Identification and management of trunk diseases in Australia Mark Sosnowski South Australian Research & Development Institute
GRAPEVINE TRUNK DISEASES Eutypa dieback Botryosphaeria dieback Phomopsis dieback Black foot Petri disease
EUTYPA DIEBACK - foliar symptoms
EUTYPA DIEBACK - foliar symptoms Shoots & Leaves Stunted Chlorotic (yellowing) Cupped Necrotic (dead) margins
EUTYPA DIEBACK fruit symptoms Inflorescence may not initiate Bunches may shrivel and drop off after flowering Uneven berry ripening Reduced bunch size
EUTYPA DIEBACK wood symptoms Wedge of dead tissue in cross-section Cordon or trunk canker
BOTRYOSPHAERIA DIEBACK - symptoms Similar wood symptoms and dieback No yellow, stunted shoots Photos: Sandra Savocchia & Wayne Pitt, NWGIC
EUTYPA DISEASE CYCLE Canker Toxins Symptomatic vine Infected wood Trunk cross section Fruiting bodies in wood Infected xylem vessels Open wound Fungal spores
BOTRYOSPHAERIA DISEASE CYCLE Canker Symptomatic vine Fruiting bodies on wood Trunk cross section Fungal spores Infected xylem vessels Open wound Sandra Savocchia & Wayne Pitt, NWGIC
Incidence (%) Incidence (%) DISEASE INCIDENCE - Australia Eutypa foliar symptoms 100 80 60 40 20 0 R² = 0.4471 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Age (years) Dieback symptoms 100 80 60 40 20 0 R² = 0.3677 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Age (years)
Sauvignon Blanc Verdelet Himrod Clairette Blanche Chenin Blanc Fernao Pires Emerald Riesling Seyval Romulus Pannonia Gold Trebbiano Rkaziteli Xarello Raffiet de Moncade Crouchen Baxter's Sherry Pedro Ximenez Rabaner Chasselas Dore Temprano Putzscheere Siegerrebe Tulillah Arriloba Muscadelle du Bordelaise Parellada Rolle Buckland's Sweetwater Malvasia Rei Red Palamino White Muscat Malvasia Bianca Seneca Viognier Furmint Gouais Bianco D'allessano Angostenga Blanc Baroque Palomino (Listan) Villard Blanc Perdea Biancone Clairette Harslevelu Canada Muscat Fetyaska Flora Valensi Blanc Liliorila Doradillo Verdelho Muscat Gordo Blanco Chardonnay Sylvaner Ansonica Rousane Smederevka Montils Chasan Goyura Lignan Orange Muscat Muscat a Petits Grains Helena Gros Meslier Rhine Riesling Keknyelu Muscadelle Dourado Len De L'EL Muscat Ottonel Riesling Italico Ortrugo Morio Muskat Mtsvane Ehrenfelser Pinot Gris Maccabeu Perle Reichensteiner Traminer X Riesling Semillon Pinot Blanc Sauvignonasse Ondenc Auxerrois Muscat a Petits Grains Colombard Melon Mueller Thurgau Green Veltliner Muscadelle Petit Meslier Traminer Symptom severity (%) Odola Dolcetto Cascade Tempranillo Alicante Bouschet Cinsaut Constantia Auldana No. 1 St. Macair Kadarka Shiraz Tinta Cao Cabernet Sauvignon Sumoll Chambourcin Mondeuse De Chaunac Quick's Seedling Tannat Teroldego Calitor Noir Mataro Shiraz Prokupac Terret Noir Aramon Raboso Piave Grenache Tinta Molle (Madeira) Auldana No. 3 Trollinger Tinta Amarella Mantey Royalty Jacquez Mammolo Barbera Merlot Abouriou Nebbiolo Bourgu Bonvedro Criolla Negra Piquepoul Noir Cabernet Franc Malbec Arinarnoa Souzao Bastardo Valdiguie Americano Portan Aleatico Tinta Carvalha CG 1730 Tarrango Lagrain Gramon Pinot Noir Carignan Touriga Monerac Rubired Ganson Baco Noir Gamay Americano Graciano Gascon Ruby Cabernet Egiodola Muscat Hamburg Saperavi Fer Meunier Grec Rose Freisa Zinfandel Limberger Ughetta Muscat a Petits Grains Rouge Nebbiolo Fino Sangiovese Petit Verdot Symptom severity (%) VARIETAL SUSCEPTIBILITY 100 80 60 40 20 Red wine varieties Trunk disease Eutypa foliar symtpoms 0 Shiraz Cab Sauv Grenache Merlot Pinot Noir 100 80 60 White wine varieties Trunk disease Eutypa foliar symptoms 40 20 0 Sauv Blanc Chardonnay Semillon
Muscat Gigas X Black Mammoth Cinsaut X Parsley Leaf Chasselas X Black Alicante X Lady Downe's Seed X Bankside Acorn X Chasselas Dore Venus - B Canner Cardinal Canadice Daira Seedling X Schuyler Sultana Moschata Gros Colman X Black Sultana Madresfield Court X Thomuscat Barlinka Alden Bicane X Perle De Csaba Queen Suffolk Red Kishmishi Danugue X Italia Flame Tokay Wood's Red Muscat X Ruby Seedless Zante Corinth New York Muscat Emporer Red Malaga Menavacca Fiesta Nyora X Red Prince X Glenora Marroo Seedless Sultana Delight Calmeria Angostenga Blanc Muscat Hamburg Tunn Currant X Kyoho White Muscat Carolina Blackrose Rosaki X Ribier Ribol Fresno 32-145 Delaware X Heptakilo X Tandannya Carina Catawba Hunisa Waltham Cross Canon Hall Muscat X Fresno G4-74 Sabalkenskoi Black Malaga X O'Hanez X Monukka Emerald Seedless Santa Paula X Cayuga White Balluti Muscat Gordo Blanco Burgrave X Aledo Olivette Noir X Crystal X Red Lady's Finger X Beauty Seedless Flame Seedless Exotic Fresno 27-31 Perlette Dizmar Vitis Rotunifolia Ohanez (Almeria) Fresno 58-93 Fuji Muscat Russian Seedless Mrs. Pince's Muscat X Danlas Delaware Djandal Kara Gold Cape Currant Greg Rose X Loose Perlette Royal Ascot X Early Muscat Fresno-32-68 Irsay Oliver Queen of the Vineyard Isabella X Trentham Black Vitis Labrusca X Symptom severity (%) VARIETAL SUSCEPTIBILITY Table grape varieties 100 80 Trunk disease Eutypa foliar symptoms 60 40 20 0 Cardinal Queen Italia Ruby Seedless Sultana Muscat Hamburg Ribier Waltham Cross Flame Seedless Perlette Ohanez
DISEASE MANAGEMENT Prevention Wound protection Control Remedial surgery
% E. lata recovered WOUND SUSCEPTIBILITY 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 day 7 days 14 days Time from wounding to inoculation
WOUND PROTECTION Factors to consider: pruning time rate of wound healing sap flow
WOUND PROTECTION Factors to consider: pruning time rate of wound healing sap flow size of wounds rate of wound healing surface area
WOUND PROTECTION Factors to consider: pruning time rate of wound healing sap flow size of wounds rate of wound healing surface area age of wood size of wound number of wounds
WOUND PROTECTION Factors to consider: pruning time rate of wound healing sap flow size of wounds rate of wound healing surface area age of wood size of wound number of wounds inoculum rain / irrigation (2 mm / 2 h / 36 h) alternative hosts vineyard sanitation
EVALUATION OF WOUND PROTECTANTS Laboratory evaluation Two weeks preliminary screening Detached cane assay 6 weeks live cane, controlled conditions moderate disease pressure Field evaluation 12-15 months natural field conditions extreme disease pressure
WOUND PROTECTION Paints and pastes physical barrier large wounds hand applied Fungicides all wounds spray applied Biocontrol reliability? long term protection Acrylic paint Greenseal (tebuconazole) Garrison Rapid (cyproconazole/iodocarb) Gelseal (tebuconazole + boric acid) Bacseal (tebuconazole) benomyl carbendazim NZ only tebuconazole Application fluazinam (Emblem) pyraclostrobin thiophanate methyl (Topsin M) Vinevax (Trichoderma sp.) Garlic Lactoferrin
SPRAY APPLICATION
CONTROL Foliar application Dowel insertion Trunk injection Remedial surgery
DISEASE PROGRESSION
Incidence of vines with staining (%) REMEDIAL SURGERY Trunk cross-section symptoms 100 80 Vineyard 1 Vineyard 2 60 40 20 0 low mid high
% of vines with foliar symptoms REMEDIAL SURGERY 100 Foliar symptoms 6 years after remedial surgery 80 60 40 Trial 3 Vineyard 1 Trial 4 Vineyard 2 Vineyard 3 Trial 6 20 0 low mid high
REMEDIAL SURGERY Reworked in 2002 2004 2007
CURRENT RESEARCH Simultaneous control of eutypa and botryosphaeria dieback Timing of pruning wound protection Wound susceptibility and inoculum dispersal Alternative wound protectants (e.g. silicates and polymers) Cost-benefit analysis Determine effect of water stress Searching for disease resistance
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SARDI Eutypa dieback team Collaborators Industry partners Clare Region WGGA
FURTHER INFORMATION www.sardi.sa.gov.au/eutypa_dieback www.agwa.net.au mark.sosnowski@sa.gov.au