Small Fruit Insect Management Kelly Hamby Assistant Professor and Extension Specialist University of Maryland kahamby@umd.edu
Outline Threat of New Invasive -Spotted Lanternfly Strawberry Pests -Arthropod Pests of Leaves, Stems, & Branches -Arthropod Pests of Fruit or Flowers -Arthropod Pests Favored by Matted Row *Slugs *Sap Beetles
Spotted Lanternfly Photos: Lawrence Barringer, PDA, bugwood.org
Spotted Lanternfly Groups of 30-50 eggs Usually covered until hatch Photos: Kenneth R. Law, USDA APHIS PPQ, bugwood.org
Life Cycle 1 generation per year ~Oct. ~July ~May
Host Range Tree of heaven a preferred host, may be only reproductive host
Potential for Damage >70 food plants including grapes, apples, peaches, blueberries Photos: Lawrence Barringer, PDA, bugwood.org
Potential for Damage Video: Erica Smyers, PhD student, Penn State Department of Entomology
Signs of Spotted Lanternfly Weeping wounds, mold Photos: Lawrence Barringer, PDA, bugwood.org
Signs of Spotted Lanternfly Honeydew Photo: Lawrence Barringer, PDA, bugwood.org
Signs of Spotted Lanternfly Sap and honeydew attract other insects Photo: Lawrence Barringer, PDA, bugwood.org
Positive Detections PA 2014 VA 2018 DE 2017
Where to Look Move around at dusk and nighttime Daytime cluster at base of plant Photos: Lawrence Barringer, PDA, bugwood.org
Where to Look Eggs masses laid on smooth surfaces Photos: Lawrence Barringer, PDA, bugwood.org
Report Finds ASAP Try to collect Inform Maryland Dept. of Agriculture: (410) 841-5920 DontBug.MD@maryland.gov
Report Finds ASAP Photos: Lawrence Barringer, PDA, bugwood.org
Report Finds ASAP
More Information http://www.agriculture.pa.gov
Outline Threat of New Invasive -Spotted Lanternfly Strawberry Pests -Arthropod Pests of Leaves, Stems, & Branches -Arthropod Pests of Fruit or Flowers -Arthropod Pests Favored by Matted Row *Slugs *Sap Beetles
Arthropod Pests of Strawberry Leaves, stems and branches Fruit or flowers
Arthropod Pests of Strawberry Leaves, stems and branches Fruit or flowers
Potato Leafhopper Hardest on young plants, make sure plants get enough water and nutrients
Two-Spotted Spider Mites OMFRA Problems worst during extended hot, dry weather Can reproduce VERY quickly
Arthropod Pests of Strawberry Leaves, stems and branches Fruit or flowers
Strawberry Clipper H. Burrack Plants usually compensate and yield normally
Tarnished Plant (Lygus) Bugs Kathy Demchak Kathy Demchak Kathy Demchak Feeding can cause misshaped fruit Poor pollination can cause similar symptoms
Matted Row Favors slugs and sap beetles
Slugs
Slug Life Cycle Most species do not have a synchronized life cycle
Slug Life Cycle 1/8-1/4 Clusters of 20-80 eggs
Slug Life Cycle Usually reproduce with other individuals
Slug Life Cycle All life stages may overwinter
Slugs Prefer cool wet springs Especially problematic after mild winters
Slug Straw mulch provides moist shelter and place to overwinter
Slug Damage OMFRA OMFRA Cornell Damage ripe fruit as well as leaves
Slug Damage Provide entry points for direct and secondary pests Distinguished as primary problem by slime
Slug Monitoring Earthlyarts.com Photo: Margaret Douglas, Penn State Visual inspection or traps
Slug Management Pam Fisher Remove debris and nearby shelter, e.g. tall weeds, wood piles, compost piles Adequate but not excessive irrigation
Biological Control Image: Ian Grettenberger, Penn State Ground beetles and many other organisms feed on slugs
Slug Baits Metaldehyde or iron phosphate slug baits
Slug Baits Deadline metaldehyde Sluggo iron phosphate (OMRI approved) Apply early evening when slugs are active Less effective under rainy conditions
More Information https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/slugs-in-strawberries NC State Extension Article
Sap Beetles Strawberry Dusky Fourspotted
Life Cycle Multiple generations per year
Sap Beetle Hosts Can feed and reproduce on many fruits and vegetables
Sap Beetle Damage Mark Bolda Adults and larvae directly feed in ripe to overripe fruit
Sap Beetle Damage Will also enter fruit that was already damaged
Sap Beetle Damage Can introduce pathogens
Sap Beetle Biology Fermenting berries attractive
Cultural Management Come into strawberries from elsewhere Plant away from overwintering areas
Sap Beetle Biology Fermenting berries attractive
Sanitation Harvest frequently and keep plantings clean
Sanitation Renovate as soon as possible Not just strawberries
Cultural Management Like to feed where fruit touches the ground Heavy mulch layer encourages build up
Cultural Management Warms fruit that touches the mulch Less favorable
Biological Control Parasitic wasp attacks larvae Nematodes may help Steinernema carpocapsae
Biological Control Commercially available but haven t been tested in our area
Insecticides Only necessary in operations where good sanitation can t occur
Insecticides Hard to get to beetles and larvae inside fruit
Insecticides 7 day spray intervals recommended in NC and FL
Insecticides Pyrethroids and Pyrethrins (IRAC activity group 3A) e.g. Brigade, Danitol, Pyganic* Azadirachtin/neem oil (IRAC activity group UN) e.g. Azatin, Neemix*, Trilogy* Benzoylureas (IRAC activity group 15) e.g. Rimon (only works on larvae) Neonicotinoids (IRAC activity group 4A) e.g. Assail Organophosphates (IRAC activity group 1B) e.g. Diazinon, Dibrom, Malathion Carbamates (IRAC activity group 1A) e.g. Sevin *OMRI approved for organic production
Danitol Can protect fruit just before sap beetles come into the field (just before first harvest)
Rimon Only targets larvae, spray as soon as adults are found FL - best results if included in program
More Information http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs234#figure 4 UF Extension Article
More Information Mid Atlantic Berry Guide https://extension.psu.edu/the-midatlantic-berry-guide-for-commercialgrowers
More Information Hambylab.weebly.com Spotted Wing Drosophila Monitoring and Management Spotted wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii, is an insect pest that continues to be a problem for growers of soft-skinned fruit such as blackberry, blueberry, cherry (sweet and tart), and raspberry (black and red). Unlike other vinegar fly species (Drosophila spp.) that lay their eggs in over-ripe, damaged, rotting, and fermenting fruit, SWD will attack undamaged fruit as it ripens. Figure 1. SWD adult female (left) and male (right) Adults are small flies about 1/16 to 1/8 inch long with red eyes and an amber colored body with black stripes on the abdomen (Figure 1). The male flies have a black spot towards the tip of each wing. The females do not have spots on the wings but they have a very prominent, saw-like ovipositor (egg laying structure), larger than other vinegar flies. The female penetrates the skin of softskinned fruit laying the eggs just under the skin, leaving a small puncture on the fruit surface. Eggs hatch and larvae develop and feed and this damage can provide an entry site for other vinegar flies and secondary pathogens. SWD Has Wide Range of Host Plants SWD hosts include many wild and cultivated fruit crops. In the mid-atlantic region, wild relatives of common cultivated fruit [e.g. Allegheny (aka common) blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis), wild black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis), American red raspberry (Rubus strigosus), wild blueberry (Vaccinium spp.), wild cherry (Prunus spp.)] are present in the landscape surrounding fruit farms and may harbor SWD. In addition to these close relatives of commercial hosts, SWD successfully develops on other wild, ornamental and noncrop fruiting plants in the landscape. Recent work in other regions has suggested that species of honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.) (abundant in many mid-atlantic habitats) Fact Sheet FS-1023 November 2015 Contact info, current research, news articles, fact sheets For more information on this and other topics visit the University of Maryland Extension website at www.extension.umd.edu 1
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