European Commission Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development AGRI-FOOD TRADE STATISTICAL FACTSHEET European Union - Mediterranean Basin Countries (excluding EU) Notes to the reader: The data used in this factsheet were provided by ISDB and extracted from the COMEXT-EUROSTAT database unless otherwise indicated, in statistical regime IV. "EU" refers to the European Union at 28 members for all indicated years. "Agri-food products" refers to the WTO definition of agricultural products and includes the chapters 1-24 (excluding fish and fish products) of the Harmonised System, and a number of headings in chapters 33, 35, 38, 41, 43 and 51-53. The aggregate of EU Agri-food trade does not contain tariff codes CN 3302.10.40 and CN 3302.10.90 (some odoriferous substances which are regarded as industrial products). The details of the product categories referred to in this factsheet are available on: http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/trade-analysis/statistics/ outside-eu/2015/product-classes-details_en.pdf More trade statistics including main economic indicators, GDP by sector, trade in goods and trade in commercial services are provided by the EU Commission Directorate-General for Trade on their website: http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/statistics/ Extraction date: 15-03-2018 Table of Contents pg 1. Selection of indicators - Trade indicators 2 2. Structure of EU Agri-food trade with Mediterranean Basin Countries, 2007-2017 3 3. EU Agri-food EXPORTS to Mediterranean Basin Countries by product category - Top EU Agri-food exports in 2017 4 - Evolution of 20 top EU Agri-food exports, 2013-2017 4 - Evolution of EU Agri-food exports, 2013-2017 5 4. EU Agri-food IMPORTS from Mediterranean Basin Countries by product category - Top EU Agri-food imports in 2017 6 - Evolution of 20 top EU Agri-food imports, 2013-2017 6 - Evolution of EU Agri-food imports, 2013-2017 7 5. EU Agri-food trade with Mediterranean Basin Countries by HS chapters - Evolution of EU Agri-food exports, 2013-2017 8 - Evolution of EU Agri-food imports, 2013-2017 8 Mediterranean Basin Countries (excluding EU) Albania, Algeria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Ceuta, Egypt, For.JRep.Macedonia, Gibraltar, Israel, Jordan, Kosovo, Lebanon, Libya, Melilla, Montenegro, Morocco, Occupied Palestinian Territory, Serbia, Serbia and Montenegro, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey DISCLAIMER Any error in the data provided is the sole responsibility of the EU Commission Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development Unit A.1. Please send your feedback to: agri-a1@ec.europa.eu
1. Selection of indicators Trade indicators Unit Exports Imports Balance EU28 Agri-food trade with Mediterranean Basin Countries (excluding EU) Agri-food trade value Mio 18 079 11 321 6 758 - as share of EU28 total Agri-food trade (%) 13.1 9.6 - as share of EU28 total trade with Mediterranean Basin Countries (excluding EU) (%) 7.9 6.7 % change 2016-2017 -1.0 3.1 Annual rate of change from 2007-2017 (%) 7.1 3.4 EU28 total trade with Mediterranean Basin Countries (excluding EU) Total trade value Mio 230 076 168 809 61 267 - as share of EU28 total trade (%) 12.3 9.1 EU28 world trade Total trade value Mio 1 878 779 1 855 907 22 872 Total Agri-food trade Mio 138 059 117 466 20 593 - as share of EU28 total trade (%) 7.4 6.3 90.0 20-03-2018 2 AGRI.A.1
2. Structure of EU Agri-food trade with Mediterranean Basin Countries (excluding EU), 2007-2017 20-03-2018 3 AGRI.A.1
3. EU Agri-food EXPORTS to Mediterranean Basin Countries (excluding EU) by product category Top EU Agri-food exports to Mediterranean Basin Countries (excluding EU) in 2017 Evolution of 20 top EU Agri-food exports to Mediterranean Basin Countries (excluding EU), 2013-2017 Exports 1 Wheat 3 065 3 370 3 260 2 631 1 999 11.1-24.0 2 Live animals 770 827 1 181 1 443 1 487 8.2 3.0 3 Food preparations, not specified 797 830 862 912 960 5.3 5.3 4 Milk powders and whey 692 1 251 771 584 825 4.6 41.3 5 Vegetable oils other than palm & olive oils 690 602 799 737 739 4.1 0.3 6 Chocolate, confectionery and ice cream 616 635 720 729 719 4.0-1.4 7 Infant food and other cereals, flour, starch or milk preparations 620 670 722 728 696 3.8-4.4 8 Cigars and cigarettes 961 1 030 746 619 629 3.5 1.6 9 Pasta, pastry, biscuits and bread 517 512 563 557 573 3.2 2.9 10 Cheese 429 482 550 563 554 3.1-1.6 11 Vegetables, fresh, chilled and dried 538 549 591 589 532 2.9-9.7 12 Cereals, other than wheat and rice 820 543 664 725 523 2.9-27.9 13 Pet food 349 397 483 479 494 2.7 3.1 14 Spirits and liqueurs 468 477 509 440 463 2.6 5.2 15 Preparations of vegetables, fruit or nuts 329 353 411 482 443 2.5-8.1 16 Waters and soft drinks 375 394 438 404 413 2.3 2.2 17 Beet and cane sugar 284 227 239 259 370 2.0 42.9 18 Bovine meat, fresh, chilled and frozen 132 162 249 291 358 2.0 23.0 19 Miscellaneous seeds and hop cones 278 285 318 319 329 1.8 3.1 20 Fruit, fresh or dried, excl. citrus & tropical fruit 331 470 506 409 324 1.8-20.8 Remaining Agri-food products 4 101 4 087 4 381 4 363 4 650 25.7 6.6 20-03-2018 4 AGRI.A.1
Evolution of EU Agri-food exports to Mediterranean Basin Countries (excluding EU), 2013-2017 20-03-2018 5 AGRI.A.1 Exports Agri Food 17 161 18 155 18 963 18 262 18 079 100.0-1.0 Agricultural food and feed products 10 803 11 680 12 335 11 820 11 463 63.4-3.0 - Commodities 6 880 7 364 7 289 6 455 6 053 33.5-6.2 - - Wheat 3 065 3 370 3 260 2 631 1 999 11.1-24.0 - - Cereals, other than wheat and rice 820 543 664 725 523 2.9-27.9 - - Rice 73 122 102 90 137 0.8 52.2 - - Flours and other products of the milling industry 98 108 137 124 96 0.5-22.6 - - Malt 56 49 74 71 74 0.4 4.2 - - Starches, inulin & gluten 30 41 46 46 51 0.3 10.9 - - Soyabeans 14 16 54 23 75 0.4 226.1 - - Oilseeds, other than soyabeans 274 243 218 204 185 1.0-9.3 - - Palm & palm kernel oils 30 22 15 23 29 0.2 26.1 - - Vegetable oils other than palm & olive oils 690 602 799 737 739 4.1 0.3 - - Oilcakes 151 108 136 124 141 0.8 13.7 - - Other feed and feed ingredients 165 168 184 204 192 1.1-5.9 - - Beet and cane sugar 284 227 239 259 370 2.0 42.9 - - Sugar, other than beet & cane 74 66 71 76 65 0.4-14.5 - - Milk powders and whey 692 1 251 771 584 825 4.6 41.3 - - Butter 92 128 166 164 147 0.8-10.4 - - Gums, resins and plant extracts 80 77 86 86 87 0.5 1.2 - - Unroasted coffee, tea in bulk & mate 14 13 16 17 22 0.1 29.4 - - Cocoa beans 1 1 1 1 1 0.0 0.0 - - Cocoa paste and powder 172 205 245 261 291 1.6 11.5 - - Agricultural commodities, not specified 5 5 6 5 4 0.0-20.0 - Other primary 2 697 3 003 3 577 3 798 3 861 21.4 1.7 - - Live animals 770 827 1 181 1 443 1 487 8.2 3.0 - - Bovine meat, fresh, chilled and frozen 132 162 249 291 358 2.0 23.0 - - Pork meat, fresh, chilled and frozen 109 168 134 136 164 0.9 20.6 - - Poultry meat, fresh, chilled and frozen 99 93 94 88 113 0.6 28.4 - - Sheep and goat meat, fresh, chilled and frozen 13 18 33 20 37 0.2 85.0 - - Offal, animal fats and other meats, fresh, chilled and frozen 76 70 77 76 101 0.6 32.9 - - Fresh milk and cream, buttermilk and yoghurt 122 117 127 146 164 0.9 12.3 - - Eggs and honey 64 80 87 94 86 0.5-8.5 - - Vegetables, fresh, chilled and dried 538 549 591 589 532 2.9-9.7 - - Fruit, fresh or dried, excl. citrus & tropical fruit 331 470 506 409 324 1.8-20.8 - - Citrus fruit 83 76 75 68 53 0.3-22.1 - - Tropical fruit, fresh or dried, nuts and spices 83 88 106 117 114 0.6-2.6 - - Miscellaneous seeds and hop cones 278 285 318 319 329 1.8 3.1 - - Agricultural primary food products, not specified 0 0 - Processed (incl. wine) 1 227 1 313 1 469 1 567 1 549 8.6-1.1 - - Meat preparations 147 138 141 133 137 0.8 3.0 - - Cheese 429 482 550 563 554 3.1-1.6 - - Olive oil 43 56 51 69 70 0.4 1.4 - - Preparations of vegetables, fruit or nuts 329 353 411 482 443 2.5-8.1 - - Fruit juices 82 68 75 78 70 0.4-10.3 - - Wine, vermouth, cider and vinegar 100 111 122 116 137 0.8 18.1 - - Roasted coffee and tea 98 105 118 127 138 0.8 8.7 Food preparations and beverages 4 178 4 354 4 777 4 763 4 828 26.7 1.4 - Food preparations 3 150 3 301 3 626 3 678 3 715 20.5 1.0 - - Chocolate, confectionery and ice cream 616 635 720 729 719 4.0-1.4 - - Infant food and other cereals, flour, starch or milk 620 670 722 728 696 3.8-4.4 - - Pasta, pastry, biscuits and bread 517 512 563 557 573 3.2 2.9 - - Soups and sauces 136 145 153 156 159 0.9 1.9 - - Coffee and tea extracts 114 112 123 117 114 0.6-2.6 - - Food preparations, not specified 797 830 862 912 960 5.3 5.3 - - Pet food 349 397 483 479 494 2.7 3.1 - Beverages 1 028 1 053 1 152 1 085 1 112 6.2 2.5 - - Waters and soft drinks 375 394 438 404 413 2.3 2.2 - - Beer 128 131 149 168 163 0.9-3.0 - - Spirits and liqueurs 468 477 509 440 463 2.6 5.2 - - Odoriferous substances 58 50 56 74 73 0.4-1.4 Non-edible 2 181 2 121 1 850 1 680 1 788 9.9 6.4 - Non-edible 2 181 2 121 1 850 1 680 1 788 9.9 6.4 - - Raw hides, skins and furskins 254 144 85 62 82 0.5 32.3 - - Non-edible animal products 16 16 15 20 17 0.1-15.0 - - Wool and silk 16 18 16 12 15 0.1 25.0 - - Cotton, flax and hemp, and plaiting materials 306 257 264 216 275 1.5 27.3 - - Cut flowers and plants 12 12 14 15 20 0.1 33.3 - - Bulbs, roots and live plants 158 169 180 200 221 1.2 10.5 - - Raw tobacco 159 147 200 211 199 1.1-5.7 - - Cigars and cigarettes 961 1 030 746 619 629 3.5 1.6 - - Fatty acids and waxes 56 51 49 58 59 0.3 1.7 - - Sugar alcohols 17 20 18 19 21 0.1 10.5 - - Essential oils 19 21 26 25 31 0.2 24.0 - - Ethanol 17 14 28 30 29 0.2-3.3 - - Casein, other albuminoidal substances and modified starches 182 212 195 177 179 1.0 1.1 - - Non-edible, not specified 1 2 2 4 2 0.0-50.0 - - Products non-attributable 8 7 12 12 10 0.1-16.7
4. EU Agri-food IMPORTS from Mediterranean Basin Countries (excluding EU) by product category Top EU Agri-food imports from Mediterranean Basin Countries (excluding EU) in 2017 Evolution of 20 top EU Agri-food imports from Mediterranean Basin Countries (excluding EU), 2013-2017 Imports 1 Vegetables, fresh, chilled and dried 1 583 1 608 1 784 1 999 2 127 18.8 6.4 2 Fruit, fresh or dried, excl. citrus & tropical fruit 1 376 1 429 1 630 1 730 1 801 15.9 4.1 3 Tropical fruit, fresh or dried, nuts and spices 1 051 1 153 1 608 1 397 1 367 12.1-2.1 4 Preparations of vegetables, fruit or nuts 1 017 1 230 1 631 1 327 1 262 11.1-4.9 5 Citrus fruit 429 471 555 606 639 5.6 5.4 6 Olive oil 364 128 669 326 347 3.1 6.4 7 Pasta, pastry, biscuits and bread 192 214 239 253 271 2.4 7.1 8 Food preparations, not specified 254 271 228 238 244 2.2 2.5 9 Raw tobacco 186 293 216 185 237 2.1 28.1 10 Fruit juices 191 175 184 182 219 1.9 20.3 11 Bulbs, roots and live plants 165 182 189 196 206 1.8 5.1 12 Oilseeds, other than soyabeans 131 99 113 166 193 1.7 16.3 13 Chocolate, confectionery and ice cream 116 133 155 157 168 1.5 7.0 14 Waters and soft drinks 91 112 124 140 159 1.4 13.6 15 Cereals, other than wheat and rice 112 213 192 148 154 1.4 4.1 16 Offal, animal fats and other meats, fresh, chilled and frozen 166 170 158 131 145 1.3 10.7 17 Cotton, flax and hemp, and plaiting materials 136 131 136 118 137 1.2 16.1 18 Essential oils 57 74 85 105 127 1.1 21.0 19 Vegetable oils other than palm & olive oils 156 126 138 150 126 1.1-16.0 20 Miscellaneous seeds and hop cones 81 87 104 117 123 1.1 5.1 Remaining Agri-food products 1 295 1 113 1 139 1 311 1 267 11.2-3.4 20-03-2018 6 AGRI.A.1
Evolution of EU Agri-food imports from Mediterranean Basin Countries (excluding EU), 2013-2017 20-03-2018 7 AGRI.A.1 Imports Agri Food 9 148 9 412 11 278 10 985 11 321 100.0 3.1 Agricultural food and feed products 7 460 7 496 9 382 8 981 9 200 81.3 2.4 - Commodities 1 029 894 908 1 002 993 8.8-0.9 - - Wheat 60 28 41 28 33 0.3 17.9 - - Cereals, other than wheat and rice 112 213 192 148 154 1.4 4.1 - - Rice 33 31 30 23 5 0.0-78.3 - - Flours and other products of the milling industry 25 20 24 28 28 0.2 0.0 - - Malt 3 0 0 2 3 0.0 50.0 - - Starches, inulin & gluten 14 12 11 12 17 0.2 41.7 - - Soyabeans 6 7 31 46 51 0.5 10.9 - - Oilseeds, other than soyabeans 131 99 113 166 193 1.7 16.3 - - Palm & palm kernel oils 4 3 3 2 4 0.0 100.0 - - Vegetable oils other than palm & olive oils 156 126 138 150 126 1.1-16.0 - - Oilcakes 33 37 40 34 31 0.3-8.8 - - Other feed and feed ingredients 61 42 41 49 63 0.6 28.6 - - Beet and cane sugar 197 105 80 155 111 1.0-28.4 - - Sugar, other than beet & cane 141 117 94 96 107 0.9 11.5 - - Milk powders and whey 8 8 6 1 0 0.0-100.0 - - Butter 0 1 2 1 2 0.0 100.0 - - Gums, resins and plant extracts 31 35 39 39 47 0.4 20.5 - - Unroasted coffee, tea in bulk & mate 2 2 2 4 2 0.0-50.0 - - Cocoa beans 1 0 0 0 0 0.0 - - Cocoa paste and powder 10 10 21 15 17 0.2 13.3 - - Agricultural commodities, not specified 0 0 0 - Other primary 4 754 4 965 5 882 6 026 6 259 55.3 3.9 - - Live animals 12 13 15 17 18 0.2 5.9 - - Bovine meat, fresh, chilled and frozen 3 2 2 2 3 0.0 50.0 - - Pork meat, fresh, chilled and frozen 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 - - Poultry meat, fresh, chilled and frozen 11 4 1 1 0 0.0-100.0 - - Sheep and goat meat, fresh, chilled and frozen 13 12 11 11 10 0.1-9.1 - - Offal, animal fats and other meats, fresh, chilled 166 170 158 131 145 1.3 10.7 - - Fresh milk and cream, buttermilk and yoghurt 13 5 1 2 7 0.1 250.0 - - Eggs and honey 15 11 14 12 18 0.2 50.0 - - Vegetables, fresh, chilled and dried 1 583 1 608 1 784 1 999 2 127 18.8 6.4 - - Fruit, fresh or dried, excl. citrus & tropical fruit 1 376 1 429 1 630 1 730 1 801 15.9 4.1 - - Citrus fruit 429 471 555 606 639 5.6 5.4 - - Tropical fruit, fresh or dried, nuts and spices 1 051 1 153 1 608 1 397 1 367 12.1-2.1 - - Miscellaneous seeds and hop cones 81 87 104 117 123 1.1 5.1 - - Agricultural primary food products, not specified 1 0 0 0 - Processed (incl. wine) 1 676 1 638 2 592 1 953 1 948 17.2-0.3 - - Meat preparations 16 14 14 15 21 0.2 40.0 - - Cheese 4 1 2 4 5 0.0 25.0 - - Olive oil 364 128 669 326 347 3.1 6.4 - - Preparations of vegetables, fruit or nuts 1 017 1 230 1 631 1 327 1 262 11.1-4.9 - - Fruit juices 191 175 184 182 219 1.9 20.3 - - Wine, vermouth, cider and vinegar 65 68 63 66 62 0.5-6.1 - - Roasted coffee and tea 21 22 29 33 32 0.3-3.0 Food preparations and beverages 809 921 934 1 025 1 066 9.4 4.0 - Food preparations 677 735 753 804 844 7.5 5.0 - - Chocolate, confectionery and ice cream 116 133 155 157 168 1.5 7.0 - - Infant food and other cereals, flour, starch or 30 36 43 51 55 0.5 7.8 - - Pasta, pastry, biscuits and bread 192 214 239 253 271 2.4 7.1 - - Soups and sauces 55 54 54 57 54 0.5-5.3 - - Coffee and tea extracts 12 6 6 9 6 0.1-33.3 - - Food preparations, not specified 254 271 228 238 244 2.2 2.5 - - Pet food 18 20 29 39 46 0.4 17.9 - Beverages 131 186 181 221 222 2.0 0.5 - - Waters and soft drinks 91 112 124 140 159 1.4 13.6 - - Beer 16 20 21 23 25 0.2 8.7 - - Spirits and liqueurs 24 53 35 57 38 0.3-33.3 - - Odoriferous substances 0 0 1 0 0 0.0 Non-edible 879 995 961 979 1 054 9.3 7.7 - Non-edible 879 995 961 979 1 054 9.3 7.7 - - Raw hides, skins and furskins 118 110 107 89 96 0.8 7.9 - - Non-edible animal products 21 24 24 22 17 0.2-22.7 - - Wool and silk 15 20 34 25 21 0.2-16.0 - - Cotton, flax and hemp, and plaiting materials 136 131 136 118 137 1.2 16.1 - - Cut flowers and plants 98 94 94 96 95 0.8-1.0 - - Bulbs, roots and live plants 165 182 189 196 206 1.8 5.1 - - Raw tobacco 186 293 216 185 237 2.1 28.1 - - Cigars and cigarettes 14 19 27 89 55 0.5-38.2 - - Fatty acids and waxes 31 27 24 32 40 0.4 25.0 - - Sugar alcohols 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 - - Essential oils 57 74 85 105 127 1.1 21.0 - - Ethanol 29 10 11 4 3 0.0-25.0 - - Casein, other albuminoidal substances and 7 8 12 15 19 0.2 26.7 modified - - Non-edible, starches not specified 0 2 0 0 - - Products non-attributable 3 1 2 2
5. EU Agri-food trade with Mediterranean Basin Countries (excluding EU) by HS chapters Evolution of EU Agri-food exports to Mediterranean Basin Countries (excluding EU), 2013-2017 Exports Agri Food 17 161 18 155 18 963 18 262 18 079 100.0-1.0 01 Live Animals 770 827 1 181 1 443 1 487 8.2 3.0 02 Meat and edible meat offal 384 470 541 569 710 3.9 24.8 04 Dairy produce 1 402 2 061 1 706 1 557 1 780 9.8 14.3 05 Products of animal origin 70 64 68 69 88 0.5 27.5 06 Live trees and other plants 158 170 182 201 227 1.3 12.9 07 Edible vegetables, roots & tubers 538 549 591 589 532 2.9-9.7 08 Edible fruits & nuts 476 607 656 558 460 2.5-17.6 09 Coffee, tea, mate & spices 132 143 163 180 191 1.1 6.1 10 Cereals 3 958 4 036 4 026 3 446 2 659 14.7-22.8 11 Products of the milling industry 178 178 224 225 223 1.2-0.9 12 Oil seeds & oleaginous fruits 640 634 686 645 671 3.7 4.0 13 Lacs, gums, resins & other veg. saps 80 77 86 86 87 0.5 1.2 14 Vegetable products n.e.s. 2 3 2 2 3 0.0 50.0 15 Animal or vegetable fats & oils 782 698 885 850 864 4.8 1.6 16 Preparations of meat 135 127 130 121 122 0.7 0.8 17 Sugars & sugar confectionery 461 405 431 455 557 3.1 22.4 18 Cocoa & cocoa preparations 665 709 818 846 858 4.7 1.4 19 Preps. of cereals, flour, starch, etc. 1 103 1 149 1 248 1 248 1 237 6.8-0.9 20 Preps. of vegetables, fruits, nuts & plants 414 422 487 560 513 2.8-8.4 21 Miscellaneous edible preparations 1 103 1 146 1 208 1 253 1 300 7.2 3.8 22 Beverages, spirits & vinegar 1 087 1 127 1 245 1 156 1 206 6.7 4.3 23 Residues and waste from food industry 614 619 759 743 761 4.2 2.4 24 Tobacco & tobacco products 1 121 1 179 949 834 829 4.6-0.6 Other WTO products outside chapters 1-24 889 755 690 625 712 3.9 13.9 Evolution of Agri-food imports from Mediterranean Basin Countries (excluding EU), 2013-2017 Imports Agri Food 9 148 9 412 11 278 10 985 11 321 100.0 3.1 01 Live Animals 12 13 15 17 18 0.2 5.9 02 Meat and edible meat offal 30 21 17 18 17 0.2-5.6 04 Dairy produce 40 26 25 20 31 0.3 55.0 05 Products of animal origin 182 189 178 150 158 1.4 5.3 06 Live trees and other plants 155 151 154 163 169 1.5 3.7 07 Edible vegetables, roots & tubers 1 583 1 608 1 784 1 999 2 127 18.8 6.4 08 Edible fruits & nuts 2 793 2 984 3 709 3 637 3 712 32.8 2.1 09 Coffee, tea, mate & spices 88 92 115 134 129 1.1-3.7 10 Cereals 205 272 264 200 192 1.7-4.0 11 Products of the milling industry 34 26 29 34 40 0.4 17.6 12 Oil seeds & oleaginous fruits 341 328 390 474 513 4.5 8.2 13 Lacs, gums, resins & other veg. saps 31 35 39 39 47 0.4 20.5 14 Vegetable products n.e.s. 8 8 6 8 12 0.1 50.0 15 Animal or vegetable fats & oils 545 278 828 500 509 4.5 1.8 16 Preparations of meat 16 14 14 15 20 0.2 33.3 17 Sugars & sugar confectionery 415 308 270 349 316 2.8-9.5 18 Cocoa & cocoa preparations 45 49 68 65 73 0.6 12.3 19 Preps. of cereals, flour, starch, etc. 209 240 269 290 308 2.7 6.2 20 Preps. of vegetables, fruits, nuts & plants 1 210 1 405 1 815 1 509 1 481 13.1-1.9 21 Miscellaneous edible preparations 336 350 313 330 336 3.0 1.8 22 Beverages, spirits & vinegar 227 263 254 291 287 2.5-1.4 23 Residues and waste from food industry 107 96 105 116 134 1.2 15.5 24 Tobacco & tobacco products 200 315 243 273 291 2.6 6.6 Other WTO products outside chapters 1-24 337 343 376 356 398 3.5 11.8 20-03-2018 8 AGRI.A.1