Starflower Image Herbarium Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z

Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z pg.1 Starflower Image Herbarium Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z Starflower Foundation, 1996-2007 Washington Native Plant Society These species pages has been valuable and loved for over a decade by WNPS members and the PNW plant community. Untouched since 2007, these pages have been archived for your reference. They contain valuable identifiable traits, landscaping information, and ethnobotanical uses. Species names and data will not be updated. To view updated taxonomical information, visit the UW Burke Herbarium Image Collection website at http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php. For other useful plant information, visit the Native Plants Directory at www.wnps.org. Compiled September 1, 2018

Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z pg.2 Contents Sagittaria latifolia... 4 Wapato, Arrowhead... 4 Sedum lanceolatum... 5 Lance-leaved Stonecrop... 5 Sedum oreganum... 6 Oregon Stonecrop... 6 Sedum spathulifolium... 7 Broad-leaved Stonecrop... 7 Sisyrinchium californicum... 8 Golden-eyed Grass... 8 Sisyrinchium idahoense... 9 Blue-eyed Grass... 9 Sium suave... 10 Water-parsnip... 10 Solidago canadensis... 11 Canada Goldenrod... 11 Stachys cooleyae... 12 Cooley's Hedge Nettle... 12 Streptopus amplexifolius... 14 Clasping Twisted Stalk... 14 Tellima grandiflora... 15 Fringecup... 15 Tiarella trifoliata... 16 Foamflower... 16 Tolmiea menziesii... 17 Piggy-back Plant... 17 Trientalis latifolia... 18 Broad-leaved Starflower... 18 Trillium ovatum... 19 Western Trillium... 19 Typha latifolia... 20 Broad-leaved Cattail... 20 Urtica dioica... 21 Stinging Nettle... 21 Vaccinium oxycoccus... 22

Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z pg.3 Bog Cranberry... 22 Vancouveria hexandra... 23 Inside-out Flower... 23 Viola adunca... 24 Early-blue Violet... 24 Viola glabella... 25 Yellow Wood Violet... 25 Viola sempervirens... 26 Evergreen Violet... 26 Xerophyllum tenax... 27 Beargrass... 27 References... 28 About Ann Lennartz Founded in 1996 by Ann Lennartz, Starflower Foundation assisted with the creation, rehabilitation, and stewardship of Pacific Northwest native plant communities in Seattle, Washington, by supporting community-driven restoration and education projects. Having met the founder s expectations, Starflower Foundation ceased operations in December 2007. Resources developed by Starflower Foundation included an array of educational materials, plant ID cards, project case studies, and this image herbarium. All resources contain Western Washington native plant information and images for use in education, restoration and landscaping projects. As mutually agreed upon with Starflower Foundation, Washington Native Plant Society has made Starflower's learning and education materials available on our website.

Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z pg.4 Sagittaria latifolia Wapato, Arrowhead At a Glance: Tall semi-aquatic perennial of marshes or lake margins, with large arrowhead shaped leaves and small white flowers. Height: 3 feet (90 cm). Stems: Flowering stem is leafless. Leaves: All basal; long angled stalks; submerged leaves are lance shaped or linear; emergent leaves are arrowhead shaped; Size: to 25 cm long and 20 cm wide; color: green. Flowers: Sexes often on different flowers, 3 white petals 1-2 cm long and 3 greenish sepals, numerous ovaries and stamens, flowers in 2-8 whorls. Flowering Period: July, August. Fruits: Sharp-beaked, flattened, and winged achenes; numerous in ball-like clusters. full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80% wet Wetland Indicator Status: OBL (obligate wetland) Soil Preferences muddy soils Wildlife Value Birds: Roots (rhizomes and tubers) eaten by ducks and geese. Mammals: The whole plant (especially the roots) eaten by muskrats, beavers and porcupine. Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Food Uses: The Chinook baked and ate the tubers. They were a staple food. Ecological Importance: Forms large stands in slow or still water - commonly used in restoration sites and sometimes in wastewater treatment systems. Name Info: Wapato means "tuberous plant" in Chinook. Scientific name means "broad leaved arrowhead" for the shape of the leaves. Interesting Facts: Currently cultivated in China and Japan for food. Aquatic and Wetland: Ponds or lakes Shallow pools Sloughs Swales or wet ditches Marshes or swamps Shorelines and Riparian: Lake shores

Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z pg.5 Sedum lanceolatum Lance-leaved Stonecrop At a Glance: Flowering Period: April, May, June. full sun > 80% Photo Ben Legler dry Rocky or Gravelly Areas: Coastal bluffs Rocky slopes Outcrops

Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z pg.6 Sedum oreganum Oregon Stonecrop At a Glance: Flowering Period: June, July, August. full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80% Photo Ben Legler dry sub-alpine high elevation Rocky or Gravelly Areas: Cliffs Rocky slopes Crevices Slide areas Sub-alpine and Alpine: Avalanche tracks Wildlife Value Nectar for butterflies Host for insect larvae Insects: Bees and butterflies are drawn to the flowers. Host for larvae. Photo 2005, Ben Legler Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Landscape Uses: Sedum species are easy rock garden plants. Photo 2005, Ben Legler

Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z pg.7 Sedum spathulifolium Broad-leaved Stonecrop At a Glance: Flowering Period: April, May, June, July. Photo Ben Legler full sun > 80% dry Rocky or Gravelly Areas: Coastal bluffs Cliffs Rocky slopes Outcrops Crevices Forests and Thickets: Open forests Photo 2006, Ben Legler Wildlife Value Nectar for butterflies Host for insect larvae Insects: Bees and butterflies visit the flowers. Host for larvae. Landscape Uses: Sedum species are easy to grow rock garden plants. Photo 2006, Ben Legler

Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z pg.8 Sisyrinchium californicum Golden-eyed Grass At a Glance: A small iris-like plant with yellow flowers. Height: 16 inches (40 cm). Stems: Stems are flattened and winged, 2-6 mm wide. Leaves: Mostly basal, long and narrow; 30 cm long, 5 mm wide; green. Flowers: Short stalked, petals yellow with purplish-brown veins, 1.2 cm long; 2-7 flowers in a terminal cluster above 2 sheathing, leaf-like bracts, turns purplish-black when pressed and dried, flowers in the morning and close by mid-day; Size: 3 cm; shape: circular with 6 symmetrical tepals. Flowering Period: June, July, August. Fruits: Black, pitted seeds with flattened sides contained in eggshaped capsules to 12 mm long. full sun > 80% Soil Preferences sandy soils nutrient poor soils wet moist Wetland Indicator Status: FACW (facultative wetland) Flowers appear like beautiful golden eyes from the side of a grass-like stem. Sisyrinchium was Theophrastus name for an iris. Aquatic and Wetland: Ponds or lakes Shallow pools Bogs, fens Seeps, springs Shorelines and Riparian: Lake shores Bog margins Stream or river banks Saltwater Areas: Coastal dunes or beaches

Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z pg.9 Sisyrinchium idahoense Blue-eyed Grass At a Glance: A small clump-forming iris-like plant with small blue flowers. Height: 28 inches (40 cm). Stems: Stems flattened and with winged margins. Leaves: Mostly basal, long and narrow, to 20 cm long by 2 mm wide; color: dull green. Flowers: Terminal cluster of 1-5 flowers above a pair of sheathing, leaf-like bracts, petals wilt and shrivel shortly after picking; primary color: blue to bluish-purple with a yellow "eye"; Size: 2 cm; shape: 6 symmetrical petals, circular. Flowering Period: March, April, May, June. Fruits: Black seeds contained in egg-shaped capsules to 6 mm long. full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80% partial sun and shade 40%- 60% wet moist Soil Preferences Prefers well drained soil. Aquatic and Wetland: Shallow pools Marshes or swamps Seeps, springs Shorelines and Riparian: Floodplains Meadows and Fields: Meadows or grassy areas Disturbed Areas: Roadsides Photo 2004, Heidi Bohan Name Info: Flowers appear like beautiful blue eyes from the side of a grass-like stem. Sisyrinchium was Theophrastus name for and iris. Photo 2005, Heidi Bohan

Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z pg.10 Sium suave Water-parsnip At a Glance: Flowering Period: July, August, September. full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80% wet Aquatic and Wetland: Ponds or lakes Shallow pools Sloughs Swales or wet ditches Marshes or swamps Bogs, fens Seeps, springs Shorelines and Riparian: Lake shores Bog margins

Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z pg.11 Solidago canadensis Canada Goldenrod At a Glance: Forms patches from long creeping rhizomes. Stems leafy and hairy near the top, with a dense cluster of small yellow flowers. Height: Up to 5 feet (1.5 meters). Stems: Leafy stems, hairy on upper portions. Leaves: Lacking basal leaves; stem leaves numerous and crowded, gradually reduced upwards; saw-toothed to entire; hairless to roughly hairy on upper and lower sides; leaves are prominently 3-veined; shape: lance-shaped to linear; color: green. Flowers: Numerous flower heads in dense pyramidal cluster; ray flowers 10-17, 1-3 mm long; involucres 3-6mm x 3-5mm, longpointed bracts that sometimes overlap, sometimes sticky and glandular. Flowering Period: June, July, August, September. Fruits: Short, hairy achenes; white hairs on pappus. Photo Heidi Bohan Wildlife Value Seeds Birds: The seeds of goldenrod are eaten by numerous bird species. Insects: The bright, showy flowers attract bumblebees and pine white, red admiral, and mylitta crescent butterflies. Syrphid flies and small wasps also frequently visit the goldenrod flowers. Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Material Uses: Okanogan children use to pull up golden rod stalks and play with them using them as whips. Goldenrod was reputedly carried into battle during the crusades and was often used as a substitute for highly taxed English tea during the American revolution. Goldenrod contains small amounts of rubber and Thomas Edison tried to make a business out of extracting rubber from inexpensive goldenrod. The yellow tops can be harvested and used to make a strong yellow or golden dye. Name Info: The Latin name solidus means whole. The Latin word ago means to make. Together the name means to make whole or create. Saltwater Areas: Coastal dunes or beaches Rocky or Gravelly Areas: Coastal bluffs Disturbed Areas: Roadsides Disturbed sites Forests and Thickets: Open forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings Thickets Meadows and Fields: Meadows or grassy areas mostly sunny 60%-80% moist dry Soil Preferences nutrient rich soils

Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z pg.12 Stachys cooleyae Cooley's Hedge Nettle At a Glance: Perennial from rhizomes. Height: Up to 5 feet (1.5 meters). Stems: Erect stems, leafy, simple or branched, square in crosssection, hairy/fuzzy. Leaves: Opposite arrangement; hairy/fuzzy curved bristles on upper and lower surfaces, stalked, coarsely toothed along edges; petioles are 1.5-4.5 cm long; shape: deltoid; Size: 4-16 cm long; color: green. Flowers: Several to many in open terminal cluster; hairy, stalkless; sepals united in a tube with 5 spine-tipped lobes; petals fused into a two-lipped tube, the lower lip is 3-lobed; 4 stamens; 4-lobed ovary; primary color: deep red to purple; Size: 23-40 mm long; shape: tubular. Flowering Period: June, July, August. Fruits: 4 nutlets. Aquatic and Wetland: Marshes or swamps Shorelines and Riparian: Lake shores Stream or river banks Forests and Thickets: Open forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings Thickets Meadows and Fields: Meadows or grassy areas Disturbed Areas: Roadsides Trailsides Disturbed sites Wildlife Value Nectar for hummingbirds Birds: The showy, bright tubular flowers and frequently visited by several species of hummingbirds.

Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z pg.13 Stachys cooleyae continued Common in open or in forest Prefers moist habitat, common Only common at lower elevations. under story. along coast. partial sun and shade 40%- 60% Soil Preferences Prefers nutrient rich, mucky, peaty soils. muddy soils peaty soils nutrient rich soils moist Wetland Indicator Status: FACW (facultative wetland) Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Material Uses: Nuu-chah-nulth fishermen wiped their hands on this plant before handling their gear. Medicinal Uses: The Saanich peoples made spring tonic by steeping the crushed rhizomes in boiling water. The Green River and Puyallup peoples used the hedge nettle to cure boils. The Quileute used the hedge nettle to cure rheumatism. Food Uses: The Haida used to chew on the young stems. The Quinalt peoples sucked the nectar from the flowers and covered steaming sprouts with hedge nettle plants to aid in the steaming process.

Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z pg.14 Streptopus amplexifolius Clasping Twisted Stalk At a Glance: Perennial herb with a branched zigzagging stem and dangling white flowers. Photo Ben Legler Height: 3 feet (1 meter). Stems: Repeatedly branched, glabrous to densely hairy. Leaves: Alternate; glaucous beneath; inconspicuous irregularly spaced teeth sometimes on margin; leaves clasp stem at base, veins are not obvious; shape: oval to lance-shaped and pointed; Size: 5-14 cm long; color: green. Flowers: Flowers hang on thin, twisted stalks; 1-2 from each leaf axil along stem; primary color: greenish-white; Size: 1-2 cm; shape: bell shaped with flaring tips. Flowering Period: April, May, June. Fruits: Oval-oblong, yellow, orange, or red berries to 1 cm long; many seeded, seeds 3 mm long and grooved. Photo 2007, Ben Legler Wildlife Value Other Wildlife: The Quileute believed the berries were eaten by garter and water snakes. partial sun and shade 40%- 60% mostly shady 60%-80% moist Photo 2007, Ben Legler Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Material Uses: Whole plants and roots were used by the Nlakapamux and Secwepemc as a scent, tying them to the body, clothes or hair. Lower Stlatlimx fishing nets were boiled in a solution of S. amplexifolius to improve fish catch. Medicinal Uses: The Haida used the stem as a poultice for cuts. Makah women chewed and ingested the root to induce labor in difficult births. Food Uses: Some Alaska peoples ate the young shoots (they learned this from Europeans). Toxicity: Poisonous plant and berries, young shoots are edible.. Name Info: Streptopus is from Greek - steptos means twisted and podus means foot; amplexifolius is from Latin - amplexor means to surround and folius means leaf. Shorelines and Riparian: Stream or river banks Forests and Thickets: Forests and woods Coniferous forests Old growth forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings Thickets

Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z pg.15 Tellima grandiflora Fringecup At a Glance: Flowering Period: April, May, June, July. partial sun and shade 40%- 60% mostly shady 60%-80% full shade > 80% moist Shorelines and Riparian: Stream or river banks Forests and Thickets: Forests and woods Open forests Coniferous forests Deciduous forests Mixed forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Landscape Uses: Use individually to show off flowers, or in masses.

Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z pg.16 Tiarella trifoliata Foamflower At a Glance: Herb with erect or ascending stems and spikes of dainty white flowers. Height: 2 feet (60 cm). Stems: Often reddish. Leaves: Main leaves basal, long stalked, usually with 3 irregularly lobed and coarsely toothed leaflets, sparsely hairy, stem leaves (1 to few) reduced in size and with shorter stalks; Size: 8 cm; color: bright green. Flowers: Tiny and delicate white flowers at the end of short wirelike stalks, several to many in elongate clusters, 5 petals and 10 stamens; Size: 2 mm; shape: stars, narrowly tube shaped. Flowering Period: May, June, July, August. Fruits: resemble sugar scoops once the upper and lower halves split apart; few smooth, shiny, black seeds; shape: capsule (sugar scoop); color: black. Photo Ben Legler mostly shady 60%-80% full shade > 80% moist Soil Preferences organic soils sub-alpine Aquatic and Wetland: Seeps, springs Shorelines and Riparian: Stream or river banks Forests and Thickets: Forests and woods Coniferous forests Old growth forests Mixed forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Medicinal Uses: The Quileute chew the leaves as a cough medicine. Landscape Uses: Pretty when planted in masses. Name Info: Tiarella is the diminutive of tiara, a turban worn by ancient Persians, which the fruit resembles. Photo 2006, Ben Legler

Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z pg.17 Tolmiea menziesii Piggy-back Plant At a Glance: A woodland herb whose leaves give rise to small plantlets. Flowering Period: May, June, July, August. mostly shady 60%-80% full shade > 80% Photo Heidi Bohan moist Soil Preferences humic soils nutrient rich soils organic soils Photo 2004, Heidi Bohan Forests and Thickets: Forests and woods Coniferous forests Deciduous forests Mixed forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings Thickets Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Landscape Uses: New plantlets form on top of old leaves. Also used as a houseplant.

Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z pg.18 Trientalis latifolia Broad-leaved Starflower At a Glance: A small delicate herb with a single whorl of leaves topped by several small, pink, star-shaped flowers. Flowering Period: May, June. mostly shady 60%-80% full shade > 80% moist dry Soil Preferences humic soils organic soils Forests and Thickets: Forests and woods Coniferous forests Mixed forests Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Landscape Uses: Does well in dry shade.

Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z pg.19 Trillium ovatum Western Trillium At a Glance: Short stout stems topped with a whorl of three leaves and a single large white flower. Height: 12-18 inches (30-45 cm). Stems: Erect, one or more per plant long. Leaves: Leaves are in whorls of three at top of stem, leaves are unstalked, spreading horizontally, triangular-oval shape (ovate) with drip-tip feature, 4-20 cm long, green. Flowers: The solitary flower has three white petals 2.5-5 cm long by 1.8-4.5 cm wide, with 6 fuzzy yellow stamens and three green sepals beneath. The petals turn pink to purple with age. Flowering Period: March, April, May. Fruits: Somewhat fleshy oval capsules with winged ridges, containing numerous egg-shaped seeds. Soil Preferences Typically on sloped topography. well drained soils organic soils Shorelines and Riparian: Stream or river banks Riparian corridors Forests and Thickets: Forests and woods Open forests Coniferous forests Mixed forests Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Landscape Uses: Requires 4-5 years to grow from seed to flower. Photo James Ellingboe partial sun and shade 40%- 60% mostly shady 60%-80% wet moist

Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z pg.20 Typha latifolia Broad-leaved Cattail At a Glance: A tall wetland plant with long, erect sword-like leaves and dense brown flower spikes. Flowering Period: June, July. full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80% wet Aquatic and Wetland: Ponds or lakes Shallow pools Sloughs Swales or wet ditches Marshes or swamps Emergent wetlands Shorelines and Riparian: Lake shores

Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z pg.21 Urtica dioica Stinging Nettle At a Glance: Tall perennial herb with deciduous leaves covered in stinging hairs. Flowering Period: May, June. full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80% partial sun and shade 40%- 60% Photo Heidi Bohan moist Soil Preferences Prefers nutrient-rich soils. nutrient rich soils organic soils Forests and Thickets: Open forests Deciduous forests Mixed forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings Thickets Meadows and Fields: Meadows or grassy areas Disturbed Areas: Disturbed sites Photo 2004, Heidi Bohan Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Toxicity: The leaves and stems are sparsely covered with small, hollow, needlelike hairs filled with formic acid. Touching the plant will create a stinging sensation on the skin. However, the plant is edible once cooked since heat destroys the formic acid..

Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z pg.22 Vaccinium oxycoccus Bog Cranberry At a Glance: Creeping perennial of peat bogs, producing pink flowers and dark red cranberries. Flowering Period: June, July, August. full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80% Photo Ben Legler wet Soil Preferences peaty soils Aquatic and Wetland: Bogs, fens Photo 2005, Ben Legler

Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z pg.23 Vancouveria hexandra Inside-out Flower At a Glance: Rhizomatous perennial with small white flowers and delicate leaves. Height: 16 inches (40 cm). Stems: Stalks are brownish-hairy near the base. Leaves: Leaves are twice divided into 3's with 9-15 heart to egg-shaped leaflets. Leaflets are sparsely hairy, delicate. Leaf Size: 10-40 cm; color: dull green. Flowers: 6 petals and 6 sepals bent backwards and flaring; stamens finely purplish-glandular-hairy; 10-30 flowers on slender stalks in open panicles; Size: 2 cm; shape: shooting star. Flowering Period: May, June, July. Fruits: Purplish-glandular-hairy follicles with several black seeds nearly covered by a fleshy outgrowth; Size: 1 cm long. Forests and Thickets: Forests and woods Coniferous forests Old growth forests Wildlife Value Seeds Insects: Seeds are sometimes dispersed by wasps and ants. Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Landscape Uses: Nice leaf texture as a ground cover. Name Info: Named after the explorer Captain George Vancouver; hexandra is for the 6 stamens exposed by the inside-out flower. partial sun and shade 40%- 60% mostly shady 60%-80% full shade > 80% moist

Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z pg.24 Viola adunca Early-blue Violet At a Glance: A blue flowered violet that grows from slender rhizomes and is stemless in the early season, later grow upright stem. Height: Up to 4 inches (10 cm). Stems: Usually stemless in early part of season, later developing aerial stems. Leaves: Leaves can be hairy or hairless; margins are finely roundtoothed; reddish-brown stipules; shape: oval to heart-shaped; Size: 3 cm long; color: green. Flowers: Flowers have slender spur which is half as long as lowest petal; the lower 3 petals often have a whitish base or whitish highlights, the lateral pair of petals are white-bearded; primary color: blue to deep violet; Size: 1.5 cm long. Flowering Period: April, May, June, July. Fruits: Small ballistic capsules with 3 valves. Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Medicinal Uses: The flowers and leaves have long be used in various herbal remedies as poultices, laxatives, and to relieve cough and lung congestion. The Makah women used to eat the violet flowers and leaves during labor. The Klallam mashed the leaves and applied them to the chest or stomach to relieve pain. The crushed leaves were applied only for a few hours because they can irritate and blister the skin. Food Uses: The flowers can be eaten and used in salads, potherbs, or tea. Some violet species are used for decoration on certain types of food such as cake. In the southern US the leaves are often added to soups as a thickening agent. Forests and Thickets: Open forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings Meadows and Fields: Meadows or grassy areas Disturbed Areas: Disturbed sites full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80% moist dry sub-alpine

Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z pg.25 Viola glabella Yellow Wood Violet At a Glance: An attractive yellow-flowered violet of moist open woodlands. Flowering Period: March, April, May. partial sun and shade 40%- 60% mostly shady 60%-80% moist Soil Preferences nutrient rich soils organic soils Forests and Thickets: Forests and woods Open forests Deciduous forests Mixed forests

Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z pg.26 Viola sempervirens Evergreen Violet At a Glance: A creeping violet with evergreen leaves and yellow flowers. Flowering Period: May, June. Photo Ben Legler partial sun and shade 40%- 60% dry Soil Preferences organic soils Forests and Thickets: Open forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings Meadows and Fields: Disturbed Areas: Roadsides Trailsides

Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z pg.27 Xerophyllum tenax Beargrass At a Glance: Forms a tall grass-like clump of tough leaves topped by a large dense cluster of white flowers. Height: 3-5 feet (1-1.5 meters). Leaves: Grass-like, in large basal clumps; margins are finely toothed (barbed); Size: to 90 cm long, 1.5-4 mm wide; color: green. Flowers: Tiny, white, fragrant flowers on long stalks in a showy pyramidal terminal cluster on a long stem; 6 petal-like sepals and stamens; flowers irregularly every few years; stem dies after fruiting. Flowering Period: May, June, July, August. Fruits: Only a few small seeds per capsule; shape: oval 3-lobed capsule; Size: 6 mm long. full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80% partial sun and shade 40%- 60% moist dry sub-alpine Soil Preferences clay soils peaty soils well drained soils Forests and Thickets: Forests and woods Open forests Coniferous forests Old growth forests Forest edges, openings Meadows and Fields: Meadows or grassy areas Wildlife Value Mammals: Bears eat the fleshy leaf bases in springtime; also forage for other mammals, large and small, including elk and mountain goat. Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Material Uses: Native peoples made baskets, hats and capes with the leaves. They were especially used for fine overlapping, trimming, and ornamentation. Leaves were a valuable trade item. Landscape Uses: Does not flower every year. Ecological Importance: Dominates the forest under story in many Cascade subalpine forests; wildfire triggers flowering. Name Info: Xerophyllum means dry leaves, tenax means tough for the usefulness of the leaves in clothes and basket making.

Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z pg.28 References Sagittaria latifolia Suggested References Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 183. Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 70. Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 1102. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 559. Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 322. Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 160. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 337. Sisyrinchium californicum Suggested References Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 188. Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 101. Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 1156. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 698. Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 226. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 115. Sisyrinchium idahoense Suggested References Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 101. Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 1156. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 698. Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 448. Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 298. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 114. Solidago canadensis Suggested References Alden, P., D. Paulson. 1998. National Audubon Society, Field Guide to the Pacific Northwest. Chanticleer Press. Page 137. Gunther, E. 1973. 2nd ed. Ethnobotany of Western Washington. University of Washington Press. Page 48. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 549. Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 306. Link, R. 1999. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 284. Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 237. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 289.

Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z pg.29 Turner, N.AJ. 1975. Food Plants of British Columbia Indians: part 1, Coastal Peoples. British Columbia Provincial Museum. Page 210. Stachys cooleyae Suggested References Alden, P., D. Paulson. 1998. National Audubon Society, Field Guide to the Pacific Northwest. Chanticleer Press. Page 154. Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 197. Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 200. Gunther, E. 1973. 2nd ed. Ethnobotany of Western Washington. University of Washington Press. Page 45. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 408. Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 301. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 247. Turner, N.AJ. 1975. Food Plants of British Columbia Indians: part 1, Coastal Peoples. British Columbia Provincial Museum. Page 215. Streptopus amplexifolius Suggested References Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 201. Gunther, E. 1973. 2nd ed. Ethnobotany of Western Washington. University of Washington Press. Page 25. Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 1204. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 693. Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 330. Kruckeberg, A.R. 1996. 2nd ed. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 146. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 101. Turner, N.AJ. 1975. Food Plants of British Columbia Indians: part 1, Coastal Peoples. British Columbia Provincial Museum. Page 206. Tiarella trifoliata Suggested References Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 203. Gunther, E. 1973. 2nd ed. Ethnobotany of Western Washington. University of Washington Press. Page 31. Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 1011. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 199. Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 193. Kruckeberg, A.R. 1996. 2nd ed. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 216. Link, R. 1999. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 1. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 168. Turner, N.AJ. 1975. Food Plants of British Columbia Indians: part 1, Coastal Peoples. British Columbia Provincial Museum. Page 1.

Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z pg.30 Trillium ovatum Suggested References Alden, P., D. Paulson. 1998. National Audubon Society, Field Guide to the Pacific Northwest. Chanticleer Press. Page 152. Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 1206. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 695. Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 332. Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 160. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 102. Vancouveria hexandra Suggested References Alden, P., D. Paulson. 1998. National Audubon Society, Field Guide to the Pacific Northwest. Chanticleer Press. Page 138. Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 364. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 143. Kruckeberg, A.R. 1996. 2nd ed. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 180. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 312. Viola adunca Suggested References Alden, P., D. Paulson. 1998. National Audubon Society, Field Guide to the Pacific Northwest. Chanticleer Press. Page 164. Gunther, E. 1973. 2nd ed. Ethnobotany of Western Washington. University of Washington Press. Page 40. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 298. Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 456. Link, R. 1999. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 224. Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 315. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 201. Xerophyllum tenax Suggested References Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 221. Kruckeberg, A.R. 1996. 2nd ed. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 149. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 112.