Ripening pawpaw fruit exhibit respiratory and ethylene climacterics
|
|
- Joy Hodge
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Postharvest Biology and Technology 30 (2003) 99/103 Research Note Ripening pawpaw fruit exhibit respiratory and ethylene climacterics Douglas D. Archbold a,+, Kirk W. Pomper b a N318 Agricultural Sciences Building North, Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY , USA b 129 Atwood Research Facility, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601, USA Received 20 December 2002; accepted 10 July 2003 Abstract The ripening behavior of the native American pawpaw (Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal.) fruit was studied immediately after harvest and after 1 month of 4 8C storage. Fruit were harvested at two different maturity stages. Fruit that were unripe (minimal softening evident) at harvest exhibited respiratory and ethylene climacterics at 3 and 5 days postharvest, respectively, at ambient temperature, and a precipitous decline in fruit firmness was evident prior to the climacteric peaks. Fruit classified as having commenced ripening (some softening evident) at harvest exhibited both respiratory and ethylene climacteric peak at 3 days at ambient storage temperature. Fruit in cold storage at 4 8C for 28 days exhibited minimal to no loss of firmness, and upon removal to ambient temperature both respiratory and ethylene climacterics occurred within 7 days for both harvest maturities. The maximum rates of respiration and ethylene production in these studies were: CO 2 production 90 mg kg 1 h 1 and C 2 H 4 production 14.4 mg kg 1 h 1, respectively. These results indicate that pawpaw fruit ripening is climacteric. # 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Asimina triloba; Postharvest; Firmness 1. Introduction Pawpaw is generating growing interest as a high value, alternative fruit crop for the southeastern US (Layne, 1996). It exhibits unique quality traits for a temperate fruit that are similar to other fruit in the Annonaceae family, including cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.), sugar apple or sweetsop (A. squamosa L.), soursop (A. muricata L.), custard apple (A. reticulata L.), and atemoya (A. squamosa X A. cherimola), all of which are tropical. These traits include an intense, pleasant aroma and a custard-like texture. Ripe pawpaws enter local fresh markets, and the fruit have significant processing potential due to their unique aroma and flavor. To enter the fresh and processing markets in an orderly manner, the fruit must be harvested and stored to * Corresponding author. Tel.: / ; fax: / address: darchbol@uky.edu (D.D. Archbold) /03/$ - see front matter # 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi: /s (03)
2 100 D.D. Archbold, K.W. Pomper / Postharvest Biology and Technology 30 (2003) 99/103 maintain high quality. Even though the American Genetics Association (1916) noted that perishability was the greatest hindrance to developing a market for the fruit almost 90 years ago, harvest and storage techniques havenever been developed for this orphan fruit. In order to develop recommendations for harvest and storage of pawpaw, the ripening behavior of the fruit must be established. As pawpaw fruit ripen, the soluble solids content increases to /20%, the flesh softens rapidly, volatile production increases, and the fruit color exhibits a decline in the hue angle (i.e. a color change of green to yellow) (McGrath and Karahadian, 1994a,b). Ethyl and methyl esters contribute significantly to fruit aroma and flavor (McGrath and Karahadian, 1994a,b). Classifying the fruit as climacteric or nonclimacteric is essential for defining harvest and storage techniques that may extend fruit storage life. Ripening of climacteric fruit is often ethylene induced and/or coordinated, and this aspect provides an opportunity to regulate the process. Biale (1960) reported that pawpaw fruit were climacteric, citing the work of Wardlaw and Leonard (1936). A careful reading of that work clearly shows that they studied a different species, papaya (Carica papaya), not pawpaw. The confusion has arisen due to a common regional name of papaya, papaw, which has also sometimes been used as the spelling of the North American pawpaw. Biale s erroneous classification of pawpaw has subsequently been repeated by others (Rhodes, 1970; Watkins, 2002). However, the evidence is merely anecdotal that pawpaw fruit are climacteric, exhibiting an increase in respiration and ethylene production during ripening (Peterson, 1991). All of the other species in the Annonaceae that are of commercial importance are climacteric (Brown et al., 1988; Merodio and De la Plaza, 1997; Paull, 1982; Wills et al., 1984), so it is expected that the pawpaw is climacteric as well. In addition there are no reports on the response of the fruit to cold storage. The objectives of this study were to determine if (1) pawpaw fruit ripening is climacteric, and (2) 4 8C storage for 1 month delays ripening. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Fruit harvest and ripening Fruit were harvested from the Kentucky State University pawpaw orchards in Frankfort, KY, on three dates during August /September Fruit were segregated into two groups based on firmness to touch: (1) unripe with minimal softening evident, and (2) ripening with some softening evident. The fruit were from several numbered genotypes but showed no differences in ripening patterns, thus the data were pooled within ripening category across genotypes. Fruit fresh weight (FW) was determined the day of harvest. Fruit were ripened at ambient temperature ( /22 8C) on the open laboratory bench during and between subsequent analyses described below. To coldstore fruit, individual fruit were placed in sealed Ziploc bags at 4 8C for 28 days. Then, fruit were the removed from cold storage and the Ziploc bags, and they were placed at ambient temperature on the laboratory bench Ethylene production, respiration, and firmness measurement On the day of harvest and at intervals during ripening and cold storage, the ethylene production and respiration rates and fruit firmness of each fruit were measured. Individual fruit were placed in a 0.9 l bottle, capped, and held for 2/3 h at their respective temperatures. Gas samples were withdrawn from the headspace to determine C 2 H 4 and CO 2 concentrations. The CO 2 levels were measured by taking a 10 ml sample from each bottle and injecting it into an Oxygen/Carbon dioxide Headspace Analyzer (Model ZR 892 HS, Illinois Instruments, McHenry, IL). The ethylene concentration was measured by taking a 1 ml sample from each bottle and injecting it into a Varian 2100 GC fitted with a 1 m alumina column and run at 100/70/100 8C for the injector/column/fid temperatures, respectively. The N 2 carrier gas flow rate was 0.50 ml s 1. Fruit volume was subtracted from bottle volume using a fresh weight, FW, versus volume regression (/volume 1:790:81
3 D.D. Archbold, K.W. Pomper / Postharvest Biology and Technology 30 (2003) 99/ FW); generated in preliminary work, to calculate C 2 H 4 and CO 2 production rates. Using a Chatillon force gauge (Model DFM 10, John Chatillon and Sons, Inc., Greensboro, NC) mounted on a Model LTC test stand, external firmness was determined on opposite sides of each fruit surface with a 2 mm compression using the flat head. Fruit in cold storage were rapidly removed for measurement then returned to cold storage. The two measurements were averaged for each fruit and recorded. Fig. 1. Changes in firmness, respiration, and ethylene production by pawpaw fruit after harvest. Fruit were classified as unripe (minimal softening evident) or having commenced ripening (slight softness to touch); note initial firmness values. Fruit were held at ambient temperature on the lab bench (solid circles) or stored in individual sealed polyethylene bags at 4 8C (open circles) for 4 weeks, then moved to the lab bench at ambient temperature (indicated by arrow). Each data point is the mean of 10 or more replicate fruit. The overall S.E. of the room temperature and 4 8C groups is shown by the symbols with error bars.
4 102 D.D. Archbold, K.W. Pomper / Postharvest Biology and Technology 30 (2003) 99/ Replication and data analysis There were five fruit for each treatment group by storage temperature (ambient and 4 8C) on each harvest date. When fruit firmness was at or below 2 N, firmness measurement caused visible tissue injury of some fruit, so they were removed from the study at that time. The mean9s:e: for each fruit trait on each measurement date during ripening and cold storage was calculated across the three harvest dates. 3. Results and discussion At harvest, fruit in the unripe group exhibited a mean firmness of 52 N (Fig. 1A). Held at room temperature, firmness declined rapidly starting the day after harvest and fruit were soft (firmness B/20 N) by 3 days postharvest. A respiratory climacteric was evident at 3 days and peaked at 86 mg kg 1 h 1 of CO 2 on day 5 (Fig. 1B). An ethylene climacteric was evident at 5 days, peaking at 2.8 mg kg 1 h 1 (Fig. 1C). Fruit exhibiting some softness at harvest had a mean firmness of 8 N (Fig. 1D). Respiratory and ethylene climacterics occurred within 3 days at room temperature with peak values at 75 mg kg 1 h 1 of CO 2 and 3.7 mg kg 1 h 1 of C 2 H 4, respectively (Fig. 1E and F). Firmness continued to decline after harvest, and fruit in this group were softer than fruits ripened after harvest at the unripe stage. Cold storage delayed the ripening process of both unripe and ripening fruit (Fig. 1). Fruit that were unripe at harvest showed respiratory and ethylene climacterics 4 days after removal from 4 8C storage with peak values at 82 mg kg 1 h 1 of CO 2 and 9.8 mg kg 1 h 1 of C 2 H 4, respectively. Fruit that were ripening at harvest showed respiratory and ethylene climacterics with peak values at 90 mg kg 1 h 1 of CO 2 4 days after removal from 4 8C storage and 14.4 mg kg 1 h 1 of C 2 H 4 7 days after removal, respectively. Peak ethylene production of these fruit exceeded that of fruit not stored, similar to that observed following several days of cold storage of cherimoya (Alique and Zamorano, 2000). Firmness of fruit from both groups declined little during cold storage but dropped rapidly upon removal to room temperature. Pawpaw fruit exhibited single respiratory and ethylene climacteric peaks like sugar apple (Brown et al., 1988), but in contrast to other Annonaceaous fruit. In cherimoya (Brown et al., 1988; Martinez et al., 1993; Merodio and De la Plaza, 1997), atemoya (Brown et al., 1988), and soursop (Bruinsma and Paull, 1984), a first respiratory peak preceded the ethylene peak by 1/3 days, and a second was coincident with or followed the ethylene climacteric. Bruinsma and Paull (1984) speculated that the first respiratory climacteric may be due to a perturbation in carbohydrate metabolism following detachment from the tree and may not be indicative of the beginning of ripening. If so, the second peak is of most interest as it relates to the pattern observed with pawpaw. The respiratory peak values of pawpaw were comparable to those for the Annona species which range from 175 to 250 mg kg 1 h 1 of CO 2 for cherimoya (Alique and Zamorano, 2000; Brown et al., 1988; Merodio and De la Plaza, 1997), 90/ 400 mg kg 1 h 1 for atemoya (Brown et al., 1988), 50/180 mg kg 1 h 1 for sugar apple (Brown et al., 1988), and 100/250 mg kg 1 h 1 for soursop (Bruinsma and Paull, 1984), but the values are high when compared to many temperate fruit such as apple at 5/10 mg kg 1 h 1 and peach at 10/20 mg kg 1 h 1 (Kader, 2002). The ethylene climacteric peak values of pawpaw were considerably less than for cherimoya, atemoya, and soursop which range from 50 to 300 mg kg 1 h 1 of C 2 H 4 (Alique and Zamorano, 2000; Brown et al., 1988; Bruinsma and Paull, 1984; Merodio and De la Plaza, 1997), but they were similar to those of sugar apple for which values of 0.6/1.8 mg kg 1 h 1 have been reported (Brown et al., 1988). The ethylene production values of pawpaw are low when considered against other temperate fruit species as well, with apple at 10/100 mg kg 1 h 1 of C 2 H 4, for example (Kader, 2002). As noted in other Annonaceous fruits, the decline in fruit firmness was rapid as fruit ripened. The decline was evident prior to or coincident with the respiratory and ethylene climacterics. Like
5 D.D. Archbold, K.W. Pomper / Postharvest Biology and Technology 30 (2003) 99/ cherimoya, the peak ethylene levels may not be initiators of the ripening process (Merodio and De la Plaza, 1997). The initiation of ripening may be due to other endogenous factors or may have a low threshold for ethylene sensitivity such that initial ethylene production could start the ripening process. Ethylene may be coordinating subsequent ripening events however. Cold storage has the capability of delaying the start of ripening in pawpaw fruit. Although the ripening traits studied were held in check until the fruit were moved to room temperature, other important fruit quality traits were not evaluated. It remains to be determined if fruit taken from cold storage will ripen with the same high quality as those ripening upon harvest. 4. Conclusion In conclusion, pawpaw is a climacteric fruit. Fortunately, Biale s erroneous classification (1960) was correct nonetheless. Harvest, handling, and postharvest storage techniques used with common climacteric fruit such as apple and banana may have potential for delaying the start of and/or slowing down the rate of pawpaw ripening. As more is learned about how pawpaw fruit respond to such standard practices, recommendations for extending pawpaw shelf life for commercial handling can be developed. References Alique, R., Zamorano, J.P., Influence of harvest date within the season and cold storage on cherimoya fruit ripening. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48, 4209/4216. American Genetics Association, Where are the best pawpaws? J. Hered. 7, 291/296. Biale, J.B., Respiration of fruits. In: W. Ruhland (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, vol. 12. Springer, Berlin, pp. 536/592. Brown, B.I., Wong, L.S., George, A.P., Nissen, R.J., Comparative studies on the postharvest physiology of fruit from different species of Annona (custard apple). J. Hort. Sci. 63, 521/528. Bruinsma, J., Paull, R.E., Respiration during postharvest development of soursop fruit, Annona muricata L. Plant Physiol. 76, 131/138. Kader, A.A., Postharvest biology and technology: an overview. In: Kader, A.A. (Ed.), Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops. Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Pub. 3311, 39/47. Layne, D.R., The pawpaw (Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal): a new fruit crop for Kentucky and the United States. HortScience 31, 777/784. Martinez, G., Serrano, M., Pretel, M.T., Riquelme, F., Romojaro, F., Ethylene biosynthesis and physicochemical changes during fruit ripening of cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.). J. Hort. Sci. 68, 477/483. McGrath, M.J., Karahadian, C., 1994a. Evaluation of physical, chemical, and sensory properties of pawpaw fruit (Asimina triloba) as indicators of ripeness. J. Agric. Food Chem. 42, 968/974. McGrath, M.J., Karahadian, C., 1994b. Evaluation of headspace volatiles and sensory characteristics of ripe pawpaws (Asimina triloba) from selected cultivars. Food Chem. 51, 255/262. Merodio, C., De la Plaza, J.L., Cherimoya. In: Mitra, S. (Ed.), Postharvest Physiology and Storage of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits. CAB International, New York, pp. 269/293. Paull, R.E., Postharvest variation in composition of soursop (Annona muricata L.) fruit in relation to respiration and ethylene production. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 107, 582/ 585. Peterson, R.N., Pawpaw (Asimina). Acta Horticult. 290, 567/600. Rhodes, M.J.C., The climacteric and ripening of fruits. In: Hulme, A.C. (Ed.), The Biochemistry of Fruits and Their Products. Academic Press, London, pp. 521/533. Wardlaw, C.W., Leonard, E.R., Studies in tropical fruits. I. Preliminary observations on some aspects of development, ripening and senescence with special reference to respiration. Ann. Bot. 3, 27/42. Watkins, C.B., Ethylene synthesis, mode of action, consequences and control. In: Knee, M. (Ed.), Fruit Quality and Its Biological Basis. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, pp. 180/224. Wills, R.B.H., Poi, A., Greenfield, H., Rigney, C.J., Postharvest changes in fruit composition of Annona atemoya during ripening and effects of storage temperature and ripening. HortScience 19, 96/97.
Pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal] Fruit Ripening. I. Ethylene Biosynthesis and Production
J. AMER. SOC. HORT. SCI. 130(4):638 642. 2005. Pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal] Fruit Ripening. I. Ethylene Biosynthesis and Production Rumphan Koslanund 1 Post-Harvest Products and Processing Research
More informationRipening, Respiration, and Ethylene Production of 'Hass' Avocado Fruits at 20 to 40 C 1
J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 103(5):576-578. 1978 Ripening, Respiration, and Ethylene Production of 'Hass' Avocado Fruits at 20 to 40 C 1 Irving L. Eaks Department of Biochemistry, University of California,
More informationRipening and Conditioning Fruits for Fresh-cut
Ripening and Conditioning Fruits for Fresh-cut Adel Kader UCDavis Management of Ripening of Intact and Fresh-cut Fruits 1. Stages of fruit development 2. Fruits that must ripen on the plant 3. Fruits that
More informationTHE EFFECT OF ETHYLENE UPON RIPENING AND RESPIRATORY RATE OF AVOCADO FRUIT
California Avocado Society 1966 Yearbook 50: 128-133 THE EFFECT OF ETHYLENE UPON RIPENING AND RESPIRATORY RATE OF AVOCADO FRUIT Irving L. Eaks University of California, Riverside Avocado fruits will not
More informationChilling Sensitivity of Avocado Fruit at Different Stages of the Respiratory Climacteric 1
J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 101(6):665-667. 1976. Chilling Sensitivity of Avocado Fruit at Different Stages of the Respiratory Climacteric 1 S. Kosiyachinda 3 and R. E. Young 2 Department of Plant Sciences,
More informationRipening Tomatoes. Marita Cantwell Dept. Plant Sciences, UC Davis
Ripening Tomatoes Marita Cantwell Dept. Plant Sciences, UC Davis micantwell@ucdavis.edu Fruit Ripening and Ethylene Management Workshop Postharvest Technology Center, UC Davis, March 7-8, 0 Quality of
More informationResponse of 'Hass' Avocado to Postharvest Storage in Controlled Atmosphere Conditions
Proc. of Second World Avocado Congress 1992 pp. 467-472 Response of 'Hass' Avocado to Postharvest Storage in Controlled Atmosphere Conditions Dana F. Faubion, F. Gordon Mitchell, and Gene Mayer Department
More informationPRESERVATION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES BY REDUCTION OF ETHYLENE GAS
PRESERVATION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES BY REDUCTION OF ETHYLENE GAS Presented By: David M. Webster CEO AgraCo Technologies International, LLC Source: Cornell University College of Agricultural and Life
More informationPostharvest Paradox. Harvest Maturity and Fruit Quality. Fruit Maturity, Ripening and Quality. Harvest Maturity for Fruits: A balancing Act
Fruit Maturity, Ripening and Quality Maturity at harvest very important to determine final fruit quality and storage life With few exceptions, fruits reach best eating quality when allowed to ripen on
More informationMelon Quality & Ripening
Melon Quality & Ripening Marita Cantwell Dept. Plant Sciences, UC Davis micantwell@ucdavis.edu Fruit Ripening and Ethylene Management Workshop Postharvest Technology Center, UC Davis, March 17-18, 2015
More informationTomato Quality Attributes
León, Mexico - Sept Impact of Ripening & Storage Conditions on Ripe Tomato Quality Marita Cantwell Dept. Plant Sciences Univ. California, Davis, CA micantwell@ucdavis.edu; http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu
More informationEFFECT OF CURING AND SEAL PACKAGING ON PEEL AND PULP WEIGHT LOSS PERCENTAGE OF SCUFFING DAMAGED AND UNDAMAGED CITRUS FRUIT.
200 EFFECT OF CURING AND SEAL PACKAGING ON PEEL AND PULP WEIGHT LOSS PERCENTAGE OF SCUFFING DAMAGED AND UNDAMAGED CITRUS FRUIT. Dr. M. Akram Tariq, 1 Ex Professor A. K. Thompson, 2 Ali Asghar Asi 3 and
More informationWeight, g Respiration, µl/g-h Firmness, kg/cm
Postharvest Handling Melons and Winter Squash Ripe Melon Characteristics Cantaloupe Watermelon HoneyDew HoneyLoupe Canary Casaba Days from anthesis 55 5 0 Weight, g 00 100 50 000 Respiration, µl/g-h 17
More informationLimitations to avocado postharvest handling. Factors to consider when ripening avocado
Factors to consider when ripening avocado Mary Lu Arpaia Univ. of CA Riverside, CA mlarpaia@ucanr.edu Limitations to avocado postharvest handling v Time after harvest (fruit age) v Stage of ripeness more
More informationAvocado sugars key to postharvest shelf life?
Proceedings VII World Avocado Congress 11 (Actas VII Congreso Mundial del Aguacate 11). Cairns, Australia. 5 9 September 11 Avocado sugars key to postharvest shelf life? I. Bertling and S. Z. Tesfay Horticultural
More informationRipening Mangos & Papayas. Major Mango Cultivars in the USA
Ripening Mangos & Papayas Jeff Brecht Horticultural Sciences Department University of Florida jkbrecht@ufl.edu Fruit Ripening and Retail Handling Workshop UC Davis, March 25 26, 2014 Major Mango Cultivars
More informationProceedings of The World Avocado Congress III, 1995 pp
Proceedings of The World Avocado Congress III, 1995 pp. 335-339 SENSITIVITY OF AVOCADO FRUIT TO ETHYLENE P.J. Hofman, R.L. McLauchlan and L.G. Smith Horticulture Postharvest Group Department of Primary
More informationFactors to consider when ripening avocado
Factors to consider when ripening avocado Mary Lu Arpaia Univ. of CA Riverside, CA mlarpaia@ucanr.edu Why Ripen Avocados? Untreated, fruit ripening may range from a few days to even weeks within a carton
More informationFRUIT GROWTH IN THE ORIENTAL PERSIMMON
California Avocado Society 1960 Yearbook 44: 130-133 FRUIT GROWTH IN THE ORIENTAL PERSIMMON C. A. Schroeder Associated Professor of Subtropical Horticulture, University of California at Los Angeles. The
More informationINCREASING PICK TO PACK TIMES INCREASES RIPE ROTS IN 'HASS' AVOCADOS.
: 43-50 INCREASING PICK TO PACK TIMES INCREASES RIPE ROTS IN 'HASS' AVOCADOS. J. Dixon, T.A. Elmlsy, D.B. Smith and H.A. Pak Avocado Industry Council Ltd, P.O. Box 13267, Tauranga 3110 Corresponding author:
More informationLecture 4. Factors affecting ripening can be physiological, physical, or biotic. Fruit maturity. Temperature.
Lecture 4. Factors affecting ripening can be physiological, physical, or biotic. Physiological factors relate to fruit maturity or environmental factors, which affect the metabolism of fruit and banana.
More informationEFFECT OF FRUCOL APPLICATION ON SHELF LIVE OF IDARED APPLES
EFFECT OF FRUCOL APPLICATION ON SHELF LIVE OF IDARED APPLES Viorica Chitu, Emil Chitu, Florin-Cristian Marin Research Institute for Fruit Growing, Pitesti, Romania. Abstract The paper present the results
More informationPostharvest Handling Banana & Pineapple
Postharvest Handling Banana & Pineapple Beth Mitcham Dept. Plant Sciences UCDavis PINEAPPLE Maturity and Ripeness Stages 1 Intercultivar Differences in Composition of Pineapples Premium Select = Tropical
More informationPostharvest Handling Banana & Pineapple
Postharvest Handling Banana & Pineapple PINEAPPLE Beth Mitcham Dept. Plant Sciences UCDavis Maturity and Ripeness Stages Intercultivar differences in composition of pineapples Premium Select =Tropical
More informationOlives Postharvest Quality Maintenance Guidelines. Carlos H. Crisosto and Adel A. Kader Pomology Department University of California Davis, CA 95616
Olives Postharvest Quality Maintenance Guidelines Carlos H. Crisosto and Adel A. Kader Pomology Department University of California Davis, CA 95616 Scientific Name and Introduction Olive is a member of
More informationBest Practices for use of SmartFresh on Pear Fruit. Beth Mitcham Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis
Best Practices for use of SmartFresh on Pear Fruit Beth Mitcham Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis 1-Methylcyclopropene Cyclic olefin gas Inhibitor of ethylene binding and action
More informationPercent of the combined rankings of the reasons why consumers purchase peaches. 35.0
jkbrecht@ufl.edu Combined Rankings (%) USDA Specialty Crops Research Project Increasing Consumption of Specialty Crops by Enhancing Their Quality & Safety Percent of the combined rankings of the reasons
More informationWithin-Cluster Hand-Thinning Increases Fruit Weight in North American Pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal]
234 Journal of the American Pomological Society Journal of the American Pomological Society 64(4): 234-240 2010 Within-Cluster Hand-Thinning Increases Fruit Weight in North American Pawpaw [Asimina triloba
More informationEFFECT OF MODE OF RIPENING ON ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHESIS DURING RIPENING OF ONE DIPLOID BANANA FRUIT
EFFECT OF MODE OF RIPENING ON ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHESIS DURING RIPENING OF ONE DIPLOID BANANA FRUIT HUBERT O., CHILLET M., JULIANNUS P., FILS-LYCAON B., MBEGUIE-A-MBEGUIE* D. * CIRAD/UMR 94 QUALITROP, Neufchâteau,
More informationNEW ZEALAND AVOCADO FRUIT QUALITY: THE IMPACT OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE AND MATURITY
Proceedings V World Avocado Congress (Actas V Congreso Mundial del Aguacate) 23. pp. 647-62. NEW ZEALAND AVOCADO FRUIT QUALITY: THE IMPACT OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE AND MATURITY J. Dixon 1, H.A. Pak, D.B.
More informationStudies in the Postharvest Handling of California Avocados
California Avocado Society 1993 Yearbook 77: 79-88 Studies in the Postharvest Handling of California Avocados Mary Lu Arpaia Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside
More informationEffects of Different Transportation Methods on Quality of Sweet Cherry After Forced-air Cooling
5:2 (2016) Journal of Food Engineering and Technology Effects of Different Transportation Methods on Quality of Sweet Cherry After Forced-air Cooling Xiaofang Zhang 1, 2, Sheng Liu 1 *, Li-e Jia 1, Lijun
More informationPre- and Postharvest 1-MCP Technology for Apples
Pre- and Postharvest 1-MCP Technology for Apples Dr. Jennifer DeEll Fresh Market Quality Program Lead OMAFRA, Simcoe, Ontario, CANADA Specific topics Definitions SmartFresh SM vs. TM SmartFresh and disorders,
More informationA Study on the Ripening Process of Namwa Banana
A Study on the Ripening Process of Namwa Banana Nootrudee Siriboon and Propapan Banlusilp Faculty of Biotechnology, Assumption University Bangkok, Thailand Abstract Namwa banana (Musa ABB Kluai Namwa )
More informationStages of Fruit Development. Maturation The stage of development leading to the attainment of physiological or horticultural maturity.
Fruit Preparation for Consumers Stages of Fruit Development Stages of Fruit Development Maturation The stage of development leading to the attainment of physiological or horticultural maturity. Physiological
More informationApplication of Postharvest Technologies for Fruit Crops in Taiwan
2010 AARDO Workshop on Technology on Reducing Post-harvest Losses and Maintaining Quality of Fruits and Vegetables 19-25 Application of Postharvest Technologies for Fruit Crops in Taiwan Huey-Ling Lin
More informationFruit Ripening & Retail Handling Workshop. Why use cold storage? Ripe Strawberries After 7 days. Respiration and Temperature.
Fruit Ripening & Retail Handling Workshop Cold Storage Disorders of Fruits and Vegetables Mikal E. Saltveit Mann Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences University of California, Davis Why use cold storage?
More informationFigs Postharvest Quality Maintenance Guidelines. Carlos H. Crisosto and Adel A. Kader Department of Pomology University of California Davis, CA 95616
Figs Postharvest Quality Maintenance Guidelines Carlos H. Crisosto and Adel A. Kader Department of Pomology University of California Davis, CA 95616 Scientific Name and Introduction Edible figs are the
More informationD Lemmer and FJ Kruger
D Lemmer and FJ Kruger Lowveld Postharvest Services, PO Box 4001, Nelspruit 1200, SOUTH AFRICA E-mail: fjkruger58@gmail.com ABSTRACT This project aims to develop suitable storage and ripening regimes for
More informationFruit Set, Growth and Development
Fruit Set, Growth and Development Fruit set happens after pollination and fertilization, otherwise the flower or the fruit will drop. The flowering and fruit set efficiency could be measured by certain
More informationROLE OF WATER LOSS IN RIPENING OF HASS AVOCADOS
New Zealand Avocado Growers' Association Annual Research Report 2004. 4:70 79. ROLE OF WATER LOSS IN RIPENING OF HASS AVOCADOS N. LALLUM, M. PUNTER, G. HAYNES, P. PIDAKALA, J. BURDON Hort Research, Private
More informationJose Rodriguez-Bermejo and Carlos H. Crisosto University of California, Davis Department of Plant Sciences 1.
Assessment of in-line and hand-held sensors for non-destructive evaluation and prediction of Dry Matter content (%) and flesh color (hue ) in mango fruits 1. Introduction Jose Rodriguez-Bermejo and Carlos
More informationHass Seasonality. Avocado Postharvest Handling. Avocado Postharvest Handling. Mary Lu Arpaia University of California, Riverside
Avocado Postharvest Handling Avocado Postharvest Handling Mary Lu Arpaia University of California, Riverside Major California Avocado Cultivars Bacon Fuerte Gwen Hass Lamb Hass Pinkerton Reed Zutano Hass
More informationHot water treatment of avocado fruit to induce cold tolerance
South African Avocado Growers Association Yearbook 1999. 22:48-50 Hot water treatment of avocado fruit to induce cold tolerance S Kremer-Köhne Merensky Technological Services, P.O. Box 14, Duivelskloof
More informationSensory Quality Measurements
Sensory Quality Measurements Evaluating Fruit Flavor Quality Appearance Taste, Aroma Texture/mouthfeel Florence Zakharov Department of Plant Sciences fnegre@ucdavis.edu Instrumental evaluation / Sensory
More informationAustralian Journal of Experimental Agriculture
Publishing Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture Volume 41, 2001 CSIRO 2001... a journal publishing papers at the cutting edge of applied agricultural research All enquiries and manuscripts should
More informationRelationship between Fruit Color (ripening) and Shelf Life of Cranberries: Physiological and Anatomical Explanation
Relationship between Fruit Color (ripening) and Shelf Life of Cranberries: Physiological and Anatomical Explanation 73 Mustafa Özgen, Beth Ann A. Workmaster and Jiwan P. Palta Department of Horticulture
More information(36) PROHEXADIONE-CALCIUM AFFECTS SHOOT GROWTH AND YIELD OF LEMON, ORANGE AND AVOCADO DIFFERENTLY
(36) PROHEXADIONE-CALCIUM AFFECTS SHOOT GROWTH AND YIELD OF LEMON, ORANGE AND AVOCADO DIFFERENTLY Lauren C. Garner, Yusheng Zheng, Toan Khuong and Carol J. Lovatt 1 ABSTRACT Lemon (Citrus limon L.) and
More informationTomato Quality Attributes. Mature Fruit Vegetables. Tomatoes Peppers, Chiles
Mature Fruit Vegetables Tomatoes Peppers, Chiles Marita Cantwell, UC Davis micantwell@ucdavis.edu Maturity at harvest critical for quality Chilling sensitive, but variable in sensitivity Ethylene can control
More informationUsing Growing Degree Hours Accumulated Thirty Days after Bloom to Help Growers Predict Difficult Fruit Sizing Years
Using Growing Degree Hours Accumulated Thirty Days after Bloom to Help Growers Predict Difficult Fruit Sizing Years G. Lopez 1 and T. DeJong 2 1 Àrea de Tecnologia del Reg, IRTA, Lleida, Spain 2 Department
More informationREPORT to the California Tomato Commission Tomato Variety Trials: Postharvest Evaluations for 2006
10 January 2007 REPORT to the California Tomato Commission Tomato Variety Trials: Postharvest Evaluations for 2006 Responsible: Marita Cantwell Project Cooperators: Scott Stoddard Michelle LeStrange Brenna
More informationFruit Maturity and Quality. Jim Mattheis USDA, ARS Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, WA
Fruit Maturity and Quality Jim Mattheis USDA, ARS Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, WA Apples $2,250 million Sweet Cherries $500 Leavenworth Pears $206 USDA, NASS 2012 Seattle Spokane Yakima Tri-cities
More informationLow temperature shipping and cold chain management of Fuerte avocados: An opportunity to reduce shipping costs
Low temperature shipping and cold chain management of Fuerte avocados: An opportunity to reduce shipping costs A Lütge, JP Bower and I Bertling Horticultural Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal Private
More informationRheological properties of papaya enriched wheat flour for baked products
ABSTRACT Rheological properties of papaya enriched wheat flour for baked products Anam Ansari*, Ali Asghar, Aamir Shehzad and Saira Tanweer National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University
More informationA new approach to understand and control bitter pit in apple
FINAL PROJECT REPORT WTFRC Project Number: AP-07-707 Project Title: PI: Organization: A new approach to understand and control bitter pit in apple Elizabeth Mitcham University of California Telephone/email:
More informationHarvest Maturity and Fruit Quality. Importance of Maturity Indices. Developmental Continuum. Development Growth. Maturation. Physiological Maturity
Harvest Maturity and Fruit Quality Marita Cantwell Dept. Plant Sciences, UC Davis micantwell@ucdavis.edu Fruit Ripening and Ethylene Management Workshop UC Davis, April8-9, 9 California orange on plane
More informationPitahaya postharvest management and sensory evaluation
Pitahaya postharvest management and sensory evaluation Mary Lu Arpaia, UC Riverside Marita Cantwell, UC Davis Ramiro Lobo, UCCE San Diego County David Obenland, USDA Parlier Pitahaya Production Seminar
More informationRegression Models for Saffron Yields in Iran
Regression Models for Saffron ields in Iran Sanaeinejad, S.H., Hosseini, S.N 1 Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran sanaei_h@yahoo.co.uk, nasir_nbm@yahoo.com, Abstract: Saffron
More informationHarvesting Stonefruit
Harvesting Stonefruit Jeff Brecht Horticultural Sciences Dept. University of Florida jkbrecht@ufl.edu Maturity Optimum harvest maturity corresponds to maximum taste and storage quality (adequate shelf
More informationQUALITY OF IRRADIATED TROPICAL FRUIT
QUALITY OF IRRADIATED TROPICAL FRUIT Marisa Wall U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI Hawaii: Irradiation treatments approved for export to U.S. Fruit Abiu Atemoya Banana Breadfruit
More informationPost-Harvest Vapour Heat Treatment of Hass and Fuerte Avocado
South African Avocado Growers Association Yearbook 1997. 20:6-11 Post-Harvest Vapour Heat Treatment of Hass and Fuerte Avocado P L Weiler 1 C Kaiser 1 M J Savage 2 B N Wolstenholme 1 1 Department of Horticultural
More informationEthylene and Carbon Dioxide Production in Detached Fruit of Selected Pepper Cultivars
J. AMER. SOC. HORT. SCI. 124(4):402 406. 1999. Ethylene and Carbon Dioxide Production in Detached Fruit of Selected Pepper Cultivars Lucia Villavicencio, 1 Sylvia M. Blankenship, 2 Douglas C. Sanders,
More informationVolatiles: Impacts of Fruit Development, Ethylene, and Storage Environment. Jim Mattheis Tree Fruit Research Laboratory Wenatchee, WA, USA
Volatiles: Impacts of Fruit Development, Ethylene, and Storage Environment Jim Mattheis Tree Fruit Research Laboratory Wenatchee, WA, USA Fruit Quality Appearance Texture Flavor Flavor Aroma (volatiles)
More informationUse of a potassium permanganate ethylene absorbent to maintain quality in Golden Delicious apple during ULO cold storage
Use of a potassium permanganate ethylene absorbent to maintain quality in Golden Delicious apple during ULO cold storage M. Sabater 1*, C. Coureau 2 & C. Tessier 2 1 Bioconservacion SA, Barcelona, Spain.
More informationInfluence of Cultivar and Planting Date on Strawberry Growth and Development in the Low Desert
Influence of Cultivar and Planting Date on Strawberry Growth and Development in the Low Desert Michael A. Maurer and Kai Umeda Abstract A field study was designed to determine the effects of cultivar and
More informationFRUIT RIPENING. Climacteric fruits are: *Mango *Banana *Papaya *Guava *Sapota *Kiwi *Fig *Apple *Passion fruit *Apricot *Plum *Pear
FRUIT RIPENING Ripening is the process by which fruits attain their desirable flavour, quality, colour, palatable nature and other textural properties. Ripening is associated with change in composition
More informationTHE GROWTH OF THE CHERRY OF ROBUSTA COFFEE
THE GROWTH OF THE CHERRY OF ROBUSTA COFFEE L WEIGHT CHANGES CORRELATED WITH WATER AVAILABILITY DURING DEVELOPMENT BY J. DANCER Department of Agriculture, Kawanda Research Station, Kampala, Uganda {Received
More informationProlonged storage of Hass avocado fruit using modified atmosphere packaging
Postharvest Biology and Technology 12 (1997) 51 60 Prolonged storage of Hass avocado fruit using modified atmosphere packaging Shimon Meir *, Dario Naiman, Miriam Akerman, Julian Y. Hyman, Giora Zauberman,
More informationCOMPARISON OF CORE AND PEEL SAMPLING METHODS FOR DRY MATTER MEASUREMENT IN HASS AVOCADO FRUIT
New Zealand Avocado Growers' Association Annual Research Report 2004. 4:36 46. COMPARISON OF CORE AND PEEL SAMPLING METHODS FOR DRY MATTER MEASUREMENT IN HASS AVOCADO FRUIT J. MANDEMAKER H. A. PAK T. A.
More informationFlowering and Fruiting Morphology of Hardy Kiwifruit, Actinidia arguta
Flowering and Fruiting Morphology of Hardy Kiwifruit, Actinidia arguta Chantalak Tiyayon and Bernadine Strik Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University 4017 ALS, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA Email:
More informationTakao IcHli and Kenichi HAMADA Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe and Agricultural Experiment Station of Hyogo Prefecture, Sumoto
J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci. 47(1) ; 1-6. 1978 Studies of `Rind Yellow Spot', a Physiological Disorder of Naruto (Citrus medioglobosa Hort, ex TANAKA)- Low Temperature and Ethylene Evolution from Injured
More informationThe Role of Ethylene in Browning of Avocado Pulp during cold storage
In: M. L. Arpaia and R. Hofshi (eds.), Proceedings of Avocado Brainstorming. Session 8. Postharvest Handling and Quality Control. Pages 152-157. October 27-28, 1999. Riverside, CA. Hofshi Foundation. http://www.avocadosource.com.
More informationFruit Ripening & Ethylene Management Workshop. Why use cold storage? Chronological vs Physiological. Effect of temperatures on strawberries
Fruit Ripening & Ethylene Management Workshop Cold Storage Disorders of Fruits and Vegetables Why use cold storage? Shelf-life is inversely proportional to respiration (colder temp slower respiration longer
More informationTHE EFFECT OF GIRDLING ON FRUIT QUALITY, PHENOLOGY AND MINERAL ANALYSIS OF THE AVOCADO TREE
California Avocado Society 1971-72 Yearbook 55: 162-169 THE EFFECT OF GIRDLING ON FRUIT QUALITY, PHENOLOGY AND MINERAL ANALYSIS OF THE AVOCADO TREE E. Lahav Division of Subtropical Horticulture, The Volcani
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AVOCADO CULTIVARS LAMB HASS AND GEM MATURITY AND FRUIT QUALITY RESULTS FROM NEW ZEALAND EVALUATION TRIALS
: 15-26 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AVOCADO CULTIVARS LAMB HASS AND GEM MATURITY AND FRUIT QUALITY RESULTS FROM NEW ZEALAND EVALUATION TRIALS J. Dixon, C. Cotterell, B. Hofstee and T.A. Elmsly Avocado Industry
More informationPersimmon 8/27/99 Postharvest Quality Maintenance Guidelines. Carlos H. Crisosto Pomology Department University of California Davis, CA 95616
Persimmon 8/27/99 Postharvest Quality Maintenance Guidelines Carlos H. Crisosto Pomology Department University of California Davis, CA 95616 Scientific Name and Introduction Persimmon is usually the fruit
More informationPrimary Learning Outcomes: Students will be able to define the term intent to purchase evaluation and explain its use.
THE TOMATO FLAVORFUL OR FLAVORLESS? Written by Amy Rowley and Jeremy Peacock Annotation In this classroom activity, students will explore the principles of sensory evaluation as they conduct and analyze
More informationPhysiological Gradient in Avocado Fruit
California Avocado Society 1985 Yearbook 69: 137-144 Physiological Gradient in Avocado Fruit C. A. Schroeder Deportment of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles. Studies on fruit maturity of avocado
More informationETHYLENE RIPENING PROTOCOLS FOR LOCAL AND EXPORT MARKET AVOCADOS
Proceedings from Conference 97: Searching for Quality. Joint Meeting of the Australian Avocado Grower s Federation, Inc. and NZ Avocado Growers Association, Inc., 23-26 September 1997. J. G. Cutting (Ed.).
More informationSELECTION STUDIES ON FIG IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION OF TURKEY
Pak. J. Boti., 37(3): 567-574, 2005. SELECTION STUDIES ON FIG IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION OF TURKEY A. AYTEKİN POLAT 1 AND MELİSA ÖZKAYA 2 1 Professor of Pomology and Corresponding Author; University of
More informationSteve Sargent Extension postharvest horticulturist Horticultural Sciences Department University of Florida-IFAS.
Southeast Regional Fruit & Vegetable Conference January 9, 2015 Steve Sargent Extension postharvest horticulturist Horticultural Sciences Department University of Florida-IFAS sasa@ufl.edu DEALING WITH
More informationStructural optimal design of grape rain shed
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 31 (2012) 751 755 International Conference on Advances in Computational Modeling and Simulation Structural optimal design of grape rain shed
More informationPERFORMANCE OF HYBRID AND SYNTHETIC VARIETIES OF SUNFLOWER GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT LEVELS OF INPUT
Suranaree J. Sci. Technol. Vol. 19 No. 2; April - June 2012 105 PERFORMANCE OF HYBRID AND SYNTHETIC VARIETIES OF SUNFLOWER GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT LEVELS OF INPUT Theerachai Chieochansilp 1*, Thitiporn Machikowa
More informationIs fruit dry matter concentration a useful predictor of Honeycrisp apple fruit quality after storage?
Is fruit dry matter concentration a useful predictor of Honeycrisp apple fruit quality after storage? T.L. Robinson 1, A.D. Rufato 2, L. Rufato 3 and L.I. Dominguez 1 1Dept. of Horticulture, NYSAES, Cornell
More informationANALYSIS OF CLIMATIC FACTORS IN CONNECTION WITH STRAWBERRY GENERATIVE BUD DEVELOPMENT
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES (CROP SCIENCES, ANIMAL SCIENCES) ANALYSIS OF CLIMATIC FACTORS IN CONNECTION WITH STRAWBERRY GENERATIVE BUD DEVELOPMENT Ieva Kalniņa 1,, Sarmīte Strautiņa 1 Latvia University of Agriculture
More informationDetermination of Fruit Sampling Location for Quality Measurements in Melon (Cucumis melo L.)
Determination of Fruit Sampling Location for Quality Measurements in Melon (Cucumis melo L.) Miriam Paris 1, Jack E. Staub 2 and James D. McCreight 3 1 University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Horticulture,
More informationUsing Natural Lipids to Accelerate Ripening and Uniform Color Development and Promote Shelf Life of Cranberries
Using Natural Lipids to Accelerate Ripening and Uniform Color Development and Promote Shelf Life of Cranberries 66 Mustafa Özgen and Jiwan P. Palta Department of Horticulture University of Wisconsin, Madison,
More informationMODE OF ACTION OF WATER LOSS ON FRUIT QUALITY OF HASS AVOCADOS
New Zealand and Australia Avocado Grower s Conference 05. 20-22 September 2005. Tauranga, New Zealand. Session 6. Postharvest quality, outturn. 11 pages. MODE OF ACTION OF WATER LOSS ON FRUIT QUALITY OF
More informationPeach and Nectarine Fruit Ripening, Mealiness and Internal Breakdown. Christopher S. Walsh Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture
Tri-State Horticulture Meeting Peach and Nectarine Fruit Ripening, Mealiness and Internal Breakdown Christopher S. Walsh Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture University of Maryland College
More informationMATURITY AND RIPENING PROCESS MATURITY
MATURITY AND RIPENING PROCESS MATURITY It is the stage of fully development of tissue of fruit and vegetables only after which it will ripen normally. During the process of maturation the fruit receives
More informationRelationship between Mineral Nutrition and Postharvest Fruit Disorders of 'Fuerte' Avocados
Proc. of Second World Avocado Congress 1992 pp. 395-402 Relationship between Mineral Nutrition and Postharvest Fruit Disorders of 'Fuerte' Avocados S.F. du Plessis and T.J. Koen Citrus and Subtropical
More informationActa Chimica and Pharmaceutica Indica
Acta Chimica and Pharmaceutica Indica Research Vol 7 Issue 2 Oxygen Removal from the White Wine in Winery VladimirBales *, DominikFurman, Pavel Timar and Milos Sevcik 2 Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology,
More informationIMPACT OF RAINFALL PRIOR TO HARVEST ON RIPE FRUIT QUALITY OF HASS AVOCADOS IN NEW ZEALAND
Proceedings V World Avocado Congress (Actas V Congreso Mundial del Aguacate) 2003. pp. 629-634. IMPACT OF RAINFALL PRIOR TO HARVEST ON RIPE FRUIT QUALITY OF HASS AVOCADOS IN NEW ZEALAND H.A. Pak 1, J.
More informationAs with many biological issues, defining terms such as
Measuring avocado maturity; ongoing developments Allan Woolf 1, Chris Clark 1, Emma Terander 1, Vong Phetsomphou 2, Reuben Hofshi 3, Mary Lu Arpaia 4, Donella Boreham 5, Marie Wong 2, and Anne White 1
More informationEFFECT OF MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGE ON PHYSICO- CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BALANAGAR CUSTARD APPLE (Annona squamosa L.) FRUITS STORED AT 15 ±1 C
I.J.S.N., VOL.7 (2) 2016: 332-338 ISSN 2229 6441 EFFECT OF MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGE ON PHYSICO- CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BALANAGAR CUSTARD APPLE (Annona squamosa L.) FRUITS STORED AT 15 ±1 C Venkatram,
More informationBlackberry Variety Development and Crop Growing Systems. John R. Clark University Professor of Horticulture
Blackberry Variety Development and Crop Growing Systems John R. Clark University Professor of Horticulture Items to Cover What s really new in varieties from Arkansas What s new in varieties from Arkansas
More informationSUDAN EXPERIENCE IN Reducing Post harvest losses SALAH BAKHIET& WIDAD ABDELRAHMAN
8 TH MEETING OF THE COMCEC AGRICULTURE WORKING GROUP ANKARA OCTOBER 2016 SUDAN EXPERIENCE IN Reducing Post harvest losses SALAH BAKHIET& WIDAD ABDELRAHMAN Reducing Post harvest losses in Horticultural
More informationUtilization of Modified Atmosphere Packaging to Increase Shelf Life
Utilization of Modified Atmosphere Packaging to Increase Shelf Life Batziakas Kostas, Rivard Cary and Pliakoni Eleni Department of Horticulture & Natural Resources Kansas State University Fresh Produce
More informationMaterials and Methods
Objective OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY SEED LABORATORY SUMMIT SEED COATINGS- Caldwell ID Final Report April 2010 Effect of various seed coating treatments on viability and vigor of two blends of Kentucky bluegrass
More informationPOSTHARVEST SPECIALISTS postharvest.ucdavis.edu
POSTHARVEST SPECIALISTS http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu postharvest.ucdavis.edu Jim Thompson, Faculty Director Cooling, Transport, Fumigation Mary Lu Arpaia Subtropical Fruits Diane Barrett Processing &
More information