Status of Solanaceous vegetables in India and possible impact of Tuta absoluta

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1 Status of Solanaceous vegetables in India and possible impact of Tuta absoluta Durairaj Chinnasamy and K.R.M. Bhanu 1 Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India 1 Bio-Control Research Laboratories, Pest Control (India) Pvt. Lt.d, Bangalore, India

2 Major solanaceous vegetables Tomato Brinjal (Egg plant) Chillies (Capsicum / Pepper) Potato

3 Tomato Origin Peruvian & Mexican region Major producing states Bihar, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Andra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh & Tamil Nadu Scenario of major tomato producing states in India State Production Production Production Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Orrisa Maharashtra Gujarat Tamil Nadu India (Indian Horticultural Database, 2011, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India)

4 Brinjal (Egg Plant) Origin India (Asia) Major producing states Orissa, Bihar, Karnataka, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra & Uttar Pradesh Scenario of major brinjal producing states in India State Production Production Production West Bengal Orissa Andhra Pradesh Gujarat Bihar India (Indian Horticultural Database, 2011)

5 Potato Origin South America Major Producing States Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh States Scenario of major potato producing states in India Production Producti0n Production Bihar Gujarat Madhya Pradesh Punjab Uttar Pradesh West Bengal India (Indian Horticultural Database, 2011, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India)

6 Chillies (Capsicum / Pepper) Origin USA Major producing states Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Punjab, Uttarkhand Scenario of major potato producing states in India States Production Production Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Punjab Uttarakhand India (Indian Horticultural Database, 2011, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India)

7 Production share of major vegetables in India (Indian Horticultural Database, 2011)

8 Major insect threats of Tomato S. No. Common Name Scientific Name Family Order 1. Fruit borer Helicoverpa armigera Noctuidae Lepidoptera 2. Serpentine leaf miner Liriomyza trifolii Agromyzidae Diptera 3. Thrips Thrips tabaci Thripidae Thysanoptera 4. Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Aleyurodidae Hemiptera 5. Leaf eating caterpillar Spodoptera litura Noctuidae Lepidoptera 6. Red spider mite Tetranychus urticae Tetranychidae Acarina

9 Major insect threats of Brinjal S. No. Common Name Scientific Name Family Order 1 Shoot and fruit borer Leucinodes orbonalis Pyralidae Lepidoptera 2 Stem borer Euzophera perticella Pyralidae Lepidoptera 3 Hadda / spotted beetle H. vigintioctopunctata Coccinellidae Coleoptera 4 Ash weevils Myllocerus sp. Curculionidae Coleoptera 5 Brown leaf hopper Cestius phycitis Cicadellidae Hemiptera 6 Lace wing bug Urentius hystricellus Tingidae Hemiptera

10 Major insect threats of Potato S. No. Common Name Scientific Name Family Order 1 Black cut worm Agrotis ipsilon Noctuidae Lepidoptera 2 Potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella Gelechiidae Lepidoptera 3 White grubs Holotrichia sp. Melolonthidae Coleoptera 4 Tobacco Caterpillar Spodoptera litura Noctuidae Lepidoptera 5 Green Leaf Hopper Empoasca kerri Cicadellidae Hemiptera 6 Green peach aphid Myzus persicae Aphididae Hemiptera 7 Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Aleyurodidae Hemiptera

11 Major insect threats of chillies S. No. Common Name Scientific Name Family Order 1. Chilli thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis Thripidae Thysanoptera 2. Green peach aphid Myzus persicae Aphididae Hemiptera 3. Tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura Noctuidae Lepidoptera 4. Gram caterpillar Helicoverpa armigera Noctuidae Lepidoptera 5. Yellow mite or muranai mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus Tarsonemidae Acarina

12 Earlier history of invasive pests in vegetables Serpentine leaf miner, Liriomyza trifolii An introduced pest (1991) from USA Polyphagous species with wide host range Damage- Larval mining on leaves and ovipositional injury by adults Host range: species (Viraktamath et al., 1993; Srinivasan et al., 1995)

13 Tomato Major solanceous host crops Brinjal

14 Management options Soil application of neem 250 kg/ha Use yellow sticky traps Spraying of neem formulations Conservation of natural enemies Need based application of safer insecticides

15 Non chemical management methods Yellow sticky traps in tomato

16 Yellow stick traps in brinjal Contd.,

17 Adult flies attracted to yellow stick traps Contd.,

18 Parasitoids of L. trifolii Contd.,

19 Crop loss of insect pests on solanaceous vegetables Crop Damage (%) Reference Tomato Up to Gajanawa (2006) Potato 10.9 Oerke (2006) Brinjal Yadav and Kumawat, 2013 Capsicum Gianesssi and Williams (2012)

20 Conclusion Tuta absoluta Globally, up to 100% crop loss in tomato (Russel IPM, 2011) In potato- larvae damage both leaves and tubers In India- Potato and tomato are major growing vegetables Accidental introduction can be a potential threat to potato and tomato cultivation

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