Post-Harvest Diseases and Disorders of Fruits and Vegetables

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3 A Colour Atlas of Post-Harvest Diseases and Disorders of Fruits and Vegetables Volume 1: General Introduction and Fruits Anna L. Snowdon PhD, DIC University of Cambridge MANSON PUBLISHING

4 E-book copyright 2010 Manson Publishing Ltd ISBN: First published 1990 by Wolfe Scientific Ltd Copyright A.L. Snowdon 1990 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of the copyright holder or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended), or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Alfred Place, London WC1E 7DP, UK. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. For full details of all Manson Publishing titles please write to: Manson Publishing Ltd, 73 Corringham Road, London NW11 7DL, UK. Tel: +44(0) Fax: +44(0) Website:

5 Contents Preface Acknowledgements Abbreviations 1. NATURE AND CAUSES OF POST- HARVEST DETERIORATION Investigation of losses POST-HARVEST PHYSIOLOGY OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES Structure and function Maturation, ripening and senescence NATURE OF POST-HARVEST DETERIORATION Physiological change Physical damage Chemical injury Pathological decay FACTORS INFLUENCING POST-HARVEST DETERIORATION Pre-harvest factors Harvesting and handling techniques Conditions during storage Conditions during transport ASPECTS OF FORENSIC PLANT PATHOLOGY Cargo surveys and the interpretation of evidence Identification of diseases and disorders CLASSIFICATION OF DISORDERS Nutritional disorders Respiratory disorders Temperature disorders Miscellaneous disorders CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES AND DISEASE ORGANISMS Types of disease Agents of disease 2. CITRUS FRUITS Oranges, Mandarins, Grapefruits, Lemons and Limes Alternaria rot Aspergillus black mould rot Bacterial canker Black pit Black spot Brown rot Cottony rot Fusarium rot Greasy spot rind blotch Green and blue mould rots Melanose Scab Septoria spot Sour rot Stem-end rots Trichoderma rot Freezing injury Oleocellosis 3. MISCELLANEOUS TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL FRUITS Avocados Cercospora spot or blotch Dothiorella rot Scab Stem-end rots Bananas Cigar-end rot Crown mould, crown rot and finger-stalk rot Finger rot Johnston spot or pitting Sigatoka

6 Guavas Litchis Mangoes Bacterial black spot Black mould rot Botiyodiplodia rot Stem-end rots Papayas Black rot Phytophthora rot Rhizopus rot Stem-end rots Passion fruits Persimmons Brown rot Core rot and mouldy core Cylindrocarpon rot Gloeosporium rot Mucor rot Pink mould rot Phacidiopycnis rot Phytophthora rot Powdery mildew Rhizopus rot Scab Side rot Bitter pit of apples Bitter pit or corky spot of pears Breakdown Brown heart Bruising and other injuries or low temperature breakdown Core flush or brown core Freezing injury Jonathan spot and lenticel spot Senescent breakdown Soft scald Superficial scald Water core Pineapples Black rot Fruitlet core rot Pomegranates Sour sops and sweet sops Other tropical and subtropical fruits 4. POME FRUITS Apples and Pears, Alternaria ro Bitter rot Black rot and white rot Blue mould rot STONE FRUITS Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots, Plums and Cherries Alternaria rot or bitter rot Bacterial spot Blue mould rot Brown rot Cladosporium rot Pustular spot Rhizopus rot Rust Disorders 6. SOFT FRUITS AND BERRY FRUITS Strawberries and Raspberries

7 or black spot Calyx blotch and stem-end rot Leak Leather rot Kiwifruits Disease s: i-j\ju?fifi *\J 2fi7f 268 oca &\ju Bluebeiries, Cranberries, Currants and Gooseberries Grapes Aspergillus rot Blue mould rot Rhizopus rot Sulphur dioxide injury MELONS AND WATERMELONS Diseases Disorders Appendices 1 Glossary 2 Lexicon 3 Recommended Storage Conditions Index LJ 97 t RO «Q *OO Contents of Volume 2: Vegetables 1. CUCURBITS 2. SOLANACEOUS FRUIT VEGETABLES 3. MISCELLANEOUS FRUIT VEGETABLES 4. LEGUMES 5. BRASSICAS 6. MISCELLANEOUS FLOWER, STEM AND LEAF VEGETABLES 7. BULBS 8. TEMPERATE ROOTS AND TUBERS 9. TROPICAL ROOTS AND TUBERS 5

8 Dedicated to the memory of Frederick A. Buttress ( ) Librarian in the School of Agriculture (which became the Department of Applied Biology), University of Cambridge. Over a period of 45 years he assembled an incomparable collection of scientific journals from all parts of the world. It was the richness of this collection which provided the inspiration for the book. 6