Effects of smart use of fertilizers on grape production 2015.5.12 Yeh, Wen-pin 葉文彬 Researcher of Crop Improvement Section, TDARES, Taiwan, ROC 1 Outline: Introduction Grape production and market in Taiwan. Why and how do we apply smart use of fertilizers on fruit production? Grape: Part I Cultivars Environmental behavior Growth stage and plant morphology Grape: Part II Cultivation practices Fertilization Disorder of nutritional element insufficient or excess Fertilization vs quality and nutrition 2 1
Introduction Common name : Grape Family : Vitaceae Genus : Vitis Scientific name : Vitis vinifera (For European has a chromosome number 2n = 38) Vitis labrusca (For North American) Hybrids Vitis vinifera Vitis labrusca Chardonnay Cabernet sauvignon (Wang et al., 2012 and google) Wine(70%) Table grape (27%) Raisins 3% Other s 7.5 million ha and 68 million tons. Wine product about 25 billion liters and 60 billion EUR in 2013 (OIV,2013 and photo courtesy of Google) 4 2
ha NT/Kg ton ton 2015/6/4 Production and market 3 500 Planted Area Production 120 000 3 400 100 000 3 300 3 200 Maintain at about 3,000ha 80 000 3 100 60 000 3 000 2 900 40 000 2 800 20 000 2 700 2 600 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Years Grape planted area and yield in Taiwan 0 ( 行政院農業委員會,2013 http://agrstat.coa.gov.tw/sdweb/public/book/book.aspx) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 平均價 Avg price 交易量 Trading amount 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Months The Kyoho grapes market in 2014 ( 農產品交易行情站 http://amis.afa.gov.tw/t-asp/top-v.asp) 3
Import (kg) Export(kg) 2015/6/4 35,000,000 30,000,000 進口 Import 出口 Export 350,000 300,000 25,000,000 250,000 20,000,000 200,000 15,000,000 150,000 10,000,000 100,000 5,000,000 50,000 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Years 0 Grapes import and export value. ( 財政部關務署 Customs Administration, Ministry of Finance) Cultivars 8 4
The characterization of Kyoho grapevine Shoots are strong vigorous Poor fruit set Berries crack at veraison Berries drop during storage 9 The characterization of Kyoho grape berry Kyoho, which means great mountaintop. It s a Concord-like cross (Vitis vinifera x Vitis labrusca) between Ishiharawase and Centennial grape varieties. Tetraploid Has large-berries High sugar content and mild acidity. Blooms well Tastes good (OKAMOTO,2007) 10 5
High quality Kyoho grapes 1.Appearance:Blooms integrate, berries size uniform, no scars and has good color even without chemicals. 2.Cluster:weight from 400-450g 3.Berries:More than 10-12g 4.TSS:More than 18 Brix 5.Acidity:0.4-0.7% 6.Clolor:Deep purple to black (Chang et al., 2007) Honey red Takasumi Italia IP65 Himrod seedless 6
Environment behavior Fig. Wine likes it cool, heat means trouble. Between 40-50 north latitude and 30-40 south latitude. (Jens,1999) 7
Ideal grape cultivation environment (Jens,1999) Table. The suitable conditions for vineyard Items Soil Water ph 6.0-7.5 6.0-9.0 EC 2.5dsm -1 0.75dsm -1 OM 3% --- Cd 0.39ppm 0.01ppm Cr 10ppm 0.1ppm Cu 20ppm 0.2ppm Ni 10ppm 0.5ppm Pb 15ppm 0.1ppm Zn 25ppm 2.0ppm Mn -- 2.0ppm (Chang et al., 2007) 8
Grapevine training system in Taiwan The foundation for excellence (Jens, 1999) 9
(Jens, 1999) Growth stage and plant morphology 10
Berry Size 2015/6/4 Organic acid Tannins Phenolic compound precursors Xylem flow ceases Phloem Xylem Sugar Veraison Engustment Aroma ABA C 2 H 2 Lag phase periods when compounds accumulate Tartrate Tannin Hydroxycinnamates Methoxypyrazine Malate Glucose Fructose Anthocyanin Flavour compounds Pericarp cell division setting C. 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 Flowering Days after flowering O Brix 4 7 10 14 16 20 BERRY FORMATON BERRY RIPENING First phase Lag phase Third phase 21 (Kennedy,2002) (Jens, 1999) 22 11
第一收與第二收枝條管理之差異 Cultivation and other practices Grape culture models in Taiwan One crop per year PE-house for spring (Mar. to May) Only for summer (Jul. to Aug.) or autumn (Oct. to Nov.) Two crops per year Summer (Jul. to Aug.) Winter (Dec. to Jan.) Three crops per year 12
Mon. pruning sprouting flowering veraison harvesting One crop per year model Only for summer (Jul. to Aug.) (Chang et al., 2004) Mon. pruning sprouting Removing of clusters pruning sprouting flowering veraison harvest One crop per year model Only for autumn (Oct. to Nov.) (Chang et al., 2004) 13
Mon pruning sprouting flowering veraison harvest One crop per year model Only for spring (Mar. to May) (Chang et al., 2004) Mon First Second pruning sprouting flowering veraison harvesting pruning sprouting flowering veraison harvesting Two crops per year summer(jul. to Aug.) winter(dec. to Jan.) (Chang et al., 2004) 14
29 Fertilization 30 15
5W1H 造成新梢徒長之原因 Who What How Where Why When Why 16
Why-Shoot management at post-veraison Downy mildew 17
Location and timing Timing: After harvest or before plant How and when http://tdares.coa.gov.tw/files/web_articles_files/tdares/5646/3064.pdf To take soil 18
How to dig out I. Keep clear 0-20cm 20-40cm Top layer Bottom Ⅱ. 1.5-2cm thick Mixing well 19
Information Name: TEL: Add: Crop: Location: Taking a soil sample Mix well and pack at about 1kg 20
Intertillage Vineyard fertilization timing Items Substrate Fruit set Lag phase Veraison After harvest N 40 20 20 10 10 P 100 - - - - K 30 20 25 25 - Organic 100 -- - - - Fertilization comparison between customary rates and smart fertilization Treatments N P 2 O 5 K 2 O Customary rates Ammonium sulfate210 kg superphosphate 222 kg potassium chloride 87kg Smart fertilization Ammonium sulfate119 kg (43.3%) superphosphate 123 kg (44.5%) potassium chloride 54 kg (37.9%) What 21
Example of smart fertilization for summer fruits produced. Timing Treatment Substrate(Pruning) Growth &development phase After harvest Fruit set Lag phase Veraison Customary rate Smart fertilization Fertilizer Kg/0.1ha Fertilizer Kg/0.1ha N 8 N 5.52 P 2 O 5 2 K 2 O 4.8 K 2 O 4 Superphosphate (18%) 14.4 Superphosphate (18%) 14.4 N 6 N 2.76 P 2 O 5 6 K 2 O 6 K 2 O 3 N 6 N 2.76 P 2 O 5 6 K 2 O 6 K 2 O 3.6 N 5.5 N 1.38 P 2 O 5 2.75 K 2 O 11 K 2 O 3.6 Ammonium Ammonium sulfate 0 sulfate 1.68 (21%) (21%) Total 83.65 43.5 43 22
Benefits of smart fertilization Customary rates Smart fertilization Who & where Field demonstrations to share smart fertilization experiences 46 23
Disorder symptoms of nutritional element insufficiency 47 Magnesium (Mg) insufficiency 48 24
Thank you for attention 49 25