101 Is the species highly domesticated?

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1 Famil: Sapidaceae Taxo: Aesculus califorica Som: Calothrsus califorica Spach (basiom) Commo Name: Califoria buckee Questioaire : curret Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Chuck Chimera Desigatio: L Data Etr Perso: Chuck Chimera WRA Score Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? =1, = Does the species have weed races? =1, = Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- Itermediate substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals =1, = Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 Prit Date: 11/28/2011 Aesculus califorica (Sapidaceae) Page 1 of 9

2 412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed =1, = Hbridizes aturall =1, = Self-compatible or apomictic =1, = Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio =1, = Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, 3 4+ ears = Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked =1, =-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people =1, = Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat =1, = Propagules adapted to wid dispersal =1, = Propagules water dispersed =1, = Propagules bird dispersed =1, = Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) =1, = Propagules survive passage through the gut =1, = Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) =1, = Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) =1, = Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire =1, = Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: L WRA Score 0 Prit Date: 11/28/2011 Aesculus califorica (Sapidaceae) Page 2 of 9

3 Supportig Data: Howard, J.L.. Aesculus califorica. I: Fire Effects Iformatio Sstem, [Olie]. USDA WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA Howard, J.L.. Aesculus califorica. I: Fire Effects Iformatio Sstem, [Olie]. USDA Howard, J.L.. Aesculus califorica. I: Fire Effects Iformatio Sstem, [Olie]. USDA Howard, J.L.. Aesculus califorica. I: Fire Effects Iformatio Sstem, [Olie]. USDA Dave's Garder. PlatFiles: Califoria Buckee - Aesculus califorica Howard, J.L.. Aesculus califorica. I: Fire Effects Iformatio Sstem, [Olie]. USDA Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Aesculus califorica [Olie Database]. ica/ Dirr, M.. Dirr's trees ad shrubs for warm climates: a illustrated ecclopedia. Timber Press, Portlad, OR CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK Backard Gardeer. Aesculus califorica. _3712.html Dave's Garder. PlatFiles: Califoria Buckee - Aesculus califorica. [Is the species highl domesticated? No] No evidece [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 1-itermediate] "Climate: Califoria buckee occurs i a Mediterraea climate with cool moist witers ad hot dr summers [5,15,18]. The mea aual raifall is less tha 14 iches, ad temperatures are i excess of 100 degrees Fahreheit (38 degrees C) for several successive das ever summer." [Qualit of climate match data? 2-high] "Climate: Califoria buckee occurs i a Mediterraea climate with cool moist witers ad hot dr summers [5,15,18]. The mea aual raifall is less tha 14 iches, ad temperatures are i excess of 100 degrees Fahreheit (38 degrees C) for several successive das ever summer." [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? No] "Climate: Califoria buckee occurs i a Mediterraea climate with cool moist witers ad hot dr summers [5,15,18]. The mea aual raifall is less tha 14 iches, ad temperatures are i excess of 100 degrees Fahreheit (38 degrees C) for several successive das ever summer." [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? No] "Hardiess: USDA Zoe 7a: to C (0 F) USDA Zoe 7b: to C (5 F) USDA Zoe 8a: to C (10 F) USDA Zoe 8b: to -9.4 C (15 F)" [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? No] "Climate: Califoria buckee occurs i a Mediterraea climate with cool moist witers ad hot dr summers [5,15,18]. The mea aual raifall is less tha 14 iches, ad temperatures are i excess of 100 degrees Fahreheit (38 degrees C) for several successive das ever summer." [No evidece] [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? No] [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] "I Europe, leaves persist ito the fall." [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Not i Forestr Compedium] "List of coutries North America [USA] Califoria atural" [o evidece of widespread platig outside of ative rage] Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] "Aesculus califorica is a 15 to 20 foot tall deciduous tree or shrub, grow i Califoria ad Europe. It is rouded with a smmetrical brachig patter. Foliage is strikig, dark gree, gloss compoud palmate leaves. Naturall occurs i dr caos ad gullies of Califoria, but seems to prosper i the moist climate of Eglad. Flowers are white to pik, fragrat, occurrig o 4- to 8-ich log, 3-ich wide show paicles. [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] "Hutigto, Arkasas...Plats I grew from seed gathered i America River cao, CA growig well ad droppig leaves i Jul, just like i atural CA habitat ol mie are growig i Arkasas' humidit ad summer rai. Have ot had problems with summer water as log as draiage is good. I ature these trees usuall grow o cao slopes or just above flood level of streams." [Arkasas outside ative rage] Plats For A Future Database. Aesculus califorica. [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] "Although fairl hard throughout Britai, it grows best i areas where witer temperatures do ot fall below -10 c...a moderatel fast-growig esculus+califorica ad log-lived tree i the wild[229], i Britai it grows best i easter ad southeaster Eglad. Plats thrives at Kew" [Eglad] Prit Date: 11/28/2011 Aesculus califorica (Sapidaceae) Page 3 of 9

4 Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Lorece, D.H.. [Naturalized beod ative rage? No] No evidece Flora of the Hawaiia Islads website. Smithsoia Istitutio, Washigto, D.C. iaflora/idex.htm Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Aesculus califorica [Olie Database]. ica/ [Naturalized beod ative rage? No] No evidece Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Aesculus califorica [Olie Database]. ica/ Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Aesculus califorica [Olie Database]. ica/ Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Aesculus califorica [Olie Database]. ica/ Red Plaet Ic.. Tree Ecclopedia - Horse Chestut - Aesculus hippocastaum. htm Fralish, J.S./Frakli, S.B.. Taxoom ad ecolog of wood plats i North America forests (excludig Mexico ad subtropical Florida). Joh Wile ad Sos, New York USDA NRCS. Plat Guide - Califoria Buckee - Aesculus califorica. USDA NRCS Natioal Plat Data Ceter, Heise, R.M./Delwiche, C.C.. A Surve of Califoria Plats for Water-Extractable ad Volatile Ihibitors. Botaical Gazette. 144(3): [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? No] [Listed as a weed but with o evidece of impacts] Darrow, R.A. Erickso, L.C. Holstrum, J.T.Jr., Miller, J.F., Scudder, W.F. ad Williams, J.L. Jr. (1966) Report of the Termiolog Committee, Stadardized Names of Weeds. WSSA (14), Weed Sciece Societ of America. (weed) [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? No] No evidece [Evirometal weed? No] No evidece [Cogeeric weed? Yes] "Horse Chestut - Aesculus hippocastaum L...Ecological Impacts: This species is o the Mid Atlatic Exotic Pest Plat Coucil list. It has bee plated as a orametal for the attractive large white flowers ad has escaped iteded platigs. The weak-wooded braches break easil. The large leaves, uts ad droppig twigs create litter. Oce established, this species competes with ative species for sulight, moisture ad utriets...cotrol ad Maagemet: Maual- Girdle remove bark ad phloem laer from 10 cm bad aroud truk; Note: damagig the xlem laer could ecourage suckerig Chemical- Cut stems the appl herbicide; retreat suckers. Cotact our state extesio service. Follow label istructios ad wear appropriate persoal protective equipmet." [Produces spies, thors or burrs? No] No evidece [Produces spies, thors or burrs? No] "Geeral: Buckee Famil (Hippocastaaceae). This ative, deciduous shrub or tree reaches 12 m i height with a broad, rouded crow. The palmatel compoud leaves occur i leaflets of 5 to 7 ad each leaflet is oblog laceolate ad fiel serrate. The iflorescece has ma show flowers i a paicle-like arragemet ad it is erect, 1-2 dm. i legth. Each idividual flower has 4-5 petals ad these are white to pale rose with 5 7 exserted stames. The fruit is pear-shaped ad smooth. The large, shi lightbrow seeds are 2-5 cm." [Allelopathic? Yes] "We tested 55 plat species i orther Califoria for water extractable ad volatile ihibitors of plat growth with seed bioassas: 69% sigificatl ihibited, ad oe sigificatl stimulated, radicle growth of Hordeum vulgare whe tested as 1:25 or 1:50 (g tissue:ml water) extracts, whereas 38% ihibited ad 15% stimulated Bromus mollis. Extracts of species i the Compositae ad Labiatae, as well as Aesculus califorica, Ailathus altissima, Brassica igra, Ceaothus itegerrimus, Lupius arboreus, Nicotiaa glauca, Ribes cereum, ad Scrophularia califorica, were the most ihibitor. Ol Artemisia tridetata, Heteromeles arbutifolia, Salvia soomesis, ad Trichostema laceolatum released strogl ihibitor volatiles; T. laceolatum was clearl the most toxic species tested, its extracts ad volatiles greatl suppressig growth of the idicators. Five of the species most ihibitor i the iitial screeig were selected for further ivestigatio Their extracts reduced germiatio ad growth of a umber of orther Califoria plats, but whe the extracts were ioculated with 0.5 g soil ad icubated several moths at room temperature, most graduall dimiished i toxicit" Prit Date: 11/28/2011 Aesculus califorica (Sapidaceae) Page 4 of 9

5 Jimeez, I./Woods, J.. The Alleopathic Effects of Extracts from Umbellularia califorica ad Aesculus califorica o the Grass Lolium peree. Califoria State Sciece Fair Project Summar pdf USDA NRCS. Plat Guide - Califoria Buckee - Aesculus califorica. USDA NRCS Natioal Plat Data Ceter, Howard, J.L.. Aesculus califorica. I: Fire Effects Iformatio Sstem, [Olie]. USDA Howard, J.L.. Aesculus califorica. I: Fire Effects Iformatio Sstem, [Olie]. USDA CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK Qui, R.D./Keele, S.C./Wallace, M.D.. Itroductio to Califoria chaparral. Uiversit of Califoria Press, Berkele ad Los Ageles, CA Howard, J.L.. Aesculus califorica. I: Fire Effects Iformatio Sstem, [Olie]. USDA Lad Bird Johso Wildflower Ceter. Native Plat Database - Aesculus califorica. t=aeca Las Pilitas Nurser Logo. Aesculus califorica Dave's Garder. PlatFiles: Califoria Buckee - Aesculus califorica. [Allelopathic? Yes] "Califoria ba ad Califoria buckee are species that have kow allopathic effects o other orgaisms. Plat growth is sparse uder ba trees ad buckee seeds have bee kow to stupef fish ad retard the growth of competig plats. These two plats were chose to make the herbicides i a attempt to formulate a orgaic herbicide to replace Roudup that is beig spraed at our school. The data o the leaf spra treatmets showed the established plats chagig i color from a health gree to a defiitive dead (crisp) brow oe week after treatmet with the 100% buckee extract ad the same results with the 100% ba extract 9 das after the iitial treatmet. The 50% extracts had similar effects o the established grass but with a icreased time spa to kill the grass. The soil treatmets, had some effect i the four trials i that it took oe da loger for the seeds to germiate i the treated soil ad the grass at about a 20% slower growth rate. We wat to cotiue to work with these extracts i a more ucotrolled eviromet i the comig ear." [Parasitic? No] "This ative, deciduous shrub or tree reaches 12 m i height with a broad, rouded crow" [o evidece]. [Upalatable to grazig aimals? No] "Despite its toxicit, Califoria buckee flowers, leaves, ad shoots are palatable to livestock ad wildlife. Hedrick [14] has listed it amog the 20 chaparral browse plats most preferred b cattle ad black-tailed deer." [Toxic to aimals? Yes] "Califoria buckee is toxic to all classes of livestock ad wildlife. The bark, leaves, stems, fruits, ad seeds all cotai glcosidal compouds which cause haemoltic actio o red blood cells ad depress the cetral ervous sstem whe igested. This species has bee implicated i iducig abortio i cattle [5,18]." [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? Yes] "Pests recorded Fugus diseases: Phtophthora ramorum (sudde oak death sdrome (SODS)) Pests recorded at the geeric level (Aesculus): Isects: Chaetocema cofiis (flea beetle) Cossus cossus (carpeter moth) Diaspidiotus ostreaeformis (pear oster scale) Diaspidiotus periciosus (Sa José scale) Popillia japoica (Japaese beetle) Pseudaulacaspis petagoa (mulberr scale) Roselliia ecatrix (dematophora root rot) Scoltus itricatus (Europea oak bark beetle) Zeuzera pria (moth, wood leopard) Fugus diseases: Apiogomoia errabuda (athracose) Nectria galligea (Nectria caker (apple, pear)) Bacterial diseases: Rhizobium radiobacter (crow gall) Rhizobium rhizogees (gall)" [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? Yes] "All parts of the plat are poisoous to people. The seeds were groud up ad used b Native Americas to stu fish. The flowers have also bee reported to be poisoous to bees." [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? Yes] "Fire ecolog: Earl leaf fall results i accumulatio of dr litter aroud the plat earl i the fire seaso...seeds would probabl ot survive fire because the are highl susceptible to desiccatio b heat...iformatio regardig Califoria buckee's respose to fire is limited. Sampso [25] has said that sproutig chaparral brush species, icludig Califoria buckee, recover rapidl followig a fire, sedig out ew shoots durig the first growig seaso. Growth i subsequet seasos is also rapid, with the plat sometimes exceedig its prefire mass withi a few ears. Sproutig ca occur withi a few weeks followig fire, eve i the summer moths. Growth is supported b drawig o food ad water reserves i the full developed root sstem." [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Possibl No] "Light Requiremet: Su, Part Shade" [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Possibl No] "Native to the cetral coast rages ad Sierra Nevada moutais i partial shade to full su" [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Possibl No] "Su Exposure: Su to Partial Shade" Plats For A Future Database. Aesculus califorica. esculus+califorica [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? No] "It caot grow i the shade Requires a positio i full su[200]. Prefers dr su locatios" Prit Date: 11/28/2011 Aesculus califorica (Sapidaceae) Page 5 of 9

6 Howard, J.L.. Aesculus califorica. I: Fire Effects Iformatio Sstem, [Olie]. USDA Lad Bird Johso Wildflower Ceter. Native Plat Database - Aesculus califorica. t=aeca Dave's Garder. PlatFiles: Califoria Buckee - Aesculus califorica. [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios? Yes] "Soil: Califoria buckee grows i sad, sad-loam, or gravell-loam soils" [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios? Yes] "Soil Descriptio: Poor, dr soils." [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios? Yes] "Soil ph requiremets: 6.6 to 7.5 (eutral) 7.6 to 7.8 (mildl alkalie) 7.9 to 8.5 (alkalie)" Plats For A Future Database. Aesculus califorica. esculus+califorica [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios? Yes] "Prefers a deep loam welldraied soil but is ot too fuss" USDA NRCS. Plat Guide - Califoria Buckee - Aesculus califorica. USDA NRCS Natioal Plat Data Ceter, Howard, J.L.. Aesculus califorica. I: Fire Effects Iformatio Sstem, [Olie]. USDA Barbour, M.G./Billigs, W.D.. North America terrestrial vegetatio. Cambridge Uiversit Press, Cambridge, UK Barbour, M.G./Billigs, W.D.. North America terrestrial vegetatio. Cambridge Uiversit Press, Cambridge, UK Barbour, M.G./Billigs, W.D.. North America terrestrial vegetatio. Cambridge Uiversit Press, Cambridge, UK USDA, ARS, Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network (GRIN) [Olie Database Idex]. Natioal Germplasm Resources Laborator, Beltsville, Marlad Barbour, M.G./Billigs, W.D.. North America terrestrial vegetatio. Cambridge Uiversit Press, Cambridge, UK USDA, ARS, Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network (GRIN) [Olie Database Idex]. Natioal Germplasm Resources Laborator, Beltsville, Marlad USDA NRCS. Plat Guide - Califoria Buckee - Aesculus califorica. USDA NRCS Natioal Plat Data Ceter, Barbour, M.G./Billigs, W.D.. North America terrestrial vegetatio. Cambridge Uiversit Press, Cambridge, UK USDA NRCS. Plat Guide - Califoria Buckee - Aesculus califorica. USDA NRCS Natioal Plat Data Ceter, [Climbig or smotherig growth habit? No] "This ative, deciduous shrub or tree reaches 12 m i height with a broad, rouded crow." [Forms dese thickets? No] "Califoria buckee exhibits both tolerat ad itolerat characteristics. It occurs as a widel scattered idividuals i ope grasslads. It also occurs as a uderstor shrub i mixed evergree forest [3]. It is a climax idicator i chaparral ad mixed oak commuities [1] ad i Califoria buckee woodlads [8]." [Forms dese thickets? No] "A somewhat shorter, more spreadig deciduous tree, Aesculus califorica, occurs as scattered idividuals or i small clumps" [o evidece that this plat excludes other vegetatio] [Aquatic? No] "Terrestrial" [Grass? No] "Hippocastaaceae" [Grass? No] "Sapidaceae subfamil: Hippocastaoideae. Also placed i: Hippocastaaceae" [Nitroge fixig wood plat? No] "Hippocastaaceae" [Nitroge fixig wood plat? No] "Famil: Sapidaceae subfamil: Hippocastaoideae. Also placed i: Hippocastaaceae" [Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)? No] "This ative, deciduous shrub or tree reaches 12 m i height with a broad, rouded crow." [Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat? No] No evidece [Produces viable seed? Yes] "The fruit is pear shaped ad smooth. The large, shi light brow seeds are 2-5 cm...harvest the large seeds from the tree or shrub about November. Plat them i the groud immediatel--half buried i a area of full su or light shade." Prit Date: 11/28/2011 Aesculus califorica (Sapidaceae) Page 6 of 9

7 depamphilis, C.W./Watt, R.. Hbridizatio ad Itrogressio i Buckees (Aesculus: Hippocastaaceae): A Review of the Evidece ad a Hpothesis to Explai Log-Distace Gee Flow. Sstematic Bota. 14(4): [Hbridizes aturall? Ukow] "Abstract: Evidece from morpholog, distributio patters, allozme variatio, ad meiotic irregularities associated with decreased polle germiabilit cofirms the existece of a broad hbrid zoe ivolvig three parapatric species of Aesculus i the southeaster Uited States. The overall hbrid zoe ivolvig the three species is at least 200 km i width ad probabl represets the overlap of two hbrid zoes: oe betwee A. pavia ad A. slvatica ad the other betwee A. flava ad A. slvatica. Both zoes are highl asmmetrical, with hbrid populatios occurrig primaril i the Piedmot, where A. slvatica is ative. Detailed aalses of the hbrid zoe ivolvig A. pavia ad A. slvatica showed that hbrid populatios cosistetl lack oe or both of the putative paretal species. Morpholog ad allozme variatio provide similar estimates of the positio of the hbrid zoe, but allozmes allow the detectio of a larger zoe tha apparet o the basis of morpholog. All available evidece is cosistet with the hpothesis that extesive itrogressio has occurred amog these species. Nevertheless, allozmic differetiatio betwee these species is isufficiet to reject hpotheses other tha itrogressio that could geerate the geetic structure observed i hbrid populatios. Observatios of polliator activit i populatios of A. pavia, A. slvatica, A. flava, ad their hbrids showed that these species share a umber of importat polliators, icludig several species of bumblebees (Bombus) ad the rubthroated hummigbird (Archilochus colubris). Sprig migratio patters of the rub-throated hummigbird coicide closel with the flowerig pheolog of each of the Aesculus species, suggestig that hummigbirds could be vectors of log distace polle dispersal. The lifespa of polle uder field coditios is sufficiet to permit trasport of polle i this fashio over distaces of tes or hudreds of kilometers. Directioal migratio ad arrival of hummigbirds after peak flowerig would eforce a directioal patter of gee flow ad could geerate a asmmetrical hbrid zoe of uusuall great width." [hbridizatio occurs withi geus, but ukow if A. califorica forms atural hbrids with other species] Plats For A Future Database. Aesculus califorica. [Self-compatible or apomictic? Ukow] "The sceted flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male ad female orgas) ad are polliated b Bees." [ukow if able to self compatible] esculus+califorica Howard, J.L.. Aesculus califorica. I: Fire Effects Iformatio Sstem, [Olie]. USDA Callaha, F.. Plat of the Year Califoria Buckee (Aesculus califorica (Spach) Nutt.). Kalmiopsis. 12: Dave's Garder. PlatFiles: Califoria Buckee - Aesculus califorica Sagebud. Califoria Buckee (Aesculus Califorica) Dave's Garder. PlatFiles: Califoria Buckee - Aesculus califorica. [Requires specialist polliators? No] "Apia cosideratios: Hoebees are the chief polliators of Califoria buckee, but the polle ad ectar are toxic to them." [Requires specialist polliators? No] "The flowers are toxic to Europea hoebees (Apis mellifera); however, ative polliators relish the collectio of ectar without side effects. The adult pale swallowtail butterfl (Papilio eurmedo) appears particularl fod of this plat." [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? No] "Propagatio Methods: From seed; direct sow outdoors i fall From seed; stratif if sowig idoors From seed; direct sow after last frost" [o evidece] [Miimum geerative time (ears)? Probabl 3+] "It has a moderate growth rate ad a height of 40 feet at maturit." [probabl flowers i >3-4 ears] [Miimum geerative time (ears)? Probabl 3+] "This is ol for oug people to plat. It grows extremel slow." Plats For A Future Database. Aesculus califorica. esculus+califorica [Miimum geerative time (ears)? Probabl 3+] "A moderatel fast-growig ad log-lived tree i the wild " USDA NRCS. Plat Guide - Califoria Buckee - Aesculus califorica. USDA NRCS Natioal Plat Data Ceter, Dirr, M.. Dirr's trees ad shrubs for warm climates: a illustrated ecclopedia. Timber Press, Portlad, OR USDA NRCS. Plat Guide - Califoria Buckee - Aesculus califorica. USDA NRCS Natioal Plat Data Ceter, [Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall? No] "The fruit is pear-shaped ad smooth. The large, shi light-brow seeds are 2-5 cm." [o meas of exteral attachmet] [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] Orametal [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? No] "The fruit is pearshaped ad smooth. The large, shi light-brow seeds are 2-5 cm." [o evidece, ad ulikel with such large seeds] Prit Date: 11/28/2011 Aesculus califorica (Sapidaceae) Page 7 of 9

8 USDA NRCS. Plat Guide - Califoria Buckee - Aesculus califorica. USDA NRCS Natioal Plat Data Ceter, Howard, J.L.. Aesculus califorica. I: Fire Effects Iformatio Sstem, [Olie]. USDA Howard, J.L.. Aesculus califorica. I: Fire Effects Iformatio Sstem, [Olie]. USDA USDA NRCS. Plat Guide - Califoria Buckee - Aesculus califorica. USDA NRCS Natioal Plat Data Ceter, USDA NRCS. Plat Guide - Califoria Buckee - Aesculus califorica. USDA NRCS Natioal Plat Data Ceter, Dave's Garder. PlatFiles: Califoria Buckee - Aesculus califorica Howard, J.L.. Aesculus califorica. I: Fire Effects Iformatio Sstem, [Olie]. USDA USDA NRCS. Plat Guide - Califoria Buckee - Aesculus califorica. USDA NRCS Natioal Plat Data Ceter, Howard, J.L.. Aesculus califorica. I: Fire Effects Iformatio Sstem, [Olie]. USDA Howard, J.L.. Aesculus califorica. I: Fire Effects Iformatio Sstem, [Olie]. USDA Lad Bird Johso Wildflower Ceter. Native Plat Database - Aesculus califorica. t=aeca [Propagules adapted to wid dispersal? No] "The fruit is pear-shaped ad smooth. The large, shi light-brow seeds are 2-5 cm." [Propagules water dispersed? Yes] "Seed dispersal is poor ad is accomplished mail b gravit or water; dispersal b aimals is rare." [Propagules bird dispersed? No] "The palatabilit of the seeds for black-tailed deer, rodets, ad Stellar's ja is fair to poor" [birds ad other aimals are seed predators] [Propagules bird dispersed? No] "Wildlife: Do ot plat buckees ear apiaries as the flowers are poisoous to hoe bees. No wildlife eat buckee seeds except squirrels, such as the Califoria groud squirrel (Citellus beechei)." [ot flesh fruited] [Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall)? Yes] "Wildlife: Do ot plat buckees ear apiaries as the flowers are poisoous to hoe bees. No wildlife eat buckee seeds except squirrels, such as the Califoria groud squirrel (Citellus beechei)." [seed predators, but squirrels ad rodets ma disperse seeds b storig them for later cosumptio] [Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall)? Yes] "Squirrels will selectivel eat parts of the seeds. The bur others which ca sprout like acors." [Propagules survive passage through the gut? No] "Seed dispersal is poor ad is accomplished mail b gravit or water; dispersal b aimals is rare." [Propagules survive passage through the gut? No] "Wildlife: Do ot plat buckees ear apiaries as the flowers are poisoous to hoe bees. No wildlife eat buckee seeds except squirrels, such as the Califoria groud squirrel (Citellus beechei)." [aimal cosumptio of seeds likel results i predatio, ad ot iteral dispersal] [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? No] "Califoria buckee reproduces b seed [5]. The average tree produces approximatel 100 seeds per ear." [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? No] "Seeds are viable for ol 1 ear ad are shed from November to mid Februar" [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? No] "Descriptio: Fall-sow seeds germiate easil without pretreatmet. Seed Collectio: Seeds dr ad shrivel quickl." Plats For A Future Database. Aesculus califorica. [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? No] "The seed has a ver limited viabilit ad must ot be allowed to dr out. Stored seed should be soaked for 24 hours prior to sowig ad eve after this ma still ot be viable" esculus+califorica Howard, J.L.. Aesculus califorica. I: Fire Effects Iformatio Sstem, [Olie]. USDA [Well cotrolled b herbicides? Yes] "Cotrol treatmets: Califoria buckee is susceptible to spra or ijectio/cut surface treatmets of pheox herbicides ad picloram [7,14,27]. Had or mechaical brush cotrol is ieffective uless the root crow is removed [25,28]." Prit Date: 11/28/2011 Aesculus califorica (Sapidaceae) Page 8 of 9

9 Howard, J.L.. Aesculus califorica. I: Fire Effects Iformatio Sstem, [Olie]. USDA [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Yes] "sexual: Califoria buckee ca sprout from the stump or root crow...plat adaptatios: Califoria buckee sprouts from the root crow after abovegroud portios of the plat have bee damaged [5,28]. Seeds would probabl ot survive fire because the are highl susceptible to desiccatio b heat...iformatio regardig Califoria buckee's respose to fire is limited. Sampso [25] has said that sproutig chaparral brush species, icludig Califoria buckee, recover rapidl followig a fire, sedig out ew shoots durig the first growig seaso. Growth i subsequet seasos is also rapid, with the plat sometimes exceedig its prefire mass withi a few ears. Sproutig ca occur withi a few weeks followig fire, eve i the summer moths. Growth is supported b drawig o food ad water reserves i the full developed root sstem [20]." WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets)? Ukow] Prit Date: 11/28/2011 Aesculus califorica (Sapidaceae) Page 9 of 9