Status of Wild Grape Cultivation and Distribution in Korea Focused on Paju City in Gyeonggi Province and Muju County North Jeolla Province

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1 九州大学学術情報リポジトリ Kyushu University Institutional Repository Status of Grape Cultivation and Distribution in Korea Focused on in Gyeonggi Province and North Jeolla Province Lee, Sang Hyun Faculty of Forest Science, Chonbuk National University Kang, Hag Mo Gyeonggi-do Forest Environment Research Station Choi, Soo Im Korea Forest Research Institute Seo, Byung Soo Faculty of Forest Science, Chonbuk National University 他 出版情報 : 九州大学大学院農学研究院紀要. (), pp.-, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University バージョン :published 権利関係 :

2 J. Fac. Agr., Kyushu Univ., (), (00) Status of Grape Cultivation and Distribution in Korea Focused on in Gyeonggi Province and North Jeolla Province Sang Hyun LEE, Hag Mo KANG *, Soo Im CHOI, Byung Soo SEO, Hyun Kim, Young Jin CHO, Ho Sub LIM and Katsuhisa KOHROKI Laboratory of Forest Policy, Division of Forest Environment and Management Sciences, Department of Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 888, Japan (Received November, 00 and accepted December, 00) grapes are grown throughout Korea as a shortterm income crop of forest products, and a part of measure to deal with the Uruguay Round. Local governments are providing farm assistance and helping growers to construct facilities needed to grow wild grapes. However, this fruit is produced excessively, and not sold readily due to the difficulty in finding appropriate distribution channels in recent years. In this study, the level of wild grape production in in Gyeonggi Province and in North Jeolla Province, and distribution channels were examined to seek ways for the growers to gain more profits. The results showed that the growers need ) systematic growing techniques to produce premium grade wild grapes, ) the expansion of cooling facilities to store their product long enough for distribution without damaging the product, ) support from the local government to recover from natural disasters and to assist processing facilities, and ) ongoing sales and promotion activities through various media, such as the Internet. Nonetheless, more efforts area needed such as discovering other income crops along with support for these growers, such as securing distribution channels for stable sales. INTRODUCTION It was about to 0 years ago when Korean farmers started to grow wild grapes depending on different regions. grapes were processed into different products such as wine in the mid 0 s. The socalled wild grapes grown in Korea are a cross breed between grapes and wild grapes (Vitis Fexuosa) (Korea forest Service, ) in which slip cuttings were obtained from the resulting seedling and grown into wild grape trees. They are grown throughout Korea including in Gyeonggi Province, Pyungchang and Goseong in Gangwon Province, and and Imsil in North Jeolla Province. Compared with the year 000, the level and value of production were increased by threefolds in the year 00 at,0 kg and. billion won, respectively. The level of production was the highest in North Jeolla Province, followed by Kunggi, Gangwon, and North Kyungsang Provinces (Table ). As a forest product, wild grapes offer a good prospect as a shortterm income generating crop for farmers who need to compete with other farmers in the world with the Uruguay Round. Especially, they are not labor intensive (Kim and Kim, ), providing an advantage in Korea where labor cost is expensive, so that local governments have extended support to the growers of this crop. However, the level of production is excessive, resulting in price drop. Moreover, they are Faculty of Forest Science, Chonbuk National University, Chonju,, Korea Gyeonggido Forest Environment Research Station, Osan, 0, Korea Korea Forest Research Institute, Seoul, 0, Korea * Corresponding author ( kanghagmo@hanmail.net) not sold readily due to lack of recognition by Korean consumers, and processed goods, such as wild grape wine are competing with imported wine but not faring well. Despite all these difficulties, there has not been a quantitative study on wild grape growers in Korea. Therefore, this study was conducted to obtain actual statistics from wild grape growers in Korea in order to identify problems with wild grape growth, and point out the direction of better future for these farmers. METHODS The study was done by surveying large wild farms in which wild grape farms in Juksong Myun, city in Gyeonggi Province, and farms in Juksang Myun, in North Jeolla Province. The survey was done through interviewing the growers for month from early March to early April, 00. The items related with production such as labor force, employment status, income, land used for wild grape growth, and crops grown were investigated. The size of wild grape farms, their production levels, and distribution status were also investigated. The results obtained were categorized into different regions, years, levels of wild grape production, and sizes of farm and analyzed by a category. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION General Situation of Grape Cultivation and Production Levels in the Investigated Regions in Gyeonggi Province In in Gyeonggi Province, there were 80 farms growing wild grapes in a total land size of ha at a total production level of 00 tons, giving a total of. billion won with each farm income of million won in

3 S. H. LEE et al. 00. In 00, 0 farms grow wild grapes in a total land size of 0 ha at a total production level of,00 tons, giving a total of. billion won with each farm income of 8 million won. Thus, the size of wild grape growth and per farm income were increased by about four folds and two folds, respectively, compared with the year 00. In 00,. billion won was invested to build underground aging room space and storage facilities. In 00, a 0 million won budget is set aside to build facilities to produce and process wild grape wine. Profits made were 0 million won between 00 by exporting,0 kg of wild grape juice and wine to Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong and the United States, and.0 billion won in years between 0000 (, 00). in North Jeolla Province In Kun in North Jeolla Province, 8 farms grew wild grapes in 80 ha land, producing a total of 800 tons in 00. For years between 00 and 00, a total investment of 0 million won was made with the farmers paying 0% of this investment. Four wineries are located in this area, and produce tons of wine and sold 00 tons yearly. However, one winery has a stock of 80,000 bottles of wine, but sold only 0,000 bottles so far and expressed difficulties exporting wild grape wine. Statistics Related with Grape Farms Production Structure Labor Force Composition Among farms investigated, a total of 0 workers were present, who were older than 0 years of age, resulting in. workers per farm. In city in Gyeonggi Province, the average number and age of workers were.persons and years, respectively. In in North Jeolla Province, they were. and, respectively (Table ). Excluding Those Under 0 Years of The most prevalent age of labor force was the 0 s at %, followed by over 0 years of age at % and the 0 s at %. In, it was the 0 s and older than 0 years of age at % and %, composing % of the total work force. In, over 0 years of age and the 0 s were % and 0%, respectively, composing % of the total work force. Thus, the work force was older than that in. On the other hand, the employment status in showed that among people surveyed, persons were regular forest workers, whereas were temporary workers. In, was regular forestry worker, was selfemployed, and were temporary workers among 0 people. This low employment status is probably due to difficulty finding jobs in older people and familyoriented farming structure (Table ). Table. Yearly and regional wild grape growth in Korea Amount (kg) Value (mil won) Year North Jeolla Gyeonggi Gangwon North Kyungsang South Kyungsang North Chungchung Other 8,8 0,,,0,0,8(.0),(.),08(.),(.),0(.),00(.),88(0.),,,08,8,, 0 0 Province Note: The number in parenthesis is the % ratio Data: Korea Forestry Service. 00. Annual statistics of forestry. : 8 Table. Status of labor composition Households (H) Males Females 0 s 0 s 0 s 0 s Unit: persons years ( H) ( H) ( H) 0 0 (.0) (.0) 8 (.) (.) (.0) (.) (.) 0 (0.0) (.) (.) (0.0) (.) 0 (.0) (0.0) 0 (8.8) (.) (.0) Note: ) The number in parenthesis is the ratio (%) ) Excluding those under 0 years of age

4 Status of Grape Cultivation and Distribution in Korea Status of Land Cultivated Among farms investigated in, farms did not have land and farms owned 8. ha. The average land per farm in was. ha and in was.0 ha, showing a difference, which is due to farm in cultivating 0 ha of land. The number of farms that owned their forestry was small in which it was in (0. ha and 8.0 ha) and in (0. ha) (Table ). Status of Crops Cultivated Among households investigated, owned land in which among the crops cultivated, rice was the predominant crop in both regions. But in, ginseng and zucchini were the crops planted the most following rice, whereas in, they were kadsura and red pepper (Table ). Status of Land Purchase and Sales The status of land purchase showed that the area of rice paddies, fields and orchards sold in between 0 to 000 was 8. ha and bought was. ha, showing a fold difference between the land sold and bought. Although there was more land bought between 0 to 0, more land was sold between 0 and 000. The main purpose of buying land was to secure livelihood by expanding farming land, whereas the main purpose of selling land was to pay off debts and finance children s education. In, the land bought and sold between 0 and 000 were. ha and. ha, respectively, in which the land bought was five fold more than that of land sold. The reasons for buying and selling were the same as in city (Table ). Thus, those wild grape farmers in city and surveyed are seeking to expand their reproduction by securing livelihood by more land for farming (Kang et al., 00). Status of Household Income In 00, the average household income in and was and 8 million won, respectively, in which s income was less than 0% of. In 00, the average income was million won in each farm household but was million won in each urban household (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 00). Among households in, the total income was composed of % from agriculture and % from wild grapes. Those earning higher incomes were those in the and 0 s, those cultivating.0. ha of wild grape farms, and those cultivating more than.0 ha of agricultural land. Different from, the majority of income came from wild grape at % in, followed by agriculture at %. Those earning higher incomes were those in their 0 s, those cultivating.0. ha of wild grape farms, and those cultivating.0. ha of agricultural land (Table ). On the other hand, in where more wild grapges are grown than in, wild grapes were less responsible for overall farm income because 8 households out of households suffered from hailstone damage around the harvest time in 00. The damage suffered was 0% of total income of the previous year. Three households did not harvest any wild grapes. However, only households out of households suffered slightly from hailstone damage in. Future Plan on Agriculture and Forestry On the other hand, the livelihood of those house- Table. Status of land cultivated Unit: ha Region Avg. per household No land Less than 0.ha 0..0ha.0.ha..0ha More than.0ha 8. ().8 (). ()...0 () (). (8). () 0. (). (0). (). (). (). () 8. ().8 (). (). (). (0). (8). () Note: The number in parenthesis is the number of households Table. Status of crops cultivated Region Rice Gingseng Zucchini Vege. Grain Red pepper Unit: ha Kadsura Potato Mushroom Other ( Household) ( Household) ( Household) 0. (00.0) 8.8 (00.0). (00.0). (.).0 (.). (.). (.). (.8). (.). (0.). (.0). (8.). (.). (.). (.). (8.8). (.8) 0.8 (.). (.).0 (.0).0 (.). (.). (0.). (.). (.). (.).8 (.) 0. (.) Note: The number in parenthesis is the ratio

5 S. H. LEE et al. holds in city was kept on by raising wild grapes in households, grains and vegetables in, and gingseng in. On the other hand in households in, it was kept on by raising wild grapes in households and grains and vegetables in. When asked whether they would expand the land for farming and forestry, households answered to maintain the current size, to expand, and no response. The main reasons for expansion were further cultivation of crops, such as ginseng and securing livelihood. The main reasons for Table. Status of land purchase and sales Unit: ha Bought Sold Rice paddies Fields Orchards Forestry Rice paddies Fields Inheritance 0 s 80 s 0 s 000 s Inheritance 0 s 80 s 0 s 000 s Table. Status of household income Unit: million won Househ old avg. grapes Agriculture Fruits Regular forestry work Temporary forestry work Lives tock Others grapes Less than 0. ha Agricult 0..0 ha ure land.0. ha..0 ha More than.0 ha () 0 s 0 s 0 s grapes () 0 s 0 s 0 s Less than 0. ha 0..0 ha.0. ha More than. ha Less than 0. ha 0..0 ha.0. ha Less than 0. ha 0..0 ha Agricult.0. ha ure land..0 ha More than.0 ha (.8).0 (.) 8.0 (.). (.). (.).8 (8.). (.). (.) 0.0 (.8). (.8). (0.).0 (.).8 (0.) 0. (.).0 (.0). (8.).0 (8.).0 (.0). (.) 8.0 (.0) 8. (.). (.).0 (.).0 (.8).0 (.) 8. (.).0 (.). (.).0 (.). (.).0 (8.) 0.0 (8.) 0. (8.8) 0. (.). (.) 8. (8.8) 8. (.).0 (.).0 (80.) 8.0 (.). (8.) 0. (8.0).0 (.). (8.). (.8) 0. (.).0 (.). (8.). (8.) 8. (8.).0 (.). (0.8) 0.8. (.).0 (.). (.).0 (.) Note: ) The number in parenthesis is the ratio ) The number in parenthesis is the number of households

6 Status of Grape Cultivation and Distribution in Korea maintaining the current level or reduction were lack of labor and no budget. In, households answered to maintain the current level and, expand. As for forestry production, and households in and, respectively, wanted to expand. However, no household wanted to manage forestry. The main reasons for forestry expansion were herbal plant growth, fruit planting and resort construction. However, of those who wanted to manage land and forestry expansion in both regions were in their 0 s and (Table ). Status of Grape Cultivation Status of Grape Cultivation The size of wild grape cultivation in was 0. ha per household, which was about twice as large as that in at 0. ha, because households among surveyed owned.8 ha in (Table 8). Status of Grape Production As for wild grape production in both regions in 00 based on the grade, city harvested a total of 0,00,000 won with the premium grade being %, medium grade %, and low grade 0%. Those farmers in their and 0 s produced about 0% of premium grade wild grapes but those in their 0 s and 0 s, only about 0% level. However, there were not significant difference in wild grape cultivation size and agriculture land. Unlike, other individual sales were responsible for % of sales in and were responsible for more than 0% according to each factor and grade (Table ). Generally, the production of wild grapes started from middle of September in both regions, and they were sold by grades like million won with premium, million with medium, and million won with low grade. Status of Production Cost Herbal treatment and compost were responsible for the majority of material cost for wild grapes at 8% and 0% in and, respectively. The average material cost for each household was. million won in and 0,000 won in. It was larger in both regions as the size of wild grape cultivation increased (Table 0). On the other hand, households in built a partial or complete facility preventing rain affecting early falling and brix level, whereas no household used this facility in. The majority of labor cost went in for harvesting in city and was 8% and %, respectively, followed by pruning and land lease. The average labor cost per each household was. million won in and 80 thousand won in, showing more labor cost as the size of cultivation increased. In, the material cost and labor cost out of Table. Future plan on agriculture and forestry Unit: household Size of agriculture land Size of forestry Heirs Expan sion Current level Reduc tion No answer Expan sion Current level No answer Heir No heir () 0 s 0 s 0 s () 0 s 0 s 0 s 8 0 Note: The number in parenthesis is the number of households Table 8. grape cultivation size Unit: ha Average household Less than 0.ha 0..0ha.0.ha More than.ha. (). () 0.8 () (). (8). () 8. (). (). ().8 ().0 (). ().8 ().8 () Note: The number in parenthesis is the number of households

7 S. H. LEE et al. the total production cost was %, whereas they were responsible for % in because most cost went early stage but the production level decreased significantly due to hailstone right before harvest (Table ). On the other hand, those farmers in were compensated with goods, such as fertilizers and pesticides for hailstone damage, whereas there were farms that abandon recovery due to lack of compensation and budget for facility preventing rain damage. Although there was mild hailstone in, no compensation was made (Table ). Status of Grape Sales Distribution and Production Facilities In, 0% of wild grapes produced was supplied to the processing center within the region, and those in their 0 s sold their harvest through camps attracting people to enjoy forest. In, 0% was sold to processing centers but more than 0% was sold directly with each farmer processing wild grapes into juice and wine or fruits. Most sold directly to those people they knew through their children and relatives and were pessimistic about direct sales. Farmers in both regions did not have a cooperative center to secure distribution channel or through the Internet for better profits. Especially, the processing centers in were buying less at lower cost so that the farmers were concerned with securing proper distribution channels (Table ). On the other hand, machinery owned by households for the production of wild grapes and agricultural products in households showed that they owned 0 management equipment, dryers and cultivators. Dryers were used more for agricultural products other than wild grapes, and only households owned cooling system in that could increase the possibility of distribution channels by controlling the amount released (Table ). Grape Production Plan Among households in, only were planning to expand their wild grape cultivation, 8 to maintain at the current level, and to reduce. Among those households that were planning to reduce their culti- Table. Production amount according to grades Unit: 0,000 won Household avg. Premium Medium Low No grade\ Others () 0 s 0 s 0 s () 0 s 0 s 0 s 0,0 (00.0),00,800 0,0,80,0 (00.0),00,00,0 8,00, , , ,0.0 8.,88 (.) 0, ,8 (.) 0,0,0, (0.) ,0 0. (.) , (.) , (.) 0 0, 0 00 (.8) (0.) 80,00 (0.), ,0.8 (.),00,08.8,000,0 80 Note: The number in parenthesis is the number of households Table 0. Status of production cost (Material cost) Unit: 0,000 won House hold avg. Herval treatment, fertilizer Plastic Electricity Oil Box grapes grapes Less than 0. ha 0..0 ha.0. ha More than. ha Less than 0. ha 0..0 ha.0. ha, (00.0) 8,,8 (00.0) ,8 (80.),80,0 (0.) 8 (.) (.) Note: The number in parenthesis is the ratio (%)

8 Status of Grape Cultivation and Distribution in Korea vation size, each one was in the 0 s, and 0 s. The size of cultivation was.0. ha in household and more than. ha in households. The size of agricultural land was more than.0 ha in households. Thus, these households had relatively large wild grape cultivation and agricultural land. In, households reported to maintain the current size, to reduce and none to expand. Among those household planning to reduce, were in their 0 s and over 0 years age, had less than 0.ha of cultivation size, but the size of agricultural land varied. However, most of the households who answered to maintain their cultivation size, because their could not find more appropriate product despite lack of labor, difficulty in finding distribution channels, and reduction in wild grape cost and harvest (Table ). Table. grape production cost (labor cost) Unit: 0,000 won Household avg. Harvest Pruning Land lease Food Herbi cide Fertil izer Rain gear Machine lease Less than 0. ha 0..0 ha.0. ha More than. ha, (00.0) 0, ,8 (.) 80,00 0 (.) 0 8 (.) Less than 0. ha 0..0 ha.0. ha,0 (00.0) (.) 0 0 (.0) 0 (8.) Note: The number in parenthesis is the ratio (%) Table. Status of sales and distribution Unit: 0,000 won Fruit sales Processed goods sales Processing centers Sold to health centers Direct sales at camps Sales to Fruit distributors Juice and wine sales () 0 s 0 s 0 s 0,0 (00.0),00,800 0,0,80, (8.) 00,800 0,0,0 0 (0.) 0,000 (.),000 grape Less than 0. ha 0..0 ha.0. ha More than. ha 0,0,000, 0,00,000, 0,000 () 0 s 0 s 0 s,0 (00.0),00,00,0 8,00,80, (8.8) 0, 0,00,0,0 (.),0,00 (.),00, (8.),00,08,000,00,0 grape Less than 0. ha 0..0 ha.0. ha,0,00,00,,,080,0,00,,8 0 Note:. The number in parenthesis is the ratio (%). The number in parenthesis is the number of households

9 S. H. LEE et al. Table. Status of equipment used for wild grape production Unit: unit Spra yers Trac tors Management equipment Brush Cutter Dryers Cooling facility Farm tools Culti vators Com bines Less than 0. ha 0..0 ha.0. ha More than. ha 0 Less than 0. ha 0..0 ha.0. ha Note: The number in parenthesis is the ratio (%) Table. Exports and imports of oak mushrooms Size Unit : tons Expand Current level Reduc grape grape () 0 s 0 s 0 s Less than 0. ha 0..0 ha.0. ha More than. ha () 0 s 0 s 0 s Less than 0. ha 0..0 ha.0. ha Note: The number in parenthesis is the number of households CONCLUSION. Those labor in and were older than 0 s at % and %, respectively; the average agricultural land size per household was. ha and.0 ha, respectively; and more land was purchased than selling in which the land purchased was times more than land sold in both regions.. The average income per household was million won and 8 million won in and, respectively, so that it was less than 0% in compared with. In 00, the average income in rural family and urban family was million won and million won, respectively. The rate income coming from wild grape was % in and % in.. For future planning, households out of in and out of in selected wild grapes as the main crop for their future. However, out of wanted to expand the size of cultivation of forestry for the cultivation of herbal plants and fruits. But none of the households wanted to manage forestry.. The average size of wild grape cultivation in and was 0. ha and 0. h, respectively. In 00, the average cost of production per household was. million won and 8.8 million won, respectively. The ratio of materials and labor cost in and was % and %, respectively.. In, 0% of total wild grapes produced was sold to processing plants in the region. But % in was sold by the individual grower. Only households in and none in had a cooling storage system, and households in had a partial or complete rain guard system but none in.

10 Status of Grape Cultivation and Distribution in Korea. households and in and, respectively, were planning to reduce the cultivation size but most planned to maintain the current level. The following are the challenges found by reviewing the results of this study.. Rain guard and pest controlling systems and ecofriendly method of cultivation are needed to produce premium wild grapes, requiring systematic techniques to cultivate wild grapes.. In order to secure stable income level, wild grape growers need not be dependent upon those local buyers, and should find other methods of distribution such as selling wild grapes through camps hosted by jointly by growers by forming a cooperative and develop new methods of distribution such as through the Internet. Moreover, more publicity is needed to promote wild grape wine, which is recognized by the public less than traditional Korean or fruit wines.. There is a problem in storing fresh wild grapes but wild grape juice or wine could be stored for long time so they could be sold throughout the year and open up further markets. However, wine in was produced by each household so its taste is different with no standard methods of making wild grape wine so that measures are needed to overcome this problem.. The quality of fresh fruits stored at room temperature goes down with insect development, and they could not be sold individually. Thus, support and research are needed to build a long storage system to store and expand distribution channels of wild grapes that are produced throughout Korea almost at the same time.. Currently, processing plants play a significant role in providing the basis for wild grape production by purchasing wild grapes. However, inventory increases and lack of sales will affect growers significantly. Thus, financial and facility support is needed for longterm storage system that could add value to wild grapes such as storing them in wine.. In, hailstone damage was paid with goods such as fertilizers and pesticides and no support was given to damaged facility so that some growers abandoned growing wild grapes altogether. Thus, local governments should provide a certain level of cost for recoverying from natural disasters.. Lastly, wild grapes drawing attention as a shortterm income generating crop as a forestry product, giving a competitive edge to Korean farmers for the Uruguay Round, can not be sold readily and prepossessing plants have a difficulty distributing their goods. Thus, those farms cultivating wild grapes are considering to reduce cultivating size, concerned over distribution channels and lag willingness. Nonetheless, the demand is not expected to rise sharply in recent future due to price drop, competition with imported wine, and public not being aware of wild grapes. Furthermore, wild grape growers are faced with financial burden and labor shortage with no definite distribution channel on top of a difficulty finding a substitute crop. REFERENCES Kang, H. M., S. I. Choi., J. S. Kim., I. S. Jeong., S. W, Oh., S. H. Lee and N. Sato. 00 A Study on the Development Project of Mountain Settlements in Korea. J. Fac. Agr. Kyushu Univ., 0 (): Kim, J. S. and W. J. Kim. Economic Analysis of Income Forest Products. FRI. J. For. Sci., (): 8 Korea Forest Service. Characteristics of shortterm income forest products and method of cultivation. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. 00 Statistics of Agriculture and Forestry. in North Jeolla Province. 00 Internal Information in Gyeonggi Province. 00 Internal Information