Using Less Water and Liking It Vineyard Water Conservation Demo Project Mark Greenspan, Ph.D. Advanced Viticulture, LLC www.advancedvit.com Copyright Advanced Viticulture, LLC www.advancedvit.com
Irrigation Management Water Management Floor Management Irrigation initiation Irrigation scheduling Strategy Monitoring Frost, Cooling, other. Copyright Advanced Viticulture, LLC www.advancedvit.com
Initiation Biggest variable in N. Coast Wet winter climates: no irrigation until shoot tips stop, unless the slow down too early Dry winter climates: pre-season irrigation is desirable if profile is not full at budbreak Extend root system Wait for soil moisture to decline before commencing regular irrigation Copyright Advanced Viticulture, LLC www.advancedvit.com
Visual Indicators Growing Slowing Stopped Dead Tip
Irrigation Scheduling Volume and Interval Need to learn about your soils and your root systems Light Textured and/or gravelly Heavy Textured Shallow (< 24 ) Deep (>36 ) Very Low Vol. & Very Frequent Low Vol. & Frequent Hillsides Moderate Vol. & Frequent High Volume & Infrequent Valley Floor Copyright Advanced Viticulture, LLC www.advancedvit.com
Steps to accomplish irrigation management with drip/trickle irrigation 1. Identify your root zone 2. Identify your soil types 3. Install soil moisture devices 4. Determine ideal volume per application 5. Determine nominal irrigation interval 6. Monitor vine and soil moisture regularly 7. Check against targets (strategy) 8. Adjust interval 9. Repeat #6 - #8 Copyright Advanced Viticulture, LLC www.advancedvit.com
Identify rooting depth
Rooting depth map
Irregular root zone and/or soil Determining proper volume
Irregular root zone and/or soil Irrigation volume to weakest portion of block
Monitoring Monitoring is feedback used to adjust irrigation schedule Methods include: Visual Indicators shoot elongation rates, shoot tips, droopy tendrils, leaf sun-avoidance Soil Moisture: Discrete; Profile; Portable; continuous-logging Plant instruments: Pressure Chamber Porometer Sap Flow (?) Copyright Advanced Viticulture, LLC www.advancedvit.com
Soil Moisture Measurement Measure at multiple levels to determine depth of irrigation Measure continuously (electronic datalogger)! For drip irrigation, measure close to the dripper (4in., 10cm) Use to determine nominal irrigation volume per application Use to determine nominal irrigation interval between applications Use in conjunction with plant moisture measurements to adjust intervals Copyright Advanced Viticulture, LLC www.advancedvit.com
Soil Moisture measurement Copyright Advanced Viticulture, LLC www.advancedvit.com Soil matric potential sensors Soil water content probe / logger
emitter 18 in 9 in 0
0 hours
4 hours
8 hours
1 day
4 days
8 days
12 days
Plume Demo Conclusions Very limited volume of wetted soil Pear-shaped & slightly more than 3 deep and 18-20 wide at widest point of plume. Demo was in clay loam soil. Would be deeper and narrower in lighter-textured soils. Drip irrigation greatly reduced the available soil volume for water and nutrient uptake Avoid drip irrigating until as late as possible in the CA North Coast Soak and wait in more arid climates Copyright Advanced Viticulture, LLC www.advancedvit.com
2009-10 Alexander Valley Demo
Soil moisture measurements
250 200 150 100 50 0 2009 Soil Moisture Directly below Emitter Under Dripper 12" Under Dripper 24" Under Dripper 36" 8/1 8/11 8/21 8/31 9/10 9/20 9/30 10/10 Soil Matric Potential (cbar, kpa)
Volumetric Water Content (% v/v) Soil Moisture 0 4 Feet 32 1gph emitter/vine L Volume/H Frequency H Volume/L Frequency 30 Daytime Irrigation 13 Bar Target 15 Bar Target 28 26 24 22 20 5/22 6/5 6/19 7/3 7/17 7/31 8/14 8/28 9/11 9/25 10/9 10/23 11/6 11/20 Copyright Advanced Viticulture, LLC www.advancedvit.com
32 30 28 26 24 22 20 Soil Moisture Levels 0 12 inches 12 24 inches 24 36 inches 36 48 inches 48 60 inches Irrigation 9/9/10 9/16/10 9/23/10 9/30/10 Volumetric Water Content (% v/v)
28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 Soil Moisture 0 4 Feet 1gph emitter/vine H Volume/L Frequency 13 Bar Target 9/7 9/12 9/17 9/22 9/27 10/2 10/7 10/12 Volumetric Water Content (% v/v)
Plant Water status measurement Pressure Chamber Porometer
Pressure chamber Measures suction in the xylem vessels Advantages: Portability; repeatability; ruggedness Disadvantages: No indication of vine physiological response; reading depends on time since last irrigation, grape variety, daytime conditions, etc. Reading can be misleading on its own IMPORTANT: Place leaves in plastic bags immediately before removal and during measurement Copyright Advanced Viticulture, LLC www.advancedvit.com
Porometer Measures stomatal conductance (facility of pores to transpire water) Advantages: Portability; vine response to water status; indirect indication of photosynthesis Disadvantages: Less rugged instrument; sensitive to environmental conditions; more variability than leaf water potential measurements Copyright Advanced Viticulture, LLC www.advancedvit.com
Suzy Y. Rogiers*, Dennis H. Greer, Ron J. Hutton and Joe J. Landsberg Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 60, No. 13, pp. 3751 3763, 2009 Copyright Advanced Viticulture, LLC www.advancedvit.com
500 Units are in mmol/m 2 /s 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Luxury Mid-Range Slightly Stressed Stressed Extremely Stressed Copyright Advanced Viticulture, LLC www.advancedvit.com
Leaf Water Potential 2010 Demonstration Leaf Water Potential ( bars) 16 (1) One GPM emitter/vine (3) Long/Infrequent 14 (5) 13 Bar Target (6) 15 bar target 12 Commercial Control 10 8 6 4 2 0 5/22/10 6/11/10 7/1/10 7/21/10 8/10/10 8/30/10 9/19/10 10/9/10 10/29/10 Copyright Advanced Viticulture, LLC www.advancedvit.com
Stomatal Conductance 2010 Demonstration Stomatal Conductance (mmol m 2 s 1 ) 700 (1) One GPM emitter/vine (3) Long/Infrequent 600 (5) 13 Bar Target (6) 15 bar target Commercial Control 500 400 300 200 100 0 5/22/10 6/11/10 7/1/10 7/21/10 8/10/10 8/30/10 9/19/10 10/9/10 10/29/10 Copyright Advanced Viticulture, LLC www.advancedvit.com
Inches Accumulated Irrigation (Inches/Acre) 1 Single 1GPH Emitter 0.9 L. Volume/H. Frequency H. Volume/L. Frequency 0.8 Daytime Irrigation 13 Bar Irrigation 0.7 15 Bar Irrigation 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 8/31/10 9/7/10 9/14/10 9/21/10 9/28/10 10/5/10 10/12/10 10/19/10 10/26/10 Copyright Advanced Viticulture, LLC www.advancedvit.com
Inches 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Accumulated ETc Accumulated Irrigation 2010 Accumulated Irrigation Applied Irrigation was 18% of ETc from Sept. 1 through Oct. 31st Grower applied about 2" 8/30 9/6 9/13 9/20 9/27 10/4 10/11 10/18 10/25 11/1 Copyright Advanced Viticulture, LLC www.advancedvit.com
Yield reduction Commercial yield was 6.5 T/Acre by machine All treatments yielded approx. 5.5 T/Acre Hand-harvest with select pick yielded 5.5 T/Acre in both demo rows and commercial row Essentially, no yield reduction this year with reduced irrigation Copyright Advanced Viticulture, LLC www.advancedvit.com
Savings from reduced irrigation Per Acre Savings Treatment # Gal./Acre In./Acre $/Acre kwh/acre lbs. CO 2 /Acre 1 to 4 68015 2.5 $ 19.16 108 127 5 70767 3.3 $ 25.56 144 170 6 90763 4.0 $ 30.69 172 204 2010 Avg. 29,869 1.1 $ 8.43 48 56 Extrapolated over the 60,000 acres of vineyard in the RR basin: Treatment # Acre ft. $ kwh Tons CO 2 1 to 4 12,524 $ 1,149,389 6,456,154 3,814 5 13,031 $ 1,533,796 8,615,377 5,089 6 16,713 $ 1,841,315 10,342,723 6,109 2010 Avg. 5,500 $ 506,000 2,853,000 1,677 Copyright Advanced Viticulture, LLC www.advancedvit.com
Sonoma Valley Malbec non-rocky portion Copyright Advanced Viticulture, LLC www.advancedvit.com
Sonoma Valley Malbec rocky portion Copyright Advanced Viticulture, LLC www.advancedvit.com
Very little WHC from 16-32
Advanced soil mapping NEW! Demo in Paso Robles on Nov. 18 th! Water management consulting and monitoring Nutrition / fertilizer management consulting Viticultural practices consulting Troubleshooting and correction Pre-plant consulting Technology equipment leasing and sales Accredited CCSW auditor Copyright Advanced Viticulture, LLC www.advancedvit.com
Mark Greenspan, Ph.D. Advanced Viticulture, LLC Santa Rosa, California 707 838 3805 Web: www.advancedvit.com Email: mark@advancedvit.com Copyright Advanced Viticulture, LLC www.advancedvit.com