12 per cent. Hence, depending upon initial expressed as percentage (%) by weight basis. seed moisture content (7.12 %) bead capacity Treatment combinations: 16 as follows are calculated in prescribed bead to seed ratio. T 1: P 1D 0F 1 PICS bag + without zeolite beads + pod T i.e 110:1000 of zeolite beads are used to dry 2: P 1D 0F 2 PICS bag + without zeolite beads + kernel T 3: P 1D 1F 1 PICS bag + with zeolite beads + pod the one kilogram of groundnut seed to reduce T 4: P 1D 1F 2 PICS bag + with zeolite beads + kernel its moisture content to 5 per cent 5. T 5: P 2D 0F 1 HDPE bag + without zeolite beads + pod T Description of PICS (Perdue Improved 6: P 2D 0F 2 HDPE bag + without zeolite beads + kernel T 7: P 2D 1F 1 HDPE bag + with zeolite beads + pod Crop Storage) bag used under experiment T 8: P 2D 1F 2 HDPE bag + with zeolite beads + kernel The PICS bag is a triple bagging hermetic T 9: P 3D 0F 1 Polythene bag + without zeolite beads + pod T 10: P 3D 0F 2 Polythene bag + without zeolite beads + technology consisting of two liners made out kernel of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and an T 11: P 3D 1F 1 Polythene bag + with zeolite beads + pod T outer woven layer of polypropylene that 12: P 3D 1F 2 Polythene bag + with zeolite beads + kernel T 13: P 4D 0F 1 Gunny bag + without zeolite beads + pod provides protection during handling. Together, T 14: P 4D 0F 2 Gunny bag + without zeolite beads + kernel these bags create a low-oxygen environment T 15: P 4D 1F 1 Gunny bag + with zeolite beads + pod that reduces development of stored-grain T 16: P 4D 1F 2 Gunny bag + with zeolite beads + kernel insects 6. Germination percentage The standard germination counts were taken on 5 th day and 10 th day as first and final count. Total germination percentage was calculated on the basis of number of normal seedlings obtained in the final count expressed in percentage. Germination (%) = Number of normal seedling obtained on final count x 100 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of laboratory and field experiments conducted during with a view to predict storability of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) through various parameters are presented below. Germination (%) The germination percentage did not differ significantly due to interaction of packaging materials, desiccants and forms throughout the storage period. During the storage period, the highest germination per cent was recorded in T 3, which was on par with T 14 Number of seeds put for germination Seed moisture content Seed moisture content per cent was determined by using high constant temperature method as (78.33 %) and the lowest value was recorded Copyright Jan.-Feb., 2018; IJPAB 1663

4 in kernel stored in gunny bag without and with desiccants and forms throughout the storage zeolite beads (48.33 and %, period. During the storage, the highest oil respectively) followed by pod stored in gunny content (46.98 %) was observed in T 3, which bag without zeolite beads (58.67 %) are was on par with T 4 (46.89 %), while lowest oil presented in Table 1. content was recorded in T 14 and T 16 (44.81 and Seeds stored in gunny bag showed %, respectively) at the end of ninth rapid reduction in germination compared to of storage period are presented in slow reduction in other containers, which may Table 2. be possibly due to pervious nature of It is observed that oxidation of lipids containers to moisture vapour leading to and increase in content of free fatty acids greater fluctuation in moisture content and during the storage period are the main causes deterioration of seeds besides increased of the fast deterioration of seeds of oil-seed activity of storage fungi and pests, even crops, such as the sunflower seeds 2. Decrease though desiccant added to it due to pervious of seed quality is connected with biochemical nature there was no effect of desiccant in changes in the seeds of oil crops. These seeds gunny bag. The seeds stored with desiccant in had a quick deterioration due to auto oxidation moisture impervious containers showed slow of lipids and the increase of the content of free reduction in germination percentage. fatty acids during storage period. Moisture content (%) Protein content (%) The moisture content did not differed The protein content did not differed significantly due to interaction of packaging significantly due to interaction of packaging materials, desiccants and forms throughout the materials, desiccants and forms throughout the storage period. During the storage, the lowest storage period. During the storage, the highest moisture content (5.04 %) was recorded in T 3 protein content (27.32 %) was observed in T 3 which was on par with T 4 (5.08 %). While, the which was on par with T 4 (27.25 %). While, highest was recorded in T 14 and T 16 (12.28 and the lowest was recorded in T 14 and T 16 ( %, respectively) at the end of ninth and %, respectively) at the end of ninth of storage period are presented in Table of storage period are presented in Table 1. Biological activities occur only when 2.The decrease in protein content was sufficient moisture is present in the seed. observed as ageing advanced. These results Seeds absorb water from the ambient air when were in agreement with findings of they are stored in humid environment and lose Narayanamurthy et al. 7 in green gram. Protein water when stored in low relative humidity or deterioration was mainly due to condensation, dry weather. Therefore, moisture content (MC) rearrangement, fragmentation, strecker of the seed as well as the moisture content of degradation and polymerization. Tatipata 11 the surrounding air was important for safe studied the effect of storage period on inner storage. In the current study, desiccant zeolite membrane of mitochondria in soybean seeds. beads dried the seeds very rapidly due to their Increase in phospholipase activity was micro pores form of alumina silicate minerals observed resulting in hydrolysis of and have strong affinity specifically to absorb and hold water molecules very tightly in their phospholipids thus decreasing the content of microscopic pores, which reduced the moisture phospholipids in the membrane. This event content to a desired level. The experiment caused disorganization of membrane, so loss confirmed that the beads dry seeds within 3-5 of membrane integrity or loss of selective days. These results are in conformity with the permeability. The loss of phospholipids observations of Nassari et al. 8, in Tomato membrane content may change the shape of seeds. proteins embedded in the lipid bilayer of the Oil content (%) membrane which might be attributed to The oil content did not differed significantly reduction in protein content. due to interaction of packaging materials, Copyright Jan.-Feb., 2018; IJPAB 1664

5 Table 1: Effect of packaging materials and forms on germination (%) and seedling vigour index Table 1a: Effect of packaging materials, desiccant and forms on germination (%) in groundnut variety G2-52 Germination (%) Moisture content (%) Initial 2 nd 4 th 6 th 8 th Initial 2 nd 4 th 6 th 8 th (P1) * (72.74) (69.33) (66.28) (63.87) (P2) (67.21) (60.32) (58.03) (54.67) (P3) (72.10) (68.18) (64.64) (62.25) Packaging (P4) materials (66.19) (55.61) (53.31) (49.81) (P) (69.56) (63.36) (60.56) (57.65) SE m± CD (0.01) NS NS (D0) (69.01) (62.56) (59.59) (56.67) Desiccant (D) Forms (F) (P X D) (D1) (70.11) (69.56) (64.16) (63.36) (61.54) (60.56) (58.63) (57.65) SE m± CD (0.01) NS NS (F1) (70.18) (64.53) (61.62) (58.80) (F2) (68.93) (69.56) (62.19) (63.36) (59.51) (60.56) (56.50) (57.65) SE m± CD (0.01) NS NS P1D (72.06) (68.07) (64.56) (62.28) P1D (73.42) (70.59) (67.99) (65.46) P2D (66.73) (59.82) (57.24) (54.16) P2D1 P3D0 P3D1 P4D0 P4D (67.70) (71.45) (72.74) (65.81) (66.56) (69.56) (60.81) (67.44) (68.92) (54.90) (56.33) (63.36) (58.82) (63.58) (65.70) (52.97) (53.66) (60.56) (55.18) (61.02) (63.48) (49.23) (50.39) (57.65) SE m± CD (0.01) NS NS NS NS NS NS Figures in parenthesis indicates arcsine transformed values. Packaging materials (P): P 1- PICS Bag, P 2- HDPE Bag, P 3- Polythene bag, P 4- Gunny bag. Desiccant- D 0- Without Zeolite beads, D 1-With Zeolite beads. Seed forms (F): F 1-Pod, F 2-Kernel. Germination (%) Moisture content (%) Initial 2 nd 4 6 th 8 th Initial th 8 th P1F * (72.90) (69.53) (66.69) (64.37) P1F (72.58) (69.14) (65.87) (63.37) P2F (68.47) (61.82) (59.68) (56.50) P2F (65.96) (58.82) (56.38) (52.83) P3F1 (72.27) (68.40) (64.95) (62.66) (P X F) P3F2 (71.92) (67.96) (64.32) (61.84) P4F (67.09) (58.38) (55.16) (51.65) P4F (65.28) (52.85) (51.46) (47.97) (69.56) (63.36) (60.56) (57.65) SE M± CD (0.01) NS NS NS NS NS NS D0F (69.64) (63.79) (60.70) (57.70) D0F2 (D X F) (68.38) (61.32) (58.48) (55.65) D1F (70.73) (65.27) (62.55) (59.89) Copyright Jan.-Feb., 2018; IJPAB 1665

6 (P x D x F) D1F (69.48) (63.06) (60.54) (57.36) (69.56) (63.36) (60.56) (57.65) SE M± T1 - P1D0F (72.22) (68.34) (64.93) (62.50) T2 - P1D0F (71.91) (67.80) (64.19) (62.06) T3 - P1D1F (73.59) (70.71) (68.44) (66.24) T4 - P1D1F (73.25) (70.47) (67.54) (64.68) T5 - P2D0F (67.76) (61.36) (59.14) (55.78) T6 - P2D0F (65.69) (58.29) (55.35) (52.54) T7 - P2D1F (69.17) (62.28) (60.23) (57.23) T8 - P2D1F (66.22) (59.35) (57.42) (53.13) T9 - P3D0F (71.62) (67.63) (63.95) (61.35) T10 - P3D0F (71.28) (67.24) (63.21) (60.69) T11 - P3D1F (72.92) (60.16) (65.96) (63.96) T12 - P3D1F (72.56) (68.67) (65.43) (62.99) T13 - P4D0F (66.96) (57.84) (54.77) (51.16) T14 - P4D0F (64.65) (51.95) (51.16) (47.29) T15 - P4D1F (67.22) (58.91) (55.56) (52.14) T16 - P4D1F (65.91) (53.75) (51.76) (48.64) (69.56) (63.36) (60.56) (57.65) SE m± CD (0.01 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS Packaging materials (P) Desiccant (D) Forms (F) (P X D) Table 2: Effect of packaging materials and forms on oil content (%) and protein content (%) Initial 2 nd Oil content (%) Protein content (%) 4 th 6 th 8 th Initial 2 nd 4 th 6 th 8 th (P1) (P2) (P3) (P4) SE m± CD (0.01) NS NS NS NS NS NS (D0) (D1) SE m± CD (0.01) NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS (F1) (F2) SE m± P1D P1D P2D P2D P3D P3D P4D P4D SE m± Packaging materials (P): P 1- PICS Bag, P 2- HDPE Bag, P 3- Polythene bag, P 4- Gunny bag. Desiccant- D 0- Without Zeolite beads, D 1-With Zeolite beads. Seed forms (F): F 1-Pod, F 2-Kernel. (P X F) Oil content (%) Protein content (%) Initial 2 nd 4 6 th 8 th Initial 2 4 th 6 th 8 th P1F P1F P2F P2F P3F P3F Copyright Jan.-Feb., 2018; IJPAB 1666

7 (D X F) (P x D x F) P4F P4F SE M± D0F D0F D1F D1F SE M± T1 - P1D0F T2 - P1D0F T3 - P1D1F T4 - P1D1F T5 - P2D0F T6 - P2D0F T7 - P2D1F T8 - P2D1F T9 - P3D0F T10 - P3D0F T11 - P3D1F T12 - P3D1F T13 - P4D0F T14 - P4D0F T15 - P4D1F T16 - P4D1F SE m± CD (0.01 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS Packaging materials (P): P 1- PICS Bag, P 2- HDPE Bag, P 3- Polythene bag, P 4- Gunny bag. Desiccant- D 0- Without Zeolite beads, D 1-With Zeolite beads. Seed forms (F): F 1-Pod, F 2-Kernel. REFERENCES 1. Anonymous, International rules for seed testing, Zurich, Switzerland (2010). 2. Balesevic-Tubic, S., Tatic, M., Miladinovic, J. and Pucarevic, M., Changes of fatty acid content and vigor of sunflower seed during natural aging., Helia., 30(2): (2007). 3. Doijode, S. D., Comparison of storage of french bean seeds under ambient conditions. Seed Res., 16: (1988). 4. Girish, G. K., Goyal, R. K. and Krishnamurthy, Bull. Grain Tech., 12(2): (1972). 5. Khanal, A. and Paudel, P., Evaluation of zeolite beads technology for drying vegetable seeds to low moisture content prior to long-term storage in Nepal. Int. J. Res., 8(1): (2014). 6. Murdock, L. L., Margam, V., Baoua, I., Balfe, S. and Shade, R. E., Death by desiccation: effects of hermetic storage on cowpea bruchids. J. Stored Prod. Res., 49: (2012). 7. Narayanamurthy, U. M., Liang, Y., Prakash, Kumar, P. and Sun, W. Q., Nonenzymatic protein modification by the Maillard reaction reduces the activities of scavenging enzymes in Vigna radiate. Physiol. Plantarum., 115: (2002). 8. Nassari, P. J., Keshavulu, K., Manohar Rao., K. Chandra Shekar Reddy., Amtul Raheem., Postharvest drying of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) seeds to ultra-low moisture safe for storage using desiccant (zeolite) beads and their effects on seed quality. American J. Res. Communication., 2(4): (2014). 9. Nautiyal P. C., Ravindra, V. and Joshi, Y.C. Varietal and seasonal variation in seed viability in Spanish groundnut. Indian J. Agri. Sci., 60(2): (1990). 10. Rao, R. G. S., Singh, P. M. and Rai, M., Storability of onion seeds and effects of packaging and storage conditions on viability and vigour. Scientia Hortic., 110: 1-6 (2006). 11. Tatipata A., Effect of seed moisture content packaging and storage period on mitochondria inner membrane of soybean seed. J. Biotech., 11(45): (2009). 12. Vanangamudi. K., Umarani, R. and Murugesan, P., Evolving new technology for groundnut seed storage. Proc. Nation Workshop on Groundnut Seed Tech., 35(2): (2003). Copyright Jan.-Feb., 2018; IJPAB 1667