Pruning affects the vegetative balance of the wine grape (Vitis vinifera L.)

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1 crop phisiology Pruning ffects the vegettive lnce of the wine grpe (Vitis vinifer L.) L pod fect el equilirio vegettivo de l vid (Vitis vinifer L.) Pedro José Almnz-Merchán 1, Plo Antonio Serrno-Cely 2, Fio Emilio Forero-Ullo 2, John Arngo 3, nd Ángel Milen Puerto 3 ABSTRACT Grpe cultivtion for wine production t ltitudes etween 2,2 nd 2,6 m.s.l. strted in the deprtment of Boyc in Qulity wines re produced y the AinKrim Vineyrd in Ricurte High. Wine grpes hve to possess suitle orgnoleptic compounds t hrvest in order to gurntee qulity grpe must tht cn e converted into wine. Therefore, it is necessry to mintin suitle rtio etween the sources nd the sinks nd to gurntee production, qulity nd vegettive sustinility over time, conserving the equilirium nd enefiting the productive potentil of the vineyrd. The im of this study ws to evlute the productive nd vegettive lnce effect in the wine grpe vrieties Cernet Suvignon nd Suvignon Blnc in Sutmrchn-Boyc, considering different pruning types (short, long, nd mixed). A ifctoril, completely rndom sttisticl design ws used. At the time of hrvest, the fruit production nd pruned wood were evluted. The long-pruned vines showed the est ehvior nd the most lnced source/ sink reltionship, while Suvignon Blnc demonstrted etter productive yield. Menwhile, the short nd mixed prunings hd the etter vlues for the Rvz index (lnce etween fruit production nd vegettive growth), indicting tht they re more suitle for the conditions of the region, llowing for sustinility during the productive cycles of the wine grpes. Key words: viticulture, vineyrds, plnt trining, source/sink reltionship, Rvz index. RESUMEN El cultivo de l vid pr elorción de vino, en ltitudes entre 2.2 y 2.6 msnm, se inició en el deprtmento de Boycá, en el ño de En el Alto Ricurte se encuentr el Viñedo Ain Krim, donde se producen vinos de clidd. Pr su elorción, se requiere de vides cuys cosechs tengn compuestos orgnolépticos decudos pr grntizr l clidd del mosto que se convertirá en vino. Pr tl fin, es necesrio logrr un decud relción entre ls fuentes y los vertederos, y se grntice l producción, l clidd y l sosteniilidd vegetl en el tiempo, conservndo el equilirio y eneficindo el potencil productivo de l viñ. El ojetivo de l investigción consistió en evlur el efecto del equilirio productivo y vegettivo en ls vrieddes de vid Cernet Suvignon y Suvignon Blnc en Sutmrchán-Boycá, considerndo diferentes tipos de pod (cort, lrg y mixt). Se relizó un diseño estdístico completmente l zr en form ifctoril, en el momento de l vendimi se evluó l producción frutl y mder podd. L pod lrg de ceps presentó el mejor comportmiento y l relción fuente/vertedero más equilird. Los resultdos permitieron determinr que Cernet Suvignon es l vriedd más vigoros del viñedo, mientrs que Suvignon Blnc, mostró un mejor rendimiento productivo. En tnto, que ls pods cort y mixt, presentron los mejores vlores del índice de Rvz (lnce entre l producción de frutos y el crecimiento vegettivo), indicndo que son los más decudos implementr jo ls condiciones de l zon, permitiendo l sustentilidd durnte el ciclo productivo de ls vides. Plrs clve: viticultur, viñedos, formción de l plnt, relción fuente-vertedero, índice de Rváz. Introduction Grpe cultivtion for wine production t ltitudes etween 2,2 nd 2,6 m.s.l. strted in Colomi in 1982 in Lom de Puntlrg, Vlle del Sol, the deprtment of Boyc (Almnz et l., 212) nd the Ricurte High zone (Almnz, 211), where there re currently four vineyrds, two of which produced 47 t in 11 h with grpe yield of 4.1 t h -1 in 211 (Wlteros et l., 213). Leves constitute the principl source of trnsport mteril, hving high photosynthetic cpcity, trnsforming light energy into chemicl energy (Almnz, 2), nd removing crohydrtes for the hrvest; in ddition, leves Received for puliction: 6 My, 214. Accepted for puliction: 3 July, Group of Plnt Ecophysiology Reserch, Fculty of Agriculturl Sciences, Universidd Pedgógic y Tecnológic de Colomi (UPTC). Tunj (Colomi). ppclm@gmil.com Group of Reserch on Sustinle Development nd Agrrin Production, Fculty of Agriculturl Sciences, Universidd Pedgógic y Tecnológic de Colomi (UPTC). Tunj (Colomi). Fculty of Agriculturl Sciences, Universidd Pedgógic y Tecnológic de Colomi (UPTC). Tunj (Colomi). Agronomí Colomin 32(2), , 214

2 re the orgns with the highest cron uptke in the plnts (Fischer et l., 212). Menwhile, ny of the growth, storge, or ctive metolic tissues cn e destintion or sink for photosynthtes (Slisury nd Ross, 2). Therefore, it cn e concluded tht the ssimiltes re displced from the source towrds the sink (Slisury nd Ross, 2). Fischer et l. (212) reported tht numer of methods exist for fruit cultivtors to directly or indirectly influence photosynthesis nd sink ctivity (the growth of the fruits), of which there re fruit thinning, pruning rnches nd roots, fertilizing, ppliction of growth regultors, irrigtion, nd phytosnitry control. In the prticulr cse of wine grpes, the rtio etween source nd sink is of vitl importnce nd good, lnced rtio should e principl ojective, llowing for qulity production nd lso llowing for sustinility of the vines over time, which cn e chieved with pruning (Almnz et l., 212). The pruning of wine grpes seeks to eliminte vine shoots, vine leves, premture shoots, ltent uds, leves nd roots in order to modify the nturl growth of the vine, fitting the needs of the vine grower (Aliquo et l., 21). This is used to otin optiml lighting for the vines nd to provide good ertion nd lighting for the clusters (Almnz et l., 212). Furthermore, it is used to form the plnts in ccordnce with the spce they occupy, the density of the vineyrd, the chosen conduction system, nd the quntity of uds djusted to the vigor of the vines, tht is to sy the growth potentil tht ech plnt possesses (Aliquo et l., 21). Tking into ccount the fruit production hit wherein the plnts produce clusters in the lst growth rnches (vine leves) tht originte in the development of the previous seson (vine shoots), pruning is used to limit the numer nd length of sid vine leves, creting lnce etween vigor nd production, regulting the productive nd vegettive potentil nd voiding the ging of the vine (Aliquo et l., 21). Therefore, pruning llows for the distriution of lod units in the plnts (short-purned nd long-pruned vines) ccording to their cpcity (totl quntity of otined wood nd fruits), regulting the numer of uds nd the numer nd size of the clusters (Hidlgo, 23). The growth nd development dynmic of the wine grpe strts with the initil growth of the vine leves fter pruning, which depends on the crohydrte reserves ccumulted in the trunk, lims nd roots (Almnz-Merchán et l., 212). Willims (1996) reported tht vine lef growth depends on the reserves efore flowering nd depends on the level of reserves of the vine leves nd the numer of leves, with 5% of the finl size eing converted to ssimilte exporters. Normlly, the dry mtter (DM) of the roots nd trunk per vine decreses etween udding nd flowering (Gómez del Cmpo et l., 22), when the DM of the renewle elements increses (vine shoots). During this period, the totl DM of wine grpe plnts does not increse (Miller et l., 1996), indicting tht the DM lost y the lims, trunk nd roots is used to sustin the growth of the renewle elements. Depending on the groecologicl conditions where the crop is developed nd the vriety plnted, group of possiilities exists tht cn enhnce the growth nd development of the wine grpes tht is trnslted nd integrted into production cpcity tht is clled vegettive potentil, giving rise to fruit nd wood production, including ll the prts of the vine ut not including the fruit qulity, in vegettive lnce of gret interest to vine growers (Hidlgo, 26). In determined sitution nd in the sme vine, the three prtil production modls of the plnt (fruit, wood, nd qulity) re intimtely relted to ech other; therefore, n influence on one, impcts the others (Hidlgo, 23). According to Hidlgo (26), with compelling grpe production, the weight of the vine shoots (wood) decreses, which is reflected in the vigor of the vine, in the fruit qulity, nd in the reserves for the susequent production. Dividing the development concepts into the understnding of the source/sink rtio nd the lnce it requires in order to gurntee the production qulity of the plnts, the Rvz index llows for the determintion of vineyrd vigor, clculting the rtio tht exists etween the grpe production per grpe or per hectre nd the pruned wood weight. The optiml vlues for this index re etween 5 nd 1; when they re over 1, they indicte excessive production, while low vlues indicte n overly elevted vigor in the vineyrd (Hidlgo, 26). This reltionship etween production nd pruning weight indictes the lnce etween fruit production nd vegettive growth. This rtio vries ccording to the vriety nd the environment. Optiml vlues trnslte into plnt equilirium tht should produce etween 5 nd 1 kg of grpes, pproximtely, per kg of pruned wood (Aliquo et l., 21). In the wine-grpe growing region of Boyc, reserch on the source/sink rtio is lcking. Therefore, this study imed to evlute the effect of the vegettive nd productive lnce on the wine grpe vrieties Cernet Suvignon nd Suvignon Blnc in Sutmrchn-Boyc with the use of short, long, nd mixed pruning. Almnz-Merchán, Serrno-Cely, Forero-Ullo, Arngo, nd Puerto: Pruning ffects the vegettive lnce of the wine grpe (Vitis vinifer L.) 181

3 Mterils nd methods This reserch ws crried out on the Ain-Krim vineyrd in Sutmrchán t the coordintes of Greenwich 5 39 N ltitude nd W longitude nd n ltitude of 2,11 m.s.l. with microclimte chrcterized y high solr rdition, representing 2, h of sun shine per yer (Grcí et l., 213), with n verge nnul temperture of 18 C, dily highs of 23 C nd night time lows of 1 C, nd reltive humidity tht oscilltes etween 8 nd 9%, which contriute to qulity wine-mking grpe production (Wlteros et l., 212). In n re of 12 h, there is cultivtion of 9-yer-old vines of the Cernet Suvignon nd Suvignon Blnc vrieties, imported from Frnce (Vrgs et l., 213). The plnts re estlished t distnce of 1.5 x 1. m using ilterl cordon or royt trellis conduction system. The production ws determined t the time of hrvest using the direct mesurement of the cluster weight per plnt. The weight of the pruned wood ws tken 2 months fter the hrvest using the results of the pruning nd Scout pro.1 g precision lnce (Ohus). The eqution proposed y Hidlgo (26) ws used to clculte the Rvz index (RI). RI = Hrvest weight (kg h -1 )/pruned wood weight (kg h -1 ) (1) This index represents the difference etween the hrvest weight nd the weight of the pruned vine wood. The optiml index level is determined sed on the equilirium tle proposed y the sme uthor. A 2x3 ifctoril completely rndom design ws used, in which the first fctor ws the Cernet Suvignon nd Suvignon Blnc vrieties nd the second fctor ws the pruning type (short, mixed, nd long). The short pruning served s the control (trditionl vineyrd) nd consisted in leving two uds in three spurs. The long pruning left five uds in three spurs nd the mixed pruning comined the two methods. The determintion of the numer of uds ws done ccording to the criterion of the vineyrd. Ech of the tretments were repeted four times (24 experimentl units), with two plnts per experimentl unit, for totl of 48 evluted plnts. For the sttisticl nlysis, the dt of the evluted vriles were nlyzed using the SAS sttisticl progrm, v. 9.2 (SAS Institute, Cry, NC) nd, to compre the tretments, Tukey comprison test ws used, which llowed for the determintion of ny significnt differences etween the tretments. Results nd discussion Pruned wood There were significnt differences (P.5) etween the tretments. The highest quntity of pruned wood ws seen with the Suvignon Blnc vriety in the short pruning tretment (.56 kg/plnt), followed y Cernet Suvignon with.46 kg/plnt. On the other hnd, the Cernet Suvignon plnts hd vlue of.29 kg/plnt with short pruning, generting the lowest vlue of pruned wood (Fig. 1). These results led to the conclusion tht the ccumultion of pruned wood in the renewle orgns of wine grpe plnts presents ehvior tht is directly proportionl to the vigor of the plnt ecuse the tretments tht ccumulted lower quntity of pruned wood possessed higher Rvz index vlues, which indictes tht they were less vigorous nd, therefore, the vines were more lnced, which, ccording to Poni et l. (26), implies tht lnced vine is one tht presents n inflow ctivity tht llows for reching n elevted productivity potentil with the desired qulity nd tht, t the sme time, ssures the correct mturtion of the permnent woody prts (trunk, lims, roots), responsile for the development nd fertility of the susequent hrvest. For this, n increse in the fruit lod cn decrese the distriution of the orgnic ssimiltes towrds the roots nd other permnent orgns of the plnt nd, lso, lck of ssimiltes cn hve negtive effects on the fruit production of susequent yers (Lenz, 29). In ddition, it should e tken into ccount tht the production of DM in the cnopy depends on the vriety (Fernández et l., 1977; Gómez del Cmpo et l., 22), on the root stock (Márquez et l., 27), on the conduction system (González, 23; Bez et l., 27), on the irrigtion regime (Brtolomé et l., 1995; Yuste, 1995; Bot et l., 24), nd on the lod (Miller nd Howell, 1998; Fischer et l., 212), mong others. According to Willims (1996), the quntifiction of the totl (DM) produced y the plnt is complicted due to the difficulty in vluing the iomss of the permnent prts. In prctice, the mesurement of the produced iomss is limited to the renewle elements, which, ccording to reserch, pose etween 88 nd 93% of the totl DM produced nnully. Yuste (1995) reported tht the nlysis of the iomss of the renewle orgns of plnt, expressed s DM, is one ojective method for evluting growth nd development nd vluing the productive potentil of the wine grpe in determined conditions. 182 Agron. Colom. 32(2) 214

4 Wood (kg/plnt) Wood (kg/plnt) CS+SP CS+LP CS+MP SB+SP SB+LP SB+MP Tretments Cutting Long Mixed Pruning type Figure 1. Effect of the pruning type nd the vriety on the quntity of pruned wood in wine grpe plnts. CS, Cernet Suvignon; SB, Suvignon Blnc; SP, short pruning; LP, long pruning; MP, mixed pruning. Mens with different letters indicte significnt differences ccording to the Tukey test (P.5) (n = 4). Error rs indicte stndrd error. With the fctoril nlysis, sttisticl differences were not oserved etween the pruning types, otining the highest vlue with the long pruning (.436 kg/plnt) nd the lowest vlue with the mixed pruning (.41 kg/plnt) (Fig. 2). These results differ from those of Smithymn et l. (21), who oserved tht short pruning hd higher weights for pruned wood. This could e due to the fct tht, when limiting growth points, crohydrte reserves nd the sustnces supported y the roots re suitle for supporting the mximum growth rte in the shoots (Orteg-Fris et l., 27). However, chnge in the degree of pruning could ffect the totl pruning weight per plnt. And so, these results do not reflect the expected ehvior ccording to this nlysis for the Rvz index vrile where the long pruning ws notle for eing more lnced nd where the pruned wood would e expected to e less. There were no significnt differences etween the vrieties. The highest pruned wood weight (.45 kg/plnt) ws otined with Suvignon Blnc. As seen in the pruning fctor, this result did not fit with the quntity of expected pruned wood for Cernet Suvignon, where the vlue otined for the Rvz index demonstrted more vigor for this vriety s compred to Suvignon Blnc (T. 1). This is why Reynier (1995) mentioned the need to tke cre in the selection of the pruning system; for exmple, determining very low lod of the uds could implicte decrese in production with consequent increse in the dimeter of the shoots nd generlized increse in vigor, sitution tht could ccentute itself even more with curtilment of the roots nd mislnce in the plnt, where the finl production would e negtively ffected. Reciproclly, n excessive lod of the uds (long pruning) Figure 2. Effect of the pruning type on the quntity of pruned wood in wine grpe plnts. Mens with different letters indicte significnt differences ccording to the Tukey test (P.5) (n = 8). Error rs indicte stndrd error. conduces higher shoot density nd folir re (Wlteros et l., 213), incresing the competition etween the fruit nd the shoots, which occsions non-uniform mturtion nd low fruit qulity long with insufficient lignifictions nd wekness in the plnt s explined y Lkso nd Flore (23) in their oservtion tht the degree of competition etween the orgns is determined y the ctivity of the inflow nd distnce from the photossimiltes to the sink. Tle 1. Production nd quntity of wood of wine grpe plnts for Cernet Suvignon nd Suvignon Blnc. Vriety Pruning wood (kg/plnt) Production (t h -1 ) Rvz index Cernet Suvignon.4 ns Suvignon Blnc.45 ns Mens with different letters indicte significnt differences ccording to the Tukey test (P.5) (n = 4). ns, no significnt differences. Production There were significnt differences (P.5) etween tretments. The highest production ws otined with the Suvignon Blnc vriety nd the mixed pruning (7.17 t h -1 ), followed y long pruning in the sme vriety with 6.47 t h -1. Menwhile, the lowest production ws seen with Cernet Suvignon with long pruning (5.93 t h -1 ), results tht re explined y De l Fuente et l. (27) in their oservtion tht the quntity of photosyntheticlly ctive folir re depends on the pruning type. The long pruning generted the highest production for the two vrieties due to, mong mny fctors, the quntity of rdition tht ech lef ws le to tke dvntge of nd lso ecuse correct sptil distriution of the elements of the plnt cnopy increses production, increses the numer of fertile nodes, Almnz-Merchán, Serrno-Cely, Forero-Ullo, Arngo, nd Puerto: Pruning ffects the vegettive lnce of the wine grpe (Vitis vinifer L.) 183

5 nd, therefore, results in higher numer of clusters (De l Fuente et l., 27). Furthermore, the microclimtic conditions of good illumintion trnslte into etter results in susequent yers (Bez et l., 1999; Sommer et l., 2). Menwhile, the lowest response ws seen with the Cernet Suvignon vriety nd mixed pruning (2.91 t h -1 ) (Fig. 3); this ehvior is considered contrry to tht expected with the nlysis of the Rvz index, especilly in Cernet Suvignon with the short pruning (Fig. 5). Fischer et l. (212) explined tht trees with low fruit lod hve higher vegettive growth nd form lower quntities of DM per unit of folir re thn plnts without fruits. Production (t h -1 ) CS+SP CS+LP CS+MP SB+SP SB+LP SB+MP Tretments Figure 3. Effect of the pruning type nd the vriety on the production of wine grpe plnts. CS, Cernet Suvignon; SB, Suvignon Blnc; SP, short pruning; LP, long pruning; MP, mixed pruning. Mens with different letters indicte significnt differences ccording to the Tukey test (P 5%) (n = 4). Error rs indicte stndrd error. The fctoril nlysis indictes tht the long pruning significntly fvored production (6.2 t h -1 ), while the short pruning ws responsile for lower production with 3.99 t h -1 (Fig. 4). Similr dt were oserved y Orteg-Fris et l. (27) who stted tht wine grpes tht hd higher numer of uds produced higher numer of clusters per plnt, with lower weight nd higher finl yield in comprison to those tht hd short pruning. There were lso sttisticl differences etween the vrieties. The highest production (5.78 t h -1 ) ws otined with the Suvignon Blnc vriety (T. 1). This result could possily e due to the fct tht the glol productivity of the plnt is determined y the totl cpcity of the vegettive cover, especilly the exposed folir surfce, to fix cron nd y the competition etween the vegettive development nd the productive yield t hrvest (De l Fuente et l., 27). When relting the otined yield ehvior nd the results found for the Rvz index clcultion, in generl terms, Production (t h -1 ) Cutting Long Mixed Pruning type Figure 4. Effect of the pruning type on the production of the wine grpe plnts. Mens with different letters indicte significnt differences ccording to the Tukey test (P.5) (n = 8). Error rs indicte stndrd error. it ws verified tht, when otining vlues close to productive nd vegettive lnce, the yield corresponds to the expected idel for the production of wine. According to Wlteros et l. (213), tle grpe producers prefer to hve high production per plnted re unit, while, for the production of wine, it is necessry to scrifice production, fvoring the fruit qulity tht cn otin mximum controlled production of 4 t h -1 per crop cycle, possily due in prt to the fct tht over production slows down the ccumultion of sugr in the fruit when compred to fruits from plnts with less yield. In this sense, when considering tht the higher estimted productions in the reserch re found elow this mximum expected vlue, it is predicted tht, in the serch for more lnced conditions, production will increse without surpssing this estimte, otining optiml yields tht re sustinle for the vineyrd. Rvz index There were significnt differences (P.5) etween the tretments. The highest Rvz index ws otined with the mixed pruning in the Suvignon Blnc vriety with vlue of 3.32; followed y long pruning with 3.1. The Cernet Suvignon vriety with mixed pruning ws responsile for the lowest index t.99; the highest vlue for this vriety ws seen with short pruning, It is importnt to consider tht, despite the fct tht the indices for Cernet Suvignon were significntly lower thn those of the Suvignon Blnc vriety, n inversely proportionl reltionship ws seen etween the prunings of the two vrieties (Fig. 5). Contrry to the differences oserved etween the tretments, it ws determined tht, on verge, the Rvz index, for the two vrieties, showed significntly low vlues with respect to those expected for lnced source/sink rtio (Hidlgo, 26). In greement 184 Agron. Colom. 32(2) 214

6 with Aliquo et l. (21), these vlues, eing elow 5, revel n overly elevted vigor in the vineyrd, which fvors the production of wood nd, s consequence, the exggerted development of vine leves to the determines of future producing-ud formtions; in ddition to their resulting excessive sowing, the susequent production could e less, s confirmed y Hidlgo (26), who stted tht vines with excessive vigor cn e less productive. When nlyzing the ehvior of Cernet Suvignon seprtely, where the short pruning resulted in higher Rvz index vlue (2.32) with respect to the long nd mixed prunings (Fig. 5), this vlue continued to e fr elow the expected vlue of lnced vine. In this sense, it would e hoped tht, when incresing the numer of uds left in the short pruning of this vriety (up from the three uds of the short pruning), the Rvz index could increse enough to otin vlue equl to or superior to 5, resulting in n optiml stte for the vegettive nd productive rtio. These results gree with the oservtions of Fris et l. (27), who found tht plnts tht hve lower numer of uds resulted in higher weight nd length for the vine shoots, generting n inferior Rvz index, in ccordnce with Miller et l. (1996) nd Smithymn et l. (21), who oserved the sme tendency. This must e due to the fct tht, when limiting the growth points, the crohydrte reserves nd sustnces supported y the roots re suitle for supporting the mximum growth rte of the shoots (Miller et l., 1996). For the Suvignon Blnc ehvior, the mixed pruning ws responsile for Rvz index vlue (3.32) tht ws superior to those of the long nd short pruning (Fig. 1); this vlue, despite eing cceptle in the Rvz index rnge proposed y Min et l. (22), requires tht, s suggested for Cernet Suvignon, the pruning e modified for the numer of uds left (more thn 2 for short nd more thn 5 for long) to find the expected optiml level. This ws confirmed y Miller et l. (1996) when they stted tht, when the numer of growth zones increses, they strt to compete for the ville crohydrtes, wter, nutrients, nd cytokines, improving the finl yield of the vine nd, therefore, finding lnce for the productive nd vegettive rtio. In this cse, cre must e tken when modifying the numer of uds for pruning; short pruning for Cernet Suvignon nd mixed pruning for Suvignon Blnc should e moderte, voiding the contrry effect, which would result in mislnce due to lck of vigor nd excessive production. There were lso sttisticl differences etween the pruning types. The highest Rvz index ws generted with long pruning (2.46), followed y mixed pruning with 4,5 4, 3,5 3, 2,5 2, 1,5 1,,5 CS+SP CS+LP CS+MP SB+SP SB+LP SB+MP Tretments Figure 5. Effect of the pruning type nd the vriety on the Rvz index. CS, Cernet Suvignon; SB, Suvignon Blnc; SP, short pruning; LP, long pruning; MP, mixed pruning. Mens with different letters indicte significnt differences ccording to the Tukey test (P.5) (n = 4). Error rs indicte stndrd error. Rvz Index Rvz Index 3,5 3, 2,5 2, 1,5 1,,5 Cutting Long Mixed Pruning type Figure 6. Effect of the pruning type on the Rvz index. Mens with different letters indicte significnt differences ccording to the Tukey test (P.5). (n = 8). Error rs indicte stndrd error. 2.15, nd, finlly, short pruning with 1.67 (Fig. 6), leding to the conclusion tht the long pruning llowed for suitle development of the shoots tht enefitted the productive nd vegettive rtio, dvncing towrds equilirium in the plnt. Despite this, if the index ehvior of the Cernet Suvignon nd Suvignon Blnc is evluted seprtely, the results pper to vry, with short pruning with Cernet eing the est system nd mixed pruning for Suvignon Blnc. This ws explined y Aliquo et l. (21) when they oserved tht the length of pruned vine shoots will vry ccording to the vriety, which would e n importnt fctor for the degree of fertility of the uds left ehind; tht is to sy, the potentil to form fructifictions in the susequent pruning. It is importnt to emphsize tht fertility is genetic chrcteristic of ech vriety. And so, Slzr nd Melgrejo (25) recommended tht, in vrieties with low fertility, long pruning should e used in order to otin high numer of fructifying uds nd tht, Almnz-Merchán, Serrno-Cely, Forero-Ullo, Arngo, nd Puerto: Pruning ffects the vegettive lnce of the wine grpe (Vitis vinifer L.) 185

7 in fertile vrieties, short pruning should e used to void excessive fruit production nd disproportionte increses in the folir re. For its prt, when nlyzing the ehvior of the Rvz index etween the vrieties without considering the pruning systems, it ws oserved tht the Suvignon Blnc vriety significntly induced high Rvz index with vlue of 2.45, implicting tht Cernet Suvignon, with n index of 1.75 (T. 1), would e considered the most vigorous vine of the vineyrd, tking into ccount the optiml index levels proposed y Hidlgo (26). However, it is necessry to tke into ccount tht the index cn present n increse with the ging of fruit trees nd depends on mny fctors, such s the vriety, pttern, groecologicl conditions, nd crop mngement (Fischer et l., 212). Conclusions The Rvz index for the two vrieties showed vlues tht were significntly low with respect to those expected for lnced source/sink rtio, reflecting the fct tht n elevted vigor exists in the vineyrd tht could negtively impct the yield nd yet conserve the qulity needed for wine production. For the Cernet Suvignon vriety, the pruning type tht resulted in productive nd vegettive rtio tht ws closest to eing lnced, presenting the est Rvz index vlues, ws the short pruning (control), ut for the Suvignon Blnc vriety, it ws mixed pruning. Literture cited Aliquo, G., A. Ctni, nd G. Agudo. 21. L pod de l vid. Secretrí de Agricultur, Pesc y Alimentción, Instituto Ncionl de Tecnologí Agropecuri (INTA), Lujn de Cuyo, Argentin. Almnz, P.J. 2. Fisiologí vegetl. Editoril Instituto Universitrio Jun de Cstellnos, Tunj, Colomi. Almnz, P.J Determinción del crecimiento y desrrollo del fruto de l vid (Vitis vinifer L.) jo condiciones de clim frio tropicl. Ph.D. thesis. Fculty of Agronomy, Universidd Ncionl de Colomi, Bogot. Almnz, P.J., P.A. Serrno, nd G. Fischer Mnul de viticultur tropicl. Universidd Pedgógic y Tecnológic de Colomi, Tunj, Colomi. Almnz-Merchán, P.J., S.D. González, nd H.E. Blguer-López L posición de l hoj y su efecto sore l clidd y producción de frutos de vid (Vitis vinifer L.) vr. Riesling x Silvner. Rev. Colom. Cienc. Hortic. 6, Bez, P., M.C. Brtolomé, V. Sotés, C. Ruiz, nd J.R. Lissrrgue Diferencis en l superficie folir de cutro sistems de conducción de l vid y sus consecuencis en el desrrollo y l producción. Invest. Agro: Prod. Prot. Veg. 14, Bez, P., P. Sánchez de Miguel, A. Centeno, P. Junquer, R. Linres, nd J.R. Lissrrgue. 27. Wter reltions etween lef wter potentil, photosynthesis nd gronomic vine response s tool for estlishing thresholds in irrigtion scheduling. Sci. Hortic. 114, Brtolomé, M.C., V. Sotes, P. Bez, C. Ruíz, nd J.R. Lissrrgue Efectos del déficit hídrico sore el desrrollo vegettivo y fructífero del cultivr temprnillo de vid (Vitis Vinifer L.). Invest. Agro: Prod. Prot. Veg. 1, Bot, J., J.F. Ostsyk, nd H. Medrno. 24. Effect of wter stress on prtitioning of C-14 lelled photosynththes in Vitis vinifer. Funct. Plnt Biol. 31, De l Fuente, M., R. Linres, nd J.R. Lissrrgue. 27. Efecto del sistem de conducción en clims semiáridos sore l mdurción, composición de l y y l exposición de los rcimos en Vitis vinifer L. cv. Shyrh. Enologí 4, 1-9. Fris, O.S., M.R. Slzr, nd Y. Simunovic. 27. Efecto de distintos niveles de pod y reposición hídric sore el crecimiento vegettivo, rendimiento y composición de ys en vides cv. Cernet Suvignon. Agric. Téc. 67, Fernández, J., J. Blkr, nd L.H. Meyer Distriución de l mteri orgánic en un cultivo de vid conducido en esplder. Turril 27, Fischer, G., P.J. Almnz-Merchán, nd F. Rmírez Sourcesink reltionships in fruit species. A review. Rev. Colom. Cienc. Hortic. 6, Grcí, J.F., E. Cheverri, nd L. Jrmillo Diferencis climátics entre ls regiones trdicionlmente productors de olivo (Ole europe L.) en el mundo y el Alto Ricurte en Colomi. Cult. Cient. 11, Gómez del Cmpo, M., C. Ruiz, nd J.R. Lissrrgue. 22. Effect of wter stress on lef re development photosynthesis, nd productivity in Chrdony nd iren grpevines. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 53, González, P.C. 23. Estudio ecofisiológico y gronómico de cutro sistems de conducción de l vid (Vitis vinifer L.): cuierts vegetles simples versus dividids. Ph.D. thesis. E.T.S.I.A. Producción Vegetl: Fitotecni. Universidd Politécnic de Mdrid, Mdrid. Hidlgo, T.J. 23. L pod de l vid. Ediciones Mundi-Prens, Mdrid. Hidlgo, T.J. 26. L clidd del vino desde el viñedo. Ediciones Mundi-Prens. Mdrid. Lkso, A.N. nd J.A. Flore. 23. Crohydrte prtitioning nd plnt growth. pp In: Bugher, T.A. nd S. Singh (eds.). Concise encyclopedi of temperte tree fruit. Food Products Press, New York, NY. Lenz, F. 29. Fruit effects on the dry mtter nd crohydrte distriution in pple tree. Act Hort. 835, Min, G., J. Morris, nd K. Striegler. 22. Rootstock effect on Chrdonel productivity, fruit nd wine composition. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 53, Agron. Colom. 32(2) 214

8 Márquez, J., G. Mrtínez, nd H. Núñez. 27. Portinjerto, fertilidd de yems y Producción de vrieddes de uv de mes. Fitot. Mex. 3, Miller, D.P. nd G.S. Howell Influence of vine cpcity nd crop lod on cnopy development, morphology nd dry mtter prtitioning in Concord grpevines. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 49, Miller, D.P., G.S. Howell, nd J.A. Flore Effect of shoot numer on potted grpevines. II. Dry mtter ccumultion nd prtitioning. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 47, Orteg-Fris, S., R. Slzr, nd Y. Moreno. 27. Efecto de distintos niveles de pod y reposición hídric sore el crecimiento vegettivo, rendimiento y composición de ys en vides cv. Cernet Suvignon. Agric. Téc. 67, Poni, S., A. Plliotti, nd F. Bernizzoni. 26. Clirtion nd evlution of STELLA softwre-sed dily CO 2 lnce model in Vitis vinifer L. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sc. 131(2), Reynier, A Mnul de viticultur. 5 th ed. Ediciones Mundi- Prens, Mdrid. Slzr, D. nd P. Melgrejo. 25. Viticultur. Técnics de cultivo de l vid, clidd de l uv y triutos de los vinos. Ediciones Mundi-Prens, Mdrid. Slisury, F.B. nd C.W. Ross. 2. Fisiologí de ls plnts. Ed. Prninfo S.A., Mdrid. Smithymn, R., R. Wmple, nd N. Lng. 21. Wter deficit nd crop level influences on photosynthetic strin nd lck lef symptom development in Concord grpevines. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 52, Sommer, K.J., M. Islm, nd P.R. Clingeleffer. 2. Light nd temperture effects on shoot fruitfulness in Vitis vinifer L. cv. Sultn: Influence of trellis type nd grfting. Aus. J. Grpe Wine Res. 6, Vrgs, D. P.J. Almnz-Merchán, nd M. Cmcho Comportmiento fenológico de l vid (Vitis vinifer L.) cv Cernet Suvignon en Sutmrchán Boycá. Cult. Cient. 11, Willims, L.E Grpe photossimilte. Distriution in plnts nd crops: Source sink reltionships. Mrcel Dekker, New York, NY. Wlteros, I., D. Molno, nd P. Almnz-Merchán Efecto de l pod sore l producción y clidd de frutos de Vitis vinifer L. vr. Suvignon Blnc en Sutmrchán - Boycá. Orinoquí 17, Wlteros, I., D. Molno, P.J. Almnz-Merchán, nd M. Cmcho Efecto de l pod sore l producción y clidd de frutos de Vitis vinifer L. vr. Cernet Suvignon en Sutmrchán (Boycá, Colomi). Rev. Colom. Cienc. Hortic. 6, Yuste, J Comportmiento fisiológico y gronómico de l vid (Vitis vinifer L.) en diferentes sistems de conducción en secno y regdío. Ph.D. thesis. ETSI Agrónomos, Universidd Politécnic de Mdrid, Mdrid. Almnz-Merchán, Serrno-Cely, Forero-Ullo, Arngo, nd Puerto: Pruning ffects the vegettive lnce of the wine grpe (Vitis vinifer L.) 187