Ancestral Area Analysis of the Genus Caragara (Leguminosae)

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Ancestral Area Analysis of the Genus Caragara (Leguminosae)"

Transcription

1 Acta Botanica Sinica 2004, 46 (3): Ancestral Area Analysis of the Genus Caragara (Leguminosae) ZHANG Ming-Li * (Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing , China) Abstract: Caragana has a temperate Asian distribution. Based on the phylogeny and 13 distributional areas of this genus, its ancestral area was studied via the ancestral area analysis suggested by Bremer (1992), Ronquist (1994) and Hausdorf (1997). The results indicate that three areas, Far East-Northeast China, Altai-Sayan and North China-Qinling Mountains (Mts) are likely the ancestral areas. Linking to the viewpoints of the Holarctic origin for north temperate flora, Far East-Northeast China seems more likely to be the ancestral area. According to the three ancestral areas isolated geographically and the analysis in the present study, as well as former biogeographical analysis of this genus, it is suggested that Caragana speciation is mainly in the mode of vicariance rather than dispersal, and dispersed is often in short distance. Key words: Caragana ; ancestral area; distribution pattern; evolution Caragana, belonging to the Papilionoideae (Leguminosae) and comprising about 70 species (Polhill, 1981), has a temperate Asian distribution (Wu,1993), mainly located in the cold and drought area of northwestern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau of China. The species of this genus have distinctive morphological variation and ecological adaptation especially to drought and cold. Some species occurring in grassland, desert or alpine mountain meadow, could form dominant and constructed species in shrubs, sometimes even solely occupied the whole community (Wu,1980). Komarov (1908; 1945) studied the East Asian and Mongolian floristic geography by using five genera Caragana, Clematoclethra, Codonopsis, Epimedium and Nitraria among which Caragana appeared as the key genus. After Komarov s works, Caragana has been treated as a hot spot by the plant taxonomists in China, Russia, Mongolia and other countries (Pojarkova, 1945; Moore, 1962; 1968; Sanchir,1979; 1980; Liu,1993; Zhao,1993). In terms of the origin of the genus, Komarov (1908; 1945) pointed out that the genus was originated from the southeastern East Asia, and C. sinica was the primitive species with pinnate leaves containing two pairs of leaflets. From the southeastern East Asia, this species evolved northward and westward respectively into one group with pinnate leaves containing many pairs of leaflets and into another group with palmate leaves. Komarov (1908; 1945) considered that the flora of Mongolia and Central Asia were originated from East Asia. Moore (1968) discussed the origin of the genus and found C. sinica was a triploid species (2n = 24) from chromosome data, suggesting that it could not be a primitive species. Most species with pinnate leaves containing many pairs of leaflets and foliage rachis deciduous were diploid (2n = 16) and likely formed a primitive group. Moore (1968) inferred that the southern Balkash Lake was the place of origin in terms of the groups at different evolutionary stages in his phylogenetic tree, and dispersed eastward to the Asian Pacific shore and westward to the southern Europe. However, both Sanchir (1979) and Zhao (1993) regarded C. arborescens morphologically as a primitive species, and its distributional areas, Siberia, as the place of origin. Having summed up the species morphology, pollen morphology and chromosome data, I set up a phylogenetic tree using cladistics (Zhang, 1997a), and analyzed the area relationship with analytical biogeographical methods such as component analysis, minimum spanning tree, cluster analysis and parsimonious analysis of endemicity (Zhang, 1996; 1998). The results showed that C. arborescens and its related group with pinnate leaves containing many pairs of leaflets were primitive, and originated from the eastern Siberia. However, the analytical biogeographical methods usually focus on the area relationship. While the distribution pattern, especially ancestral area, has not been directly studied. Therefore, in this study attention was paid to locate the place of origin by using the ancestral area analysis. Bremer (1992) proposed a method to estimate the center of origin or ancestral area. Ronquist (1994; 1995) critiqued Bremer s method based on the Camin-Sokal s irreversible parsimony, and suggested his method on the basis of Fitch s Received 20 Oct Accepted 12 Dec Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( , ) and the Knowledge Innovation Program of The Chinese Academy of Sciences (KSCX2-1-06B). * Author for correspondence. <minglizhang@hotmail.com>.

2 reversible parsimony. Bremer (1995) gave an explanation of his method. After combining both Bremer s (1992) and Ronquist s (1994) methods, Hausdorf (1997) proposed a weighted ancestral area analysis. So far, there are three methods for quantitative estimation of the ancestral area. In the present investigation, the ancestral area and distribution pattern of Caragana were analyzed by using a combination of all three methods. 1 Materials and Methods 1.1 Phylogenetic tree I have constructed a phylogenetic tree or cladogram of 72 species of the genus by using 24 characters comprising 20 morphological, three pollen and one chromosomal characters (Zhang,1997a). The twenty morphological characters are all good characters in the genus. Based on this cladogram, two reduced cladograms are obtained by reducing some species, just like our previous component analysis (Zhang, 1998) (Figs.1,2). 1.2 Areas The distribution region of Caragana was divided into 13 areas (Zhang,1998) according not only to the floristic regionalization of China (Wu and Wu, 1996) and that of the world (Takhtajan, 1986) (Fig.3), but also to the distributional characteristics of Caragana, for instance, C. sinica appeared in both the eastern and southern China. These two regions (Wu and Wu,1996) were treated as an area, namely Subtropical East Asia area. Thirteen areas could be regarded as endemic area to Caragana because there are endemic species in each area, and there are obvious differentiation among the areas in terms of the flora (Wu and Wu, 1986) and vegetation (Wu,1980). 1.3 Ancestral area analysis It is necessary to label the species distribution area into the two reduced cladograms (Figs.1, 2). And then the indices of G, L and G/L of Bremer s (1992) method, of S and RP of Rounquist s (1994) method, of GSW, LSW and PI of Hausdorf s (1997) method were calculated. In principles, Bremer s method and Hausdorf s method follow the criteria that the areas are positionally plesiomorphic in the area cladogram being more likely as parts of ancestral area than the positionally apomorphic branches. Ronquist s method estimates the area as ancestral area by the number of necessary steps under the assumption that this area was the ancestral area. The most probable ancestral area is with the minimum number of the steps. Fig.1. A reduced cladogram from Zhang (1997a) including 12 areas. A, Far East-Northeast China; B, Altai-Sayan; C, Mongolia Plateau; D, North China-Qinling Mts; E, Hengduan Mts; F, Himalayas; G, Balut-Afghanica; H, Central Asia; I, Tianshan Mts; J, Pamir-Alai; K, Europe-West Sibirica; L, Turan; M, East Asia Subtropical. Fig.2. A reduced cladogram from Zhang (1997a) including 13 areas. A M are the same as in Fig.1.

3 ZHANG Ming-Li: Ancestral Area Analysis of the Genus Caragara (Leguminosae) Fig.3. Caragana distribution and 13 areas (A M), of which A, B and D were the ancestral areas in this paper. These three areas are just Caragana arborescens distribution. A M are the same as in Fig.1. In Bremer s, Ronquist s and Hausdorf s methods, G (gain) means number of necessary gains forward Camin- Sokal parsimony; L (loss) means number of necessary losses under reverse Camin-Sokal parsimony; S means number of necessary steps if the area was the ancestral area; RP means S values rescaled to a maximum value as the reciprocal of the S values multiplied by the smallest S value; GSW means number of weighted gain steps; LSW means number of weighted loss steps; PI=GSW/LSW. If the G/L, RP and PI values of the area are larger, the area will more likely be the ancestral area. 2 Results and Discussion 2.1 Ancestral area The calculated results for Caragana are shown in Table 1 and Table 2 corresponding to Figs.1, 2, respectively. Three areas, Far East-Northeast China, Altai-Sayan, and North China-Qinling Mts, were shown to be the ancestral areas as they have the highest G/L, RP and PI values. Additionally Balut-Afghanica has also large values of G/L and PI, G/L=0.50, PI=0.36. In Table 2, both G/L and PI have in common the first five largest values, which correspond to five areas, i.e., Far East-Northeast China, Altai-Sayan, North China-Qinling Mts, Hengduan Mts, and Balut-Afghanica. Therefore, these areas are indicated as ancestral areas. However, in Table 2 the larger values of RP were found only in North China-Qinling Mts, Hengduan Mts, and Balut- Afghanica indicating that these areas were ancestral areas. This result is different from that coming from G/L and PI. And in Table 2, North China-Qinling Mts has the largest values of G/L, RP and PI obtained from the three methods. In Table 1, RP and PI values indicate that North China- Qinling Mts has the highest values, but the highest G/L values were obtained in Far East- Northeast China and Altai-Sayan. Which area is the most likely ancestral area among Far East- Northeast China, Altai-Sayan, and North China-Qinling Mts? Due to some primitive species of Caragana occurring in Boreal Siberia, the origin of boreal temperate flora was located in the eastern and middle Siberia (Budantsev,1992). So, the balanced conclusion to the place of origin between Caragana and boreal temperate flora would be inferred as the eastern Siberia, namely Far East- Northeast China. Previous results of analytical biogeography, Zhang (1998) also showed that Far East- Northeast China was the ancestral area of Caragana. The 13 areas were divided into two clusters, East Asia and Tethys, by using some analytical biogeographical methods, such as component analysis, minimum spanning tree (MST), parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) and cluster analysis (Zhang,1996; 1998). East Asia cluster is composed of Far East-Northeast China, Mongolia Plateau, North China-Qinling Mts, Hengduan Mts, Himalayas and East Asia Subtropical. Other areas belong to Tethys cluster. Why Mongolia Plateau was included in the East Asia cluster? Since Mongolia Plateau especially Nei Mongol and Northeast China-North China are geographically linked, and both share same species, such as C. microphylla, therefore, it would be reasonable, referring to the Caragana distribution pattern and in the present cladogram, to put Mongolia Plateau in the East Asia cluster. Because some areas with larger values belong to either East Asia or Tethys, which of the two clusters is primitive in the Caragana distribution pattern? For ancestral comparison here the average values of G/L and PI of the two area clusters are calculated (Tables 1, 2). All the above values indicate that East Asia is more likely primitive, its related G/L and PI values are always larger than those of Tethys. Consequently Kamarov s view

4 Table 1 An ancestral area analysis of Caragana based on Fig.1 G L G/L S RP GSW LSW PI A B C D E G H I J K L M G (gain), number of necessary gains forward Camin-Sokal parsimony; L (loss), number of necessary losses under reverse Camin-Sokal parsimony; S, number of neccessary steps if the area was the ancestral area; RP, S values rescaled to a maximum value of 1 by inverting them and multiplying by the smallest S value; GSW, number of weighted gain steps; LSW, number of weighted loss steps; and PI = GSW/LSW (Bremer, 1999; Ronquist, 1994; Habisdorfs, 1997). East Asia average G/L = ( )/5 = 0.484; Tethys average G/ L = ( )/7 = 0.326; East Asia average PI = ( )/5 = 0.532; Tethys average PI = ( )/7 = A M are the same as in Fig.1. Table 2 An ancestral area analysis of Caragana based on Fig. 2 G L G/L S RP GSW LSW PI A B C D E F G H I J K L M East Asia average G/L = ( )/6 = 0.362; Tethys average G/L = ( )/7 = 0.271; East Asia average PI = ( )/6 = 0.35; Tethys average PI = ( )/ 7 = Abbreviations are the same as in Table 1. point (Kamarov, 1908; 1945), that Caragana was originated from East Asia and then dispersed into Mongolia and Central Asia, is reasonable. 2.2 Distribution pattern The ancestral areas of Caragana are likely to be Far East-Northeast China, Altai-Sayan, and North China-Qinling Mts according to our results from the ancestral area analysis. These three areas are just the distribution region of Caragana arborescens which is the most primitive species in Caragana (Zhang,1997a) (Fig.3). Because these areas are far isolated geographically, the speciation and diversification mode in Caragana could be explained on the basis of vicariance. Dispersion can only be considered as subordinate and is in short distance (Zhang,1997b; 1998), for instance, the distribution pattern of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau and Himalayas (Zhang,1997b). Concerning the time of origin, the Bering Land Bridge connected the East Asia and North America, broke-up in Pliocene (Hamilton,1983; McKenna,1983). If the time of origin of Caragana was before the Pliocene, it should appear in North America via the Bering Lund Bridge before Pliocene where the two regions were connected. However, Caragana species are naturally absent in North America, so, according to its restricted temperate Asian distribution pattern and its absence in North America, the time of origin and differentiation of Caragana seem quite late, and could be inferred to Pliocene or latter. 2.3 Method of ancestral area analysis Some methods of analytical biogeography, such as component analysis, minimum spanning tree, parsimonious

5 ZHANG Ming-Li: Ancestral Area Analysis of the Genus Caragara (Leguminosae) analysis of endemicity and cluster analysis (Myers and Giller,1988), focus on the area relationship rather than on the identification and originiation of the ancestral area, except for component analysis. As ancestral area analysis is emphasized on estimation of ancestral areas (Bremer,1992; 1995), it provides some numerical indices, therefore, it is a suitable method. According to the three method of ancestral area analysis as well as the results of combined use of these methods in the present study, Hausdorf s (1997) method as derived from Bremer s (1992) gives an ancestral area weighted estimation in which PI is more precise than Bremer s (1992) G/ L to ancestral area. Moreover, Bremer s (1992) and Hausdorf s (1997) methods are different from Ronquist s (1994) method (Table 2). Compared with these three methods, the Nothofagus analysis resulting from Swenson et al. (2000) had also shown the same conclusion. Acknowledgments: I deeply appreciate to K Bremer for his help during my visit in Uppsala University. Many thanks are also given to F. Ronquist and J. Wen for his/her help, to three anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments. References: Bremer K Ancestral areas: a cladistic reinterpretation of the center of origin concept. Syst Biol, 41: Bremer K Ancestral areas: optimization and probability. Syst Biol, 44: Budantsev L Y Early stages of formation and dispersal of the temperate flora in the boreal region. Bot Rev, 58:1 48. Hamilton W Cretaceous and Cenozoic history of the northern continents. Ann Miss Bot Gard, 70: Hausdorf B Weighted ancestral area analysis and a solution of the redundant distribution problem. Syst Biol, 47: Komarov V L Generis Caragana monographia. Acta Horti Petrop, 29: Komarov V L V.L. Komarov Opera Selecta. Mosquae: Acad Sci Press, USSR Liu Y-X Caragana. Flora Reipublicae Sinicae. Tomus 42 (1). Beijing: Science Press (in Chinese) McKenna M C Holarctic landmass rearrangement, cosmic events, and cenozoic terrestrial organisms. Ann Miss Bot Gard, 70: Moore R J On the origin Caragana sinica. J Arnold Arboretum, 43: Moore R J Chromosome numbers and phylogeny in Caragana (Leguminosae). Can J Bot, 46: Myers A A, Giller P S Analytical Biogeography. London: Academic Press. Pojarkova A I Caragana. Komarov V L. Flora of USSR, Vol.. Moscow and Leningrad: Acad Sci Press, USRR Polhill R M Galegeae. Polhill R M, Raven P H. Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 1. London: Royal Botanical Garden, Kew Ronquist F Ancestral areas and parsimony. Syst Biol, 43: Ronquist F Ancestral areas and revisited. Syst Biol, 44: Sanchir Cz Genus Caragana Lam. (Systematics, geography, phylogeny and economic significance in study on flora and vegetation of P.R. Mongolia. Vol.1. UlanBotaor: Academic Press. Sanchir Cz Outline of Caragana Lam. Species. Trans Inst Bot Acad P. R. Mongolia, 4: Swenson U, Hill R R, McLoughlin S Ancestral area analysis of Nothofagus (Nothofogaceae) and its congruence with the fossil record. Aust Syst Bot, 13: Takhtajan A Floristic regions of the world. Berkeley:University of California Press. Wu C-Y The areal-types of Chinese genera of seed plants. Acta Bot Yunnan, 5(Suppl.): (in Chinese with English abstract) Wu Z-Y China Vegetation. Beijing: Science Press. (in Chinese) Wu Z Y, Wu S G A proposal for a new floristic kingdom (realm) the E. Asiantic Kingdom,its delineation and characteristics. Zhang A L, Wu S G. Floristic Characteristics and Diversity of East Asian Plants. Beijing and Berlin: China Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Zhang M-L A numerical analysis of endemism for Caragana (Fabaceae). Zhang A L, Wu S G. Floristic Characteristics and Diversity of East Asian Plants. Beijing and Berlin:China Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Zhang M-L. 1997a. A reconstructing phylogeny in Caragana (Fabaceae). Acta Bot Yunnan,19: (in Chinese with English abstract) Zhang M-L. 1997b. The geographical distribution of the genus Caragana in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and Himalayas. Acta Phytotax Sin, 35: (in Chinese with English abstract) Zhang M-L A preliminery analytical biogeography in Caragana (Fabaceae). Acta Bot Yunnan, 21:1 11. (in Chinese with English abstract) Zhao Y-Z Taxonomic study of the genus Caragana from China. Acta Sci Nat Univ Intramongolicae, 24: (in Chinese with English abstract) (Managing editor: HAN Ya-Qin)

sensory universe of men.

sensory universe of men. - sense and as species of the genus Camellia to cultural, economic, ornamental or sociologic processes. Examples of these processes are the - - sensory universe of men. family, occupy a broad stripe around

More information

Thermal Hydraulic Analysis of 49-2 Swimming Pool Reactor with a. Passive Siphon Breaker

Thermal Hydraulic Analysis of 49-2 Swimming Pool Reactor with a. Passive Siphon Breaker Thermal Hydraulic Analysis of 49-2 Swimming Pool Reactor with a Passive Siphon Breaker Zhiting Yue 1, Songtao Ji 1 1) China Institute of Atomic Energy(CIAE), Beijing 102413, China Corresponding author:

More information

ANALYSIS ON THE STRUCTURE OF HONEY PRODUCTION AND TRADE IN THE WORLD

ANALYSIS ON THE STRUCTURE OF HONEY PRODUCTION AND TRADE IN THE WORLD ANALYSIS ON THE STRUCTURE OF HONEY PRODUCTION AND TRADE IN THE WORLD GU G., ZHANG Ch., HU F.* Department of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Science Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, CHINA

More information

STATE OF THE VITIVINICULTURE WORLD MARKET

STATE OF THE VITIVINICULTURE WORLD MARKET STATE OF THE VITIVINICULTURE WORLD MARKET April 2015 1 Table of contents 1. 2014 VITIVINICULTURAL PRODUCTION POTENTIAL 3 2. WINE PRODUCTION 5 3. WINE CONSUMPTION 7 4. INTERNATIONAL TRADE 9 Abbreviations:

More information

*China s physical geography helped keep China economically and culturally isolated throughout its early dynasties *Its mountains and deserts

*China s physical geography helped keep China economically and culturally isolated throughout its early dynasties *Its mountains and deserts Gobi Desert Taklimakan Desert Huang He Xi Jiang Label: Himalayas, Gobi Desert, Taklimakan Desert, Huang He (Yellow River), Chang Jiang (Yangtze River), Xi Jiang, Tibetan Plateau teau Copyright 2017 2017

More information

Statistics & Agric.Economics Deptt., Tocklai Experimental Station, Tea Research Association, Jorhat , Assam. ABSTRACT

Statistics & Agric.Economics Deptt., Tocklai Experimental Station, Tea Research Association, Jorhat , Assam. ABSTRACT Two and a Bud 59(2):152-156, 2012 RESEARCH PAPER Global tea production and export trend with special reference to India Prasanna Kumar Bordoloi Statistics & Agric.Economics Deptt., Tocklai Experimental

More information

Inferring ancestral distribution area and survival vegetation of Caragana (Fabaceae) in Tertiary

Inferring ancestral distribution area and survival vegetation of Caragana (Fabaceae) in Tertiary Plant Syst Evol OI 10.1007/s00606-015-1196-z ORIGINL RTICLE Inferring ancestral distribution area and survival vegetation of Caragana (Fabaceae) in Tertiary Mingli Zhang Juanjuan Xue Qiang Zhang Stewart

More information

ANALYSIS OF THE EVOLUTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF MAIZE CULTIVATED AREA AND PRODUCTION IN ROMANIA

ANALYSIS OF THE EVOLUTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF MAIZE CULTIVATED AREA AND PRODUCTION IN ROMANIA ANALYSIS OF THE EVOLUTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF MAIZE CULTIVATED AREA AND PRODUCTION IN ROMANIA Agatha POPESCU University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, 59 Marasti, District

More information

Classification Lab (Jelli bellicus) Lab; SB3 b,c

Classification Lab (Jelli bellicus) Lab; SB3 b,c Classification Lab (Jelli bellicus) Lab; SB3 b,c A branch of biology called taxonomy involves the identification, naming, and classification of species. Assigning scientific names to species is an important

More information

SOME ASPECTS OF FOREIGN TRADE RELATIONS

SOME ASPECTS OF FOREIGN TRADE RELATIONS SOME ASPECTS OF FOREIGN TRADE RELATIONS OF THE AMUR-OKHOTSK REGION S COUNTRIES MISHINA NATALIAV. Pacific Institute of Geography, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences Present-day transformation

More information

Introduction. Quantification of the marketing and distribution costs for the commercialization of Alsatian wine Work in progress

Introduction. Quantification of the marketing and distribution costs for the commercialization of Alsatian wine Work in progress Vineyard Data Quantification Society Quantification of the marketing and distribution costs for the commercialization of Alsatian wine Work in progress Laurent Grimal, Philippe Guerlain, Sylvie Rivot Université

More information

Leaf Surface Properties of the Genus Haplophyllum (Rutaceae) in Jordan

Leaf Surface Properties of the Genus Haplophyllum (Rutaceae) in Jordan ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 12 (2015) pp. 151-156 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Leaf Surface Properties of the Genus Haplophyllum (Rutaceae) in Jordan Mariam Al-Khatib and Dawud Al-Eisawi*

More information

CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS L., THE QUALITY OF SAFFLOWER SEEDS CULTIVATED IN ALBANIA.

CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS L., THE QUALITY OF SAFFLOWER SEEDS CULTIVATED IN ALBANIA. CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS L., THE QUALITY OF SAFFLOWER SEEDS CULTIVATED IN ALBANIA. Valdete VORPSI, Fatos HARIZAJ, Nikoll BARDHI, Vjollca VLADI, Erta DODONA Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Agriculture

More information

Morphological Characteristics of Greek Saffron Stigmas from Kozani Region

Morphological Characteristics of Greek Saffron Stigmas from Kozani Region Morphological Characteristics of Greek Saffron Stigmas from Kozani Region Theodora Mitsopoulou and Maria Z. Tsimidou Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Chemistry Laboratory of Food Science

More information

FLOWERING OF TOMATO IN RELATION TO PRE-PLANTING LOW TEMPERATURES

FLOWERING OF TOMATO IN RELATION TO PRE-PLANTING LOW TEMPERATURES FLOWERING OF TOMATO IN RELATION TO PRE-PLANTING LOW TEMPERATURES G. Noto; G. La Malfa Istituto di Orticoltura e Floricoltura Università' degli Studi Catania - Italy Abstract The results of two trials carried

More information

STUDY AND IMPROVEMENT FOR SLICE SMOOTHNESS IN SLICING MACHINE OF LOTUS ROOT

STUDY AND IMPROVEMENT FOR SLICE SMOOTHNESS IN SLICING MACHINE OF LOTUS ROOT STUDY AND IMPROVEMENT FOR SLICE SMOOTHNESS IN SLICING MACHINE OF LOTUS ROOT Deyong Yang 1,*, Jianping Hu 1,Enzhu Wei 1, Hengqun Lei 2, Xiangci Kong 2 1 Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and

More information

Cotoneaster dammeri Schneid. (Rosaceae): A New Record to the Flora of Taiwan

Cotoneaster dammeri Schneid. (Rosaceae): A New Record to the Flora of Taiwan Taiwania, 50(1): 57-61, 2005 Cotoneaster dammeri Schneid. (Rosaceae): A New Record to the Flora of Taiwan Fu-Yuan Lu (1), Kun-Cheng Chang (1,3), Kwo-Shang Lai (2) (Manuscript received 30 December, 2004;

More information

FACTORS DETERMINING UNITED STATES IMPORTS OF COFFEE

FACTORS DETERMINING UNITED STATES IMPORTS OF COFFEE 12 November 1953 FACTORS DETERMINING UNITED STATES IMPORTS OF COFFEE The present paper is the first in a series which will offer analyses of the factors that account for the imports into the United States

More information

Elemental Analysis of Yixing Tea Pots by Laser Excited Atomic. Fluorescence of Desorbed Plumes (PLEAF) Bruno Y. Cai * and N.H. Cheung Dec.

Elemental Analysis of Yixing Tea Pots by Laser Excited Atomic. Fluorescence of Desorbed Plumes (PLEAF) Bruno Y. Cai * and N.H. Cheung Dec. Elemental Analysis of Yixing Tea Pots by Laser Excited Atomic Fluorescence of Desorbed Plumes (PLEAF) Bruno Y. Cai * and N.H. Cheung 2012 Dec. 31 Summary Two Yixing tea pot samples were analyzed by PLEAF.

More information

The Fertile Crescent and the Promised Land

The Fertile Crescent and the Promised Land Biblical Geography Basics NT110 LESSON 05 of 10 Jack Beck, Ph.D. Experience: Author and faculty member at Jerusalem University College in Israel Introduction There is geography in my Bible, and much of

More information

Level 3 Biology, 2016

Level 3 Biology, 2016 91605 916050 3SUPERVISOR S Level 3 Biology, 2016 91605 Demonstrate understanding of evolutionary processes leading to speciation 2.00 p.m. Thursday 10 November 2016 Credits: Four Achievement Achievement

More information

Coffee Consumption and Mortality for Prostate Cancer. From the Department of Hygiene, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai

Coffee Consumption and Mortality for Prostate Cancer. From the Department of Hygiene, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1964, 82, 218-223 Coffee Consumption and Mortality for Prostate Cancer By Eiji Takahashi From the Department of Hygiene, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai (Received for

More information

THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS ON FRUIT YIELD CHARACTERISTICS OF STRAWBERRIES CULTIVATED UNDER VAN ECOLOGICAL CONDITION ABSTRACT

THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS ON FRUIT YIELD CHARACTERISTICS OF STRAWBERRIES CULTIVATED UNDER VAN ECOLOGICAL CONDITION ABSTRACT Gecer et al., The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 23(5): 2013, Page: J. 1431-1435 Anim. Plant Sci. 23(5):2013 ISSN: 1018-7081 THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS ON FRUIT YIELD CHARACTERISTICS OF

More information

OIV Revised Proposal for the Harmonized System 2017 Edition

OIV Revised Proposal for the Harmonized System 2017 Edition OIV Revised Proposal for the Harmonized System 2017 Edition TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Preamble... 3 2. Proposal to amend subheading 2204.29 of the Harmonized System (HS)... 4 3. Bag-in-box containers: a growing

More information

Effect of N-fixation on nitrous oxide emissions in mature caragana shelterbelts

Effect of N-fixation on nitrous oxide emissions in mature caragana shelterbelts Effect of N-fixation on nitrous oxide emissions in mature caragana shelterbelts C.C. Amadi 1, R.E. Farrell 1 & K.C.J. Van Rees 1 1 Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK,

More information

Economic Role of Maize in Thailand

Economic Role of Maize in Thailand Economic Role of Maize in Thailand Hnin Ei Win Center for Applied Economics Research Thailand INTRODUCTION Maize is an important agricultural product in Thailand which is being used for both food and feed

More information

PERFORMANCE OF HYBRID AND SYNTHETIC VARIETIES OF SUNFLOWER GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT LEVELS OF INPUT

PERFORMANCE OF HYBRID AND SYNTHETIC VARIETIES OF SUNFLOWER GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT LEVELS OF INPUT Suranaree J. Sci. Technol. Vol. 19 No. 2; April - June 2012 105 PERFORMANCE OF HYBRID AND SYNTHETIC VARIETIES OF SUNFLOWER GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT LEVELS OF INPUT Theerachai Chieochansilp 1*, Thitiporn Machikowa

More information

Structural optimal design of grape rain shed

Structural optimal design of grape rain shed Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 31 (2012) 751 755 International Conference on Advances in Computational Modeling and Simulation Structural optimal design of grape rain shed

More information

Instructor: Stephen L. Love Aberdeen R & E Center 1693 S 2700 W Aberdeen, ID Phone: Fax:

Instructor: Stephen L. Love Aberdeen R & E Center 1693 S 2700 W Aberdeen, ID Phone: Fax: Vegetable Crops PLSC 451/551 Lesson 3,,. Instructor: Stephen L. Love Aberdeen R & E Center 1693 S 2700 W Aberdeen, ID 83210 Phone: 397-4181 Fax: 397-4311 Email: slove@uidaho.edu Origin, Evolution Nikolai

More information

Beata Paszko. Introduction

Beata Paszko. Introduction Polish Botanical Journal 60(2): 141 145, 2015 DOI: 10.1515/pbj-2015-0029 FIRST RECORD OF THE SINO-HIMALAYAN SPECIES DEYEUXIA HIMALAICA IN YUNNAN PROVINCE, SW CHINA, AND THREE NEW COMBINATIONS IN CALAMAGROSTIS

More information

Rail Haverhill Viability Study

Rail Haverhill Viability Study Rail Haverhill Viability Study The Greater Cambridge City Deal commissioned and recently published a Cambridge to Haverhill Corridor viability report. http://www4.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/citydeal/info/2/transport/1/transport_consultations/8

More information

Further investigations into the rind lesion problems experienced with the Pinkerton cultivar

Further investigations into the rind lesion problems experienced with the Pinkerton cultivar Further investigations into the rind lesion problems experienced with the Pinkerton cultivar FJ Kruger and SD Mhlophe Agricultural Research Council Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops Private

More information

Chapter V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Chapter V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Chapter V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Coffea is economically the most important genus of the family Rubiaceae, producing the coffee of commerce. Coffee of commerce is obtained mainly from Coffea arabica and

More information

IMPACT OF RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE ON TEA PRODUCTION IN UNDIVIDED SIVASAGAR DISTRICT

IMPACT OF RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE ON TEA PRODUCTION IN UNDIVIDED SIVASAGAR DISTRICT International Journal of Agricultural Science and Research (IJASR) ISSN (P): 2250-0057; ISSN (E): 2321-0087 Vol. 8, Issue 1 Feb 2018, 51-56 TJPRC Pvt. Ltd. IMPACT OF RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE ON TEA PRODUCTION

More information

Differences in virulence of Phytophthora capsici isolates from a worldwide collection on tomato fruits

Differences in virulence of Phytophthora capsici isolates from a worldwide collection on tomato fruits Euro. J. Plant Pathol. DOI:10.1007/s10658-011-9873-4 Online First Differences in virulence of Phytophthora capsici isolates from a worldwide collection on tomato fruits Dr. Leah Granke Dr. Lina Quesada-Ocampo

More information

STATE OF THE VITIVINICULTURE WORLD MARKET

STATE OF THE VITIVINICULTURE WORLD MARKET STATE OF THE VITIVINICULTURE WORLD MARKET April 2018 1 Table of contents 1. VITICULTURAL PRODUCTION POTENTIAL 3 2. WINE PRODUCTION 5 3. WINE CONSUMPTION 7 4. INTERNATIONAL TRADE 9 Abbreviations: kha: thousands

More information

Specialty Coffee Market Research 2013

Specialty Coffee Market Research 2013 Specialty Coffee Market Research 03 The research was divided into a first stage, consisting of interviews (37 companies), and a second stage, consisting of a survey using the Internet (0 companies/individuals).

More information

Transferrin variation and evolution of Canadian barren-ground caribou Knut H. Røed 1 & D.C. Thomas 2

Transferrin variation and evolution of Canadian barren-ground caribou Knut H. Røed 1 & D.C. Thomas 2 Transferrin variation and evolution of Canadian barren-ground caribou Knut H. Røed 1 & D.C. Thomas 2 'Department of Animal Genetics, The Norwegian College of Medecine College/The Norwegian Veterinary Institute,

More information

STABILITY IN THE SOCIAL PERCOLATION MODELS FOR TWO TO FOUR DIMENSIONS

STABILITY IN THE SOCIAL PERCOLATION MODELS FOR TWO TO FOUR DIMENSIONS International Journal of Modern Physics C, Vol. 11, No. 2 (2000 287 300 c World Scientific Publishing Company STABILITY IN THE SOCIAL PERCOLATION MODELS FOR TWO TO FOUR DIMENSIONS ZHI-FENG HUANG Institute

More information

Physical properties As A Tool For Quality Assessment In Fruit Processing

Physical properties As A Tool For Quality Assessment In Fruit Processing ANNUAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORDIC RHEOLOGY SOCIETY, VOL. 13, 5 Physical properties As A Tool For Quality Assessment In Fruit Processing Tiina Lõugas, Moonika Liis, Katrin Laos and Raivo Vokk Department

More information

12. A Cytogenetic Assessment on the Origin o f the Gold. fish

12. A Cytogenetic Assessment on the Origin o f the Gold. fish 58 Proc. Japan Acad., 55, Ser. B (1979) [Vol. 55(B), 12. A Cytogenetic Assessment on the Origin o f the Gold. fish By Yoshio OJIMA, Takayoshi USDA, and Toshitaka NARIKAWA Department of Biology, Faculty

More information

Using Growing Degree Hours Accumulated Thirty Days after Bloom to Help Growers Predict Difficult Fruit Sizing Years

Using Growing Degree Hours Accumulated Thirty Days after Bloom to Help Growers Predict Difficult Fruit Sizing Years Using Growing Degree Hours Accumulated Thirty Days after Bloom to Help Growers Predict Difficult Fruit Sizing Years G. Lopez 1 and T. DeJong 2 1 Àrea de Tecnologia del Reg, IRTA, Lleida, Spain 2 Department

More information

A New Information Hiding Method for Image Watermarking Based on Mojette Transform

A New Information Hiding Method for Image Watermarking Based on Mojette Transform ISBN 978-952-5726-09-1 (Print) Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Networking and Network Security (ISNNS 10) Jinggangshan, P. R. China, 2-4, April. 2010, pp. 124-128 A New Information

More information

The Evolution and Preservation of the Old City of Lhasa

The Evolution and Preservation of the Old City of Lhasa The Evolution and Preservation of the Old City of Lhasa Qing Li The Evolution and Preservation of the Old City of Lhasa 123 Qing Li Institute of Quantitative and Technical Economics Chinese Academy of

More information

Japan, Chocolate, Vegetable fats, Chocolate standards

Japan, Chocolate, Vegetable fats, Chocolate standards 1 SCI LECTURE PAPERS SERIES THE VIEW FROM JAPAN I Nakamura 1 and H Kida 2 1. Fuji Oil Europe, Kuhlmannlaan 36, B-9042 Gent, Belgium 2. Fuji Oil Co., Ltd., 1 Sumiyoshi-cho, Izumisano-shi, Osaka, Japan 2003

More information

TEA INTERACTION DESIGN

TEA INTERACTION DESIGN TEA INTERACTION DESIGN 茶 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION COLLECTIONS RESEARCH 1 2 5 SCREENING SURVEY FIELD WORK I LITERATURE REVIEW OBJECT STUDY FIELD WORK II Concepts 11 INTRODUCTION The design problem

More information

K.C.S.E YEAR 2010 PAPER 2 SECTION A Answer all the questions in this section. 1.. (a) Name two exotic species of trees planted in Kenya.

K.C.S.E YEAR 2010 PAPER 2 SECTION A Answer all the questions in this section. 1.. (a) Name two exotic species of trees planted in Kenya. K.C.S.E YEAR 2010 PAPER 2 SECTION A Answer all the questions in this section. 1.. (a) Name two exotic species of trees planted in Kenya. (b) State three reasons why it is necessary to carry out afforestation

More information

Regularity and Co ntrol of Fluorine Relea se fro m Co al2clay Briquette Co mbustio n in Op en Gro und2stove

Regularity and Co ntrol of Fluorine Relea se fro m Co al2clay Briquette Co mbustio n in Op en Gro und2stove 21 1 Research of Environmental Sciences Vol. 21,No. 1,2008 1, 1,2 3, 2, 3, 1, 1 1.,, 330031 2., 100101 3., 550002 :,,, CaCO 3. :,,1 h ;,900 80 %, ; CaCO 3, CaCO 3, w (CaCO 3 ) 10 % ;500 800,800, 4412 %,,900

More information

Instruction (Manual) Document

Instruction (Manual) Document Instruction (Manual) Document This part should be filled by author before your submission. 1. Information about Author Your Surname Your First Name Your Country Your Email Address Your ID on our website

More information

MARKET ANALYSIS REPORT NO 1 OF 2015: TABLE GRAPES

MARKET ANALYSIS REPORT NO 1 OF 2015: TABLE GRAPES MARKET ANALYSIS REPORT NO 1 OF 215: TABLE GRAPES 1. INTRODUCTION The following text is a review of the table grapes marketing environment. This analysis is updated on a quarterly 1 basis. The interval

More information

Pevzner P., Tesler G. PNAS 2003;100: Copyright 2003, The National Academy of Sciences

Pevzner P., Tesler G. PNAS 2003;100: Copyright 2003, The National Academy of Sciences Two different most parsimonious scenarios that transform the order of the 11 synteny blocks on the mouse X chromosome into the order on the human X chromosome Pevzner P., Tesler G. PNAS 2003;100:7672-7677

More information

Can You Tell the Difference? A Study on the Preference of Bottled Water. [Anonymous Name 1], [Anonymous Name 2]

Can You Tell the Difference? A Study on the Preference of Bottled Water. [Anonymous Name 1], [Anonymous Name 2] Can You Tell the Difference? A Study on the Preference of Bottled Water [Anonymous Name 1], [Anonymous Name 2] Abstract Our study aims to discover if people will rate the taste of bottled water differently

More information

World vitiviniculture situation

World vitiviniculture situation World vitiviniculture situation Surface area Grape Wine Global grape production Production Consumption Trade 2016 FAO-OIV Focus: Table and Dried Grapes 2 Global area under vines Area under vines in the

More information

Gasoline Empirical Analysis: Competition Bureau March 2005

Gasoline Empirical Analysis: Competition Bureau March 2005 Gasoline Empirical Analysis: Update of Four Elements of the January 2001 Conference Board study: "The Final Fifteen Feet of Hose: The Canadian Gasoline Industry in the Year 2000" Competition Bureau March

More information

FRUIT GROWTH IN THE ORIENTAL PERSIMMON

FRUIT GROWTH IN THE ORIENTAL PERSIMMON California Avocado Society 1960 Yearbook 44: 130-133 FRUIT GROWTH IN THE ORIENTAL PERSIMMON C. A. Schroeder Associated Professor of Subtropical Horticulture, University of California at Los Angeles. The

More information

Curriculum Vitae. tel: ; fax: ;

Curriculum Vitae. tel: ; fax: ; Curriculum Vitae Frederick Burt Essig Associate Professor Emeritus Department of Integrative Biology - SCA 110 University of South Florida 4202 E. Fowler Ave. Tampa, FL 33620 tel: 813 974-4941; fax: 813

More information

Tucson Cactus and Succulent Society. Opuntioid Garden Proposal. Tucson Prickly Park

Tucson Cactus and Succulent Society. Opuntioid Garden Proposal. Tucson Prickly Park Tucson Cactus and Succulent Society Opuntioid Garden Proposal Tucson Prickly Park December 6, 2010 Prepared by: Jessie Byrd Desert Green Design P a g e 1 TUCSON CACTUS AND SUCCULENT SOCIETY: Started in

More information

Monitoring the Spread of Magnolia kobus within the Royal Botanical Gardens Nature Sanctuaries. Katherine Moesker October 14, 2015

Monitoring the Spread of Magnolia kobus within the Royal Botanical Gardens Nature Sanctuaries. Katherine Moesker October 14, 2015 Monitoring the Spread of Magnolia kobus within the Royal Botanical Gardens Nature Sanctuaries Katherine Moesker October 14, 2015 Magnolia kobus at RBG Thousands of Magnolia kobus plants (also known as

More information

Allergen Pangan. Allergen Pangan

Allergen Pangan. Allergen Pangan Allergen Pangan Isu Mutakhir dan Relevansinya bagi Industri Pangan di Indonesia Southeast Asian Food & Agricultural Science & Technology (SEAFAST) Center, And Dept of Food Science & Technology, Faculty

More information

Worldwide population genetics of reed canarygrass: Who s Invading?

Worldwide population genetics of reed canarygrass: Who s Invading? Worldwide population genetics of reed canarygrass: Who s Invading? Andrew R Jakubowski Randall D Jackson Michael D Casler 1 Outline Brief introduction to reed canarygrass Describe hypotheses, objectives,

More information

EU Sugar Market Report Quarterly report 04

EU Sugar Market Report Quarterly report 04 TABLE CONTENT Page 1 - EU sugar prices 1 2 - EU sugar production 3 3 - EU sugar import licences 5 4 - EU sugar balances 7 5 - EU molasses 10 1 - EU SUGAR PRICES Quota As indicated and expected in our EU

More information

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CHOROLOGY OF GENUS LATHYRUS (FABACEAE) IN BULGARIA

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CHOROLOGY OF GENUS LATHYRUS (FABACEAE) IN BULGARIA CONTRIBUTION TO THE CHOROLOGY OF GENUS LATHYRUS (FABACEAE) IN BULGARIA A. Tosheva 1, K. Pachedjieva 1 and B. Sidjimova 2 1 Sofia University St. Klmient Ohridski, Faculty of Biology, Department of Botany,

More information

Candidate Agreement. The American Wine School (AWS) WSET Level 4 Diploma in Wines & Spirits Program PURPOSE

Candidate Agreement. The American Wine School (AWS) WSET Level 4 Diploma in Wines & Spirits Program PURPOSE The American Wine School (AWS) WSET Level 4 Diploma in Wines & Spirits Program PURPOSE Candidate Agreement The purpose of this agreement is to ensure that all WSET Level 4 Diploma in Wines & Spirits candidates

More information

Innovations for a better world. Ingredient Handling For bakeries and other food processing facilities

Innovations for a better world. Ingredient Handling For bakeries and other food processing facilities Innovations for a better world. Ingredient Handling For bakeries and other food processing facilities Ingredient Handling For bakeries and other food processing facilities From grain to bread Ingredient

More information

Text One. The Silk Road

Text One. The Silk Road Text One The Silk Road The Silk Road was an extensive network of overland trade routes across the Asian continent. They connected East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean world, including North

More information

2010 International Visitation to North Carolina

2010 International Visitation to North Carolina 2010 International Visitation to North Carolina September 2011 North Carolina Report developed in conjunction with Executive Summary International Visitation to North Carolina Applying conservative assumptions

More information

Brief information about the species status of Utricularia cornigera Studnička.

Brief information about the species status of Utricularia cornigera Studnička. Brief information about the species status of Utricularia cornigera Studnička. MILOSLAV STUDNIČKA Liberec Botanic Gardens, Purkyňova 630/1, CZ-460 01 Liberec, botangarden@volny.cz Abstract: The carnivorous

More information

BATURIN S.O., KUZNETSOVA

BATURIN S.O., KUZNETSOVA 1...,.. - (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) //. 2010.. 14, 1.. 165-171. 2...,.. - Fragaria x Potentilla ( Frel) // -. 2011.. 15, 4.. 800 807. 3... Fragaria x ananassa Duch..... 2012. 16. 4... -. :, 2000.. 28

More information

THE MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION WITHIN SEEDS OF PASSIFLORA SUBGENUS DECALOBA

THE MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION WITHIN SEEDS OF PASSIFLORA SUBGENUS DECALOBA THE MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION WITHIN SEEDS OF PASSIFLORA SUBGENUS DECALOBA By Anthony Myers, Dr. Peter Jørgensen, and Dr. John MacDougal Institutions: Harris-Stowe State University (amyers480@hornets.hssu.edu);

More information

Determining the Optimum Time to Pick Gwen

Determining the Optimum Time to Pick Gwen California Avocado Society 1988 Yearbook 72: 209-214 Determining the Optimum Time to Pick Gwen Gray Martin and Bob Bergh Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside. Predicting

More information

Flowering and Fruiting Morphology of Hardy Kiwifruit, Actinidia arguta

Flowering and Fruiting Morphology of Hardy Kiwifruit, Actinidia arguta Flowering and Fruiting Morphology of Hardy Kiwifruit, Actinidia arguta Chantalak Tiyayon and Bernadine Strik Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University 4017 ALS, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA Email:

More information

Global Sugar Substitute Market: An Analysis

Global Sugar Substitute Market: An Analysis Global Sugar Substitute Market: An Analysis ----------------------------------------- 2013 Executive Summary The sugar substitute market mainly consists of high fructose syrup (HFCS), high intensity sweetener

More information

Growing divergence between Arabica and Robusta exports

Growing divergence between Arabica and Robusta exports Growing divergence between Arabica and Robusta exports In April 218, the ICO composite indicator decreased by.4% to an average of 112.56, with the daily price ranging between 11.49 and 114.73. Prices for

More information

Experiment # Lemna minor (Duckweed) Population Growth

Experiment # Lemna minor (Duckweed) Population Growth Experiment # Lemna minor (Duckweed) Population Growth Introduction Students will grow duckweed (Lemna minor) over a two to three week period to observe what happens to a population of organisms when allowed

More information

THE GROWTH OF THE CHERRY OF ROBUSTA COFFEE

THE GROWTH OF THE CHERRY OF ROBUSTA COFFEE THE GROWTH OF THE CHERRY OF ROBUSTA COFFEE L WEIGHT CHANGES CORRELATED WITH WATER AVAILABILITY DURING DEVELOPMENT BY J. DANCER Department of Agriculture, Kawanda Research Station, Kampala, Uganda {Received

More information

Identification and Classification of Pink Menoreh Durian (Durio Zibetinus Murr.) Based on Morphology and Molecular Markers

Identification and Classification of Pink Menoreh Durian (Durio Zibetinus Murr.) Based on Morphology and Molecular Markers RESEARCH Identification and Classification of Pink Durian (Durio Zibetinus Murr.) Based on Morphology and Molecular Markers Nandariyah a,b * adepartment of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret

More information

Introduction Methods

Introduction Methods Introduction The Allium paradoxum, common name few flowered leek, is a wild garlic distributed in woodland areas largely in the East of Britain (Preston et al., 2002). In 1823 the A. paradoxum was brought

More information

AIRBORNE PINUS POLLEN DIVERSITY AND ANNUAL POLLINATION PATTERN IN SPAIN

AIRBORNE PINUS POLLEN DIVERSITY AND ANNUAL POLLINATION PATTERN IN SPAIN ISSN: 1135-8408 AIRBORNE PINUS POLLEN DIVERSITY AND ANNUAL POLLINATION PATTERN IN SPAIN Diversidad de polen de Pinus aerovagante y patrón anual de su polinización en España De Linares, C. 1,2 ; Belmonte,

More information

Genetic Variation of Populations Scutellaria slametensis sp. nov. (Lamiaceae) on Mt. Slamet, Central Java, Indonesia

Genetic Variation of Populations Scutellaria slametensis sp. nov. (Lamiaceae) on Mt. Slamet, Central Java, Indonesia Genetic Variation of Populations Scutellaria slametensis sp. nov. (Lamiaceae) on Mt. Slamet, Central Java, Indonesia Scutellaria sp. pop. Baturraden Scutellaria sp. pop. Kaligua Scutellaria sp. pop. Kaliwadas

More information

RESEARCH VESSEL SALMONID CPUE IN RELATION TO THE NORTHERN BOUNDARY OF THE SQUID DRIFTNET FISHERY

RESEARCH VESSEL SALMONID CPUE IN RELATION TO THE NORTHERN BOUNDARY OF THE SQUID DRIFTNET FISHERY NOT TO BE CITED BY FRI-UW-9 118 INPFC DOCUMENT NUMBER September 1991 RESEARCH VESSEL SALMONID CPUE IN RELATION TO THE NORTHERN BOUNDARY OF THE SQUID DRIFTNET FISHERY by Robert V. Walker FISHERIES RESEARCH

More information

UTZ Tea Statistics Report 2017

UTZ Tea Statistics Report 2017 UTZ Tea Statistics Report 2017 More than 107,000 tea farmers and workers benefit from the UTZ program UTZ certified tea is produced in 13 countries In 2017, more than 4.6 billion cups of UTZ certified

More information

STUDIES ON THE CHROMOSOME NUMBERS OF SOME SPECIES IN SOLANACEAE. Kanemasa TOKUNAGA

STUDIES ON THE CHROMOSOME NUMBERS OF SOME SPECIES IN SOLANACEAE. Kanemasa TOKUNAGA STUDIES ON THE CHROMOSOME NUMBERS OF SOME SPECIES IN SOLANACEAE Kanemasa TOKUNAGA INTRODUCTION In Capsicum annuum, there are many garden varieties showing 12 chromosomes in haploid and 24 in diploid (Vilmorin

More information

Relation between Grape Wine Quality and Related Physicochemical Indexes

Relation between Grape Wine Quality and Related Physicochemical Indexes Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 5(4): 557-5577, 013 ISSN: 040-7459; e-issn: 040-7467 Maxwell Scientific Organization, 013 Submitted: October 1, 01 Accepted: December 03,

More information

RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF ESTIMATES BASED ON PERCENTAGES OF MISSINGNESS USING THREE IMPUTATION NUMBERS IN MULTIPLE IMPUTATION ANALYSIS ABSTRACT

RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF ESTIMATES BASED ON PERCENTAGES OF MISSINGNESS USING THREE IMPUTATION NUMBERS IN MULTIPLE IMPUTATION ANALYSIS ABSTRACT RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF ESTIMATES BASED ON PERCENTAGES OF MISSINGNESS USING THREE IMPUTATION NUMBERS IN MULTIPLE IMPUTATION ANALYSIS Nwakuya, M. T. (Ph.D) Department of Mathematics/Statistics University

More information

ANNEX IX TO THE DECISION OECD SCHEME FOR THE VARIETAL CERTIFICATION OF SUGAR BEET AND FODDER BEET SEED

ANNEX IX TO THE DECISION OECD SCHEME FOR THE VARIETAL CERTIFICATION OF SUGAR BEET AND FODDER BEET SEED ANNEX IX TO THE DECISION FOR THE VARIETAL CERTIFICATION OF SUGAR BEET AND FODDER BEET SEED 109 ANNEX IX TO THE DECISION OECD SCHEME FOR THE VARIETAL CERTIFICATION OF SUGAR BEET AND FODDER BEET SEED 110

More information

The Roles of Social Media and Expert Reviews in the Market for High-End Goods: An Example Using Bordeaux and California Wines

The Roles of Social Media and Expert Reviews in the Market for High-End Goods: An Example Using Bordeaux and California Wines The Roles of Social Media and Expert Reviews in the Market for High-End Goods: An Example Using Bordeaux and California Wines Alex Albright, Stanford/Harvard University Peter Pedroni, Williams College

More information

OF THE VARIOUS DECIDUOUS and

OF THE VARIOUS DECIDUOUS and (9) PLAXICO, JAMES S. 1955. PROBLEMS OF FACTOR-PRODUCT AGGRE- GATION IN COBB-DOUGLAS VALUE PRODUCTIVITY ANALYSIS. JOUR. FARM ECON. 37: 644-675, ILLUS. (10) SCHICKELE, RAINER. 1941. EFFECT OF TENURE SYSTEMS

More information

The Ideation Capacity Guided by an Intercultural Experience During the Concept Designing Process, a Case Study

The Ideation Capacity Guided by an Intercultural Experience During the Concept Designing Process, a Case Study The Ideation Capacity Guided by an Intercultural Experience During the Concept Designing Process, a Case Study Dirk van Gogh* Hiroko Yamazaki ** * Chairman of Design Study Group of KASK,-Royal Academy

More information

Dang gui Root. Macroscopic Characterization A H P NOMENCLATURE MACROSCOPIC IDENTIFICATION QUANTITATIVE STANDARDS. have a bumpy or gnarled surface.

Dang gui Root. Macroscopic Characterization A H P NOMENCLATURE MACROSCOPIC IDENTIFICATION QUANTITATIVE STANDARDS. have a bumpy or gnarled surface. Dang gui Root NOMENCLATURE Common Name: Dang gui Botanical Nomenclature: Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels Botanical Family: Part Used: Apiaceae Root MACROSCOPIC IDENTIFICATION Dang gui roots are harvested

More information

THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S.

THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S. THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY Voluntary - Public China - Peoples Republic of Post:

More information

Territorial branding. Dr. Steve Charters MW. Essence distilled, Excellence instilled

Territorial branding. Dr. Steve Charters MW. Essence distilled, Excellence instilled Territorial branding Dr. Steve Charters MW Essence distilled, Excellence instilled Presentation outline What is a territorial brand? The example of Central Otago Some conclusions. SCHOOL OF WINE & SPIRITS

More information

COMPARISON OF CORE AND PEEL SAMPLING METHODS FOR DRY MATTER MEASUREMENT IN HASS AVOCADO FRUIT

COMPARISON OF CORE AND PEEL SAMPLING METHODS FOR DRY MATTER MEASUREMENT IN HASS AVOCADO FRUIT New Zealand Avocado Growers' Association Annual Research Report 2004. 4:36 46. COMPARISON OF CORE AND PEEL SAMPLING METHODS FOR DRY MATTER MEASUREMENT IN HASS AVOCADO FRUIT J. MANDEMAKER H. A. PAK T. A.

More information

Study on Correlation Between Coating Rate and Hot Water Soluble Substances of Reconstituted Tobacco

Study on Correlation Between Coating Rate and Hot Water Soluble Substances of Reconstituted Tobacco American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 2018; 6(4): 65-70 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajaf doi: 10.11648/j.ajaf.20180604.11 ISSN: 2330-8583 (Print); ISSN: 2330-8591 (Online) Study on Correlation

More information

Population distribution

Population distribution Land forms Population distribution Climate and water Provinces and regions Resources Regional differentiation Formation: collision of Indian subcontinent and Asian landmass China landmass tilts west to

More information

Evolutionary Microbiology. Chapter 12. Human Apex of All Life?

Evolutionary Microbiology. Chapter 12. Human Apex of All Life? Evolutionary Microbiology Chapter 12. Human Apex of All Life? Jong-Soon Choi Chungnam National Univ. GRAST University of Science and Technology Korea Basic Science Institute 247 Human vs. Human Being Human

More information

Molecular identification of bacteria on grapes and in must from Small Carpathian wine-producing region (Slovakia)

Molecular identification of bacteria on grapes and in must from Small Carpathian wine-producing region (Slovakia) Molecular identification of bacteria on grapes and in must from Small Carpathian wine-producing region (Slovakia) T. Kuchta1, D. Pangallo2, Z. Godálová1, A. Puškárová2, M. Bučková2, K. Ženišová1, L. Kraková2

More information

7th Grade US History Standard #7H117 Do Now Day #17

7th Grade US History Standard #7H117 Do Now Day #17 Course: US History/Ms. Brown Homeroom: 7th Grade US History Standard #7H117 Do Now Day #17 Aims: SWBAT read and analyze a map locating representative Native American populations SWBAT compare how geography

More information

ICC September 2018 Original: English. Emerging coffee markets: South and East Asia

ICC September 2018 Original: English. Emerging coffee markets: South and East Asia ICC 122-6 7 September 2018 Original: English E International Coffee Council 122 st Session 17 21 September 2018 London, UK Emerging coffee markets: South and East Asia Background 1. In accordance with

More information

People s Republic of China (Beijing) Reception hosted by the Embassy of Japan in China. Report of Operations for FY2009. Outline

People s Republic of China (Beijing) Reception hosted by the Embassy of Japan in China. Report of Operations for FY2009. Outline Outline Location (City) Date Name of Event Venue Host Attendees Date Name of Event Venue Host Attendees Overviews Thursday January 21st, 2010, 14:00-16:00 Proposal for Japanese rice aimed at food related

More information

Setting the Stage - Ancient China

Setting the Stage - Ancient China Setting the Stage - Ancient China The land of ancient China is part of a vast region that today is called mainland East Asia. Mainland East Asia includes the present day countries of China, Mongolia, North

More information