Common Problems in Grape Production in Alabama. Dr. Elina Coneva Department of Horticulture, Auburn University

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1 Common Problems in Grape Production in Alabama Dr. Elina Coneva Department of Horticulture, Auburn University

2 U.S. PRODUCTION USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, 2018: During the Q1: The U.S. imported higher volumes of table grapes 317,000 MT compared to 303,000 MT in 2017 and 271,000 MT in 2016 Chile, Brazil, Mexico, Peru, South Africa

3 Grape Production in Alabama 17 Farmer markets in 2007; 146 Farmer markets in 2017

4 7 wineries in 2007; 17 wineries in 2017

5 Economically Important Grapes Genus Vitis 60 species of plants - European/ wine grape: V. vinifera - American/ Fox grape: Concord V. labrusca - Muscadine grape: V. rotundifolia

6 Most acreage: Muscadine Grape Native to the southeastern US Adapted to the hot and humid climate Insect and Disease resistant Average vine produces 35 pounds fruit A good candidate for organic production Popular for fresh consumption, wine, pies, and jellies

7 PD Resistant Hybrid Bunch Grapes Norton Villard Blanc Black Spanish

8 PD Resistant Vitis vinifera Grapes

9 Site Selection Problems Marketing strategy Poor air drainage (plant on a slop) Exposure to sunlight Cold air pockets Poor water drainage Heavy soils Soil ph

10 Cultivar Selection Marketing strategy Cultivar adaptation Pollination biology Harvest season Fruit quality Fruit size Fruit color Dry stem scar

11 Popular Muscadine Cultivars Bronze: Carlos Magnolia Darlene Pam Black: Nesbitt Noble Black Fry Supreme

12 Shoot Development, April 12 Black Beauty Ison Loomis

13 Pollination Biology Female or self-sterile Perfect or self-fertile Marketability of the pollinizer Female - Pam Two or more pollinizer cultivars Perfect - Noble

14 Cultivar Average Berry Weight, g Black Fry 10 g Janet 13 Black Beauty 13 Late Fry 12 Black Fry 10 Delight 10 Darlene 9 Sugargate 9 Fry 9 Watergate 8 Farrer 8 Precious 8 Higgins 8 Supreme 7 Loomis 7 Jumbo 7 Summit 7 Dixiland 7 Top Sail 6 Triumph 6 Ison 6 Sugar Pop 6 Granny Vail 5 Cowart 5 Dixie 4

15 EARLY FRY Early Ripening Very Good Yield Large, sweet berries Prone to Black Rot

16 PAM Female Highest Yield Highly Vigorous High Number of Berries per Cluster Large Berry Size

17 DARLENE Largest Berry Very Good Yield High Sugar Content

18 BLACK BEAUTY Good Crop Med. Fruit Size High Sugar

19 Fry Seedless Seedless Self-fruitful Cluster ripens uniformly easy to harvest Low productivity Small berry size

20 RazzMatazz Muscadine X Table Grape hybrid Seedless Self-fertile Continuously fruiting along the shoot Highly disease resistant Sweet and tasty with a crisp texture Grown on patios

21 SOUTHERN HOME A hybrid between Muscadine and French grape Small berry size Good flavor and overall quality Crisp flesh texture

22 SOUTHERN HOME The cut leaf pattern has ornamental value

23 Building the Trellis Systems The end posts are the pull posts sometimes not braced A wire strainer not always installed to keep the wire tight

24 Choice of Training System Single wire bilateral cordon: ft X ft

25 Training Systems: Geneva Double Curtain Planting Distance: 8-10 Ft X Ft

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28 Dormant Pruning Issues

29 Dormant Pruning Issues Missing a season, pruning not conducted every year Spurs on the cordon trained vines not adequately shortened, over the optimal 2-4 buds retained

30 Dormant Pruning Issues Tendrils wrapped around the permanent parts on the vine not completely removed

31 Muscadine Diseases Susceptible Black Rot Powdery Mildew Bitter Rot Macrophoma Rot Ripe Rot Angular Leaf Spot Dead Arm Pierce s Disease Crown Gall Resistant Anthracnose Botrytis Bunch Rot Downy Mildew Phomopsis Pierce s Disease Viruses

32 Black Rot Black Rot Earliest leaf disease of the season Causes leaf spots and superficial scabs on fruit Carlos and Early Fry are susceptible

33 Muscadine Diseases Powdery Mildew Bitter Rot Macrophoma Rot

34 In general, dark grapes are more rot resistant than bronze grapes

35 Dieback Dead Arm Disease Fungus - Botryosphaeria sp. Can quickly kill even mature vine Often observed on plants as they come out of dormancy

36 Grape Root Borer Image credit: The Ohio State University

37 Grape Wasps Damage

38 Organic Muscadine Production A good candidate for commercial organic production Immune to Bunch Grape Anthracnose Immune to Downy Mildew Physically tough, thick-skinned Sulfur or Serenade can control Powdery Mildew

39 THANK YOU!