Chapter 5. Early Society in East Asia. 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Earliest Dynasties Xia Shang Zhou ca. 2200 B.C.E. Organized through village network Hereditary monarchy Flood control 1766-1122 B.C.E. 1122-256 B.C.E. 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3

Shang Dynasty Bronze metallurgy, monopolized by ruling elite Horse-drawn chariots, other wheeled vehicles Agricultural surpluses supported large troops Hierarchical social structure Burials alongside deceased member of ruling class Sacrificial victims, mostly slaves Wives, servants, friends, hunting companions Later replaced by statues, often monumental 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4

Zhou Dynasty, 1122-256 B.C.E. Zhou gradually eclipsed Shang Mandate of heaven, the right to rule The Zhou needed to justify the overthrow Ruler as "the son of heaven" Mandate of heaven only given to virtuous rulers Development of cheap iron weaponry ends Shang monopoly on bronze Iron metallurgy allows for widespread creation of weaponry 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6

Social Order Ruling classes great advantage Supported by agricultural surplus, tax revenues Defended by monopoly on bronze weaponry Hereditary privilege Support class of artisans, craftsmen mostly worked for elite Evidence of long-distance trade, merchant class Oar-propelled boats traded with Korea and offshore islands 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9

Family and Patriarchy Belief in ancestors' presence and their continuing influence Burial of material goods with the dead Offering sacrifices at the graves Family heads presided over rites of honoring ancestors' spirits 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10

Oracle Bones and Early Chinese Writing Used for communicating with spirit world, determining future Question written on animal bones, turtle shells Then heated over fire; cracks examined for omens 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11

Nomadic Peoples of Central Asia Nomadic peoples of the steppe lands--herders Exchange of products between nomads and Chinese farmers Nomads frequently invaded rich agricultural society Nomads did not imitate Chinese ways Nomads relied on grains and manufactured goods of the Chinese 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14

Southern Expansion of Chinese Society The Yangzi valley; dependable river; two crops of rice per year The indigenous peoples of southern China Many were assimilated into Chinese agricultural society Some were pushed to hills and mountains Some migrated to Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 15

Origins of Mesoamerican Societies Migration to Mesoamerica Large wave of humans traveled from Siberia to Alaska around 13,000 B.C.E. By 9500 B.C.E., humans reached the southernmost part of South America As hunting became difficult, agriculture began (7500 B.C.E.) 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 18

Early Agriculture Early agriculture: beans, squashes, chilies; later, maize became the staple (5000 B.C.E.) Agricultural villages appeared after 3000 B.C.E. No large domesticated animals, no wheeled vehicles Ceremonial centers by the end of the second millennium B.C.E. 19

Olmecs 1200-100 B.C.E. Olmec heads Up to 10 ft. tall, 20 tons Transported by dragging, rolling on logs 1000 workers per head The colossal human heads--possibly likenesses of rulers Rulers' power shown in construction of huge pyramids Trade in jade and obsidian Decline of Olmecs: systematically destroyed ceremonial centers by 400 B.C.E. 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 20

Influence of Olmec: maize, ceremonial centers, calendar, human sacrifice, ball game 23

Mesoamerican sports?

Mesoamerican sports? In the most widespread version of the game, the players struck the ball with their hips, although some versions allowed the use of forearms, rackets, bats, or handstones. The rules of the ballgame are not known, but judging from its descendent, ulama, they were probably similar to racquetball or volleyball, where the aim is to keep the ball in play

Mesoamerican sports? Players also try to put the ball through the ring, one on each side of the court. The game had important ritual aspects, and major formal ballgames were held as ritual events, often featuring human sacrifice. The sport was also played casually for recreation by children and perhaps even women

GOAL!!!!!!!!!!!!!

http://www.ballgame.org/sub_section.asp?se ction=2&sub_section=4

Maya The Maya lived in the highlands of Guatemala Besides maize, they also cultivated cotton and cacao Maya warfare: warriors had prestige; captives were slaves or victims Maya decline began in 800 C.E.; many Mayans deserted their cities 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 30

Maya Ritual Calendar Complex math Invention of zero Calendar of 365.242 days (17 seconds off) Solar calendar of 365 days Ritual calendar of 260 days Management of calendar lends authority to priesthood 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 32

Maya Language and Religion Gods maintained agricultural cycles in exchange for honors and sacrifices Bloodletting rituals Human sacrifices follow after removal of fingers, piercing to allow blood flow Either scatter blood on city buildings to sanctify or burn on bark to offer to gods 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 33

Heirs of the Olmecs Teotihuacan society Rulers and priests dominated society Decline of Teotihuacan from about 650 C.E.; was sacked and destroyed mid-eighth century 40

Andean Societies Migration into South America ca. 12,000 B.C.E. Climate improves ca. 8000 B.C.E. Largely independent from Mesoamerica Highly individualized due to geography 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 41

Chavín Cult Early migration to Peru and Bolivia region By 12,000 B.C.E. hunting and gathering peoples reached South America By 8000 B.C.E. they began to experiment with agriculture Complex societies appeared in central Andean region after 1000 B.C.E. Andean societies were located in modern-day Peru and Bolivia 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 42

Agriculture Early agriculture in South America Main crops: beans, peanuts, sweet potatoes, cotton Fishing supplemented agricultural harvests By 1800 B.C.E. the people produced pottery, built temples and pyramids 43

Oceania Human migrants arrived in Australia and New Guinea at least sixty thousand years ago By the mid-centuries of the first millennium C.E., human communities in all habitable islands of the Pacific Ocean Australia: hunting and gathering until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries C.E. New Guinea: Turned to agriculture about 3000 B.C.E. Outrigger canoes for open-sea travel 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 45