SA WINE INDUSTRY 2017 STATISTICS NR 42

Transcription

1 SA INDUSTRY 2017 STATISTICS NR 42 South African Wine Industry Statistics is published annually during June and is available on request, free of charge, at SAWIS, P O Box 238, Paarl, 7620 or Main Road 312, Paarl This booklet and lots of other information also available on our website at: Contact person: Bonita Floris-Samuels (021) Fax: floris@sawis.co.za NB: To understand the statistics contained herein, it is important to first read the definitions on page 3. OOK BESKIKBAAR IN AFRIKAANS 1

2 INDEX 1 DEFINITIONS 3 2 EXTENT OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN INDUSTRY EXTENT OF THE INDUSTRY EXTENT OF THE INDUSTRY 5 3 INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 6 4 CELLARS PER REGION 7 5 VINES AND AREA UNDER VINES VINE TYPES GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF SOUTH AFRICAN GRAPE VINEYARDS PER REGION HECTARES GRAPE VINEYARDS PLANTED AND UPROOTED GRAPE VINEYARDS PLANTED PER REGION GRAPE VINEYARDS UPROOTED PER REGION DISTRIBUTION OF GRAPE VARIETIES - AS % OF AREA DISTRIBUTION OF GRAPE VARIETIES PER YEAR - HECTARES GRAPE VARIETIES PER AREA - HECTARES AGE OF VINES PER VARIETY - HECTARES AGE OF VINES PER REGION - HECTARES 13 6 PRODUCTION AND UTILISATION OF CROP CROP DISTRIBUTION OF PRODUCTION BETWEEN RED AND WHITE VARIETIES UTILISED FOR MAKING PURPOSES GRAPE PRODUCTION FOR MAKING PURPOSES PER REGION CERTIFIED CERTIFIED PER PRODUCER GROUP 18 7 PRODUCERS' SALES, INCOME AND PRICES PRODUCERS' SALES AND INCOME PARTICULARS OF PACKAGED SOLD ON THE DOMESTIC MARKET TYPE OF CONTAINERS (STILL ONLY) TYPE OF SOLD IN 750ml GLASS CONTAINERS 21 8 EXPORTS QUANTITY OF EXPORTED TYPES OF AND OTHER LIQUOR PRODUCTS EXPORTED PACKAGED AND BULK STILL EXPORTS PER COUNTRY PACKAGED STILL EXPORTS PER COUNTRY BULK STILL EXPORTS PER COUNTRY STILL EXPORTED IN CONTAINERS 24 9 IMPORTS IMPORTS TO SOUTH AFRICA IMPORTS TO SOUTH AFRICA - PACKAGED AND BULK LIQUOR CONSUMPTION IN SOUTH AFRICA SPIRITS STILL a PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION IN SOUTH AFRICA b PER ADULT* CONSUMPTION IN SOUTH AFRICA MARKET SHARE FOR ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES TAXES EXCISE DUTY VALUE ADDED TAX (VAT) ESTIMATED STATE REVENUE FROM PRODUCTS STATE REVENUE FROM PRODUCTS VERSUS PRODUCERS' INCOME INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS AREA UNDER VINES AND PRODUCTION AREA UNDER VINES (WHITE, RED AND SELECTED VARIETIES) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION 31 2

3 1 DEFINITIONS The wine industry in South African context is much wider than signified by the ordinary meaning of the word wine. Brandy and its building blocks (wine for brandy and distilling wine) have always formed a significant part of South Africa s wine industry. In recent years grape juice and grape juice concentrate for use in non-alcoholic beverages, and not just for the sweetening of wine, have also come to the fore. The South African wine industry thus encompasses wine (still, fortified and sparkling), wine for brandy, distilling wine, brandy and other spirits distilled from distilling wine, and grape juice and grape juice concentrate for use in wine and non-alcoholic products. Unless otherwise indicated, the following definitions apply in this publication: Wine includes all the products below. Still wine is non-fortified and non-sparkling wine, including perlé wine which is wine carbonated to the extent that the pressure in the container in which it is sold is between 75 and 300 kpa. It also includes any grape juice or must and grape juice or must concentrate used in the sweetening of such still wine. Fortified wine is non-sparkling wine which has been fortified with wine spirit. It includes the volume of wine spirit used in the fortification process. Sparkling wine is wine carbonated (either by fermentation or by impregnation with carbon dioxide) to the extent that the pressure in the container in which it is sold is more than 300 kpa. It includes any grape juice or must and grape juice or must concentrate used in the sweetening of such sparkling wine. Wine for brandy is wine specially prepared for double distillation in a pot still and then, as distillate, matured for a period of at least three years in oak casks with a capacity of not more than 340 litres. Distilling wine is wine specially prepared for distillation to spirits intended for use in brandy or other spirits, for fortification of wine or for industrial purposes. Grape juice concentrate and grape juice refers to unfermented, undiluted or concentrated juice from grapes destined for use in non-alcoholic products such as fruit juices. A producer cellar is a winery where grapes are received and processed on behalf of a group of wine grape producers, its members, into wine grape products and the marketing thereof as packaged or bulk. A private wine cellar is a winery belonging to an individual or group where grapes are received and processed into wine grape products and the marketing thereof as packaged or bulk. 3

4 2 EXTENT OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN INDUSTRY 2.1 EXTENT OF THE INDUSTRY GRAPES CRUSHED TONS TONS TONS 2017/2016 TREND White varieties Red varieties Table grapes Total PRODUCTION MILLION l MILLION l MILLION l 2017/2016 TREND Wine Wine for brandy Distilling wine Grape juice concentrate and grape juice Total PRODUCERS' INCOME MILLION RAND MILLION RAND MILLION RAND 2017/2016 TREND Grapes sold to producing wholesalers Wine Wine for brandy Distilling wine, grape juice concentrate and grape juice Total /2016 DOMESTIC SALES MILLION l MILLION l MILLION l TREND Still wine * Fortified wine Sparkling wine Spirits RTD's Beer Total * Still wine excludes the grape-based liquor and alcoholic fruit beverage component. 2017/2016 EXPORTS MILLION l MILLION l MILLION l TREND Still wine Fortified wine Sparkling wine Total

5 2.2 EXTENT OF THE INDUSTRY /2016 PRODUCTION White MILLION l TREND Red Total /2016 DOMESTIC SALES Still wine MILLION l TREND Fortified wine Sparkling wine Total EXPORTS Stilll wine MILLION l 2017/2016 TREND White Red Blanc de Noir / Rosé Subtotal Sparkling wine Fortified wine Grand total

6 3 INDUSTRY STRUCTURE IN 2017 NUMBER OF PRIMARY GRAPE PRODUCERS PER PRODUCTION CATEGORY TONS NUMBER OF PRODUCERS # NUMBER OF CELLARS WHICH CRUSH GRAPES > > > > > PRODUCER CELLARS PRIVATE CELLARS 26 PRODUCING WHOLESALERS 546 NUMBER OF BULK BUYERS WHOLESALERS (Including producing wholesalers) # NUMBER OF CELLARS PER PRODUCTION CATEGORY CATEGORIES (TONS OF GRAPES CRUSHED ) NUMBER OF CELLARS PRIVATE CELLARS PRODUCER CELLARS PRODUCING WHOLESALERS > > > > > Total

7 4 CELLARS PER REGION PRODUCER CELLARS PRIVATE CELLARS PRODUCING WHOLESALERS NUMBER OF CELLARS WHICH CRUSH GRAPES PRODUCER CELLARS Northern Cape Olifants River Swartland Klein-Karoo Paarl Robertson Stellenbosch Worcester Breedekloof Cape South Coast PRIVATE CELLARS Northern Cape Olifants River Swartland Klein-Karoo Paarl Robertson Stellenbosch Worcester Breedekloof Cape South Coast

8 5 VINES AND AREA UNDER VINES 5.1 VINE TYPES Vine Types Vines Hectares Vines Hectares Vines Hectares Wine grapes * Sultana ** Table grapes ** Rootstocks Currants *** Total * Includes Muscat d'alexandrie also used as table grapes and for raisins. ** Only portion of production is utilised for production of wine. *** For raisins only. 5.2 GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF SOUTH AFRICAN GRAPE VINEYARDS PER REGION DURING 2017 (Excluding Sultana) Wine regions Number of vines % of total vines Area hectares % of total hectares Stellenbosch Paarl Breedekloof Robertson Swartland Olifants River Worcester Northern Cape Cape South Coast Klein Karoo Total DISTRIBUTION OF GRAPE VINEYARDS (ha) PER REGION, 2017 (Excluding Sultana) Klein Karoo Cape South Coast Northern Cape Worcester Olifants River Breedekloof Swartland Robertson Paarl Stellenbosch 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 8

9 5.3 HECTARES GRAPE VINEYARDS PLANTED AND UPROOTED (Excluding Sultana) YEAR PLANTED UPROOTED * CORRECTIONS STATUS * As a result of re-counting of vines as well as plantings and uprootings of previous years which were not previously taken into account. HECTARES GRAPE VINEYARDS PLANTED AND UPROOTED (Excluding Sultana) HECTARES PLANTED UPROOTED HECTARES AREA UNDER GRAPE VINEYARDS (Excluding Sultana) AREA PRODUCING (4 YEARS AND OLDER) 9

10 5.4 GRAPE VINEYARDS PLANTED PER REGION AS ON 31 DECEMBER 2017 VARIETY PLANTED NORTHERN CAPE OLIFANTS RIVER SWART- LAND KLEIN KAROO HECTARES PAARL ROBERT- SON STELLEN- BOSCH WORCES- TER BREEDE- KLOOF Chenin blanc Sauvignon blanc Colombar(d) Chardonnay Muscat D'Alexandrie Muscat Blanc Grenache Blanc Other white varieties Total white varieties CAPE SOUTH COAST Cabernet Sauvignon Shiraz Pinotage Pinot noir Durif Merlot Cinsaut Ruby Cabernet Malbec Other red varieties Total red varieties Total white and red Sultana GRAPE VINEYARDS UPROOTED PER REGION AS ON 31 DECEMBER 2017 VARIETY UPROOTED NORTHERN CAPE OLIFANTS RIVER SWART- LAND KLEIN KAROO HECTARES PAARL ROBERT- SON STELLEN- BOSCH WORCES- TER BREEDE- KLOOF Colombar(d) Chenin blanc Chardonnay Sauvignon blanc Muscat D'Alexandrie Muscat Blanc Sémillon Viognier Crouchen (Cape Riesling) Villard Blanc Pinot Gris Other white varieties Total white varieties CAPE SOUTH COAST Cabernet Sauvignon Shiraz Pinotage Merlot Ruby Cabernet Other red varieties Total red varieties Total white and red Sultana

11 5.6 DISTRIBUTION OF GRAPE VARIETIES Wine grape varieties as % of total area VARIETY Chenin blanc Colombar(d) Sauvignon blanc Chardonnay Muscat D'Alexandrie * Semillon Muscat Blanc Viognier Other white varieties Total white varieties Cabernet Sauvignon Shiraz Pinotage Merlot Ruby Cabernet Cinsaut Pinot noir Cabernet Franc Other red varieties Total red varieties Total white and red Total hectares Sultana * (Hectares) * Also utilised for raisins and as table grapes % SHARE OF SOME GRAPE VARIETIES AS % OF AREA Sauvignon bl Chardonnay Cabernet S Pinotage Merlot Shiraz

12 5.7 DISTRIBUTION OF GRAPE VARIETIES PER YEAR HECTARES VARIETY Chenin blanc Colombar(d) Sauvignon blanc Chardonnay Muscat D'Alexandrie * Semillon Muscat Blanc Viognier Other white varieties Total white varieties Cabernet Sauvignon Shiraz Pinotage Merlot Ruby Cabernet Cinsaut Pinot noir Cabernet Franc Other red varieties Total red varieties Total hectares Sultana * * Also utilised for raisins and as table grapes. 5.8 GRAPE VARIETIES PER AREA FOR 2017 VARIETY HECTARES NORTHERN CAPE OLIFANTS RIVER SWART- LAND KLEIN KAROO HECTARES PAARL ROBERT- SON STELLEN- BOSCH WORCES- TER BREEDE- KLOOF CAPE SOUTH COAST Chenin blanc Colombar(d) Sauvignon blanc Chardonnay Muscat D'Alexandrie * Semillon Muscat Blanc Viognier Other w hite varieties Total w hite varieties Cabernet Sauvignon Shiraz Pinotage Merlot Ruby Cabernet Cinsaut Pinot noir Cabernet Franc Other red varieties Total red varieties Total Sultana * Also utilised for raisins and as table grapes. 12

13 5.9 AGE OF VINES PER VARIETY FOR 2017 (Excluding Sultana) AGE OF VINES HECTARES AGE OF VINES - HECTARES < 4 Years 4-10 Years Years Years > 20 Years Chenin blanc Colombar(d) Sauvignon blanc Chardonnay Muscat D'Alexandrie * Semillon Muscat Blanc Viognier Other white varieties Total white varieties Cabernet Sauvignon Shiraz Pinotage Merlot Ruby Cabernet Cinsaut Pinot noir Cabernet Franc Other red varieties Total red varieties Total white and red * Also utilised for raisins and as table grapes AGE OF VINES PER REGION FOR 2017 (Excluding Sultana) AGE OF VINES HECTARES NORTHERN CAPE OLIFANTS RIVER SWART- LAND HECTARES IN REGION KLEIN KAROO PAARL ROBERT- SON STELLEN- BOSCH WORCES- TER BREEDE- KLOOF < 4 Years Years Years Years > 20 Years Total white varieties CAPE SOUTH COAST < 4 Years Years Years Years > 20 Years Total red varieties < 4 Years Years Years Years > 20 Years Total white and red

14 6 PRODUCTION AND UTILISATION OF CROP 6.1 CROP PRODUCTS - GROSS LITRE YEAR GRAPE PRODUCTION TONS FOR BRANDY AVERAGE % ALC/VOL DISTILLING AVERAGE % ALC/VOL GRAPE JUICE CONCENTRATE AND GRAPE JUICE AVERAGE % ALC/VOL CROP % OF CROP 90.0 PRODUCT AS % OF PRODUCTS PRODUCED FOR BRANDY DISTILLING GRAPE JUICE CONCENTRATE AND GRAPE JUICE 6.2 DISTRIBUTION OF PRODUCTION BETWEEN RED AND WHITE YEAR GRAPES UTILISED FOR PRODUCED MAKING PURPOSES % Red % White % Red % White

15 6.3 VARIETIES UTILISED FOR MAKING PURPOSES DURING 2017 % OF VARIETY CRUSHED BY VARIETY TONS PRIVATE CELLARS PRODUCER CELLARS PRODUCING WHOLESALERS Chenin blanc Colombar(d) Sauvignon blanc Chardonnay Muscat d'alexandrie Sémillon Muscat Blanc Viognier Other white varieties Table grapes Total white varieties Shiraz Pinotage Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot Ruby Cabernet Cinsaut Pinot Noir Petit Verdot Other red varieties Table grapes Total red varieties Total white and red VARIETY AS % OF CRUSHED VARIETY ALL CELLARS PRIVATE CELLARS PRODUCER CELLARS PRODUCING WHOLESALERS Chenin blanc Colombar(d) Sauvignon blanc Chardonnay Muscat d'alexandrie Sémillon Muscat Blanc Viognier Other white varieties Table grapes Total white varieties Shiraz Pinotage Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot Ruby Cabernet Cinsaut Pinot Noir Petit Verdot Other red varieties Table grapes Total red varieties Total white and red Total tons

16 6.4 GRAPE PRODUCTION FOR MAKING PURPOSES PER REGION VARIETY TONS NORTHERN CAPE OLIFANTS RIVER SWART- LAND REGION AS % OF VARIETAL KLEIN KAROO PAARL ROBERT- SON STELLEN- BOSCH WORCES- TER BREEDE- KLOOF Chenin blanc Colombar(d) Sauvignon blanc Chardonnay Muscat d'alexandrie Sémillon Muscat Blanc Viognier Other white varieties Table grapes Total white varieties CAPE SOUTH COAST Shiraz Pinotage Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot Ruby Cabernet Cinsaut Pinot Noir Petit Verdot Other red varieties Table grapes Total red varieties Total white and red VARIETIES PRODUCED IN REGION AS % OF PRODUCTION OF REGION VARIETY NORTHERN CAPE OLIFANTS RIVER SWART- LAND KLEIN KAROO PAARL ROBERT- SON STELLEN- BOSCH WORCES- TER BREEDE- KLOOF CAPE SOUTH COAST Chenin blanc Colombar(d) Sauvignon blanc Chardonnay Muscat d'alexandrie Sémillon Muscat Blanc Viognier Other white varieties Table grapes Total white varieties Shiraz Pinotage Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot Ruby Cabernet Cinsaut Pinot Noir Petit Verdot Other red varieties Table grapes Total red varieties Total white and red Total tons

17 6.5 CERTIFIED Wines of Origin are made under strict control, from the harvesting of the grapes to the final product, in order to comply with the requirements of the Wine of Origin Scheme with respect to origin, variety and vintage. The certification seal on the bottle confirms that at the time of its assessment by the Wine and Spirit Board, the wine conformed to the prescribed standards and confirms claims with regard to origin, variety and vintage as indicated on the label. CERTIFIED LITRES CATEGORY White varieties: Still wine * Fortified wine Total Red varieties: Still wine * Fortified wine Total Non varietal: Still wine * Fortified wine Total Total: Still wine * Fortified wine GRAND * Includes sparkling wine. CERTIFIED PER CATEGORY MILLION LITRES % OF PRODUCTION 70% 65% 60% 55% 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% % Varietal natural white wine Non-varietal natural wine Certified wine as % of wine production Varietal natural red wine Fortified wine 17

18 6.6 CERTIFIED PER PRODUCER GROUP (Quantity final certified wine irrespective of vintage) LITRES PRODUCER CELLARS Wine of origin Sub total WHOLESALERS Wine of origin Sub total PRIVATE CELLARS Estate wine Wine of origin Sub total Estate wine Wine of origin GRAND Certified bulk exports (Included in above figures)

19 19 7 PRODUCERS' SALES, INCOME AND PRICES 7.1 PRODUCERS' SALES AND INCOME YEAR GRAPES SOLD TO PRODUCING WHOLESALERS FOR BRANDY DISTILLING, GRAPE JUICE CONCENTRATE AND GRAPE JUICE TONS RAND LITRES RAND 10% A/V RAND 10% A/V RAND RAND YEAR GRAPE PRODUCTION PRODUCERS' INCOME AVERAGE INCOME * WEIGHTED ** AVERAGE MANUFACTURING COST AVERAGE PRODUCTION COST PACKAGED BULK PPI TONS RAND R/ton INDEX R/ha INDEX R/litre INDEX R/ton INDEX INDEX * Including provision for replacement value. (Source: Vinpro) ** Analysis of expenses attributable to bulk and packaged wine - including depreciation & interest. INDEX COMPARISONS (2005 = 100) PRODUCERS' INCOME PRODUCTION COST PPI INDEX COMPARISONS (2005 = 100) MANUFACTURING COST (Packaged) MANUFACTURING COST (Bulk) PPI

20 7.2 PARTICULARS OF PACKAGED SOLD ON THE DOMESTIC MARKET DURING Type of containers (stilll wine only) LITRES TYPE OF CONTAINER CONTAINER SIZE TREND 2017/2016 GLASS < 750 ml % of glass ml % of glass l % of glass ,5 l - 2 l % of glass ,5 l % of glass OTHER % of glass As % of total still wine PLASTIC < 750 ml % of plastic ml % of plastic l % of plastic l % of plastic OTHER % of plastic As % of total still wine BAG-IN-BOX 2 l % of bag-in-box l % of bag-in-box l % of bag-in-box OTHER % of bag-in-box As % of total still wine FOIL BAGS 2 l % of foil bags l % of foil bags OTHER % of foil bags As % of total still wine TETRA PACKS 500 ml STILL % of tetra packs l % of tetra packs OTHER % of tetra packs As % of total still wine Included in these figures are the sales of locally bottled imported still wine Above total differs from the domestic sales figure for still wine in Table 10.1 because not all roleplayers within the industry participates. 20

21 7.2.2 TYPE OF SOLD IN 750 ml GLASS CONTAINERS LITRES TYPE OF Trend 2017/2016 White Chardonnay Sauvignon blanc Chenin blanc Other White Semi Sweet Total White Red Cabernet Sauvignon Pinotage Shiraz Merlot Other red Total Red Rosé / Blanc de Noir Sparkling Cap Classique Other Sparkling

22 8 EXPORTS 8.1 QUANTITY OF EXPORTED YEAR STILL FORTIFIED SPARKLING LITRES TREND EXPORT AS % OF PRODUCTION % CERTIFIED EXPORTED TYPES OF AND OTHER LIQUOR PRODUCTS EXPORTED DURING LITRES PACKAGED BULK LITRES TYPES OF AND SPIRITS LITRES AS % OF PER VARIETY LITRES AS % OF PER VARIETY Chardonnay Sauvignon blanc Chenin blanc Other w hite w ine Blanc de Noir & Rosé Cabernet Sauvignon Shiraz Pinotage Merlot Other red w ine Subtotal still w ine Fortified w ine Sparkling w ine Total wine Flavoured grape liquor Alcoholic fruit beverage Brandy Grape-, Cane-, Unspecified spirit Spirit aperitif, Spirit cooler, Bitters Whisky Vodka Rum Gin Liqueur, Vermouth and Aperitif Excluding sales in the Southern Africa Customs Union (Botsw ana, Lesotho, Namibia and Sw aziland). SOURCE: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES, DIRECTORATE FOOD SAFETY AND QUALITY ASSURANCE 22

23 8.3 PACKAGED AND BULK EXPORTS PER COUNTRY - LITRES COUNTRY WHITE RED RED BLANC DE BLANC DE NOIR / ROSé FORTIFIED SPARKLING WHITE NOIR / ROSé FORTIFIED SPARKLING WHITE RED TREND 2017 / 2016 BLANC DE NOIR / ROSé FORTIFIED SPARKLING UNITED KINGDOM GERMANY U.S.A FRANCE CANADA RUSSIA THE NETHERLANDS DENMARK SWEDEN CHINA BELGIUM FINLAND JAPAN KENYA UNITED ARAB EMIRATES SWITZERLAND CZECH REPUBLIC ANGOLA THAILAND TANZANIA MAURITIUS NEW ZEALAND REPUBLIC OF IRELAND ZAMBIA ZIMBABWE OTHER COUNTRIES PACKAGED EXPORTS PER COUNTRY - LITRES COUNTRY WHITE RED TREND 2017 / 2016 RED BLANC DE BLANC DE NOIR / ROSé FORTIFIED SPARKLING WHITE NOIR / ROSé FORTIFIED SPARKLING WHITE RED BLANC DE NOIR / ROSé FORTIFIED SPARKLING UNITED KINGDOM GERMANY THE NETHERLANDS SWEDEN U.S.A CHINA CANADA DENMARK RUSSIA BELGIUM FINLAND UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ANGOLA JAPAN KENYA TANZANIA UGANDA ZAMBIA BRAZIL MOZAMBIQUE ZIMBABWE NIGERIA NORWAY REPUBLIC OF IRELAND MAURITIUS OTHER COUNTRIES BULK EXPORTS PER COUNTRY - LITRES COUNTRY WHITE RED TREND 2017 / 2016 RED BLANC DE BLANC DE NOIR / ROSé FORTIFIED SPARKLING WHITE NOIR / ROSé FORTIFIED SPARKLING WHITE RED BLANC DE NOIR / ROSé FORTIFIED SPARKLING UNITED KINGDOM GERMANY FRANCE RUSSIA U.S.A CANADA DENMARK CHINA THE NETHERLANDS SWEDEN BELGIUM SWITZERLAND CZECH REPUBLIC THAILAND JAPAN KENYA FINLAND SENEGAL NEW ZEALAND AUSTRIA BHUTAN MAURITIUS POLAND ITALY SPAIN OTHER COUNTRIES *As from 1 July 2006 all packaged exports to previously excempted African countries and surrounding islands are reflected in full. SOURCE: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES, DIRECTORATE FOOD SAFETY AND QUALITY ASSURANCE Excluding sales in the Southern Africa Customs Union (Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Swaziland). 23