Crop Load Management of Young Vines
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1 Crop Load Management of Young Vines UC ANR Foothill Grape Day March 29, 2018 George Zhuang UC Cooperative Extension - Fresno County
2 Thanks for Having Me Here!
3 What is Crop Load? Crop load (Ravaz Index) is the ratio between fruit yield and canopy size (pruning weight). Crop load is one of the indicators of vine balance Vine balance Pruning weight per canopy length Crop load (Ravaz Index) Leaf area/fruit ratio Point quadrant
4 Vine Balance A vine is in balance when it can bring its fruit to a given Brix, with a given summation of degree days of heat, which is constant for a given variety (Winkler, and Winkler and Williams, 1939) Vine balance 0.6 to 1 lbs of pruning weight per foot of canopy length crop load from 5 to 10 Leaf area/fruit ratio: m 2 /kg: leaves to ripen 2 clusters per shoot leaf layer number and percent exposed cluster: 50%-75% clusters visible
5 Vine Balance Adequate exposed leaf area to produce carbohydrate (CHO) to make sugar, acid, color, tannin, flavor plus the future crop! Source Sink
6 Fruit and Wine Quality Increasing quality Optimum Crop Load? Canopy more than adequate for optimal fruit quality: <5 kg fruit per kg of pruning weight 5 10 kg fruit per kg of pruning weight Leaf area limiting to ripen fruit: >10 kg fruit per kg of pruning weight Increasing crop load Yield : Pruning Weight Ratio
7 Grape and Wine Quality Increasing quality Yield vs. Fruit Quality Balanced vine 5 vs. 10 tons Increasing yield per acre? Yield per acre
8 Optimal Crop Load: 5-10 Established Mature Vines
9 Ways To Manage Crop Load Pruning a. Less labor intensive than cluster thinning b. Rough regulator of yield Shoot thinning a. Less labor intensive than cluster thinning b. Efficient way to regulate yield Cluster thinning a. Timing: 1)pre-bloom; 2)pre-veraison; 3)post-veraison b. Labor intensive c. Proven method to reduce yield d. The most potential to specifically adjust crop load
10 Ways To Manage Crop Load
11 Crop load on Young Vines? First crop on the 2 nd leaf? 1 st leaf 2 nd leaf
12 Crop load works on Young Vines? Young vines needs more resources to build the vine structure and crop the yield. Variety: Pinot vs. Colombard Clone: vigorous vs. weak Rootstock: Freedom vs. 3309C Trellis: quadrilateral vs. bilateral Pruning: cane vs. spur Water: more Fertilizer: more
13 Cluster Thin vs. No Cluster Thin 1 st leaf (2015) 2 nd leaf (2016) 3 rd leaf (2017) cluster thin pre-bloom Pinot gris (04) on Freedom with quad
14 Cluster Thin vs. No Cluster Thin Cluster thin to different number per shoot 0% 25% 50% 100% 100% cluster per shoot 0% cluster per shoot
15 Viticultural Practices Irrigation 2016: 1.34 acre-foot 2017: 1.65 acre-foot Bloom petiole analysis in 2016 and 2017 Year NO3-N (ppm) P (%) K (%) Mg (%) Zn (ppm) Mn (ppm) B (ppm) Na (%) Guide >350* >0.1 >1.0 >0.2 > <0.5 *Christensen 2000, Raisin Production Manual, UC ANR
16 Visual Overcropping? Canopy veraison in 2016 No cluster thin Cluster thin
17 Yield (tons/acre) Yield Summary a Yield (tons per acre) ab b % 50% 100% a ab b b Fresno in 2016 and 2017 Two years summary: 0%: 16.6 tons/acre 25%: 24 tons/acre 50%: 20.5 tons/acre 100%: 20.3 tons/acre
18 Fruit Chemistry Summary Total soluble solids (Brix) TSS (Brix) a ab b % 50% 100% Fresno in 2016 and 2017 Two years summary: Different in 2016 Similar in 2017
19 Yield vs. Crop Load Yield (tons/acre) and Crop Load (Ravaz Index) 10 Yield (t/acre) in Crop Load in 2016: 0%: NA 25%: %: %: r 2 = Ravaz Index (kg/kg) in 2016
20 Fruit and Wine Quality Increasing quality Impact of Crop Load on Fruit Quality Established Mature Vines Canopy more than adequate for optimal fruit quality: <5 kg fruit per kg of pruning weight 5 10 kg fruit per kg of pruning weight Leaf area limiting to ripen fruit: >10 kg fruit per kg of pruning weight Increasing crop load Yield : Pruning Weight Ratio
21 Crop Load works on Young Vines? Crop load (>10) impacts Brix in TSS (Brix) in r 2 = Ravaz Index (kg/kg) in 2016
22 Crop Load works on Young Vines? Crop load (>10) in 2016 impacts yield in r 2 = Yield (t/acre) in Ravaz Index (kg/kg) in 2016
23 3.2 Overcropping on Fruitfulness Canopy size in 2016 impacts bud fruitfulness in 2017 Average fruitfulness per shoot in r 2 = Pruning weight per vine (kg) in 2016
24 Overcropping on Vine Structure Loss of spur and cordon, sometimes trunk Increase vine training cost!
25 Maximize Vineyard Economics Two years summary Price $400/ton* Mechanical harvest $300/acre* Cluster thinning pre-bloom $400/acre* Treatment Accumulated yield (tons/acre) Gross income ($/acre) 0% 16.6 $6,240 25% 24.0 $8,900 50% 20.5 $7, % 20.3 $7,820 *California Crush Report 2016 and personal communication with industry personnel
26 Take-home Message Vine balance, rather than tons per acre, is more important to achieve maximal viticultural and economic benefits. Consider different climate, soils, varieties, rootstocks, when applying vine balance. Young vines need more resources to establish vine structure and produce the crop, and practices should be different on regions. Long-term impact needs to be watched.
27 Acknowledgement Gaia Nafziger, viticulture technician Dr. Matthew Fidelibus, UC Davis Dr. Kaan Kurtural, UC Davis SJV wine growers and wineries
28 Questions?
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