Culinary herbs, speciality greens, high-value fruits:

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1 Culinary herbs, speciality greens, high-value fruits: Small-scale alternatives Sabine Scheucher, Ph.D. Professional background: botany, horticultural therapy; (majors: herbs, organic growing, warm climate fruits) From Austria Austria: world leader in organic farming; (up to 30% of all farms work organically) 1

2 to Nepal, Tibet, North India; Projects : : research (medicinal herbs) production enterprises (her products, essential oils) rehabilitation projects (lepr patients, refugees, ) to Japan Okinawa prefecture: 160 islands climate: subtropical mean temperature: 22.4 (72.3F) rainfall: 2036,8cm; no dry season typhoons Crops: bitter gourd, green papaya, sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits (mango, pineapple, passionfruit, mandarin, ) com 2

3 Since March 2014: Okinawa Churashima Foundation Research on: herbs speciality greens/baby leaves warm climate fruits product development Why organic? In tune with nature Reduced pesticide exposure Superior nutritional quality and taste 3

4 Organic growing No pesticides, no synthetic fertilizer Suitable varieties Improve soil fertility Intercropping Culinary herbs Produce al l year round; proc essing po ssible Can be grown with minimal inputs of cash, labor, land; suitable for rehabilitation/ programs targeting women High demand: restaurants/hotels, speciality grocers, markets Can be successfully grown organically 4

5 Sweet basil Ocimum basilicum Origin: native to India, the Middle East Cultivation: short-lived perennial; needs well-drained soil, warmth and light; dislikes transplanting; pinch out growing tips Properties: restorative, warming, aromatic herb; improves digestion. Culinary uses: tomato-based dishes, sauces, pesto, herb oils and vinegars me Coriander Coriandrum sativum Origin: E Mediterranean Cultivation: annual; prefers partial shade; some varieties bolt resistant Properties: pungently aromatic Culinary uses: leaves and seeds are used in Middle Eastern and SE Asian cuisines; salads, soups, curry powder, pickles 5

6 Dill Anethum graveolens Origin: SW Asia, Mediterranean region, N America Cultivation: biennial; well-drained soil, partial shade, cool season; cross pollinates with fennel! Properties: pungent, aromatic herb; diuretic, tones digestive system Culinary uses: leaves and seeds are used; salads, eggs, fish, potatoes, pickles and vinegar French sorrel Rumex scutatus Origin: Europe, W Asia, N Asia Cultivation: perennial; prefers partial shade; cool season crop Properties: acidic herb with diuretic effect; oxalate content! Culinary uses: young leaves for salads, sauces and soups media cache ak0.pinimg.com 6

7 Oregano Origanum vulgare Origin: Mediterranean region Cultivation: perennial; grows best in well-drained soil in sun Properties: pungently aromatic herb; benefits digestion Culinary uses: for Italian, Greek, Mexican cooking; pizza, tomato dishes; often used dried Chervil Anthriscus cerefolium Origin: Europe, W Asia Cultivation: aromatic biennial; prefers rich, light soil in shady position; cool Properties: season! delicate anise flavor; diuretic Culinary uses: French cuisine; for salads and dishes based on potatoes, eggs, fish; used fresh 7

8 Parsley Petroselinum crispum Origin: SE Europe, W Asia Cultivation: biennial; prefers rich, well-drained soil in partial shade Properties: bitter, aromatic, diuretic herb; nutritious (iron; vit. A, C, E) Culinary uses: leaves as garnish (curly parsley); to flavor sauces and savory dishes (Italian parsley) Shiso Perilla frutescens Origin: India, Japan Cultivation: well-drained soil; pinch out growing tips Properties: pungent, aromatic herb; effective against bacterial infections Culinary uses: salads, raw fish, pickles 8

9 Besides culinary herbs Medicina l herbs Herba l cosme tics To consider: space equipment law product quality com Arom atic oils Speciality greens Leafy greens (unprocessed) Mixed greens (minimally processed) To consider: highly perishable; food safety cooling during storage/distribution 9

10 Iceplant Mesembryanthemum crysta Origin: Africa, S Europe Cultivation: can tolerate nutritionally poor or saline soils; grow in full sun Culinary uses: succulent leaves, with slightly salty tang; eaten raw or cooked; pickles Rainbow Chard Beta vulgaris cicla Origin: Mediterranean area Cultivation: biennial; grows in wide range of soils; during hot weather, leaves of inferior quality Culinary uses: stronger flavored than spinach; popular in French and Italian cooking; for salads (baby leaves), soups, flans, fueled.com 10

11 Arugula Eruca vesicaria Origin: Mediterranean area, E Asia Cultivation: annual; fertile soil; grown in hot conditions, leaves more pungent Culinary uses: pungent, peppery flavor; Italian and French cooking; salads, also soups, sauces, Lollo Rosso Lactuca sativa Origin: Italy Cultivation: requires fertile soil; thrives in cool season; several harvests from one plant Culinary uses: crisp leaves with slightly bitter, nutty flavor; for salads 11

12 Endive Cichorium endivia var. cris Origin: S Asia Cultivation: easy to grow; plant in cooler season- prone to bolting in hot weather Culinary uses: slightly bitter leaves; used raw for salads Salad mixesgrowing the perfect combination Stunnin g colors Differen t textures Range of flavors 12

13 Ingredients Herbs Leafy greens Baby leaves Edible flowers For example Herbs: chervil, coriander, dill, fennel, shiso Leafy greens: lettuce,m zuna, spinach Baby leaves: arugula, beetroot, lollo rosso, Swiss chard Edible flowers: bee balm, borage, marigold, nasturtium, pansy, wild carnation 13

14 Mini Tomato Solanum lycopersicum Indigo rose Yellow pear Blue berries Black cherry High-value fruits Economic benefits for smallholder Employme nt opportuniti es Future potential of rare minor fruits Marketing of processed products Reduced reliance on basic staple crops Environmental value; preservation of genetic resources 14

15 The value of fruits in nutrition Low vegetable and fruit consumption Bioversity International: promotes vitamin A-rich bananas Chronic malnutritio n Philippine media campaign w celebrities Strawberry Fragaria X ananassa Cultivatio native n: of temperate regions; grow suitable varieties in cool season/hilly areas in welldrained, rich soil; propagation by runners Varieties: Houkou OiC berry Raba Shikinari

16 Melon Cucumis melo Cultivation: native of Africa, SW Asia; requires fertile, deep soil and full sun; female flowers pollinated by insects; prone to diseases in high humidity; propagation by seeds Varieties: Charentais Ha`Ogen Kanro makuwaur Makuwa Minnesota midge Sakata`s sweet Thai golden roun org Canistel Pouteri a campechiana Native to Central America; related to lucuma; tree up to 10m tall; fruit: yellow, sweet flesh with creamy mousse-like texture Processing: shakes, ice cream, jam, powder,

17 White mulberry Morus alba Native to China; up to 20m tall tree; sweet fruit is deep purple (wild), white or pink (cultivated varieties) Processing: jam, juice, cookies, dried fruits Rare Fruits Achachairu Garcinia humilis Native to Bolivia; small tree with attractive bitter-sweet fruit Ice cream bean Inga edulis Native to S America; up to 30m tall tree; seeds wrapped in very sweet, fluffy aril om Cocoplum Chrysobalanus icaco Found in tropical Africa and America, S Florida; up to 6m tall bushy tree; fruit with mildly sweet pulp

18 Blackberry Jam Fruit Randia formosa Native to S America; small evergreen shrub; fruit: black, soft pulp; tastes sweet like blackberry jam Quenepa Melicoccus bijugatus Native to S America; tree up to 25m tall; fruit: orange pulp can be sweet or sour Processing Benefits: extended storage life reduced waste due to spoilage adds value to products offers employment opportunities Processing methods: skills development To consider: drying type of preserving in oil or product sugar costs pickling (vinegar, market salt) demand juicing for product canning/bottling 18

19 Processed products: spreads pesto jam honey (fruits, herbs) chutney pickles herbal salt oil/vinegar bread cookies/ca ke ice cream dried fruits juice tea soap ry.com craft (candles, cards, ) Successful smallholder Specialize (without depending on one crop) Aim for quality Love what you are doing 19

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