Monitoring and Meeting Wine Grape Mineral Nutrition Needs in Santa Cruz Districts

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1 Monitoring and Meeting Wine Grape Mineral Nutrition Needs in Santa Cruz Districts Peter Christensen Viticulture Specialist, Emeritus Department of Viticulture and Enology University of California, Davis

2 Mineral Nutrient Deficiencies and Excesses in Grapes Macronutrients Nitrogen Potassium Phosphorus Magnesium Calcium Sulfur Micronutrients Zinc Boron Iron Manganese Copper Molybdenum

3 Monitoring Mineral Nutrition Knowledge of: Site/Soil characteristics and chemistry Vineyard design requirements Fertilizer inputs Cultural practices Tissue analysis Observation and judgment

4 SOIL CHEMICAL ANALYSIS ph - Salinity - Permeability - Toxicity - Cation Exchange - Acidity and alkalinity Potassium Calcium Magnesium

5 SOIL CHEMICAL ANALYSIS -- OTHER Amending Baseline nutrient levels Lime or gypsum requirement Background information and awareness

6 Vineyard Soil Analysis Nutrient Status Limitations: Rootstock Variety Soil depth Root distribution Soil water status Crop load Soil pests Soil Chemistry / nutrient availability

7 Opposite Cluster Petiole Sample Bloom

8 Recently Mature Leaf Petiole Sample Midsummer

9 Tissue Analysis Limitations Nitrate-N Differs by cultivar, region, and weather Phosphorus Potassium Magnesium Zinc Boron Manganese Iron Critical levels are more consistent Lack of relationship to symptoms Easy contamination

10 Petiole Nitrate Levels Wine Grapes HIGH Malbec Merlot Grenache White Riesling Sauvignon blanc Chenin blanc MEDIUM Pinot noir Cabernet Sauvignon Carignane Ruby Cabernet Zinfandel Chardonnay Semillon LOW Barbera French Colombard Gewurztraminer Pinot blanc- Melon

11 Nitrate-N N Status and Rootstocks HIGH Freedom St. George Ramsey MEDIUM Mgt 140Ru 5BB 1103P 3309C Schwarzmann 110R 44-53M LOW SO4 Harmony 5C A

12 Petiole Sampling Ease of sampling More representative Clean surface Easily washed and dried More experience and data More effective for: NO 3 -N Total-N P K Mg Zn

13

14 Preliminary leaf tissue N threshold levels Bloom Veraison Harvest Petiole NO 3 -N N ppm Total N% Blade Total N%

15 NITROGEN (N)

16

17

18 Chardonnay Anderson Valley

19

20 Assessment of N Need Vine vigor Canopy density Cultural requirements of cultivar Fertilization history Soil and root conditions Laboratory analysis

21 N Utilization is Dynamic Vines store and remobilize N Spring levels are strongly influenced by N status in previous summer and fall N is easily leached Apply at periods of maximum uptake and demand by vegetative growth

22

23 Nitrogen Fertilization Drip Irrigation Timing: Spring to early summer and/or Post-harvest Rates, lbs N/acre: 0 High to excess vigor High to medium Medium Medium-low to low *Apply in increments over time

24

25 Nitrogen Disorders

26 Glutamine exudate

27 Early Bunch Stem Necrosis

28 Putrescene Disorder Syrah Spring Fever

29 Late Bunch Stem Necrosis Waterberry

30 COOL TEMPS = N ACCUMULATION + INTERRUPTED ASSIMILATION Glutamine Ammonium Putrescene+ Other polyamines Spring Root Activity Storage N Arginine

31 PHOSPHORUS (P)

32 Phosphorus Deficiency in California New viticultural areas and soil sites Enabled by drip irrigation Mostly hillsides of north coast and Sierra Nevada Low ph High iron

33

34 Phosphorus Deficiency Cabernet Sauvignon

35 Willamette Mite - Merlot

36 Leafroll Virus Pinot noir

37 Phosphorus Critical Values Petiole Levels (% P) Bloom Veraison Deficient Questionable Adequate Cushion < >0.15 >0.20 < >0.12 >0.15

38 Phosphorus Status and Rootstocks HIGH 110R 1103P Ramsey Freedom MEDIUM Harmony 5C 5BB Schwarzmann LOW 420A Mgt 3309C

39 Phosphorus Deficiency Correction Rates: 0.33 lb. P/vine under drippers, 3 years 0.66 lb. P/vine unnecessary Materials: Single or Treble superphosphate Ammonium phosphate

40 POTASSIUM (K)

41 Potassium Deficiency Chardonnay

42 Potassium Deficiency Sauvignon blanc

43 Potassium Deficiency Cabernet franc

44 Potassium Deficiency Pinot noir

45 Potassium Deficiency True Deficiency Soil low availability and/or release Limited soil volume Induced Deficiency Root problems pests, drainage, compaction Low water status Heavy crop

46

47 Nutrients Removed in 1 Ton of Grapes Averages in Literature Nutrient Potassium Nitrogen Phosphorus K N P Lb/Ton Calcium Magnesium Iron Zinc Copper Boron Ca Mg Fe Zn Cu B

48 K Uptake Reduced by: Low soil moisture Poor soil aeration Low ph = <5.5 High Mg interference = 4:1 Mg:K = low diffusion = K sensitive

49 Potassium Status and Rootstocks HIGH MEDIUM LOW Freedom St. George Schwarzmann 44-53M 1616 Harmony Mgt SO4 5C 5BB Ramsey 3309C 1103P 110R 140Ru 420A 5A

50 Potassium Fertilization Drip Irrigation Deficiency Lbs Potassium Sulfate (44% K) Per vine Per acre* Mild Moderate Severe 1/3 2/ Incremental or slug application. 3x rate for furrow or sprinkler application. *908 vines per acre

51

52

53 Potassium Fertigation Potassium Sulfate solution applicator or hand liquid Chloride solution applicator or hand liquid Carbonate Thiosulfate S liquid acid soils liquid alkaline soils Nitrate solution applicator

54 Potassium Critical Values Deficient Questionable Adequate Cushion Petiole Levels (% K) Bloom Veraison <1.0 < >1.5 >

55 Magnesium Deficiency Zinfandel

56 ZINC (Zn)

57 Zinc Deficiency Low soil zinc sands cut areas Lowered availability calcareous soils high ph high P manure, corrals, poultry yards Cool temperatures

58

59

60

61 ZINC FOLIAR SPRAY 2 weeks pre-bloom to bloom Dilute application 2 to 3 lbs zinc/acre Neutral zinc 4 to 6 lbs/ac (50-52%) Zinc oxide (75-80%) 2.5 to 4 lbs/ac

62 BORON (B)

63 Boron in Vineyard Soils Deficiency Toxicity Beginning symptoms Increasing severity Severe <0.1 ppm 0.7 ppm 1 ppm 2 ppm

64 Boron Deficiency Early Season, Temporary Barnes Effect Drought-induced in previous fall and winter Spring to Early Summer Naturally low soil and plant status Mid to Late Summer Low soil water status

65 Drought-induced B Deficiency Pinot noir

66 Drought-induced B deficiency Chardonnay

67 Boron Deficiency White Riesling

68 Boron Deficiency White Riesling

69 Pinot noir Cold Weather Fruit Set

70 Boron Deficiency Merlot

71 BORON APPLICATION BROADCAST or HERBICIDE BAND FOLIAR DRIP Monitor with tissue analysis 4 lb B/acre 2-33 years ½ to 1 lb B/acre Annual 1 lb B/acre Initial ½ lb Annual

72 BORON APPLICATION WITH DRIP IRRIGATION Vine uptake of drip-applied B is rapid. 1-lb B/acre can be safely applied to mature vines with single application. Equivalent to 5 lbs 20.5% B product Annual application of 1-lb 1 B per acre applied for 3 or 4 years may be excessive. For maintenance, apply ½ lb B every year. B can be applied any time of year. Monitor with tissue analysis.

73 BORON FOLIAR SPRAY Fall sprays Increase B content of dormant bud tissue. Most effective in eliminating fruit symptoms. Leaves are more tolerant of applied B. Single application of 1 lb B/acre can be used. Pre-bloom and bloom sprays Only 1/2 B/acre is safe with each application Only partially effective in preventing fruit symptoms

74 BORON TISSUE LEVELS BLOOM PETIOLES Deficient below 25 ppm Questionable Possible excess above 100 BLADES Toxicity above 250 ppm

75 Boron toxicity Merlot

76 Iron Chlorosis Syrah

77

78 Bloom Iron Levels ppm Cabernet Sauvignon/110R Symptom Severity None Mild Moderate Severe Paso Robles Petioles ns Blades ns

79 Lime-induced Chlorosis Rootstock Tolerance Rootstock Parentage % CaCO 3 Fercal berlandieri x vinifera >50 41B Ru berlandieri x rupestris BB, 420A berlandieri x riparia 20 5C, SO P berlandieri x rupestris 17 99R, 110R 17 Rupestris St. Geo. rupestris C, Mgt riparia x rupestris 11

80

81 Manganese Deficiency

82

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