THERE ARE TWO TYPES 6/21/2010

Transcription

1 THERE ARE TWO TYPES ONES WE CAN CHANGE By Dr Richard Smart ONES WE CANNOT (VERY EASILY) 1 REGION = CLIMATE, mainly temperature TEMPERATURE determines phenology, so rate of plant development This in turn determines climate at critical stages, like flowering, veraison and ripening TO WHAT EXTENT DOES CLIMATE EXPLAIN WHERE THE WORLD S GREAT PINOTS ARE GROWN? There are only a few regions in the Old and New World with a reputation for growing great Pinot Noir Do they have any climate features in common? I have selected a few to examine. All the following graphs are presented relative to Southern Hemisphere growing season 3 1,300 sites world-wide available for analysis AVERAGE MAX AND MIN TEMPERATURES 830 of these are places where grapes are grown Not at all similar 6 1

2 RAINFALL IS MORE SIMILAR DAYLENGTH (LATITUDE) IS QUITE SIMILAR J A S O N D J F M A M J DAYLENGTH (Hours) Burgundy Martinborough Gippsland Mornington Willamette Coal River White Hills 7 8 LATITUDE IS SIMILAR, WHERE ARE TEMPERATURE HOMOCLIMES IN AUSTRALIA AND USA? Using heat degree days and mean temperatures gives spurious results Matching maximum and minimum temperature curves is more reliable Can use gridded data for each approx km by km cell. Have data for Australia and Western USA 9 BURGUNDY 8 months Max-Min matches (Sept Apr) Country State/Region Max index Min index Av Index Max match Min match MJT (0C) Station France Dijon Ideal Ideal 19.8 Burgundy France Val de Loire Extr. Good Extr. Good 19. Bourges Romania Extr. Good V.Good 19.7 Deva Yugoslavia Croatia Extr. Good V.Good 0. Zagreb (Agram) Germany V.Good Extr. Good 19. Lahr France Val de Loire V.Good Extr. Good 18.9 Poitiers Czeckoslovakia V.Good V.Good 0. Bratislava Ivanka Hungary V.Good V.Good 19. Nagykanizsa France Alsace-Lorraine Ideal Good 19. Colmar-Meyenheim Yugoslavia Croatia V.Good V.Good 0. Slavonski France Val de Loire V.Good Good 19. Tours-St.Symphorien France Val de Loire Good V.Good 18.6 Orleans Saran France Val de Loire Good V.Good 18.6 Orleans Bricy Hungary Extr. Good Fair 0. Debrecen Ap Germany Wurttenberg Good Good 18.9 Ohringen Romania V.Good Fair 0. Oradea Hungary Pannonhalma-Sokorgalja Good Good 0.0 Gyor Hungary V.Good Fair 0. Budapest (Ferihegy) France Alsace-Lorraine Accept. Ideal 19.1 Strasbourg/Entzheim Germany Accept. Ideal 19. Sollingen Romania Good Good 0.6 Arad 1 France Champagne Good Good 18.9 Reims-Champagne Hungary Gyongyos Estate Good Fair 0.6 Eger Romania V.Good Fair 19. Tigu Mures/Vidrasa Hungary Burgenland Accept. V.Good 19. Szombathely Australia NSW Accept. Good 19. Orange (agric. Inst) Switzerland Vaud Accept. V.Good 19. Geneva USA Oregon Accept. Good 0.1 Portland WSFO Ap USA Oregon Accept. V.Good 0.1 Portland WSFO Ap Austria Accept. Good 19.8 Vienna Australia NSW Accept. Good 19. ORANGE AGRIC BURGUNDY 8 months Max-Min matches (Sept Apr) MAX MIN J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J Burgundy Bourges Deva Zagreb (Agram) Lahr Poitiers 11 1

3 BURGUNDY 8 months cumulative HDD matches (Sept Apr) Matches to Australian Grid BURGUNDY WEST COAST USA 8 months Max/min matches (Sept Apr) 13 1 IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON CALIFORNIA Santa Maria 17.3 becomes Napa Co 19.3 St Helena 1.7..Stockton 3. Healdsburg.0..Modesto. Modesto... Madera 6.3 Fresno 7.8..Bakersfield Cellar door location Soils, are never homogeneous, need moderate water holding capacity, good drainage, good irrigation 1 16 How do you decide clone?? How do you decide rootstock??

4 Clones studied: French, ENTAV 11, 39, 373, 6, 1, 83,777 Others Bests, MV6, DV Wadenswil, DV Pommard, DV1 French?, GV1 Wadenswil, G8v7 Martini 19 0 Clone Anthocyanin Total ionization % antho mg/l Colour Colour Density Density SO corr Hue Total Tannin (g/l)total Phenolics pigment 11 A A A A A A A BEST A DV A DV A GV1 A G8V7 A MV6 A the preferred clones were DV, 1, 11, 6, DV1, MV6, 9 and GV1. 1 Row and vine spacing Row orientation Post height, wire location Irrigation system, water supply 3

5 Capture sunlight Avoid shade Avoid temperature excess Avoid excess water supply, do not irrigate too early Avoid excess water stress 6 Avoid excess nutrient supply, especially nitrogen Avoid nutrient deficiencies Avoid pests and diseases Prune and thin to maintain vine balance 7 8