ADOPTION BEHAVIOUR OF GRAPE GROWERS IN SANGLI DISTRICT. Mr. SURAMWAD SNEHAL RAJESHWARRAO. (Reg. No. 12/196)

i ADOPTION BEHAVIOUR OF GRAPE GROWERS IN SANGLI DISTRICT. By Mr. SURAMWAD SNEHAL RAJESHWARRAO. (Reg. No. 12/196) A Thesis submitted to the MAHATMA PHULE KRISHI VIDYAPEETH RAHURI-413 722, DIST. AHMEDNAGAR, MAHARASHTRA STATE, INDIA In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE (AGRICULTURE) In AGRICULTURE EXTENSION EXTENSION EDUCATION SECTION COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, KOLHAPUR 416 004 MAHATMA PHULE KRISHI VIDYAPEETH RAHURI-413 722, DIST. AHMEDNAGAR, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA 2014

ii ADOPTION BEHAVIOUR OF GRAPE GROWERS IN SANGLI DISTRICT. By Mr. Suramwad Snehal Rajeshwarrao. (Reg. No. 12/196) A Thesis submitted to the MAHATMA PHULE KRISHI VIDYAPEETH RAHURI- 413 722, DIST. AHMEDNAGAR, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE (AGRICULTURE) in AGRICULTURE EXTENSION Approved by Prof. B. T. Kolgane (Chairman and Research Guide) Dr. U. D. Jagdale (Committee Member) Dr. S. V. Sawant (Committee Member) Prof. M. R. Shewale (Committee Member) EXTENSION EDUCATION SECTION COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE KOLHAPUR-416 004 MAHATMA PHULE KRISHI VIDYAPEETH, RAHURI -413 722, DIST. AHMEDNAGAR, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA. 2014

iii CANDIDATE S DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis or part there of has not been submitted by me or other person to any other University or Institute for a Degree or Diploma. Place: Kolhapur (S. R. Suramwad) Date : / /2014

iv Prof. B. T. Kolgane Associate Professor of Agril. Extension, Division of Extension Education, College of Agriculture, Kolhapur-416 004, Maharashtra State (India). CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled, ADOPTION BEHAVIOUR OF GRAPE GROWERS IN SANGLI DISTRICT, submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Dist. Ahmednagar, Maharashtra State in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE (AGRICULTURE) in AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION, is a record of a bonafide research work carried out by Mr. SURAMWAD SNEHAL RAJESHWARRAO, under my guidance and supervision and that no part of the thesis has been submitted for any other degree, diploma or publication in other form. The assistance and help received during the course of this investigation and sources of literature referred to have been duly acknowledged. Place: Kolhapur. (Prof. B. T. Kolgane) Date: / / 2014 Chairman and Research Guide

v Dr. G. G. Khot Associate Dean, College of Agriculture, Kolhapur-416 004, Maharashtra State, (India). CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled, ADOPTION BEHAVIOUR OF GRAPE GROWERS IN SANGLI DISTRICT, submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Dist. Ahmednagar, Maharashtra State in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE (AGRICULTURE) in, AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION, is a record of a bonafide research work carried out by Mr. SURAMWAD SNEHAL RAJESHWARRAO, under the guidance and supervision of Prof. B. T. Kolgane, Associate Professor of Agril. Extension Division of Extension Education, College of Agriculture, Kolhapur, M.P.K.V., Rahuri and that no part of the thesis has been submitted for any other university for degree, diploma or publication in other form. Place : Kolhapur. (Dr.G.G.Khot) Date : / / 2014 Associate Dean

vi ACKNOWLEGEMENTS Success is not possible lonely without involvement of many minds and hands to beautify it. Emotions cannot be adequately expressed in words because then emotions are transformed into mere formalities. Nevertheless, formalities have to be completed. My acknowledgements are many more than what expressing here. I feel immense pleasure in taking golden opportunity and it gives me great pleasure to express my sincere, humble indebtedness, my deep sense of gratitude from core of my heart and sincere thanks to towards my Research Guide and chairman of Advisory committee Prof. B. T. Kolgane, Associate Professor of Agril. Extension, Section of Extension Education M.P.K.V., Rahuri. I wish to place record my indebtness for his inspiring guidance constructive criticism, valuable councel, kind courtesy and sustained interest right from the suggestions of the problem to completion of the thesis. I am grateful to the members of my advisory committee Dr. U. D. Jagdale, Assistant Professor of Agril. Extension, Dr. S. V. Savant, Professor of Horticulture, Prof. M. R. Shewale, Assistant Professor of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Agriculture, Kolhapur for their constructive suggestion and timely help through out my investigation. I am very much thankful to Dr. K. V. Gurav, Assistant Professor of Agril. Extension, NARP shenda park, Assistant Professor of Agril. Extension, Prof. N. N. Tale, Assistant Professor of Agril. Extension, Shri. U. L. Phulsawange, Assistant Professor of English, and Shri. S. D. Bhingardive, SRA, Shri. S. S. Patil, JRA,College of Agriculture, Kolhapur for their valuable guidance and willing co-operation for my course and research work. My sincere thanks to the staff of the Division of Extension Education Shri. V. S. Kadam, and Shri. R. A. Jambhale and Mrs. Patil mam

vii for timely help in making available necessary facilities required for the present investigation. Indeed, I have no words at my command are inadequate in capacity as well as spirit to convey the depth of my heartful feeling which spring in the every core of the heart for my beloved Honorable Late GrandFather (shri. Dattatray R. Suramwad), Grandmother (Smt. Saraswatabai D. Suramwad), Father (Shri. Rajeshwar D. Suramwad), Mother, (Sau. Kamal R. Suramwad), Atya (Sau. Shobha M. Pardikar) & Mama (Shri. Meghshyam B. Pardikar). Elder Brother, Dr.Machchhindranath Dada, and My lovely Sweet elder Sisters Archana Tai, Sunita Tai and Younger sister Surekha Tai who always stood like a lighthouse for illuminations, in the pathway of every success, unsuccess and for their sacrifice in moulding me and in building up my educational career. I cannot imagine if I could do anything without them. They remained the pillar of all sources for me since beginning of my life. Uncles, Bhaskar Kaka & Madhav Kaka. Brother in law (Bhauji), Mr.Prakash, Mr.Ulhas, Mr. Suraj, Mr.Parmeshwar, Mr.Promod. Cousions, Balu Tai, Bhavana, Mansi. Brothers Bandu Dada, Ajit dada, Dr.Gorakhnath dada, Amit, Jalindranath, Onkar, Prathmesh, Nikhil, Dr.prashant. My Lovely Sweet Nephew Yash, Sujal, Suraj, Rudra & My Lovely Sweet Niece Aishwarya, Payal, Shital, Anupama for their continuous moral support and heartiest blessing which was the source of constant inspiration throughout my educational career. I am also Special thankful to my post graduate colleagues (Sweet Bandhus): Sagar Jannawar, Suraj Kottawar, Rahul kumbharwar, Sanjay Bittewad, Rahul Talekar, Mayur Nalawade, Rajdeep Dound, Prem Tidke, Raju dhawale, Durgude, Dhananjay, Nitesh Wankhade, Swapnil Wankhade, Swapnil, Dansing, Mahadev, Kuldeep Patil, Ashitosh, Amol minde, Sachin

viii Mane,, Daundkar, Pruthvi, Dhole, Padghan, & Chandrashekhar, Nakade, Kate, Aviraj, Laxmikant, Thorat, Jekulwar, Rahul, Jagdish, Vilas, Yogesh, Khedkar, Shoaib, Mahesh Kishor, & all my friends for their help rendered during conduct of experimental field work and encouragement thought the course of investigation.& all Bandhus. I take this opportunity to remember my seniors Sudhankit Darole sir, Mohan Anuse sir, Sachin Pati sir, Pravin Raut sir, Krushna kate sir, Nilesh Bhawar sir, Kokani sir (PSI), Vishal Deokar sir (AEO), Maske sir, Mule sir, Narhare sir (AEO), Kiran Gavade sir, Randive sir (ACF), Korde sir, Velurkar sir, Kauthekar sir (AO), Mangesh Balapure sir, Manoj Dhage sir (SDAO/ACF), Tushar Mane sir (AO), Darshan Kadam (ARS) sir, Om Sir, Miss.Pranita mam (ACF), Nana Bhojane sir, Ravi Rathod sir (AO), Sushil Patil sir, Ganesh Sakore sir & Krushna Kalele sir for their help and encouragement & friendly co-operation. I am also thankful to juniours Narendra kumar, Nandu, Balkrishna, Devanand, Jitu, Mahaltesh, Raghu, sunil, Vinod, Harshal, Bharat, Anil, Kakade, Shahaji, Kute, Gitte, Digvijay, Pravin, Dhage, Kiran, Gaju, chandan, Tarte, Ambadas & all Jr. While traveling on this path of education many hands pushed me forth and learned hearts put me on the right track. I wish best thanks to them. Place: Kolhapur Date: / / 2014 (S. R. Suramwad)

ix CONTENTS Sr. No. CHAPTER Page No. CANDIDATE S DECLARATION iii CERTIFICATES 1. Research Guide 2. Associate Dean (ACK) iv v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi LIST OF TABLES xiv LIST OF FIGURES xvi LIST OF PLATES xvii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xviii ABSTRACT xx 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 11 2.1 Profile of the grape growing respondents 12 2.1.1 Age 12 2.1.2 Education 13 2.1.3 Land holding 13 2.1.4 Size of orchard 14 2.1.5 Annual income 14 2.1.6 Experience in grape cultivation 15 2.1.7 Source of information 15 2.1.8 Innovativeness 16 2.1.9 Social participation 16 2.1.10 Economic motivation 17 2.1.11 Risk preference 17 2.1.12 Scientific orientation 18 2.1.13 Knowledge 18

x 2.1.14 Adoption 20 2.2 Constraints faced by the farmers 21 2.3 Suggestions made by the respondents 23 3 METHODOLOGY 26 3.1 Location of the Research site 26 3.1.1 Geographical location 26 3.1.2 Area and Land utilization pattern 26 3.1.3 Population 27 3.1.4 Soil 27 3.1.5 Irrigation facilities 28 3.1.6 Cropping pattern 28 3.1.7 Transport and Communication facilities 28 3.1.8 Livestock population of Kolhapur 29 district 3.1.9 Other Facilities 29 3.2 Research Design 30 3.3 Sampling Plan 30 3.3.1 Selection of Tahsils 30 3.3.2 Selection of Villages 30 3.3.3 Selection of Respondents 30 3.4 Tools For data collection 30 3.5 Pre-testing of interview schedule 31 3.6 Collection of the data 31 3.6.1 Compilation of data 32 3.7 Operationalization, scoring and 33 categorization of Variables. 3.7.1 Operationalization and Categorization of independent variables. 33

xi 3.7.1.1 Age 33 3.7.1.2 Education 33 3.7.1.3 Land holding 34 3.7.1.4 Size of orchard 34 3.7.1.5 Annual income 35 3.7.1.6 Experience in grape cultivation 35 3.7.1.7 Sources of information 35 3.7.1.8 Innovativeness 36 3.7.1.9 Social participation 37 3.7.1.10 Economic motivation 37 3.7.1.11 Risk preference 38 3.7.1.12 Scientific orientation 38 3.7.2 Operationalization and Categorization of Dependent variables. 39 3.7.2.1 Knowledge 39 3.7.2.2 Adoption 40 3.7.2.3 Adoption behaviour 41 3.8 Constraints faced by farmer and 41 Suggestions made by them. 3.8.1 Constraints 41 3.8.2 Suggestions 42 3.9 Statistical techniques used for analysis 42 of data. 3.9.1 Karl Pearson s coefficients of correlation 42 analysis 3.9.2 Multiple regression analysis 43 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 44 4.1 Profile of the grape growing respondents 44

xii 4.1.1 Age 44 4.1.2 Education 45 4.1.3 Land holding 46 4.1.4 Size of orchard 47 4.1.5 Annual income 48 4.1.6 Experience in grape cultivation 48 4.1.7 Source of information 49 4.1.8 Innovativeness 52 4.1.9 Social participation 53 4.1.10 Economic motivation 53 4.1.11 Risk preference 54 4.1.12 Scientific orientation 55 4.2 Dependent Variable 56 4.2.1 Knowledge 56 4.2.2 Adoption 74 4.2.3 Adoption behaviour about scientific 92 grape cultivation practices 4.3 Relational analysis 93 4.3.1 Coefficient of correlation of Adoption 94 behaviour 4.3.2 Multiple regression analysis of Adoption 94 behaviour 4.4 Constaints faced by the grape growers 96 4.5 Suggestions made by the grape growers 101 for overcoming the constraints faced by them. 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 107-120

xiii 5.1 Summary 110 5.2 Conclusions 115 5.3 Implication 116 6 LITERATURE CITED 121-124 7 APPENDICES 125-143 8 VITA 144-145

xiv LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page No. 1. Variables and their empirical measurements 32 2. Distribution of respondents according to their 45 age. 3. Distribution of respondents according to their 45 education. 4. Distribution of respondents according to their 46 land holding. 5. Distribution of respondents according to their 47 Size of grape orchard. 6. Distribution of respondents according to their 48 Annual income. 7 Distribution of the respondent according to 49 their experience in grape cultivation. 8. Distribution of the respondents according to 50 sources of information level. 9. Distribution of respondents according to their 50 different type of sources of information used (Personal, Group, Mass media Contact). 10. Distribution of the respondents according to 52 their level of innovativeness. 11. Distribution of farmers according to their 53 level of social participation. 12. Distribution of the respondents according to 54 their level of economic motivation. 13. Distribution of the respondents according to 54

xv their level of risk preference. 14. Distribution of the respondents according to their level of scientific orientation. 15. Distribution of the respondents by their level of knowledge. 16. Distribution of respondents according to their practice and sub practice wise extent of knowledge about recommended package of practices of grape. 17. Distribution of the respondents according to their adoption of grape vine cultivation. 18. Distribution of the respondents by their level of adoption. 19. Distribution of the respondents according to their levels of Adoption behavior about scientific grape production. 20. Coefficient of correlation of selected characteristics of the respondents with their adoption behaviour. 21. Regression of coefficient of different characteristics of respondents with their adoption behaviour about grape cultivation practices. 22. Distribution of respondents according to their constraints faced during grape cultivation. 23. Suggestions made by the grape growing respondents for overcoming the constraints faced by them. 55 56 57 74 91 92 94 95 97 101

xvi LIST OF FIGURES Fig. Between No. Title Pages 1. Map of Sangli District with selected tahsils 26-27 2. Distribution of respondents according to their 45-46 age. 3. Distribution of respondents according to their 45-46 education. 4. Distribution of respondents according to their 46-47 land holding. 5. Distribution of respondents according to their 46-47 Size of grape orchard. 6. Distribution of respondents according to their 48-49 Annual income. 7. Distribution of the respondent according to 48-49 their experience in grape cultivation. 8. Distribution of the respondents according to 51-52 sources of information level. 9. Distribution of the respondents according to their level of innovativeness. 51-52 10. Distribution of farmers according to their 53-54 level of social participation. 11. Distribution of the respondents according to 53-54 their level of economic motivation. 12. Distribution of farmers according to their risk 54-55 preference. 13. Distribution of farmers according to their 54-55 scientific orientation. 14. Distribution of farmers according to their 56-57 knowledge. 15. Distribution of farmers according to their 56-57 adoption. 16. Distribution of farmers according to their 92-93 adoption behaviour.

xvii LIST OF PLATES Plate Between Title No. Pages 1. Grape orchard farm of the respondent. 30-31 2. Personal interview of the respondents by the Researcher. 30-31

xviii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Rupee (s) % Per cent @ at the rate of Agri. Agriculture Agril. Agricultural APMC Agril. Produce marketing committee Bo Boron Ca Calcium CCC Cycocel cm Centi metre DAP Days after planting e.g. For example Ec Electrical conductivity et al. Et alli (and other) etc. Et cetra Extn. Extension Fe Iron Fig. Figure(s) FYM Farm Yard Manuring g Gram(s) GA Gibrellic acid Govt. Governmement ha. Hectare (S) HCN Hydro cynic acid hrs. Hours i.e. Id est. (That is) IBA Indol Butyric acid

xix J. Journal KCC Kg KVK Lit M ha Mg ml Mn MT NAA NGO No. oc ppm r Res. SD SP Std. viz., WG Zn Kisan Call Centre Kilogram(s) Krishi Vidnyan Kendra Litre Million hectares Magnesium mililitre Manganese Metric tonnes Napthalin acetic acid Non Government organization Number Degree Celsius Parts per million Pearson correlation coefficient Value Research Standered deviation Soluble powder Standard Namely Wettable granules Zinc

xx ABSTRACT AOPTION BEHAVIOUR OF GRAPE GROWERS IN SANGLI DISTRICT By Mr. Suramwad Snehal Rajeshwarrao A candidate for the degree of Master of Science (Agriculture) in AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION College of Agriculture, Kolhapur. MAHTMA PHULE KRISHI VIDYAPEETH, Rahuri - 413 722 2014 Research Guide : Prof. B. T. Kolgane Discipline : Agricultural Extension Grape cultivation is one of the most remunerative farming enterprises in India. The botanical name of grape is Vitis vinifera. L. Family- Vitiaceae and Origin, Armenia near the Caspian Sea. In India, total area under grape was 1,16,000 ha with annual production 22,20,900 Metric tonnes during the year 2011-12. In Maharashtra, area under grape cultivation during year 2011-12 was about 92,000 ha with annual production is about 18,10,000 Metric tonnes per year with

xxi Abstract Contd Suramwad S. R. productivity 19.7 tonnes per ha. Which is first rank in production and highest productivity in the country. The present study Tasgaon, Khanapur (Vita) and Miraj tahsil of Sangli district in western region of Maharashtra state for ascertaining the gap between recommended cultivation practices of grapes and actual adoption of practices by the grape growers. From each tahsil 5 villages were selected from each selected village 8 respondents were selected on random selection basis who were grape growers. Hence, in all 120 farmers were randomly selected and personally interviewed and used for drawing the conclusions. The collected data were processed and statistically analyzed and same were discussed and presented by using the mean, frequencies and percentage. The coefficient of correlation r was computed to find out the relationship between selected characteristics of grape growers with their adoption behaviour. To explain the extent of variability caused by the set of independent variables in adoption behaviour of grape growers and multiple regression analysis was used. The findings indicated that maximum number of the respondents were having middle age group, educated up to secondary school level possessed small land holding, medium level of size of orchard, medium level of annual income, majority of respondents had medium year of experience in grape cultivation, the medium level of source of information, medium level of social participation. Innovativeness, economic motivation, risk preference and scientific orientation were also observed in medium level.

xxii Abstract Contd Suramwad S. R. With regards to knowledge of grape growers, majority (70.83%) of them were observed in medium level of knowledge category followed by high (16.67%) and low (12.50%) level of knowledge category of grape of cultivation practices. It was seen that almost all the (100%) respondents had complete knowledge about selection of proper soil type, proper primary tillage, season of planting, spacing of grape crop, methods of training, time of pruning, loss from high dose of fertilizers and insecticides, use of micronutrients, Infestation of diseases like powdery mildew, downy mildew and plantation of wind break plants. Majority (86.66%) of the respondents had complete knowledge about ph of soil, Concerned with varities Tas-A-Ganesh (75.00%). Reference to propagation and rootstock-root is recommended by MPKV university (83.33%), methods of planting (95.83%), type of recommended training systems (76.67%), eye buds left on cuttings (90.83%), manage pruned leaves and branches (91.67%), chemical used for sprouting new eye buds (85.00%), treatment on stems & sub canes just after pruning (85.00%), management of grape vine (No. of canes/vine and No. of leaves/cane) (90.83%), cultivation of green manure crops (93.33%), dose of N, P, K (90.83%), manures (62.50%), split doses of N, P, K (93.33%), use of different micronutrients i.e. Fe/Zn/B/Mn/Mg or chelated compounds (65.83%), required no. of irrigations (60.00%), irrigation methods (51.67%), Irrigation in heavy winter (68.33%), right time for irrigation (86.67%), intercrops (76.67%), mulching (90.00%), method for

xxiii Abstract Contd Suramwad S. R. weed control (80.83%), use of growth regulator (79.17%), growth regulators used for dipping or spraying (85.00%), beneficial effects from use of GA (50.00%), use of growth regulators at various concentrations during different stages of grape crop (51.67%), girdling (69.17%), imp. practices for good quality of grape production (61.67%), benefits from girdling (74.17%), thinning (55.83%), pest management: Thripes (65.00%), Mealy bug (63.34%), Mites (61.67%), Anthracnose (80.00%), time of harvesting (78.33%), yield of grapes (96.67%), know about byproducts of grapes (76.67%), made byproducts from grapes i.e. (Resins, wine, Juice, Jam, Jelly) (90.83%), Storage period of fresh grape (58.33%), giving timely and right information by grape growers association (55.83%), information about physiological disorders (53.33%), control Physiological disorders (53.33%), sizes of grapes (79.17%), send harvested grapes to market (63.33%), exporting grapes (55.83%), follow the maximum permissible limits of chemicals before spraying (52.50%), knowledge about selling (95.00%), marketing (56.67%), selling through intermediatories (64.17%). It is strange that 80.00 per cent of respondents had no knowledge about Sonaka, Manik Chaman (85.00%), Sharad Seedless (100%), Clame Seedless (100%) and Red Globe (100%) respectively. It was also observed that grape growers have no knowledge about humidity in cold storage (70.00%), getting good price by the help of grape growers association (44.17%).

xxiv Abstract Contd Suramwad S. R. As far as adoption is concerned, majority (63.33%) of grape growers were observed in medium level of adoption category followed by high (20.00%) and low (16.67%) level of adoption category of grape cultivation practices and adoption behaviour of grape growers were also observed in medium level. It was seen that all the (100%) respondents were completely adopted the management practice that primary tillage operations, methods of training, time of pruning and loss from high doses of fertilizers and insecticides, use of micronutrient. type of soil (98.33%), ph of soil (63.33%), Thompson Seedless (63.33%), Tas-A-Ganesh (71.67%), rootstock is recommended by university (65.83%), size of pit (72.50%), Planting direction (89.17%), Methods of planting (75.83%), type of recommended training systems (69.17%), manage pruned leaves and branches (87.50%), chemical used for sprouting new eye buds (80.00%), treatment on stems & sub canes just after pruning (79.17%), dose of chemical fertilizers i.e. N,P,K (83.34%), split doses of N P K (88.33%), right time for irrigation (91.00%), weedicide used before grape planting (70.00%), disease management: Powdery mildew (81.67%), Downy mildew (98.33%), time of harvesting (72.50%), know about by-products of grape (74.19%) and selling (87.50%) It was also observed that there is no adoption of Sonaka (87.50%), Manik Chaman (85.00%), Sharad Seedless (100%), Clame Seedless (100%) and Red Globe (100%).

xxv Abstract Contd Suramwad S. R. It was also observed that grape growers have no adoption about organic grape production (100%) & getting good price to organic grape (100%). The reasons for medium adoption behaviour were the medium adoption in major operations and low benefits from grape cultivation may be due major constraints like erratic, untimely and uneven distribution of rainfall and hailstorm, getting less financial help from government as compared to loss occurred from natural calamity, high wages of labour, cheating by middlemen, low prices of grapes, fluctuation in market rates, shortage of irrigation water during summer, non-availability of skilled labours, lack of knowledge about making products from grapes, high cost of FYM, lack of assured market, lack of knowledge about contract farming grapes and unavailability of Skillful labour for intercultural operations and packing etc. Important suggestions reported by the banana growers were information may be given on red alerts about upcoming natural calamities, efforts made by govt. for complete destruction of middlemen s, to give right financial help from government as nearly equal to loss occurred from natural calamities, state govt. should giving subsidies on manures, fertilizers and biofertilizers, information may be given on improved varieties of grapes, conducting group discussion in between grape growers and Scientist, giving complete information starting from planting up to harvesting about fertilizer management, increasing percentage of subsidies on drip irrigation system for grape growers, provide

xxvi Abstract Contd Suramwad S. R. information about balanced use of manures and chemical fertilizers should be made available in time with minimum price, to spread awareness about benefits, contract farming, soil testing facilities should be provided at near about location, govt. should declare the minimum support price for grape crop, give new strategies for minimizing post harvest losses of grapes, importance of skill should be given to labours, to give information about making processed products from grapes, availability of good quality of FYM, pesticides may be made available in time with minimum price, grape growers association put forward for selling of grapes, credit should be provided in time with lower rate of interest by different financial institutions, providing current market prices of grapes at different markets, provide time to time information of disease and pest control, govt. giving a better market price to grape crop, provide information through scientist about reclamation of saline soils and govt. providing required fertilizers to reclaim it. As regards, existence of medium adoption behaviour in manures and fertilizer practices it may be because of unavailability of good quality FYM, high cost of FYM, inadequate and timely availability of fertilizers, high cost of fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides and micronutrient. Shortage of irrigation water during summer was also one of the reasons of the medium adoption behaviour. The selected characteristics of grape grower s viz., age, land holding size of orchard, annual income and innovativeness significantly correlated with the adoption

xxvii Abstract Contd Suramwad S. R. behaviour at 0.05 level of probability. The variables such as education, experience in grape cultivation, sources of information, social participation, economic motivation and scientific orientation were positively and significantly correlated with adoption behaviour at 0.01 level of probability. The selected variables under study, jointly explain a significant amount of variation to the extent of 49.67 per cent in adoption behaviour of grape growers in grape cultivation. The study implies the need to provide technical knowledge to the grape growers about grape improved production technology through organizing training programme and frequent demonstration programme. Suramwad S.R. Pages 1 to 145.

1 1. INTRODUCTION Grape cultivation is one of the most remunerative farming enterprises in India. Grape is grown under variety of soil and climatic condition in three distinct agro climatic zones, namely, sub-tropical, hot tropical and mild tropical climatic regions in India. The botanical name of grape is Vitis vinifera L. Family-Vitiaceae and Origin, Armenia near the Caspian Sea. Famous Indian medicine scholars, Sasruta and Charaka in their medical treatises entitled Sasruta Samhita and Charaka Samhita, respectively, written during 1356-1220 B.C., mentioned the medicinal properties of grapes. Kautilya in his Arthashastra written in the fourth century B.C. mentioned the type of land suitable for grape cultivation. Native spp. resembling Vitis lanata and Vitis palmata grow wild in the northwestern Himalayan foothills. Indigenous varieties known as Rangspay, Shonltu White and Shonltu Red are grown in Himachal Pradesh even today. The cultivated grapes are believed to have been introduced in to the north India by the Persian invaders in 1300 A.D., from where they were introduced into the South (Daulatabad in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra) during the historic event of changing the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad by King Mohammed-bin-Tughlak. Ibn Batata, a Moorish traveler who visited Daulatabad in 1430 A.D., reported to have flourishing vineyards in South India. Grape was also introduced in the South in Salem and Madurai district of Tamil Nadu by the Christian missionaries around

2 1832 A.D. and in Hyderabad province by HEH, the Nizam of Hyderabad in the early part of the 20 th Century. From Delhi, Daulatabad, Madurai, Salem it was spread in different parts of the country. Cultivation of fruit crops plays an important role in the prosperity of nations. India is predominant in the cultivation of fruits like Mango, Papaya, Citrus, Grape, Cashewnut, Guava, etc. are grown in area 63,83,000 ha. producing 74,878000 MT (12.50% of the world) and productivity 11.70 MT. (Anonymus-2011). In India, total area under grape was 1,16,000 ha with annual production 22,20,900 Metric tonnes during the year 2011-12. The major grape growing states in India are Maharashtra in the west (81.5%), Karnataka (13.0%), Tamilnadu (2.5%) and Andhra Pradesh (1.3%), in the south and Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh in the North and Manipur and Mizoram (1.1%) in the North Eastern part of India. (Anonymus-2012). In Maharashtra, area under grape cultivation during year 2011-12 was about 92,000 ha with annual production is about 18,10,000 Metric tonnes per year with productivity 19.7 tonnes per ha. At present the cultivation of grape is mostly concentrated in five districts namely Nashik, Sangli, Solapur, Pune and Osmanabad and the area under cultivation is also in Buldhana district of Vidarbha region, Ahmednagar, Latur and Satara district produces grapes for table purposes and only Nasik, Sangli, Osmanabad and Buldhana produces grapes for Wine purposes. (Anonymus-2012).

3 The grape industry in India has developed due to continuous efforts of grape growers in the country. The grape growers travel all over the world in search of knowledge on modern viticulture information from seeded varieties to Thompson seedless and its clones, from local marketing of table grapes to export of table grapes, from raisin making to wine making. There is always a step forward every year. The industry has turned to stand on its own feet. But without the support of policy makers, research organization and extension experts, it would have not been possible to achieve, all these development. To aware the farmers about various international standards and good agricultural practices for production, various certification required in international market and knowledge about banned chemicals, pesticide residual, it s maximum permissible residue level of respective chemical (MRL) and quality parameters of various countries. In short extension approach should be export market oriented. This study is one step ahead in this direction of market led extension. Grape crop is purposively selected because farmers have developed their own strategy to tackle the problems in export. They have formed group of farmers and co-operative society s to solve their problems. Some companies are coming forward to guide the farmers. Of course, they are profit oriented and may exploit the farmers. Thus, there is great need of extension support to the farmer regarding production and export related issues viz., quality production, documentation, certification, various laboratories and export procedure.

4 The globally major grapes exporters and percentage share (%) are Chile (23.04%), USA (12.53%), Italy (9.15%), Turkey (8.85%), South Africa (8.38%), Peru (5.00%), Mexico (4.75 %), Spain (3.69%), Greece (2.23%), Egypt (2.14%), Brazil (2.13%), Netherlands (2.12%), Iran (1.97%), Argentina (1.77%) and India (1.76%). India's position in global as an exporting country for Fresh Grapes products i.e. 89,748.00 MT and percentage share (1.76%). Though, the harvesting seasons of grape in India starts from January and extends to April, the export season of grape spans from January to April. During these months, South Africa and Israel are the main competitors for Indian grape. (Anonymus-2014). As grapes are of perishable nature, many times when the production of grapes is much more and sufficient domestic market is not available for sale of grapes, farmers have to sustain heavy financial losses. Thereby the grape growers are always found to suffer from the variations in the prices of grapes in the market and often fall into severe economic crisis. This led to farmers having to settle for lower prices for their exportable grapes and also in the local market; some times the average price realized by the farmer was low. This situation further aggravated by unscrupulous middlemen, who deceive farmers by not paying even the basic cost of cultivation. To overcome these problems, need for value addition to the grapes and promoting grape products in both local and international markets was very much felt. Apart from grapes used for table purpose, there are 16 bi-products which are made from grapes viz., raisin, grape juice, squash, syrup, jam,

5 jelly, vinegar, wine, pickles, chocolates, tartaric acid, oil, cattle feed, tannin, etc. In order to prevent losses, obtain more income and provide additional employment to grape growers in the country and also looking to the world scenario of different bi-products of grapes, it was felt necessary to consider and promote value added products from grapes and one such important product of grape is wine. It was also realized that if the grape growers cultivate particular types of wine grape varieties and make good quality of wine from them, then they can get more income from domestic and export markets. By providing proper impetus to the wine grape production, it is possible for the farmers to get good remuneration to their produce. Maharashtra is the major grape growing state of India and enjoys the proud privilege of recording the highest acreage and per acre production of grapes amongst all the states. Maharashtra grape industry has made remarkable progress in export of fresh grapes in the most demanding markets throughout the world. Likewise, the entry into the wine grape production and development of wineries is also outstanding during the last two decades in Maharashtra. In Maharashtra, viticulture industry is based on prominent commercial varieties of grape namely, Thompson Seedless, 2A Clone of Thompson, Sharad Seedless, Flame Seedless, Tas-A-Ganesh, Maru, Sonaka, Manik-chaman, Krishna, Red Globe, Fantasy Seedless, Manjrn Naveen and Banglore Purple. The by-products from grapes are rasins, sweet juice, beverages, wine, dry fruits, manuka, kismis etc. which are the

6 only processed products in India. Grape juice is rich in vitamin B and is a good source of vitamin C; the juice contains fruit sugar, fruit acid, minerals like calcium, phosphorus and iron, which play the role of health promoting ingredients in human diet. The juice is used on a large scale for preparing wine. The soil and climate in Sangli region is suitable for grape cultivation but due to different constraints faced by the grape growers, it is not grown under large area and therefore area under grape is slowly decreasing specially in Sangli district. The yield levels of grape in Sangli were found less because of lack of proper resource management and use of the traditional methods of cultivation. So, in order to boost up the production within the available range of resources, farmers need to adopt new techniques of grape cultivation. In our country, grape production is less because of non-adoption of improved cultivation practices like use of improved varieties, optimum use of manure and fertilizers, irrigation management, use of plant growth regulator, training and pruning of fruit plant and plant protection against adverse weather along with control of diseases and pests. Efficient management of these practices substantially increases fruit production. The government of Maharashtra not only created Grape Board, Wine Institute and Wine Parks, but also initiated several promotional activities all over the state to increase area under grape cultivation. Numbers of grape production technologies are recommended to get maximum benefits, yet the grape growers are not following all the

7 recommended technologies and their cultivation practices vary from farmer to farmer according to their personal and socioeconomic characteristics, perceived training needs, availability of factors of production and the problems in the grape cultivation. It was, therefore, felt that a study with respect to level of knowledge and extent of adoption regarding recommended grape cultivation practices by the farmers would focus light on those areas where the cultivators lack knowledge and find difficulty in adoption of recommended practices. Need and importance of study The area under grape is 8264 ha in Sangli district (2011-12) but average yield i.e. 18 tons per ha, which is comparatively very low considering the other districts of Maharashtra. It is, therefore felt necessary to know the reasons for low yield and constraints in cultivation of grape. (Anonymus-2012). The reasons for low productivity may be due to traditional method of cultivation, non-adoption of improved package of practices followed by the grape farmers. Productivity of grapes can be enhanced by adopting improved practices recommended by the Agril. research institutes and Agricultural Universities. With this study, it comes to know the knowledge of the grape growers about improved cultivation practices of grape and its actual adoption by the grape growers hence, this study found useful for identifying the adoption behaviour and constraints faced and suggestions made by the farmers in adoption of improved cultivation practices. It is, therefore

8 looking towards the need and importance of grape crop particularly in Tasgaon, Khanapur and Miraj tahsil of Sangli district; it was decided to study the adoption behaviour of Grape growers with the following specified objectives. Objectives: 1. To study the personal, social-economic, situational, communication and psychological characteristics of grape growers. 2. To study the adoption behaviour of grape growers in respect of their knowledge and adoption of improved cultivation practices of grape. 3. To find out the relationship between selected characteristics of grape growers with their adoption behaviour. 4. To find out the constraints faced by the grape growers in adoption of improved cultivation practices of grape. 5. To obtain the suggestions made by the grape growers to overcome the constraints faced by them. Scope and limitations Scope: Grape is one of the most important fruit crop next to Banana in Western Maharashtra. The average production of grape is very low in Sangli as compared to other parts of Maharashtra. The desired target of production can only be achieved when majority of the farmers are motivated to adopt the new agriculture techniques regarding grape cultivation. These new agricultural techniques could be useful for increasing the production of grape per hectare and by helping

9 the grape growers in reducing per hectare cultivation cost in order to increase their profit. The present study was planned to know the level of knowledge and adoption about improved cultivation practices of grape cultivation and the constraints faced and suggestions made by the farmers in adoption of these practices. In the selected study area, reason of low productivity of grapes may be because of non-adoption of improved practices by the grape growers. Therefore, there is huge scope to improve the knowledge and adoption of improved cultivation practices of grape grower. Limitations: The present study was confined to investigate the knowledge, adoption and constraints faced and suggestions made by the grape cultivators in Tasgaon, Khanapur (Vita) and Miraj Tahsils of Sangli district. Being a student s research project, study was carried out with the following limitations. 1. This study has been conducted in only Three Panchayat Samiti of Sangli district. This being student s research project time, money and other resources do not permit to cover large area. 2. The major limitation is that, the present study was conducted in limited area in Tasgaon, Khanapur (Vita) and Miraj Panchayat Samiti. The findings are based on responses of only 120 growers having bearing orchards of Grapes and as such would have limited application.

10 3. This study was based on the opinion expressed by respondents. Therefore, its objectivity would be limited to the opinion expressed by them. 4. Although instrument of data collection was developed after discussing with the members of Advisory Committee, Horticultural Specialist and presented for their accuracy, there could always remain a scope for improvement in data collection instrument of this nature through further refinement. Hypothesis The research hypothesis mentioned below is developed on the basis of findings of previous research study. The hypothesis are set up and presented in null form (H0) as below. 1) There is no significant relationship between the selected personal and socio-economic, psychological and situational characteristics of the grape growers and adoption behaviour about recommended cultivation practices of grape. Layout of thesis: This thesis has been divided into six chapters. The first chapter deals with brief introduction and objectives of the study. The second chapter devoted to review of literature related to research problem. The third chapter is concern with details of methodology used for conduction of research. The fourth chapter deals with results and discussion. Fifth chapter is devoted for summary, conclusions and implications. The last sixth chapter deals with literature cited.

11 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE It is obvious that a comprehensive review of literature is an essential part of any scientific investigation. It is always helpful to the investigator as a guideline for his approach to fulfill the requirements of his research report. The review of literature is always necessary to compare the findings of the study undertaken by the previous research workers and to take the decisions on his own findings for drawing proper inferences. It is observed that many social scientists and research workers undertook their studies to find out their relationship of knowledge and adoption of improved agricultural practices with the profile of the adopters in addition to their sources of information and reasons if any for non-adoption of improved agricultural practices. Considering this the researcher has collected the available relevant literature as per the objectives of the study and presented in the following sequential manner. Objectives of study: 1. To study the personal, social-economic, situational, communication and psychological characteristics of grape growers. 2. To study the adoption behaviour of grape growers in respect of their knowledge and adoption of improved cultivation practices of grape. 3. To find out the relationship between selected characteristics of grape growers with their adoption behaviour.

12 4. To find out the constraints faced by the grape growers in adoption of improved cultivation practices of grape. 5. To obtain the suggestions made by the grape growers to overcome the constraints faced by them. 2.1 Profile of the grape growing respondents: The set of independent variables in the present study includes age, education, land holding, size of orchard, annual income, experience in grape cultivation, sources of information, social participation, innovativeness, economic motivation, risk preference, scientific orientation, and dependent variables are knowledge and adoption. The reviews of past studies pertaining to these variables have been presented below. 2.1.1 Age: Dhakane (2005) found that, near about half (44.66%) of grape growers were belonged to the young age group i.e. up to 35 years. Thakare (2008) studied that, more than one third (40.00%) of grape growers were included in the middle age group of 36 to 50 years. Sorate (2011) observed that, more than half (53.00%) of grape growers were included in the middle age group of 36 to 50 years. Gavade (2013) concluded that, near about half (44.66%) of grape growers were included in the middle age group i.e. 36 to 50 years. Raut (2014) revealed that, near about half (45.83%) of banana growers were from middle age group i.e. 36 to 50 years.

13 2.1.2 Education: Chavan (2005) found that, near about half (44.33%) of grape growers were received secondary education (5 th to 10 th standard). Thakare (2008) concluded that, more than one forth (28.70%) of the grape growers were educated up to higher secondary school education level (8 th to 10 th standard). Sorate (2011) observed that, more than one third (35.00%) of the grape growers were educated up to high school education level (8 th to 10 th standard). Gavade (2013) indicated that, near about half (45.00%) of grape growers were educated up to high school education level (8 th to 10 th standard). Raut (2014) indicated that near about half (46.67%) of banana growers were educated up to secondary education level (8 th to 10 th standard). 2.1.3 Land holding: Karale (2006) observed that, near about half (49.17%) of grape growers were medium land holding ranging from 4.01 to 10.00 ha. Thakare (2008) found that, near about half (45.20%) of grape grower respondents belonged to category of medium land holding ranging from 4.01 to 10.00 ha. Sorate (2011) concluded that, near to one third (31.00%) of grape growers were belonged to category of medium land holding ranging from 4.01 to 10.00 ha. Gavade (2013) studied that, more than one third (37.00%) of grape growers were possessed medium land holding ranging from 4.01 to 10.00 ha.

14 Raut (2014) revealed that, near about half (42.50%) of the banana growers were belonged to category of small land holding between 1.01 to 2.00 ha. 2.1.4 Size of orchard: Karale (2006) found that, more than half of the respondents (51.66%) possessed medium size of orchard followed by small (38.34%) and large (10.00%) size of bearing grape orchards. Thakare (2008) concluded that, majority of the respondents (70.00%) possessed small size of orchard followed by medium (20.00%) and large (10.00%) size of bearing grape orchards. Gavade (2013) revealed that, near about half (46.00%) of the respondents possessed small size of orchard followed by medium (36.00%) and large (18.00%) size of bearing grape orchards. 2.1.5 Annual income: Thakare (2008) studied that, majority of the respondents (54.70%) had annual income between 5,00,001 to 10,00,000 of grape growers. Kadam et al., (2010) found that, majority (79.34%) of the respondents were in medium income group ( 56.651 to 1,49,883) of sugarcane cultivators. Sorate (2011) observed that, large majority of the grape growers (89.00%) were having annual income up to 8,45,666. Gavade (2013) concluded that, near about half of the grape growers (49.00%) had annual income ranging from

15 1,61,667 to 2,93,333 and 32.00 per cent had income upto 1,61,666. Raut (2014) revealed that, majority (71.67%) of banana growers were medium annual income. The high annual income respondents were 7.50 per cent whereas, 20.83 per cent had low annual income. 2.1.6 Experience in grape cultivation: Karale (2006) observed that, majority of the grape growers (80.33%) were having 3.01 to 10.00 years of experience in grape cultivation. Thakare (2008) found that, near about half (44.60%) of the respondents had experience of 3 to 6 years in grape cultivation. Sorate (2011) concluded that, majority of the respondents (79.00%) had experience of 4 to 8 years in grape cultivation. Gavade (2013) revealed that, near about majority i.e. (57.00%) of the respondents had experience of 4 to 6 years in cultivation of grape. 2.1.7 Sources of information: Thakare (2008) found that, majority of the respondents (75.34%) were having high level of sources of information. Garje (2010) reported that, majority of grape growers 69.17 per cent had used medium source of information. Sorate (2011) concluded that, majority of the respondents (68.00%) were having medium level of sources of information.

16 Gavade (2013) observed that, majority of the grape respondents (68.00%) were having medium level of sources of information. Raut (2014) revealed that, majority (67.50%) of banana growers were using medium sources of information whereas, 16.67 per cent and 15.83 per cent of the respondents had high and low sources of information, respectively. 2.1.8 Innovativeness: Patil (2008) observed that, majority of the grape growers (61.33%) were fall in medium level of innovativeness and only 16.67 per cent found to be in low level of innovativeness. Thakare (2008) concluded that, large majority of the grape growers (98.67%) were fall in medium level of innovativeness and only 1.33 per cent found to be in low level of innovativeness Gavade (2013) revealed that, majority (64.00%) of the grape growers were included in the medium category of innovativeness. 2.1.9 Social participation: Thakare (2008) found that, more than half (51.33%) of the grape growers were medium level of social participation. Angait (2009) revealed that, majority (60.83%) of the banana growers had high social participation, followed by 15.84 per cent of the respondents having low social participation. Gavade (2013) reported that, majority (75.00%) of the grape growers were medium level of social participation. Raut (2014) studied that, near about half (48.33%) of banana growers were medium level of social participation.

17 2.1.10 Economic motivation: Gotyal (2007) indicated that, nearly half (42.50%) of the grape growers belonged to medium level of economic motivation. Patil (2008) witnessed that, near to majority (58.00%) of the grape exporting farmers belonged to medium level of economic motivation. Thakare (2008) observed that, majority (80.67%) of the grape respondents possessed medium economic motivation level. Gavade (2013) studied that, majority of the grape respondents (72.00%) had medium level of economic motivation. 2.1.11 Risk preference: Thakare (2008) concluded that, maximum numbers of the grape growers (62.67%) were observed under high risk preference category. Kadam et al., (2010) observed that, majority (73.33%) of the respondents had medium risk preference ability of sugarcane growers. Sorate (2011) indicated that, majority of the grape growers (62.00%) were observed under medium risk preference category. Gavade (2013) studied that, majority (69.00%) of the grape growers were observed under medium level of risk preference category.

18 2.1.12 Scientific orientation: Bhosale (2003) showed that, little more than half (50.67%) of the orange growers were medium level of scientific orientation. Kadam et al., (2010) studied that, majority (68.66%) of the respondents had medium scientific orientation to cultivate the sugarcane crop. Sorate (2011) found that, maximum number (69.00%) of the grape growers had medium level of scientific orientation. Gavade (2013) pointed out that, maximum (66.00%) of the grape growers were under medium level of scientific orientation. 2.1.13 Knowledge: Kharade (2003) revealed that, near about half (49.37%) of the grape growers had medium level of knowledge while, nearly equal proportion of grape growers i.e. 25.63 and 25.00 per cent of them had high and low level of knowledge, respectively. Chavan (2005) studied that, near about majority (57.34%) grape growers had complete knowledge, while 37.33 per cent and 5.33 per cent of them had partial and no knowledge about grape cultivation respectively. Dhakane (2005) concluded that, majority (71.33%) of grape growers had medium level of knowledge, while 15.34 per cent and 13.33 per cent of respondents had low and high level of knowledge respectively. Hinge (2009) pointed out that, near about half (45.00%) of the wine grape growers were belonged to medium level of knowledge about recommended practices of grape

19 cultivation with a mean score of 24.47. Whereas, 40.62 and 14.37 per cent of the grape growers belonged to high and low knowledge level with mean knowledge scores of 27.7 and 23.91, respectively. Garje (2010) noted that, majority (65.00%) of the respondent had medium level of knowledge followed by 20.00 per cent had high level of knowledge and 15.00 per cent had low level of knowledge. Pimpale (2010) indicated that, half (50.00%) of the trained mango grower had medium level of knowledge followed by 43.34 per cent and 6.66 per cent farmer from high and low level of knowledge, respectively. Sorate (2011) inferred that, large majority of the grape growers (96.00%) were found to have higher knowledge about cultivation practices of grape. Mule (2012) observed that, majority of the respondents (70.00%) had medium level of knowledge, while 21.11 per cent and 14.44 per cent had high and low level of knowledge, respectively. Gavade (2013) stated that, large majority of the respondents (89.00%) were having high level of knowledge of grape cultivation while, few (11.00%) of the respondents were having medium level of knowledge. It is surprisingly to note that none of the respondents were observed in low level of knowledge category. Raut (2014) witnessed that, majority (62.50%) of banana growers were medium knowledge level regarding the recommended banana production technology while, 19.17 and

20 18.33 per cent of them had high and low level of knowledge about the same, respectively. 2.1.14 Adoption: Chavan (2005) found that, majority (65.34%) of grape growers had medium level of adoption of recommended practices of grape cultivation, while 19.33 per cent and 15.33 per cent of them had high and low adoption regarding recommended practices of grape cultivation. Dhakane (2005) revealed that, majority (69.33%) of the grape growers had medium level of adoption of recommended grape production technology, while 14.00 percent and 16.67 per cent of them had low and high adoption level, respectively. Thakare (2008) observed that, near about half of grape growers (46.66%) had medium level of adoption of grape cultivation technology, while equal proportion of them (26.67%) were having low and high adoption level, respectively. Hinge (2009) reported that, more than one third of the (39.37%) grape growers were belonged to medium adoption category with mean adoption score of 36.48 followed by 31.25 and 29.37 per cent of them in high and low adoption categories with mean adoption scores of 39.00 and 34.03, respectively. Pimpale (2010) studied that, more than half (53.33%) of the trained farmers had medium adoption, followed by 36.67 per cent and 10.00 per cent had high and low adoption, respectively. Mule (2012) concluded that, majority of the respondent (65.55%) had medium level of adoption followed by 21.11 per

21 cent and 13.33 per cent had high and low level of adoption, respectively. Gavade (2013) showed that, majority of the respondents (72.00%) had medium level of adoption followed by 18.00 per cent and 10.00 per cent had high and low level of adoption, respectively. Raut (2014) indicated that, maximum number of banana growers (60.83%) were medium level of adoption, while 20.84 and 18.33 per cent of the respondents had high and low level of adoption, respectively. 2.2 Constraints faced by the farmers: Modak and Sawant (2004) reported that, majority 70.00 per cent of the respondents faced the major constraints in marketing of minor fruits crops were inadequate transport facilities, high transportation charges, labour scarcity, high wage rate and unavailability of authorized place at Mumbai market and season bound business. Chavan (2005) studied that, important constraints faced by majority of grape growers were supply of input materials namely, lack of availability of irrigation facilities (84.67%), shortage of skilled labour (68.00%) and lack of improved variety grafts (64.00%). Dhakane (2005) concluded that, majority of the respondents had lack of knowledge about control measure of insects, pests and diseases (81.63%), lack of technical knowledge about doses of manures and fertilizer (80.67%), high cost of insecticide and pesticides was the constraints faced by 76.67 per cent of the grape growers. Other

22 constraints were non availability of cold storage facilities (71.33%) and lack of knowledge about marketing (67.33%). Angadi et al., (2007) in their study entitled, constraints in use of organic manures perceived by farmers of Tungabhadra command of Karnataka revealed that, majority (68.00%) of farmers expressed that maintenance of animal as major constraint in use of organic manures. Other problems expressed by farmers were labour problem (37.33%) and non availability of good manures (29.33%). Hinge (2009) observed that, the major problems perceived by the wine grape growers were high cost of planting material (100.00%), irregular and insufficient supply of electricity for irrigation (100.00%), high cost of plant protection chemicals (88.75%), inadequate guidance regarding improved technology (86.62%) and high cost of fertilizers (82.50%). Sorate (2011) showed that, problem of marketing of grapes; the most occurring problems were low rate of grape fruit (94.00%), the fluctuation in market rates (89.00%), late auction sale of raisins in the market (54.00%) and no guarantee of payment received from merchants (53.00%) to the grape growers. Mule (2012) indicated that, large majority (94.44%) of sweet orange growers face the constraints with respect of lack of improved varieties. Gavade (2013) found that, near about large majority of the respondents (81.00%) and (68.00%) expressed constraints as, shortage of irrigation water during summer season and high cost of water supply by tankers respectively.

23 Raut (2014) noted that, large majority of the respondents were lack of knowledge about making products from banana (84.16%), heavy loss during the post harvesting works (83.33%) and lack of assured market (80.00%). 2.3 Suggestions made by the respondents: Modak and Sawant (2004) revealed that, a study on constraint faced by the farmer in production and marketing of minor fruits growers and offered major suggestions for improving production technique like developing new varieties 78.67 per cent, purchase of fruits on co-operative basis 66.67 per cent, information of these crops and availability of planting material 61.33 per cent. Dhakane (2005) reported that, the suggestions made by the grape growers, these had been a need of proper provision of obtaining remunerative prices of grape 93.33 per cent, information about markets prices of different market should be made available 91.33 per cent transportation charges should be reasonable 84.66 per cent, increase the subsidy on drip irrigation system 83.33 per cent. Umesh et al, (2006) observed that, the constraints and suggestion expressed by project affected farmers in adoption of modern agricultural technology, revealed that the major suggestions of the respondents were the provision of irrigation facilities 80.00 per cent, training programme for new agricultural technology should be arranged 68.00 per cent, provision of more subsidy of FYM/Fertilizer/Insecticides 66.40 per cent, provision of technical guidance 58.00 per cent and on time supply of seeds 24.00 per cent.

24 Desai et al., (2007) in their study on performance of rainfed farming system in Mehboobnagar district of Andhra Pradesh reported that the important suggestions of the respondents were crop insurance 42.25 per cent, subsidy and good quality seed should be provided 39.80 per cent, development of need based extension services especially in peak agriculture session 23.70 per cent, storage facility should be improved 19.60 per cent and development of farm machinery for rainfed areas 20.80 per cent. Gotyal (2007) in his study suggestions given by government intervention for creation of water source, supply of sufficient quantity of agro-chemicals on subsidized rates, uninterrupted and sufficient supply of electricity were important suggestions given by cent per cent farmers. Other suggestions expressed by growers were lack of appropriate technology on pruning schedule and plant protection for quality grape production (90.00%) and financial support at low rate of interest to increase grape area (90.00%), establishment of co-operative marketing (84.00%), availability of information on demand, supply and market information (80.00%), provision for crop insurance (80.00%), establishment of processing unit by government on co-operative basis (71.00%) and ensuring rail facilities and refrigerated van (61.00%). Introduction of improved clones for cultivation, ensuring availability of downy mildew and powdery mildew resistant varieties and demonstration of coloured berry varieties were the most specific suggestions given by 21, 19 and 16 per cent of grape growers.

25 Aglawe (2012) found that, Suggestions made by the respondents of turmeric growers were minimum support price for turmeric (92.50%), market facilities should be provided by the Government (90.83%), control of middleman and commission agent by adopting control measures of rules and regulation (86.60%), In time and sufficient credit facilities should be made available by financial institutions nearby locality (85.00%), for technical knowhow of post harvest technology of the turmeric training should given by appropriate source (Agril. University, Agril. Department, KVK) (84.16%), seed treatment chemical (Quinolphos) should be made available at reasonable rates (81.66%), to minimize transport cost on produce the sale counter to be open at nearby in the sample area (72.50%), bio-pesticides and fungicides should be made available (58.33%). Raut (2014) concluded that, suggestions made by the banana growers as information may be given on other improved varieties of banana (92.50%), to give a information about making processed products from banana (91.66%), to provide current market condition regularly (90.23%), chemical fertilizers should be made available in time (87.50%), pesticides may be made available at proper time (84.16%) and need a detail information about planting of tissue culture crops (57.50%).

26 3. METHODOLOGY This chapter describes details of the research site, techniques used for selection of respondents and designing of interview schedule. It also includes the procedure and techniques followed in collection of data, measurement of variables, analysis techniques and statistical tools used for interpreting the results. 3.1 Location of the research site: 3.1.1 Geographical location: The study was conducted in Sangli district which lies between 16 45 to 17 22 latitude and 73 42 to 75 40 altitude. Tasgaon, Khanapur (Vita) and Miraj tahsil was selected from out of 10 tahsils in Sangli district on the purposive sampling basis. The criteria followed were largest area under grape crop in the selected tahsil. These tahsils are located on the middle, northern and southern side of the district respectively. 3.1.2 Area and Land utilization pattern: The total geographical area of Sangli district is 8,575 sq. km which is 2.78 per cent of the Maharashtra state. Out of which 47,593 ha area covered with forest. Total area under cultivation is 8,02,913 ha and barren land is 36,773 ha.

27 Land utilization pattern of selected tahsil of the year 2012. Area: In hectare Sr. No. Name of tahsils Total Geogra -phical area Cultiva -ble Land Non cultivable Land Forest covered land Barren land 1. Tasgaon 111259 96222 10076 4961 8442 2. Khanapur 132602 108342 13324 10936 2290 3. Miraj 92624 80635 10910 1079 2048 (Source: Socio-economic review and statistical abstract of Sangli district-2012) 3.1.3 Population: According to 2011 census the total population of Sangli district was 28,20,575 out of which 14,35,972 were male and 13,84,603 were female. Among the total population 25.51 per cent were urban and 74.49 per cent were rural. The population density of Sangli district was 329 per sq km. Out of total district population, educated male were 90.40 per cent and 74.66 per cent were female and total 82.62 per cent. Population of the selected tahsils Particulars Tasgaon Khanapur Miraj Total population 1,70,195 2,51,336 8,54,175 Male 84,639 1,27,844 4,35,899 Female 85,556 1,23,492 4,18,276 Sex ratio 992 959 956 (Source: Socio-economic review and statistical abstract of Sangli district-2012) 3.1.4 Soil: Sangli district possess different types of soils i.e. black, deep black, yellowish red and light brown soil. Specially the eastern side of the district has low rainfall receiving area. In shirala tahsil yellowish red soil have found which containing more amount of Iron. The Krishna, Walva and

28 Yerla rivers belt having more than 90 cm depth of black soil have found which including Walva, Tasgaon and Miraj Tahsils. Normally water table found at 6 m depth. Other than hill sloppy other area having light brown coloured soil has found. The black soil is found in Bor, Agranee and Man river belts which including Atpadi, Jat and Khanapur tahsil of Sangli district. 3.1.5 Irrigation facilities: About 1.765 lakh ha area of Sangli is under irrigation and net irrigated area is 1,584 lakh ha. Out of total irrigated area 45000 ha area is under canal irrigation, 1.134 lakh ha area is under well irrigation. The ratio of net irrigated area to the area under cultivation was only 20.59 per cent. The Krishna, Warna, Yerla, Man, Bor and Agranee are main rivers in this region. (Source: Socio-economic review and statistical abstract of Sangli district-2012) 3.1.6 Cropping Pattern: The major crops grown in selected tahsil during the Kharif season are Rice, Jowar, Maize, Kulthi, Mug, Udid, Soybean, Bajra, fruits, vegetables, cotton and whereas, during rabi season, the major crops grown are wheat, Chickpea, Tur, Tobacco, Rabi Jowar, Maize, Safflower and in summer Groundnut, Sunflower. Grape and Sugarcane is a major cash crop grown in these tahsils. (Source: Socio-economic review and statistical abstract of Sangli district-2012) 3.1.7 Transport and communication facilities: In Sangli district buses and railway are the significant means of transportation. The state transport buses,

29 corporation buses, trucks, tempos, private jeeps, autos are the major means of transportation. Total road length 9,969 km (2011). Pune-Banglore (NH-4) highway passes through this district. Post offices (419) and telephone facilities i.e. landline 8.25 lakh individual connections are available in almost all the villages. The Radio, television and internet means of communication are also spreading in the district. (Source: Socio-economic review and statistical abstract of Sangli district-2012) 3.1.8 Livestock: According to census 2007, the total livestock population in district was 14.91 lakh, out of that Cow/Bullock (18%), Buffalo (33%), Sheep (12%) and 24 per cent of Goat population. The density of livestock was 174 sq/km. Livestock population in selected tahsils Tahsil Cow/Bullock Buffalo Sheep Goat Tasgaon 20,627 59,943 4,964 31,416 Khanapur 14,773 35,536 5,276 24,560 Miraj 29,129 74,417 12336 32,972 3.1.9 Other facilities: The institutes i.e. primary schools, secondary schools, hospitals, nationalized banks, credit co-operatives, cold storage facilities, co-operative dairy societies, lift irrigation societies, mahila mandals, bachat gat, fair price shops, medical stores and other such mandals are operating in the district. (Source: Socio-economic review and statistical abstract of Sangli district-2012)

30 3.2 Research Design: The present investigation was conducted to ascertain a study on Adoption behaviour of grape growers in Sangli district. Therefore, descriptive and diagnostic design of social research was used for the present investigation. 3.3 Sampling plan: under. Sampling plan adopted for this research study is as 3.3.1 Selection of Tahsils: Miraj, Tasgaon, Khanapur (Vita) and Out of that, Tasgaon, Khanapur and Miraj tahsils were selected randomly. 3.3.2 Selection of Villages: Five villages from each selected tahsils were selected randomly for this study. Sr.No. Tahsils Villages 1. Tasgaon Bustwade, Nimnee, Uplavee, Tasgaon, and Wifale. 2. Khanapur Benapur, Devikhindi, Kamlapur, Palashi and Renavi. 3. Miraj Kasabe-digraj, Kavthe-piran, Maujedigraj, Sangliwadi and Tung. 3.3.3 Selection of respondents A list of grape growers was obtained from Taluka Agriculture offices of selected tahsils. Thus a total sample of 120 farmers, 8 from each selected villages was drawn by random sampling method. The data from 120 farmers were collected by contacting them personally with the help of structured interview schedule. 3.4 Tools for data collection The basic instrument used for study was interview schedule. The data were collected by personal interview so as

31 to get valid and complete responses. Keeping the objective of the study in view an interview schedule was developed, and was personally administered. 3.5 Pre-testing of interview schedule The pre-testing of interview schedule is necessary on the part of researcher. It identifies mistakes, ambiguities and shortfalls. It also helps in achieving clarity, reliability and validity of the interview schedule. The pre-testing of interview schedule was done on 10 farmers of non-sampled area. The data collected from these farmers were thoroughly studied to detect unfamiliar words, vagueness and complexity of questions included in the schedule. Considering the experiences of pre-testing, language of few questing was appropriately modified to increase clarity of questions included in the interview schedule. The interview schedule was then finalized and required numbers of copies were prepared for data collection. 3.6 Collection of data Personal interview technique was used for collection of data. Majority of the selected respondents were contacted at their home and at their leisure time. In some cases they were cued at their farms also. In the first instance researcher introduced himself or introduced by Gramsevak or Agricultural assistant or friends. After the introduction, purpose of visit, object and importance of the study and the significance of the co-operation of the respondents in the investigation was explained to respondents to establish proper rapport. Thereafter, the interview was conducted and responses were marked in the schedule. Every possible case

32 was taken to maintain congenial atmosphere free from discomfort and outside influence to get the unbiased opinions of the responder. Some of the respondents were visited more than once to collect the dent their convenience. The interview schedules thus filled were checked before closure of interview for its completion in all respects. 3.6.1 Compilation of data The information collected through interview was transferred from the interview schedule to the primary table (master table) and then to the secondary tables. Wherever necessary the information in qualitative form was converted into quantitative form and computation of score was done. The quantitative data were used to find out the nature of relationship between independent and dependent variables. The data was analyzed through statistical tools. Table 1. Variable and there measurement techniques Sr. No. 1 Age Independent variables 2 Education 3 Land holding 4 Size of orchard 5 Annual income 6 7 Experience in grape cultivation Source information of Empirical measures Chronological age of individual grape grower in completed years was considered at the time of interview as score of an individual. Number of standards in formal school passed by an individual grape grower. Number of hectares of land possessed by an individual grape grower and as such score was considered. Number of hectares of orchard possessed by an individual respondent and as such score was considered. Gross income in rupees derived from all the sources in a year. Number of years of individual working in grape cultivation was considered as score. It was measured in terms of number of contacts and its frequency with three points continuum.

33 8 Innovativeness 9 10 Social participation Economic motivation 11 Risk preference 12 Scientific orientation Dependent variables 1 Knowledge 2 Adoption It was measured with the help of Scale developed by Singh (1972). It was measured as an individual s participation in informal and formal organization. It was measured by the scale developed by Supe (1969). It was measured with the help of scale developed by Supe (1969). It was measured with scale developed by Supe and Singh (1969). It was operationalized as body of understood information possessed by individual grape grower about cultivation, To ascertain the knowledge of individual grape grower. It was operationalized as the actual use of identified scientific grape cultivation practices by respondent. 3.7 Operationalization, scoring and categorization of Variables 3.7.1 Independent variable 3.7.1.1 Age Chronological age of the respondents at the time of interview was taken into consideration. The respondents were classified into the following categories as per the three categories made by Government of Maharashtra. Chronological age groups of grape growing respondents Sr. No. Category Years 1) Young age Up to 35 years 2) Middle age Between 36 to 50 years 3) Old age 51 years and Above 3.7.1.2 Education It was the level of formal education attained by the growers. According they were classified in to following five standard categories made by Government of Maharashtra.

34 Educational group of grape growing respondents Sr. No. Category Education 1) Illiterate Having no formal education 2) Primary education Up to 4 th standard 3) Secondary education Between 5 th and 10 th standard 4) Higher secondary 11 th and 12 th standard 5) College education Above 12 th standard 3.7.1.3 Land holding Land holding was defined as the number of hectares of land possessed by the farmers. The farmers were grouped in to five categories according to the standard category made by Government of Maharashtra as below. Groups of Grape growing respondents as per their size of land holding Sr. Category Land holding (ha.) No. 1) Marginal Up to 1 2) Small 1.01 to 2 3) Semi-medium 2.01 to 4 4) Medium 4.01 to 10 5) Big 10.1 & above 3.7.1.4 Size of orchard It refers to number of hectares of orchard possessed by an individual respondent. Number of hectare of land under grape orchard was considered as such as score of size of orchard of an individual respondent. Finally the respondents were categorized on the basis of minimum and maximum score in to following three categories Sr. No. Size of orchard Area of orchard (ha.) 1) Small Up to 0.15 2) Medium 0.16 to 1.07 3) Large 1.08 and above Mean: 0.61 S.D.: 0.46

35 3.7.1.5 Annual income Income of all family members received from all sources in a year. According to extent of income earned by the Grape growers, they were classified into following categories on the basis of mean ± S.D. Groups of grape growers as per their annual income Sr. No Category Annual income 1) Low income group Up to Rs. 1,25,600 2) Medium income group Rs. 1,25,601 to 16,95,500 3) High income group Rs.16,95,501 and above Mean: 9,10,000 S.D.: 7,84,430.96 3.7.1.6 Experience in grape cultivation It is operationalized as total number of years of experience possessed by an individual respondent engaged in cultivation of grape was considered as his experience in grape cultivation and categorized on the basis of mean ± S.D. as below. Sr. No. Experience Years 1) Low Up to 5 2) Medium 6 to 15 3) High 16 and Above Mean: 9.66 S.D.: 5.10 3.7.1.7 Sources of information: The source of information has been operationally defined as the information sources consulted by the grape grower for seeking technical information and guidance about grape cultivation practices. Sources of information used by farmers to obtain information about recommended grape cultivation practices were considered as personal localite, personal cosmopolite, extension education agencies and audio visual aids.

36 The scoring procedure for responses was for always-2, sometimes-1, never-0; Final score for an individual respondent was obtained by adding the scores of different sources on the basis of mean and standard deviation as low, medium and high. Thus, total score was worked out and the respondents were classified into following categories as per mean ± S.D. Group of Grape growing respondents as per their sources of information Sr. Category No. Source of information 1) Low Up to 25 2) Medium 26 to 37 3) High 38 and above Mean: 30.97 S.D.: 6.36 3.7.1.8. Innovativeness: It is operationally defined as the degree to which an individual grape grower adopts technology of grape cultivation relatively earlier than the other members of the society. A scale developed by Singh (1972) was used to measure innovativeness of the respondents. The total innovativeness score was used for categorization of respondent in to three categories on the basis of mean ± S.D. Sr.No. Innovativeness levels Score range 1) Low Up to 9 2) Medium 10 to 13 3) High 14 and above Mean: 11.08 S.D.: 2.06

37 3.7.1.9 Social participation It refers to association of an individual grape grower with various social organizations either as a member or its office bearer. The scoring was made as below. Sr. No. Social participation Score 1) No participation 0 2) Office bearer of formal organization 4 3) Member of formal organization 2 4) Office bearers of informal organized 3 5) Member of informal organization 1 The total score was worked out and which is used for further categorization into three categories on the basis of Mean ± S. D. as below. Sr. No. Social participation levels Score range 1) Low Up to 35 2) Medium 35 to 53 3) High 54 and above Mean: 43.77 S.D.: 8.89 3.7.1.10. Economic motivation: It refers to occupational success in terms of profit maximization and the relative value an individual places on economics ends. Scale developed by Supe (1969) was used to measure economic motivation level of the respondent. Scoring procedure was followed as per scale manual and respondents finally categorized into following three categorized on basis of mean ± S.D. Sr. No. Economic motivation levels Score range 1) Low Up to 17 2) Medium 18 to 25 3) High 26 and above Mean: 20.88 S.D.: 4.10

38 3.7.1.11 Risk preference: It is operationally defined as the degree to which grape growers are oriented towards risk and have courage to face the problem and uncertainty in adoption of improved cultivation practices in grape. It was measured with the help of scale developed by Supe (1969). The categorization was done on basis of mean ± SD score. The scale consist of six statements, there were four positive and two negative statements. Statement 1 and 4 are negative while statement 2, 3, 5 and 6 are positive statements. The statements were rated by five point s response categories ranging from strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree and strongly disagree. The positive statements were 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1. For the negative statement the scoring was reversed. The score obtained were summed up and the categorization was done on basis of mean ± SD score. Sr. No. Risk preference Score Range 1) Low Up to 17 2) Medium 18 to 25 3) High 26 and above Mean: 20.97 S.D.: 3.81 3.7.1.12 Scientific orientation It is defined as the degree to which an individual grape grower is inclined to use the different scientific method in grape cultivation and decision making. The scientific orientation was measured with help of scale developed by the Supe and Singh (1969). The scale has six statements in which 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were positive statements while statement 2 was negative.

39 Scoring of 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 were assigned to positive statements as strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree and strongly disagree responses respectively. The reverse scoring was done for the negative statement. All score were summed up, indicated the scientific orientation scores for the respondents. Respondents were categorized in three categories in this variable on the basis of mean ± SD score as below. Sr. No. Category Score Range 1) Low up to 4 2) Medium 5 to 8 3) High 9 and above Mean: 5.93 S.D.: 1.90 3.7.2 Dependent variable: 3.7.2.1 Knowledge: English and English (1961) defined knowledge as body of understood information possessed by an individual. In the present study, knowledge has been operationally defined as body of understood information possessed by an individual grape grower about grape cultivation practices. A teacher made knowledge test having questions related to Grape cultivation was framed to measure the knowledge of individual grape grower. Responses on different practices of individual respondent was ascertained on three point s scale that is complete knowledge, partial knowledge and no knowledge with numerical score of 2, 1 and 0 respectively. The score of all atoms were added together and considered as an individual score. On the basis of knowledge score of individual the knowledge index was calculated by using following formula.

40 Knowledge Index = Actual obtained Knowledge Score Maximum obtainable Knowledge Score X 100 Sr. No. Knowledge Index 1) Low up to 121 2) Medium 122 to 153 3) High 154 and above Mean: 136.98 S.D.: 16.23 3.7.2.2. Adoption: Rogers (1983) defined as adoption is decision to make full use innovations in the best courses of action available. It operationally defined as the actual use of identified scientific grape cultivation practices by individual grape grower. The responses on adoption of such practices i.e. primary tillage to marketing was collected in three point s scale that is complete adoption, partial adoption and no adoption with numerical score of 2, 1 and 0 respectively. A total adoption score for individual respondent was obtained by adding scores of all improved cultivation practices. The raw adoption score of each individual was converted in adoption index as follow. Adoption Index = Later on by using adoption index respondents were categorized into low, medium and high adoption categories on equal interval basis. Actual obtained score by the respondent Maximum obtainable Score Sr. No. Adoption levels Index 1) Low up to 96 2) Medium 97 to 129 3) High 130 and above Mean: 112.43 S.D.: 16.97 X 100

41 3.7.2.3 Adoption Behaviour: The adoption behaviour is conceptualized as the overall tendency of individual grape growers due to acquired, knowledge, their reactions towards scientific grape technology and actual use behavior about improved technique for grape. Adoption behaviour index was calculated finally on the basis of average of knowledge and adoption indices by using formula given below Adoption behavior Index = Knowledge + Adoption Index 2 Index Lastly, on the basis of adoption behaviour index, individual respondent was categorized in low, medium and high adoption behavior categorized on equal interval basis. Sr. No. Adoption behaviour levels Index range 1) Low Up to 109 2) Medium 110 to 141 3) High 142 and above Mean: 124.87 S.D.: 15.70 3.8 Constraints faced by farmers and their suggestions: 3.8.1 Constraints: The meaning of word constraints is confinement, restriction of liberty or compulsion of circumstances or compulsion put upon the behavior. Reading H. F. (1971) defined constraints as use of force to influence or prevent as action or quality or state of being compelled to do or not to do something. In the present study constraints refers to the difficulties faced by individual grape grower while adopting

42 technical cultivation practices of grape. Constraints expressed by individual grape grower during data collection were classified into different categories. The frequency and percentage of each constraint were worked out for the interpretation. 3.8.2 Suggestions: Suggestions were invited from the grape growers to overcome the problems faced by them in the adoption of improved cultivation practices of grape. The suggestions were grouped on the basis of pertaining to their constraints and are placed in the form of the frequency percentages for drawing the inferences of the study. 3.9 Statistical methods used for data analysis: The statistical methods used in this study were mean, S.D., correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression for the purpose of percentage categorization distribution and significant relationship between dependent and independent variables. 3.9.1 Karl Pearson s coefficients of correlation analysis: This technique was used to find out the relationship between two variables. Following formula was used for computation of r value r = ( X) ( Y) XY - ------------------------- n [( X 2 ) - ( X) 2 ] x [( Y 2 ) - ( Y) 2 ] ---------------- ----------------- n n

43 Where, N = Number of observations. r = Coefficient of correlation X = Score of independent variables Y = Score of dependent variable 3.9.2 Multiple regression analysis: This analysis was done to know the combined effect of all the independent variables in explaining the variables in the variation in the dependent variable. Thus, the influence of independent variables on the dependent variables was found out. The equation used was Y = a + b1x1 + b2x2 +, + bnxn Where, Y-Dependent variable X1-Independent variable b1-partial regression coefficient a-constant n-total number of variables.

44 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This chapter deals with the presentation of the results of the investigation and critical discussion. The data collected from 120 respondents from 15 villages (5 villages from each Tahsil). In three tahsils of Sangli district namely Tasgaon, Khanapur (Vita) and Miraj were compiled into primary tables. They were then transferred into secondary tables in view of the objectives of the study. Appropriate statistical tests were used for drawing the inferences. The results of the investigation are presented and discussed in this chapter with following heads: 1. To study the personal, social-economic, situational, communication and psychological characteristics of grape growers. 2. To study the adoption behaviour of grape growers in respect of their knowledge and adoption of improved cultivation practices of grape. 3. To find out the relationship between selected characteristics of grape growers with their adoption behaviour. 4. To find out the constraints faced by the grape growers in adoption of improved cultivation practices of grape. 5. To obtain the suggestions made by the grape growers to overcome the constraints faced by them. 4.1 Profile of the grape growing respondents 4.1.1 Age Age is important factor, which determines the role of farmers in adoption of improved practices. The distribution of

45 the respondents according to age was ascertained and has been presented in Table 2. Table 2. Distribution of the respondents by their age Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. Age group (years) Young (Up to 35) Middle (36 to 50) Old (51 and above) Number of respondents (n=120) 25 53 42 Percentage 20.83 44.17 35.00 Total 120 100.00 In Table 2 and fig. 2 revealed that the near to half of respondents (44.17%) were from middle age group, followed by old age group (35.00%) and young age group (20.83%). Thus, it can be inferred that large proportion of the grape growers belonged to middle age group. The findings were in the line with the findings of Thakare (2008), Sorate (2011), Gavade (2013) and Raut (2014). 4.1.2 Education Education has been considered as one of the most important variable with the help of which social change can be achieved. The education of the respondents was studied and concerned result obtained has been presented in Table 3. Table 3. Distribution of the respondents by their education Number of Sr. Level of education respondents No. (n=120) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Illiterate (No Education) Primary (Up to 4 th std.) Secondary (5 th to 10 th std.) Higher secondary (11 th to 12 th std) College (12 th and above) Percent age 0 5 53 22 40 0.00 4.17 44.17 18.33 33.33 Total 120 100.00

46 In above Table 3 and fig. 3 revealed that near to half (44.17%) of respondents were educated up to secondary level, followed by college level (33.33%), higher secondary level (18.33%) and primary level (4.17%) respondents were educated and nobody was found in illiterate category. It is clearly indicates from the above findings that large proportion of the grape growers were educated up to secondary education. These findings were in consistent with the findings of Thakare (2008), Sorate (2011) and Raut (2014). 4.1.3 Land holding Land holding was assumed as an important variable that influences utility perception behaviour of the respondents. The results obtained has been presented in Table 4. Table 4: Distribution of the respondents by their size of land holding Sr. No. Category No. of respondents (n=120) Percentage 1. Marginal (Upto 1 ha.) 50 41.56 2. Small (1.01 to 2 ha) 59 49.17 3. Semi-medium (2.01 to 4 ha.) 8 6.67 4. Medium (4.01 to 10 ha.) 3 2.50 5. Big (10.01 ha. and above) 0 0.00 Total 120 100.00 It was apparent from Table 4 and fig. 4 observed that nearly to half (49.17%) of the grape growers were belonged to category of small land holding between 1.01 to 2.00 ha. followed by 41.56 per cent of respondents were belonged to category of marginal land holding category up to 1.00 ha.,

47 6.67 per cent of the respondents were belonged to Semimedium land holding between 2.01 to 4.00 ha., 2.50 per cent respondents belonged to medium category between 4.00 to 10.00 ha. and nobody was found in big land holding category which is above 10.01 hectare. It is concluded that maximum percentage of the grape growers were found in small land holding category ranging from 1.01 to 2.00 ha. Raut (2014). These finding is in accordance with the finding of 4.1.4. Size of orchard The size of grape orchard determines the adoption of recommended cultivation practices by grape growers. The results obtained in this regards has been presented in Table 5. Table 5: Distribution of the respondents according to their size of grape orchard Sr. No. size of orchard Number of Respondents (n=120) Percentage 1. Small (up to 0.16 ha) 3 2.50 2. Medium (0.17 to1.07 ha) 104 86.67 3. Large (1.08 and above ha) 13 10.83 Total 120 100.00 It is evident from Table 5 and fig. 5 concluded that large majority (86.67%) of the respondents had a grape orchard (0.17 to 1.07 ha) under cultivation followed by (10.83%) of the respondents had grape orchard 1.08 ha and above and (2.50%) of the respondents had upto 0.16 ha. grape vines under cultivation.

48 It could be therefore, inferred that, majority of the respondents had medium size of orchards. Karale (2006). These finding is in accordance with the finding of 4.1.5 Annual income Annual income provides capital for farming. The result obtained has been presented in Table 6. Table 6: Distribution of the respondents according to their annual income Number of Sr. Percen Annual income ( ) respondents No. tage (n=120) 1. Low (Up to 1,25,600) 0 0.00 2. Medium (1,25,601 to 16,95,500) 110 91.67 3. High (16,95,501 and above) 10 8.33 Total 120 100.00 The above Table 6 and fig. 6 revealed that the large majority (91.67%) of respondents had medium annual income. The high annual income respondents were 8.33 per cent. whereas, The percentage of the respondents having annual income upto 1,25,600 was reported by Zero per cent. Therefore, it could be inferred that, maximum number of the respondents had annual income in the range of 1,25,601 to 16,95,500. These findings are in accordance with the findings of Thakare (2008), Kadam et al., (2010), Gavade (2013), Raut (2014). 4.1.6 Experience in grape cultivation Experience is the important factor in influencing the respondents in terms of knowledge and adoption of any

49 technology. The results obtained have been presented in Table 7. The respondents were categorized as below, Table 7: Distribution of the respondent according to their Sr. No. experience in grape cultivation Experience in grape cultivation (Year) Number of Respondents (n=120) Percentage 1. Low (up to 5) 32 26.67 2. Medium (6 to 15) 68 56.67 3. High (16 and above) 20 16.66 Total 120 100.00 Data depicted in table 7 and fig. 7 revealed that near about majority of the respondents (56.67%) had experience of 6 to 15 years in grape cultivation. It was followed by (26.67%) respondents who had experience up to 5 years and only (16.66%) of the respondents had experience 16 and above years in grape cultivation. It could be therefore concluded that, most of the respondents had medium level of experience in grape cultivation. These findings were corroborating with the findings of Karale (2006), Thakare (2008), Sorate (2011), Gavade (2013) and Raut (2014). 4.1.7. Sources of information The individual is likely to use different sources for getting information about recommended grape cultivation practices.

50 Table 8: Distribution of the respondents according to sources of information Sr. No. Sources of information Number of Respondents (n=120) Percentage 1. Low (upto 25) 22 18.33 2. Medium (from 26 to 37) 78 65.00 3. High (38 and above) 20 16.67 Total 120 100.00 Table 9: Distribution of respondents according to their different type of sources of information Sr. Source of Always Sometimes Never No. information No. of Res. (n= 120) Percent No. of Res. (n= 120) Percent No. of Res. (n= 120) Percent A. Personal contact: 1 Neighbors 43 35.83 61 50.83 16 13.34 2 Friends 83 69.17 32 26.67 5 4.16 3 Relatives 23 16.16 52 43.34 45 37.50 4 Progressive farmers 65 54.67 39 32.50 16 13.33 5 Gram Sevak 19 15.83 57 47.50 44 36.67 6 Local leader 16 13.33 41 34.17 63 52.50 7 Krishi Sevak 44 36.67 31 25.83 45 37.50 8 9 10 11 12 Agriculture Officer Agriculture Extension Officer Agriculture University Scientist KVK subject specialist Gram Panchayat Members 92 76.67 23 19.17 5 4.16 79 65.83 21 17.50 20 16.67 71 59.17 46 38.33 3 2.50 61 50.83 58 48.33 1 0.84 28 23.33 43 35.83 49 40.94

51 B. Group contact: Progressive 1 farmers group 68 56.67 50 41.67 2 1.66 2 Farmers Tour 20 16.67 56 46.67 44 36.66 3 Demonstration 19 15.83 55 45.83 46 38.34 4 Group Discussion 38 31.66 59 41.67 23 19.67 5 Training 21 17.50 40 33.33 59 49.17 C. Mass media contact: 1 Radio 34 28.33 46 38.34 40 33.33 2 Agriculture university (Magazines/ Literature) 66 55.00 45 37.50 9 7.50 3 Television 38 31.67 45 45.83 9 22.50 4 Newspaper 76 63.33 29 24.17 15 12.50 5 FSM 54 45.00 51 42.50 15 12.50 6 Grape growers association 73 60.83 40 33.33 7 5.84 7 Agricultural exhibition 52 43.34 46 38.33 22 18.33 8 Internet 15 12.50 15 12.50 90 75.00 9 KVK 33 27.50 75 62.50 12 10.00 10 KCC 28 23.33 66 55.00 26 21.67 From the Table 8 and fig. 8 can be revealed that majority (65.00%) of the respondents were using medium sources of information whereas, (18.33%) and (16.67%) of the respondents had low and high sources of information, respectively. From these observations it can be concluded that substantial proportion of the grape growers had used various sources of information. It could be concluded that, most of the respondents had medium level of use of sources of information.

52 However, in the present investigation, the frequency and percentages of the various sources of information were worked out and are given in the Table 9. The Table 9 revealed that the majority (76.67%) of respondents had connected to agriculture officer as their individual source of information. It was observed that (56.67 %) of the respondents had used Progressive farmers group as source of information and majority (63.33%) of the respondents had used newspaper as mass source of information. The similar findings were reported by Garje (2010), Sorate (2011), Gavade (2013) and Raut (2014). 4.1.8 Innovativeness The distribution of the respondents according to their innovativeness is shown in Table 10. Table 10: Distribution of the respondents according to Sr. No. their level of innovativeness Level of innovativeness Number of Respondents (n=120) Percentage 1. Low (upto 9) 24 20.00 2. Medium (from 10 to 13) 83 69.17 3. High (14 and above) 13 10.83 Total 120 100.00 It is apparent from the Table 10 and fig. 9 found that majority of the respondents (69.17%) were included in the medium category of innovativeness followed by (20.00%) of the respondents who were observed in low level of innovativeness category and only (10.83%) of the respondents were included in the category of high innovativeness level.

53 From the above findings it could be concluded that higher proportion of the respondents were observed in medium level of innovativeness. These findings were corroborating with the findings of Patil (2008), Thakare (2008) and Gavade (2013). 4.1.9. Social participation The distribution of the respondents according to their social participation is shown in Table 11. Table 11: Distribution of the respondents according to Sr. No. their level of social participation Level of social participation Number of Respondents (n=120) Percentage 1. Low (upto 35) 23 19.17 2. Medium (from 36 to 53) 86 71.67 3. High (54 and above) 11 9.16 Total 120 100.00 It can be noted from table 11 and fig. 10 Showed that majority of the respondents (71.67%) were observed in medium category of social participation followed by (19.17%) of the respondents who were occupied low level of social participation and least of the respondents (9.16%) were having high level of social participation. It could be therefore concluded that, most of the respondents were having medium level of social participation. These findings were corroborating with the findings of Thakare (2008), Gavade (2013) and Raut (2014). 4.1.10. Economic motivation The distribution of the respondents according to their economic motivation is shown in Table 12.

54 Table 12: Distribution of the respondents according to their level of economic motivation Number of Sr. Level of economic Respondents Percentage No. motivation (n=120) 1. Low (upto 17) 25 20.83 2. Medium (from 18 to 25) 87 72.50 3. High (26 and above) 8 6.67 Total 120 100.00 It is seen from Table 12 and fig. 11 Showed that majority of the respondents (72.50%) had medium level of economic motivation, followed by (20.83%) of the respondents who had low level of economic motivation and only (6.67%) of the respondents had high level of economic motivation. Findings regarding economic motivation showed that majority of the respondents were observed in medium economic motivation level. These findings were in corroborating with the findings of Gangurde (2003), Gotyal (2007), Patil (2008), Thakare (2008) and Gavade (2013). 4.1.11. Risk preference The distribution of the respondents according to their risk preference is shown in Table 13. Table 13: Distribution of the respondents according to Sr. No. their level of risk preference Risk preference level Number of Respondents (n=120) Percentage 1. Low (upto 17) 54 45.00 2. Medium (from 18 to 25) 58 48.33 3. High (26 and above) 8 6.67 Total 120 100.00

55 It is seen from Table 13 and fig. 12 reported that near to half of the respondents (48.33%) were observed under medium level of risk preference category followed by (45.00%) of them who were under low level of risk preference category. Only (6.67%) respondents were appeared in high level of risk preference category. From the above findings it is concluded that, most of the respondents were having medium level of risk preference category. These findings were in consistent with the findings of Kadam et al., (2010), Sorate (2011) and Gavade (2013). 4.1.12. Scientific Orientation The distribution of the respondents according to their scientific orientation depicted in Table 14. Table 14: Distribution of the respondents according to Sr. No. their level of Scientific Orientation Scientific Orientation Number of Respondents (n=120) Percentage 1. Low (upto 4) 26 21.67 2. Medium (from 5 to 8) 76 63.33 3. High (9 and above) 18 15.00 Total 120 100.00 It is observed from above Table 14 and fig 13 showed that majority of the respondents (63.33%) were under medium level of scientific orientation category, followed by (21.67%) of the respondent appeared in low level of scientific orientation category. There were only (15.00%) of them, who were under high level of scientific orientation category.

56 It could be noted that, most of the respondents had medium level scientific orientation category. These findings were in conformity with the findings of Thakare (2002), Bhosale (2003), Kadam et al., (2010), Sorate (2011) and Gavade (2013). 4.2 Dependent variable: 4.2.1. Knowledge: The information about the level of knowledge of recommended grape practices possessed by the respondents were collected, tabulated and analyzed. The results are presented in the Table 15. Table 15. Distribution of the respondents by their level of Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. knowledge: Level of knowledge (Score) Low (Up to121) Medium (122 to 153) High (154 and above) Number of respondents (n=120) 15 85 20 Percentage 12.50 70.83 16.67 Total 120 100.00 The above Table 15 and fig. 14 revealed that majority 70.83 per cent of grape grower respondents having medium knowledge level regarding the recommended grape production technology while, 16.67 per cent and 12.50 per cent of them had high and low level of knowledge about the same, respectively. It could be noted that, most of the respondents had medium level of knowledge category.

57 These findings are in line with the findings of Kharade (2003), Dhakane (2005), Hinge (2009), Garje (2010), Pimpale (2010), Mule (2012), Gavade (2013) and Raut (2014). Adequate and relevant knowledge of grape cultivation practices by the grape growers has relevance in obtaining maximum benefit through production. Looking to the importance of knowledge, grape growers knowledge was studied practice wise and the data in this regards has been presented in Table 16. Table 16: Distribution of respondents according to their practice and sub practice wise extent of knowledge about recommended package of practices of grape. Sr. No. Recommended Practice A) Climate and soil: 1. Soil typewell drained, light to Medium, Ca content not more than 8%, EC not less than 2 dsm -1. Complete Knowledge Freq (n= 120) Per cent Partial Knowledge Freq (n= 120) Per cent No Knowledge Freq (n= 120) Per cent 120 100 - - - - 2. P H of soil- 6.1-7.5 104 86.66 14 11.67 2 1.67 3. Climate: Hot and dry, temperature -25-35 o c, rainfall- < 600 mm. 25 20.83 81 67.50 14 11.67 B) Primary tillage: 3. - 2 Ploughing and 2-3 Harrowing. C) 5. Varieties: 1.Thomson Seedless 120 100 - - - - 77 64.16 - - 43 35.83 2.Tas-a-Ganesh 90 75.00 - - 30 25.00 3.Sonaka 24 20.00 - - 96 80.00

58 4.Manik Chaman 18 15.00 - - 102 85.00 5.Sharad Seedless - - - - 120 100 6. Clame Seedless - - - - 120 100 7. Red globe - - - - 120 100 D) Propagation and Rootstocks: 6. Which rootstock is recommended by 100 83.33 13 10.34 7 5.83 MPKV University? - (Dogridge) 7. Selection of cuttings Medium sized, Strengthen, Healthy 83 69.17 34 28.33 3 2.50 & more production in diseased condition. 8. Size of cuttings 66 55.00 41 34.17 13 10.83-15 to 20 cm 9. For increasing rooting of cutting- Soaked or dipped cuttings in 1000 ppm solution of IBA for 10 minutes. 60 50.00 50 41.67 10 8.33 E. Planting: 10. Size of pit- 0.60 x 0.60 x 0.60 m 113 94.17 7 5.83 0-11. Planting season of grape- Jun-July, Dec- 120 100 - - - - Jan. 12. Planting direction- (south-north) 82 68.33 21 17.50 17 14.17 13. Planting time of 81 67.50 32 26.67 7 5.83 Dogridge Dec-Jan 14. Methods of planting- -Own roots planting 115 95.83 5 4.17 - - -Rooted cuttings (Dogridge) 15. Which Treatment on cuttings before planting for increasing production and quality? - Overnight cuttings are dipped in IBA-500 61 50.83 52 43.33 7 5.33

59 ppm solution for good growth of rooting of cutting. - Before planting, cuttings are soaked in 2000 ppm solution of IBA for 10 seconds. F. Spacing: 16. What is recommended spacing for grape crop? - 3 x 1.5 m (Number of grape vines /ha.: 2,222) G. Training: 17. What are you doing for increasing both quality and production of grapes? - Training, Pruning, Plant protection, Irrigation management. 18. Which methods of trainings are to be used to support grape vines? - (T method, overhead method, Mandup method) 19. Are you drenching malathion 5% 20 gm/vine after digging out around each stem of grape vine? (Yes/No) 20. Which type of recommended training systems in grape crop? (Head, Kniffin, V, Telephone, Expanded Y & Gable systems) H. Pruning: 21. Which is suitable time for pruning in grape crop? - (April and October pruning) 120 100 - - - - 74 61.67 46 38.33 - - 120 100 - - - - 55 45.83 47 39.17 18 15.00 92 76.67 22 18.33 6 5.00 120 100 - - - -

60 22. At the time of pruning eye buds should left on cuttings depends on the variety of grape -(Yes/No) 23. How to manage pruned leaves and branches after April and October pruning? - (Not put unwanted braches & leaves on field bunds instead of that burning would be beneficial.) 24. Which chemical is used for sprouting new eye buds? (Ethrel, Thiourea and mixture of Bordo paste & Thiourea) 25. What should be sprayed after new sprouting on grape vine? -Neem extract 5% and Malathion 0.10% 26. Which treatment done on stems & sub canes just after pruning? - blitox 0.4% or Geru 3 kg or Bordo paste 10% + methomil 3 gm + Nuvan 3 ml + Sticker 1.5 ml/lit. 27. How do you manage grape vine? - No. of canes/grape vine: 35 to 40. - No. of leaves/cane: 15 to 16. I. Manures & Fertilizers 28. Cultivation of green manure crops before Grapes- Dhaincha, 109 90.83 11 9.17 - - 110 91.67 10 8.33 - - 102 85.00 18 15.00 - - 67 55.83 41 34.17 12 10.00 102 85.00 18 15.00 - - 109 90.83 11 9.17 - - 112 93.33 7 5.83 1 8.34

61 Tag (sunhemp) etc. 29. Are you producing organic grape production? (Yes/No) 38 31.67 54 45.00 28 23.33 30. Are you getting good price for organic 53 44.17 46 38.33 21 17.50 grape production? (Yes/No) 31. Do you know about losses from use of high doses of 120 100 - - - - chemical fertilizers and insecticides? (Yes/No) 32. Fertilizer management Chemical fertilizer: Urea-306 kg per acre -(344gm/vine) Phosphorus 200 kg per acre-225gm/vine Potash 252 kg per acre -(285gm/vine), 109 75 90.83 62.50 11 37 9.17 30.83-8 - 6.67 Manures: - 22.50 kg/vine 33. NPK Should applied in how many split 112 93.33 8 6.67 - - doses? -April pruning-15, 30 and 45 DAP. -October pruning-15, 30 and 45 DAP. - At the time of berry matured K2O - 260 kg/acre. 34. Use of micronutrient- (Yes/No) 120 100 - - - - 35. Which micronutrients are used? -Fe, Zn, B, Mn, Mg 79 65.83 41 34.17 - - either any one or use of different chelated compounds. J. Irrigation: 36. How many irrigations required for grape crop? - (After April 72 60.00 35 29.17 13 10.83

62 pruning: 3 irrigations -After October pruning: 3 irrigations 37. Which irrigation methods were used? (Drip irrigation method, Micro irrigation method, In-line method) 38. Irrigation in heavy winter: At night hours and burn the dried leaves or bad crude oil help for lower down of orchard/field temperature. 39. If temperature of grape orchard down to 10 o c then causes occurs - (Damages to Young leaves, fruit setting and bunches). 40. What is the Right time for Irrigation to grape crop? - (Just after pruning, After fertilizer application, before flowering, at the time of berry maturity). K. Intercrops: 41. Green gram, Groundnut, Black gram (Early in one and half year) and Tag (sun hemp) for green manures purpose. L. Mulching: 42. Which material is used for mulching? -Sugarcane trashes or Rice straw or Black polythene or leaves & straw (Early in the summer Season). M. Weed control: 62 51.67 54 45.00 4 3.33 82 68.33 30 25.00 8 6.67 57 47.50 56 46.67 7 5.83 104 86.67 12 10.00 4 3.33 92 76.67 16 13.33 12 10.00 108 90.00 12 10.00 - -

63 43. Weedicide used before grape planting: (Glyphosate @ 2 92 76.67 26 21.66 2 1.67 lit/ha, Paraquate @ 7.5 lit/ha) 44. Which method is used for weed 97 80.83 23 19.17 - - control? (manual or chemical) N. Use of growth regulator: 45. Are you Using the growth regulator? 95 79.17 14 11.67 11 9.17 (Yes/No) 46. Which growth regulator used for 102 85.00 11 9.17 7 5.83 dipping or spraying? (GA, HCN, NAA, IBA, CCC) 47. What are the beneficial effects from use of GA? - (Weight of bunches increased 60 50.00 54 45.00 6 5.00 near about twice, Increasing length of plant tissues) 48. Use of growth regulators at what concentration and at which stages of grape crop? (Before flowering: 62 51.67 51 42.50 7 5.83 10-20 ppm (GA), After 25% fruit setting: bunches dipped in 20 ppm, After 75% fruit setting bunches dipped in 40 ppm, After complete fruit setting: spraying of 40 ppm) O. Girdling: 49. Do you know about Girdling? -Yes 83 69.17 31 25.83 6 5.00 (berries as the size of bajra grains)/no 50. Which are the imp. practices for good

64 quality of grape production? -Girdling, Thinning, Use of growth regulator at right time and at right concentration. 51. What are the benefits from girdling? (Increase fruit setting Increase berry size, Increase sweetness of berries, Attractive color to berries, Uniform maturity of berries P. Thinning: 52. Do you follow thinning? (Yes/No) 53. When thinning should be done? - At the time of More than bunch/square foot or more than 24 bunches/grape vine Q. Plant protection: (Pest management) 54. i) Thripes: Thiomethoxam 25WG 3gm or Spinosad 45% SP 3 ml or Fipronil 5% SP 15 ml out of any one insecticide or 2 sprayings at 15 days interval. ii) Mealy bug: Verticilium laccani (phule bugeeside) 5 gm +5 ml milk/lit. done 2 to 3 spraying at an interval of 10 to12 days. iii) Mites: Dimethoate 30% @ 10 ml or calshane 40% @ 7.5 ml/10 lit. of water. 74 61.67 31 25.83 15 12.50 89 74.17 26 21.67 5 4.16 67 55.83 47 39.17 6 5.00 46 38.33 63 52.50 11 9.17 78 65.00 40 33.33 2 1.67 76 63.34 43 35.83 1 0.83 74 61.67 44 36.66 2 1.67

65 iv) Beetles: After pruning malath -ion, phosphamidon or methyl dematon any one of them 2 to 3 sprayings at morning and evening time. 55. Disease Management: i) Powdery mildew: sulpher 80% PM @ 20gm or Danocap @ 5 ml/10 lit or Penconazole @ 5 ml/10 lit of water for spraying or bunches dipped in carathen 0.05 per cent. ii) Downy mildew: Metalaxyl-Mancozeb (0.2%) or Cymoczanil- Mancozeb (0.2%) or Finomidon-Mancozeb (0.25%) or Azoczeestrawbeen (200 ml/acre) or crisokjheem Methy (250 ml/acre) or Pyraklyastrowbeen + Meteeryam (1.75 gm/lit) 5 spraying of this fungicide at 12 days interval. iii) Anthracnose: Kept field clean, remove diseased parts before rains. - Spraying after April pruning 5:5:50 concentration of bordo mixture and 2-3 sprays in rainy season. - spraying after October pruning of 1:1:50 concentration of bordo mixture. 72 60.00 45 37.50 3 2.50 120 100 - - - 120 100 - - - 96 80.00 23 19.17 1 - - 0.83

66 - spraying after 2 weeks of 2:2:50 concentration of bordo mixture. - spraying of bordo mixture at 2:2:50 concentration when new sprouting growth length is of 15 to 20 cm. 56. Plantation of windbreak plants 120 100 - - - - around the grape orchard? Yes(Tree of Drumstick)/No. R. Harvesting and yield: 57. Right time of Harvest -ing - (Feb-March) 94 78.33 21 17.50 5 4.17 58. How much hand refracto-meter 46 38.33 62 51.67 12 10.00 reading required for grape harvesting? (18 to 22 Brix) 59. Yield of Grapes: 20 to 25 tonnes/ha. 116 96.67 4 3.33 - - S. Post harvest management: 60. Do you know about 92 76.67 28 23.33 - - by products of grapes? (Yes/No) 61. Have you made byproducts from 109 90.83 11 9.17 - - grapes? (Resins, wine, Juice, Jam, Jelly etc.). 62. Is their availability of 46 38.33 26 21.67 48 40.00 cold storage facilities for grapes: (Yes/No) 63. Temperature required in cold storage: (0 to 1 o C) 29 24.17 56 46.67 35 29.16 64. Humidity in cold storage: (90 to 95 %) 5 4.17 31 25.83 84 70.00 65. Storage period: Up to 8 to 10 days in cold storage. 70 58.33 36 30.00 14 11.67 66. Have you getting timely and right 67 55.83 37 30.83 16 13.33

67 information by grape growers association? (Yes/No) T. Physiological disorders: 67. Do you know about Physiological disorders and their control? 64 53.33 31 25.83 25 20.84 68. How to control Physiological disorders? 1) Sterility: - i) Lightly tillage at regular interval, ii) 64 53.33 43 35.84 13 10.83 sometimes more sprouting done but do not flowering seen so remove such sterility parts of vines, 2) Mummification: i) Fertilizer and irrigation given at right time ii) Uniform production of grape at every year iii) Pluck the tip and thinning should be done iv) Promoting more growth of leaves per grape vines. 3) Short berries: - GA should be used for good growth of bunches but some missing in spraying then percentage of short berries are increased. U. Marketing: 69. Which sizes of grapes more likes/demands by consumer? 95 79.17 25 20.83 - - (Big sized or Capsules). 70. How to send harvested grapes to market? Small, 76 63.33 32 26.67 12 10.00

68 disordered berries cut by knife, after clean bunches then grading of bunches. ii) Small and big bunches put in boxes. iii) Box dimensions 45 x 23.5 x 10 cm sized wooden or cart board boxes. iv) Put dried grass in bottom of boxes then after put paper on it for packing of bunches then spreading of colored paper and lastly put dried grass. 71. Have you any information about 52 43.33 52 43.33 16 13.34 norms grape export? (Yes/No) 72. Are you export 67 55.83 29 24.17 24 20.00 grapes? - (Yes/No) 73. Can you follow the maximum permissible limits of 63 52.50 29 24.17 28 23.33 chemicals before spraying? - (Yes/No) 74. Marketing management: I)Selling- 114 95.00 - - 6 5.00 (Bulky/Retailer) II)Marketing- (locally/within cou- 68 56.67 29 24.17 23 19.16 ntry/international) III) Selling through intermediatories? 77 64.17 34 28.33 9 7.50 (Middlemen/Grape growers association) IV) What are the norms for export of grapes? - Length of berries- 18-20 mm, No. of berries per bunch- 100-150, Avoid the chemical containing the mercury. 51 42.50 53 44.17 16 13.33

69 75. Have you getting good prices by the help of grape growers association? (Yes/No) 25 20.83 42 35.00 53 44.17 The data in Table 16 revealed that the practices which were known to all (100%) grape growers viz complete knowledge about selection of proper soil type, proper primary tillage, season of planting, spacing of grape crop, methods of training, time of pruning, loss from high dose of fertilizers and insecticides, use of micronutrients, infestation of diseases like powdery mildew, downy mildew and plantation of wind break plants. The practices which were having complete knowledge to the respondents regarding the climate and soil were Soil ph (86.66%), climate (20.83%). Concerned with varities Thompson Seedless (64.16%), Tas-A-Ganesh (75.00%), Sonaka (20.00%), Manik Chaman (15.00%). Reference to Propagation and rootstock - Rootstock is recommended by MPKV university (83.33%), selection of cuttings (69.17%), size of cuttings (55.00%), for increasing rooting of cutting (50.00%). Regarding to Planting - size of pit (94.17%), Planting direction (68.33%), Planting time of Dogridge (67.50%), Methods of planting (95.83%), treatment on cuttings (50.83%). Concerned to doing for increase in quality and production of grapes (61.67%), drenching malathion around each stem of grape vine (45.83), type of recommended training systems (76.67%), eye buds left on cuttings (90.83%), manage pruned leaves and branches (91.67%), chemical used for sprouting new eye buds (85.00%), Neem extract 5% and Malathion 0.10% sprayed after new

70 sprouting (55.83%), treatment on stems & sub canes just after pruning (85.00%), management of grape vine (No. of canes/vine and No. of leaves/cane) (90.83%), cultivation of green manure crops (93.33%), producing organic grapes (31.67%), good price for organic grape (44.17%), dose of N,P,K (90.83%), manures (62.50%), split doses of N,P,K (93.33%), use of different micronutrients i.e. Fe/Zn/B/Mn/Mg or chelated compounds (65.83%), required no. of irrigations (60.00%), irrigation methods (51.67%), Irrigation in heavy winter (68.33%), temperature of grape orchard down to 10 o c then causes occurs (47.50%), right time for irrigation (86.67%), intercrops (76.67%), mulching (90.00%), weedicide used before grape planting (76.67%), method for weed control (80.83%), use of growth regulator (79.17%), growth regulators used for dipping or spraying (85.00%), beneficial effects from use of GA (50.00%), use of growth regulators at various concentrations during different stages of grape crop (51.67%), girdling (69.17%), imp. practices for good quality of grape production (61.67%), benefits from girdling (74.17%), thinning (55.83%), thinning done at right condition (38.33%), pest management: Thripes (65.00%), Mealy bug (63.34%), Mites (61.67%), Anthracnose (80.00%), time of harvesting (78.33%), hand refracto-meter reading required for grape harvesting (38.33%), yield of grapes (96.67%), know about byproducts of grapes (76.67%), made byproducts from grapes i.e. (Resins, wine, Juice, Jam, Jelly) (90.83%), cold storage facilities (38.33%), temperature required in cold storage (24.17%), humidity in cold storage (4.17%), storage period of fresh grape (58.33%), giving timely and right information by grape growers

71 association (55.83%), information about physiological disorders (53.33%), control physiological disorders (53.33%), sizes of grapes (79.17%), send harvested grapes to market (63.33%), imp. information about grape export (43.33%), exporting grapes (55.83%), follow the maximum permissible limits of chemicals before spraying (52.50%), knowledge about selling (95.00%), marketing (56.67%), selling through intermediatories (64.17%), getting good price by the help of grape growers association (20.83%). The grape growers have partial knowledge about some important recommended practices of grape production technology. These are as ph of soil (11.67%), climate (67.50%), rootstock is recommended by university (10.34%), Selection of cuttings (28.33%), size of cuttings (34.17%), For increasing rooting of cutting (41.67%), size of pit (5.83%), planting direction (17.50%), planting time of Dogridge (26.67%), methods of planting (4.17%), treatment on cuttings (43.33%), doing for increasing quality and production of grapes (38.33%), drenching malathion around each stem of grape vine (39.17%), type of recommended training systems (18.33%), eye buds left on cuttings (9.17%), manage pruned leaves and branches (8.33%), chemical used for sprouting new eye buds (15.00%), Neem extract 5% and Malathion 0.10% sprayed after new sprouting (34.17%), treatment on stems & sub canes just after pruning (15.00%), management of grape vine (No. of canes/vine and No. of leaves/cane) (9.17%), cultivation of green manure crops (5.83%), producing organic grapes (45.00%), good price for organic grapes (38.33%), dose of chemical fertilizers i.e. N,P,K (9.17%), manures (30.83%),

72 split doses of N,P,K (6.67%), use of different micronutrients i.e. Fe/Zn/B/Mn/Mg or chelated compounds (34.17%), required no. of irrigations (29.17%), methods of irrigation (45.00%), irrigation in heavy winter (25.00%), temperature of grape orchard down to 10 o c then causes occurs (46.67%), right time for irrigation (10.00%), intercrops (13.33%), mulching (10.00%), weedicide used before grape planting (21.66%), method for weed control (19.17%), use of growth regulator (11.67%), growth regulators used for dipping or spraying (9.17%), beneficial effects from use of GA (45.00%), use of growth regulators at various concentrations during different stages of grape crop (42.50%), girdling (25.83%), imp. practices for good quality of grape production (25.83%), benefits from girdling (21.67%), thinning (39.17%), thinning done at right condition (52.50%), pest management: Thripes (33.33%), Mealy bug (35.83%), Mites (36.66%), Beetles (37.50%), disease management: Anthracnose (19.17%), time of harvesting (17.50%), hand refracto-meter reading required for grape harvesting (51.67%), yield of grapes (3.33%), know about byproducts of grapes (23.33%), made byproducts from grapes i.e. (Resins, wine, Juice, Jam, Jelly etc.) (9.17%), cold storage facilities (21.67%), temperature required in cold storage (46.67%), humidity in cold storage (25.83%), Storage period of fresh grape (30.00%), giving timely and right information by grape growers association (30.83%), information about physiological disorders (25.83%), control physiological disorders (35.84%), sizes of grapes (20.83%), send harvested grapes to market (26.67%), imp. information about grape export (43.33%), exporting grapes (24.17%), follow

73 the maximum permissible limits of chemicals before spraying (24.17%), knowledge about selling (00.00%), marketing (24.17%), selling through intermediatories (28.33%), norms for export of grapes (44.17%), getting good price by the help of grape growers association (35.00%). The respondents have lack of knowledge about recommended cultivation practices were ph of soil (1.67%), climate (11.67%), Thompson seedless (35.83%), Tas-A-Ganesh (25.00%), Sonaka (80.00%), Manik Chaman (85.00%), Sharad Seedless (100%), Clame Seedless (100%), Red Globe (100%), rootstock is recommended by university (5.83%), selection of cuttings (2.50%), size of cuttings (10.83%), for increasing rooting of cutting (8.33%), planting direction (14.17%), planting time of Dogridge (5.83%), treatment on cuttings (5.33%), drenching malathion around each stem of grape vine (15.00%), type of recommended training systems (5.00%), Neem extract 5% and Malathion 0.10% sprayed after new sprouting (10.00%), cultivation of green manure crops (8.34%), producing organic grapes (23.33%), good price for organic grapes (17.50%), manures (6.67%), required no. of irrigations (10.83%), methods of irrigation (3.33%), irrigation in heavy winter (6.67%), temperature of grape orchard down to 10 o c then causes occurs (5.83%), right time for irrigation (3.33%), intercrops (10.00%), Weedicide used before grape planting (1.67%), use of growth regulator (9.17%), growth regulators used for dipping or spraying (5.83%), beneficial effects from use of GA (5.00%), use of growth regulators at various concentrations during different stages of grape crop (5.83%), girdling (5.00%), imp. practices for good quality of

74 grape production (12.50%), benefits from girdling (4.16%), thinning (5.00%), thinning done at right condition (9.17%), pest management: Thripes (1.67%), Mealy bug (0.83%), Mites (1.67%), Beetles (2.50%), disease management: Anthracnose (0.83%), time of harvesting (4.17%), hand refracto-meter reading required for grape harvesting (10.00%), cold storage facilities (40.00%), temperature required in cold storage (29.16%), humidity in cold storage (70.00%), storage period of fresh grape (11.67%), giving timely and right information by grape growers association (13.33%), information about physiological disorders (20.84%), control Physiological disorders (10.83%), send harvested grapes to market (10.00%), imp. information about grape export (13.34%), exporting grapes (20.00%), follow the maximum permissible limits of chemicals before spraying (23.33%), knowledge about selling (5.00%), marketing (19.16%), selling through intermediatories (7.50%), norms for export of grapes (13.33%), getting good price by the help of grape growers association (44.17%). 4.2.2. Adoption Table 17: Distribution of the respondents according to their adoption of grape vine cultivation Sr. No. Recommended Practice A) Climate and soil: 1. Soil typewell drained, light to Medium, Ca content not more than 8%, EC not less than 2 dsm -1. Complete Adoption Freq (n= 120) Per cent Partial Adoption Freq (n= 120) Per cent No Adoption Freq (n= 120) Per cent 118 98.33 2 1.67 - - 2. P H of soil- 6.1-7.5 76 63.33 18 15.00 26 21.67

75 3. Climate: (Hot and dry, temperature -25-35 o c, rainfall- < 600 mm) B) Primary tillage: 4. - 2 Ploughing and 2-3 C) 5. - - - - 120 100 Harrowing. 120 100 - - - - Varieties: 1. Thomson Seedless 76 63.33 - - 44 36.67 2. Tas-A-Ganesh 86 71.67 - - 34 28.33 3. Sonaka 15 12.50 - - 114 87.50 4. Manik Chaman 6 5.00 - - 114 85.00 5. Sharad Seedless - - - - 120 100 6. Clame Seedless - - - - 120 100 7. Red globe - - - - 120 100 D) Propagation and Rootstocks: 6. Rootstock is recommended by 79 65.83 24 20.00 17 14.17 MPKV University - (Dogridge) 7. Selection of cuttings Medium sized, Strengthen, Healthy & 66 55.00 32 26.67 22 18.33 more production in diseased condition. 8. Size of cuttings -15 to 20 cm 57 47.50 36 30.00 27 22.50 9. For increasing rooting of cutting- 47 39.17 47 39.17 26 21.66 Soaked or dipped cuttings in 1000 ppm solution of IBA for 10 minutes. E. Planting: 10. Size of pit- 0.60 x 0.60 x 0.60 m 87 72.50 33 27.50 - - 11. Planting season of - - grape- - Jun-July, - Dec-Jan. 60 50.00 60 50.00 12. Planting direction- (south-north) 107 89.17 9 7.50 4 3.33

76 13. Planting time of Dogridge Dec-Jan 70 58.33 31 25.84 19 15.83 14. Methods of planting- -Own roots planting 91 75.83 29 24.17 - - -Rooted cuttings (Dogridge) 15. Which Treatment on cuttings before planting for increasing 53 44.16 42 35.00 25 20.84 production and quality? - Overnight cuttings are dipped in IBA-500 ppm solution for good growth of rooting of cutting. Before planting, cuttings are soaked in 2000 ppm solution of IBA for 10 seconds. F. Spacing: 16. What is recommended spacing for grape crop? 3 x 1.5 m (Number of 75 62.50 31 25.83 14 11.67 grape vines /ha.: 2,222) G. Training: 17. What are you doing for increasing both quality and production of grapes? - Training, Pruning, 52 43.33 38 31.67 30 25.00 Plant protection, Irrigation management. 18. Which methods of trainings are to be used to support grape 120 100 - - - - vines? (T method, overhead method, Mandup method) 19. Are you drenching malathion 5% 20 gm/vine after digging out around each stem of grape vine? - (Yes/No) 47 39.17 38 31.17 35 29.16

77 20. Which type of recommended training systems in grape crop? - (Head, Kniffin, V, Telephone, Expanded Y & Gable systems) H. Pruning: 21. Which is suitable time for pruning in grape crop? - (April and October pruning) 22. At the time of pruning eye buds should left on cuttings depends on the variety of grape? -(Yes/No) 23. How to manage pruned leaves and branches after April and October pruning? - (Not put unwanted braches & leaves on field bunds instead of that burning would be beneficial.) 24. Which chemical is used for sprouting new eye buds? (Ethrel, Thiourea and mixture of Bordo paste & Thiourea) 25. What should be sprayed after new sprouting on grape vine? - Neem extract 5% and Malathion 0.10% 26. Which treatment done on stems & sub canes just after pruning? - blitox 0.4% or Geru 3 kg or Bordo paste 10% + methomil 3 gm + Nuvan 3 ml + Sticker 1.5 ml/lit. 83 69.17 23 19.17 14 11.66 120 100 - - - - 71 59.17 37 38.83 12 10.00 105 87.50 15 12.50 - - 96 80 22 18.33 2 1.67 53 44.17 34 28.33 33 27.50 95 79.17 17 14.17 8 6.67

78 27. How do you manage grape vine? - No. of canes/grape vine: 35 to 40, - No. of leaves/cane: 15 to 16. I. Manures & Fertilizers 28. Cultivation of green manure crops before Grapes - Dhaincha, Tag (Sunhemp) etc. 29. Are you producing organic grape production? - (Yes/No) 30. Are you getting good price for organic grape production? (Yes/No) 31. Do you know about losses from use of high doses of chemical fertilizers and insecticides? -(Yes/No) 32. Fertilizer management Chemical fertilizer: Urea-306 kg per acre -(344gm/vine) Phosphorus 200 kg per acre-225gm/vine Potash 252 kg per acre -(285gm/vine), Manures: 22.50 kg/vine 33. NPK Should applied in how many split doses? -April pruning-15, 30 and 45 DAP. -October pruning-15, 30 and 45 DAP. - At the time of berry matured K2O-260 70 58.33 38 31.67 12 10.00 55 45.83 41 34.16 24 20.00 - - - - 120 100 - - - - 120 100 120 100 - - - - 106 57 83.34 47.50 13 27 10.83 22.50 1 36 0.83 30.00 106 88.33 13 10.84 1 0.83 kg/acre. 34. Use of micronutrient- (Yes/No) 120 100 - - - - 35. Which micronutrients are used? -Fe, Zn, B, Mn, Mg either any one or use of different chelated compounds. 75 62.50 40 33.33 5 4.17

79 J. Irrigation: 36. How many irrigations required for grape crop? - (After April pruning: 3 irrigations -After October pruning: 3 irrigations 37. Which irrigation methods were used? (Drip irrigation method, Micro irrigation method, In-line method) 38. Irrigation in heavy winter: - At night hours and burn the dried leaves or bad crude oil help for lower down of orchard/field temperature. 39. If temperature of grape orchard down to 10 o c then causes occurs - (Damages to Young leaves, fruit setting and bunches). 40. What is the Right time for Irrigation to grape crop? - (Just after pruning, After fertilizer application, before flowering, at the time of berry maturity). K. Intercrops: 41. Green gram, Groundnut, Black gram (Early in one and half year) and Tag (sun hemp) for green manures purpose. L. Mulching: 42. Which material is used for mulching? -Sugarcane trashes or Rice straw or Black polythene or leaves & straw (Early in the summer Season). 64 53.33 33 27.50 23 19.17 58 48.33 50 41.67 12 10.00 66 55.00 32 26.67 22 18.33 38 31.67 43 35.83 39 32.50 91 75.83 10 8.33 19 15.84 40 33.33 27 22.50 53 44.17 39 32.50 37 30.83 44 36.67

80 M. Weed control: 43. Weedicide used before grape planting: (Glyphosate @ 2 lit/ha, Paraquate @ 7.5 lit/ha) 84 70.00 24 20.00 12 10.00 44. Which method is used for weed control? 74 61.67 39 32.50 7 5.83 (manual or chemical) N. Use of growth regulator: 45. Are you Using the growth regulator? (Yes/No) 54 45.00 46 38.33 20 16.67 46. Which growth regulator used for 75 62.50 26 21.67 19 15.83 dipping or spraying? (GA, HCN, NAA, IBA, CCC) 47. What are the beneficial effects from use of GA? 48 40.00 40 33.33 32 26.67 (Weight of bunches increased near about twice, Increasing length of plant tissues) 48. Use of growth regulators at what concentration and at which stages of grape crop? - (Before flowering: 10-51 42.50 42 35.00 27 22.50 20 ppm (GA), After 25% fruit setting: bunches dipped in 20 ppm, After 75% fruit setting bunches dipped in 40 ppm, After complete fruit setting: spraying of 40 ppm) O. Girdling: 49. Do you know about Girdling? -Yes (As size 76 63.33 31 25.83 13 10.83 of bajra grains)/no 50. Which are the imp. practices for good 53 44.17 47 39.17 20 16.66 quality of grape production?

81 -Girdling, Thinning, Use of growth regulator at right time and at right concentration. 51. What are the benefits from girdling? (Increase fruit setting 77 64.17 24 20.00 19 15.83 Increase berry size, Increase sweetness of berries, Attractive color to berries, Uniform maturity of berries P. Thinning: 52. Do you follow thinning? - (Yes/No) 53 44.17 40 33.33 27 22.50 53. When thinning should be done? - At the time of More than 1 bunch/square foot or more than 24 bunches/grape vine 36 30.00 50 41.67 34 28.33 Q. Plant protection: 54. (Pest management) i) Thripes: Thiomethoxam 25WG 3gm or Spinosad 45% SP 3 ml or Fipronil 5% SP 15 ml out of any one insecticide or 2 sprayings at 15 days interval. ii) Mealy bug: Verticilium laccani (phule bugeeside) 5 gm +5 ml milk/lit. done 2 to 3 spraying at an interval of 10 to12 days. iii) Mites: Dimethoate 30% @ 10 ml or calshane 40% @ 7.5 ml/10 lit. of water. iv) Beetles: After pruning malath - ion, phosphamidon or methyl dematon any one of them 2 to 3 sprayings at morning 53 36 33 41 44.17 30.00 27.50 34.17 52 60 59 45 43.33 50.00 49.17 37.50 15 24 28 34 12.50 20.00 23.33 28.33

82 and evening time. 55. Disease Management: i) Powdery mildew: sulpher 80% PM @ 20 gm or Danocap @ 5 ml/10 lit or Penconazole @ 5 ml/10 lit of water for spraying or bunches dipped in carathen 0.05 per cent. ii) Downy mildew: Metalaxyl-Mancozeb (0.2%) or Cymoczanil- Mancozeb (0.2%) or Finomidon-Mancozeb (0.25%) or Azoczeestrawbeen (200 ml/acre) or crisokjheem Methy (250 ml/acre) or Pyraklyastrowbeen + Meteeryam (1.75 gm/lit) 5 spraying of this fungicide at 12 days interval. iii) Anthracnose: Kept field clean, remove diseased parts before rains. (-Spraying after April pruning 5:5:50 concentration of bordo mixture and 2-3 sprays in rainy season. -Spraying after October pruning of 1:1:50 concentration of bordo mixture. -Spraying after 2 weeks of 2:2:50 concentration of bordo mixture. -Spraying of bordo mixture at 2:2:50 concentration when new sprouting growth length is of 15 to 20 cm.) 98 118 76 81.67 98.33 63.34 22 2 40 18.33 1.67 33.33 - - 4 - - 3.33

83 56. Plantation of windbreak plants 47 39.17 40 33.33 33 27.50 around the grape orchard? Yes (Tree of Drumstick)/No. R. Harvesting and yield: 57. Right time of Harvest - ing - (Feb-March) 82 72.50 19 15.83 14 11.67 58. How much hand refracto-meter reading 28 23.33 55 45.84 37 30.83 required for grape harvesting? (From 18 to 22 Brix). 59. Yield of Grapes: 20 to 25 tonnes/ha. 81 67.50 39 32.50 - - S. Post harvest management: 60. Do you know about by products of grapes? (Yes/No) 89 74.19 31 25.83 - - 61. Have you made byproducts from 68 56.67 52 43.33 - - grapes? (Resins, wine, Juice, Jam, Jelly etc.) 62. Is their availability of cold storage facilities 23 19.17 18 15.00 79 65.83 for grapes: (Yes/No) 63. Temperature required in cold storage: 70 58.33 50 41.67 - - - (0 to 1 o C) 64. Humidity in cold storage: (90 to 95 %) 77 64.17 25 20.83 18 15.00 65. Storage period: Up to 8 to 10 days in cold storage. 66. Have you getting timely and right information by grape growers association? - (Yes/No) T. Physiological disorders: 67. Do you know about Physiological disorders and their control? 62 51.67 47 39.17 11 9.16 26 21.67 43 35.83 51 42.50 31 25.83 53 44.17 36 30.00 68. How to control Physiological disorders? 1) Sterility: i) Lightly tillage at 43 35.83 25 20.83 52 43.33

84 regular interval, ii) sometimes more sprouting done but do not flowering seen so remove such sterility parts of vines. 2) Mummification: i) Fertilizer and irrigation given at right time ii) Uniform production of grape at every year iii) Pluck the tip and thinning should be done iv) Promoting more growth of leaves per grape vines. 3) Short berries: GA should be used for good growth of bunches but some missing in spraying then percentage of short berries are increased. U. Marketing: 69. Which sizes of grapes more likes/demands by consumer? (Big sized or Capsules). 70. How to send harvested grapes to market? i) Small, disordered berries cut by knife, after clean bunches then grading of bunches. ii) Small and big bunches put in boxes. iii) Box dimensions 45 x 23.5 x 10 cm sized wooden or cart board boxes. iv) Put dried grass in bottom of boxes then after put paper on it for packing of bunches then spreading of 75 62.50 26 21.67 19 15.83 60 50.00 49 21.67 11 15.83

85 colored paper and lastly put dried grass. 71. Have you any information about norms grape export? The Table 17 revealed that the practice which is 100 per cent adopted by all of the respondents i.e. operations of primary tillage, methods of training, time of pruning and loss from high doses of fertilizers and insecticides, use of micronutrient. 25 20.83 43 35.83 52 43.34 - (Yes/No) 72. Are you export grapes? - (Yes/No) 31 25.83 54 45.00 35 29.17 73. Can you follow the maximum permissible limits of chemicals before spraying? - (Yes/No) 42 35.00 26 21.67 52 43.33 74. Marketing management: I)Selling- (Bulky/Retailer) 105 87.50 9 7.50 6 5.00 II)Marketing- (locally/within country/international) III) Selling through intermediatories? (Middlemen/Grape growers association) IV) What are the norms for export of grapes? - Length of berries-16 mm, No. of berries per bunch - 100-150, Avoid the chemical containing the mercury. 75. Have you getting good prices by the help of grape growers association? (Yes/No) 32 26.67 53 44.17 35 29.16 61 50.83 28 23.33 31 25.84 26 21.67 42 35.00 52 43.33 16 13.33 37 30.83 67 55.83

86 The practices which have complete adoption by the respondents were soil type (98.33%), ph (63.33%), climate (17.50%), Thompson Seedless (63.33%), Tas-A-Ganesh (71.67%), Sonakha (12.50%), Manik Chaman (5.00%), rootstock is recommended by university (65.83%), selection of cuttings (55.00%), size of cuttings (47.50%), for increasing rooting of cutting (39.17%), size of pit (72.50%), planting season (50.00%), planting direction (89.17%), planting time of Dogridge (58.33%), methods of planting (75.83%), treatment on cuttings (44.16%), spacing (62.50%), doing for increasing quality and production of grapes (43.33%), drenching malathion around each stem of grape vine (39.17%), type of recommended training systems (69.17%), eye buds left on cuttings (59.17%), manage pruned leaves and branches (87.50%), chemical used for sprouting new eye buds (80.00%), Neem extract 5% and Malathion 0.10% sprayed after new sprouting (44.17%), treatment on stems & sub canes just after pruning (79.17%), management of grape vine (No. of canes/vine and No. of leaves/cane) (58.33%), cultivation of green manure crops (45.83%), dose of chemical fertilizers i.e. N,P,K (83.34%), manures (47.50%), split doses of N,P,K (88.33%), use of different micronutrients i.e. Fe/Zn/B/Mn/Mg or chelated compounds (66.67%), required no. of irrigations (53.33%), methods of irrigation (48.33%), irrigation in heavy winter (55.00%), temperature of grape orchard down to 10 o c then causes occurs (31.67%), right time for irrigation (91.00%), intercrops (33.33%), mulching (32.50%), weedicide used before grape planting (70.00%), method for weed control (61.67%), use of growth regulator (45.00%), growth regulators

87 used for dipping or spraying (62.50%), beneficial effects from use of GA (48.00%), use of growth regulators at various concentrations during different stages of grape crop (42.50%), girdling (63.33%), imp. practices for good quality of grape production (44.17%), benefits from girdling (64.17%), thinning (44.17%), thinning done at right condition (30.00%), pest management: thripes (44.17%), mealy bug (30.00%), mites (27.50%), beetles (34.17%), disease management: powdery mildew (81.67%), downy mildew (98.33%) anthracnose (63.33%), plantation of wind break plants (39.17%), time of harvesting (72.50%), hand refracto-meter reading required for grape harvesting (23.33%), average yield of grapes (67.50%), know about by-products of grape (74.19%), made by-products from grapes i.e. (Resins, wine, Juice, Jam, Jelly etc.) (56.67%), cold storage facilities (19.17%), temperature in cold storage (58.33%), humidity in cold storage (64.17%), storage period of fresh grapes (51.67%), giving timely and right information by grape growers association (21.67%), information about physiological disorders (25.83%), control Physiological disorders (35.83%), sizes of grapes (62.50%), send harvested grapes to market (50.00%), imp. information about grape export (20.83%), you are exporting grapes (25.83%), follow the maximum permissible limits of chemicals before spraying (25.00%), selling (87.50%), marketing (26.67%), selling through intermediatories (50.83%), norms for export of grapes (21.67%), getting good price by the help of grape growers association (13.33%). The practices which have partial adoption by the respondents were soil type (1.67%), ph (15.00%), climate

88 (70.83%), rootstock is recommended by university (20.00%), selection of cuttings (26.67%), size of cuttings (30.00%), For increasing rooting of cutting (39.17%), size of pit (27.50%), planting season (50.00%), planting direction (7.50%), planting time of Dogridge (25.84%), methods of planting (24.17%), treatment on cuttings (35.00%), spacing (35.83%), doing for increasing quality and production of grapes (31.67%), drenching malathion around each stem of grape vine (31.17%), type of recommended training systems (19.17%), eye buds left on cuttings (38.83%), manage pruned leaves and branches (12.50%), chemical used for sprouting new eye buds (18.33%), neem extract 5% and malathion 0.10% sprayed after new sprouting (28.33%), treatment on stems & sub canes just after pruning (14.17%), management of grape vine (No. of canes/vine and No. of leaves/cane) (31.67%), cultivation of green manure crops (34.16%), dose of chemical fertilizers i.e. N,P,K (10.83%), manures (22.50%), split doses of N,P,K (10.84%), use of different micronutrients i.e. Fe/Zn/B/Mn/Mg or chelated compounds (33.33%), required no. of irrigations (27.50%), methods of irrigation (41.67%), irrigation in heavy winter (26.67%), temperature of grape orchard down to 10 o c then causes occurs (35.83%), right time for irrigation (8.33%), intercrops (22.50%), mulching (30.83%), weedicide used before grape planting (20.00%), method for weed control (32.50%), use of growth regulator (38.33%), growth regulators used for dipping or spraying (21.67%), beneficial effects from use of GA (33.33%), use of growth regulators at various concentrations during different stages of grape crop (35.00%), girdling (25.83%), imp. practices for good quality of grape production

89 (39.17%), benefits from girdling (20.00%), thinning (33.33%), thinning done at right condition (41.67%), pest management: Thripes (43.33%), Mealy bug (50.00%), Mites (49.17%), Beetles (37.50%), disease management: Powdery mildew (18.33%), Downy mildew (1.67%) Anthracnose (33.33%), plantation of wind break plants (33.33%), time of harvesting (15.83%), hand refracto-meter reading required for grape harvesting (45.84%), average yield of grapes (32.50%), know about by-products of grape (25.83%), made by-products from grapes i.e. (Resins, wine, Juice, Jam, Jelly etc) (43.33%), cold storage facilities (15.00%), temperature in cold storage (41.67%), humidity required in cold storage (20.83%), storage period of fresh grapes (39.17%), giving timely and right information by grape growers association (35.83%), information about physiological disorders (44.17%), control Physiological disorders (20.83%), sizes of grapes (21.67%), send harvested grapes to market (21.67%), imp. information about grape export (35.83%), exporting grapes (45.00%), follow the maximum permissible limits of chemicals before spraying (21.67%), selling (7.50%), marketing (44.17%), selling through intermediatories (23.33%), norms for export of grapes (35.00%), getting good price by the help of grape growers association (30.83%). The respondents having lack of adoption of recommended cultivation practices grape production. Which were ph (21.67%), climate (11.67%), Thompson seedless (36.67%), Tas-A-Ganesh (28.33%), Sonaka (87.50%), Manik Chaman (85.00%), Sharad Seedless (100%), Clame Seedless (100%), Red Globe (100%), rootstock is recommended by university (14.17%), selection of cuttings (18.33%), size of

90 cuttings (22.50%), for increasing rooting of cutting (21.66%), planting direction (3.33%), planting time of Dogridge (15.83%), treatment on cuttings (20.84%), spacing (11.67%), doing for increasing quality and production of grapes (25.00%), drenching malathion around each stem of grape vine (29.16%), type of recommended training systems (11.66%), eye buds left on cuttings (10.00%), chemical used for sprouting new eye buds (1.67%), neem extract 5% and malathion 0.10% sprayed after new sprouting (27.50%), treatment on stems & sub canes just after pruning (6.67%), management of grape vine (No. of canes/vine and No. of leaves/cane) (10.00%), cultivation of green manure crops (20.00%), organic grape production (100%), getting good price to organic grape (100%), dose of chemical fertilizers i.e. N,P,K (0.83%), manures (30.00%), split doses of N,P,K (0.83%), use of different micronutrients i.e. Fe/Zn/B/Mn/Mg or chelated compounds (4.17%), required no. of irrigations (19.17%), methods of irrigation (10.00%), irrigation in heavy winter (18.33%), temperature of grape orchard down to 10 o c then causes occurs (32.50%), right time for irrigation (15.84%), intercrops (44.17%), mulching (36.67%), weedicide used before grape planting (10.00%), method for weed control (5.83%), use of growth regulator (16.67%), growth regulators used for dipping or spraying (15.83%), beneficial effects from use of GA (26.67%), use of growth regulators at various concentrations during different stages of grape crop (22.50%), girdling (10.83%), imp. practices for good quality of grape production (16.66%), benefits from girdling (15.83%), thinning (22.50%), thinning done at right condition (28.33%), pest management:

91 thripes (12.50%), mealy bug (20.00%), mites (23.33%), beetles (28.33%), disease management: anthracnose (3.33%), plantation of wind break plants (27.50%), time of harvesting (11.67%), hand refracto-meter reading required for grape harvesting (30.83%), average yield of grapes (32.50%), cold storage facilities (65.83%), humidity in cold storage (15.00%), Storage period of fresh grape (9.16%), giving timely and right information by grape growers association (42.50%), information about physiological disorders (30.00%), control physiological disorders (43.33%), sizes of grapes (15.83%), send harvested grapes to market (15.83%), imp. information about grape export (43.34%), you are exporting grapes (29.17%), follow the maximum permissible limits of chemicals before spraying (43.33%), selling (5.00%), marketing (29.16%), selling through intermediatories (25.84%), norms for export of grapes (43.33%), getting good price by the help of grape growers association (55.83%). Table 18. Distribution of the respondents by their level of adoption: Number of Sr. Level of adoption respondents Percentage No. (Score) (n=120) 1. 2. 3. Low (Up to 94) Medium (95 to 128) High (129 and above) 20 76 24 16.67 63.33 20.00 Total 120 100.00 The above Table 18 and fig. 15 revealed that majority 63.33 per cent of grape grower respondents having medium adoption level regarding the recommended grape production technology while, 20.00 per cent and 16.67 per cent of them

92 had high and low level of adoption about the same, respectively. It could be noted that, most of the respondents had medium level of adoption category. These findings are in line with the findings of Kharade (2003), Dhakane (2005), Hinge (2009), Garje (2010), Pimpale (2010), Mule (2012), Gavade (2013) and Raut (2014). 4.2.3 Adoption behaviour about scientific grape cultivation practices An attempt was also made to analyze the adoption behaviour of the respondents as a composite measure of extent of knowledge and adoption level about scientific grape cultivation practices is presented in Table 19. Table 19: Distribution of the respondents according to their levels of Adoption behavior about scientific grape production Sr. No. Category Number of Respondents (n=120) Percentage 1. Low (Upto 109) 17 14.17 2. Medium (110 to 141) 80 66.67 3. High (142 and above) 18 19.66 Total 120 100.00 The data given in Table 19 indicates that higher proportion (66.67%) of the respondents had medium level of adoption behaviour about scientific grape cultivation practices followed by less than one fifth (19.66%) respondents who were having high level of adoption behaviour and few (14.17%) of them were having low level of adoption behaviour.

93 4.3. Relational analysis: Efforts were made to find out the relationship of the selected characteristics of grape growers with their adoption behaviour in cultivation practices of grape. In order to find out the correlates of knowledge and adoption the coefficient of correlation and for relative contribution, regression coefficient analysis were worked out and have been presented as below. 4.3.1 Correlation coefficient of adoption behaviour: The correlation coefficient of adoption behaviour with personal, socio-economical, communication, psychological and situational characteristics of the respondents has been depicted in Table 19. It could be seen from Table 20, that amongst selected variables age, land holding, size of orchard, annual income, innovativeness and risk preference were significantly correlated with the adoption behaviour at 0.05 level of probability. Therefore the null hypothesis was rejected, for these characteristics; there exists significant relation with adoption behaviour of recommended grape cultivation practices. However the variables education, experience in grape cultivation, source of information, social participation, economic motivation was positively and significantly correlated with adoption behaviour at 0.01 level of probability therefore the null hypothesis for these variables was also rejected.

94 Table 20: Coefficient of correlation of selected characteristics of the respondents with their adoption behaviour (n=120) Sr. Variables r value s No. 1 Age 0.21760* 2 Education 0.26683** 3 Land holding 0.19071* 4 Size of orchard 0.18318* 5 Annual income 0.21237* 6 Experience in grape cultivation 0.29594** 7 Source of information 0.35072** 8 Social participation 0.27309** 9 Innovativeness 0.18270* 10 Economic motivation 0.30386** 11 Risk preference 0.20770* 12 Scientific orientation 0.41910** ** Significant at 0.01 level of probability. * Significant at 0.05 level of probability. The above result indicates that some of characteristics of the respondents have influence on adoption behaviour levels. It is quite logical that the respondents with age, higher level of education, possessing more land, having good annul income, size of orchard, more source of information, high innovativeness, higher scientific orientation and knowledge about technologies recommended for grape cultivation keeping high adoption behaviour. 4.3.2 Multiple regression analysis of Adoption behaviour In order to find out the contribution of selected predictor s independent variables with adoption behaviour about recommended grape cultivation practices, multiple

95 regression analysis was carried out and has been presented in Table 21. Table 21: Regression of coefficient of different Sr. No. characteristics of respondents with their adoption behaviour about grape cultivation practices (n=120) Characteristics Coefficie nt of regressio n b SE of b t value of b 1 Age 0.2508 0.0962 2.6055NS 2 Education 1.0198 0.3579 2.8492** 3 Land holding 0.6806 1.5987 0.4257NS 4 Size of orchard -2.4968 3.3015-0.7562 NS 5 Annual income 5.3103 1.8460 2.8765 NS 6 Experience in grape cultivation 0.3502 0.2393 1.4629* 7 Source of information 0.8033 0.1933 4.1545** 8 Social participation 0.3566 0.5898 0.6047NS 9 Innovativeness 0.3186 0.2005 1.5887NS 10 Economic motivation 0.8813 0.2755 3.1990** 11 Risk preference -0.2138 0.4660-0.4587NS 12 Scientific orientation 2.1174 0.6102 3.4700** R 2 = 0.496 F = 8.800 ** : Significant at 0.01 level of probability. * : Significant at 0.05 level of probability. NS : Non-significant It is observed from Table 21 that, regression coefficient of age (b=0.2508), land holding (b=0.6806), annual income (b=5.3103), and social participation (b=0.3566) were found to positively non significant where as regression coefficient of risk preference (b=-0.2138) and size of orchard (b=-2.4968) was found to negatively non significant.

96 Regression coefficient of and experience in grape in cultivation (b=0.3502) was found to positively significant at 5 per cent level, Where as Regression coefficient of education (b=1.0198), sources of information (b=0.8033), economic motivation (b=0.0089) and scientific orientation (b=2.1174), were found positively significant at 1 per cent level. It could be said that, these five factors had influence on adoption behaviour of grape growers in grape cultivation. All remaining variables under study does not influence on table 21 that coefficient of determination (R 2 ) was 0.4967. It means that all selected independent variables jointly explained significant amount of variation to the extent of 49.67 per cent in adoption behaviour of grape growers. The calculated f ratio 8.800 was found to significant at 0.01 level of probability. Adoption behaviour of grape growers. It is also evident from the data in Table. 4.4 Constraints faced by the grape growers: To get more yields of grapes, it is necessary to know the various constraints faced by the grape growers which will help the grape growers for further planning in cultivation of grape. The relevant data in this regard has been presented in Table 22. The data presented in Table 22, revealed that, main reason for adoption behaviour at some extent and less production in studied area that, soil and climate constraints. In case of soil and climate constraints large majority of the respondents (74.16%), (100%) and (51.67%) were expressed Soil testing facility is not available, Erratic-untimely and uneven

97 distribution of rainfall and hailstorm and number of respondents faced problems of saline soil. Table 22: Distribution of respondents according to their constraints faced during grape cultivation: Sr. No. Constraints Freque ncy (n=120) Percen tage A. Weather and soil constraints: 1. Unavailability of Soil testing facility. 89 74.17 2. Erratic, untimely and uneven distribution of rainfall and hailstorm. 120 100.00 3. Problems of Saline soil 62 51.67 B. Manures and Fertilizers constraints: 1. Unavailability of Good quality of FYM. 68 56.66 2. High cost of FYM. 97 80.83 3. Inadequate and timely availability of fertilizers 82 68.33 4. High cost of biofertilizers and Micronutrients. 75 62.50 5. Does not having information about timely and balance use of Manures and Fertilizers. 72 60.00 C. Irrigation water constraints: 1. Shortage of irrigation water during summer. 106 88.33 2. High cost of drip Irrigation system. 86 71.67 D. Insecticides and Fungicides constraints: 1. Problems in identification of disease and pest affected samples. 46 38.33 2. High cost of insecticides and fungicides. 75 62.50 3. Conflict while selecting pesticides and fungicides. 52 43.33 4. Unavailability of required insecticides and fungicides in time. 70 58.33 E. Technical constraints: 1. Incomplete knowledge about plant protection. 58 48.33 2. Lack of knowledge about fertilizer management. 53 44.17 3. Lack of knowledge about use of different plant growth regulators i.e. GA, CCC, HCN etc. 41 34.17 F. Financial constraints: 1. Inadequate sources of finance. 95 79.17 2. Unavailability of money in time. 70 58.33 3. High cost require for grape vine yard management. 94 78.33

98 G. Marketing constraints: 1 Low prices of grapes. 110 91.67 2 Fluctuation in market rates. 107 89.17 3 Late auction sale of raisins in the market. 80 66.67 4 No guarantee of payment received from merchants. 57 47.50 5 Lack of assured market. 96 80.00 6 More extent of cheating by middlemen. 113 94.17 7 Lack of information about norms and rules of export of grapes. 67 55.83 H. Labour constraints: 1. Non-availability of skilled labours at the time of pruning, thinning and dipping of grape 104 86.67 bunches in growth regulator. 2. High wages of labour. 115 95.83 3. Unavailability of Skillful labour for intercultural operations and packing. 96 80.00 I. Other constraints: 1. Time consuming Process for registration of member as beneficiaries from fruit crops insurance scheme. 73 60.83 2. Heavy loss during the post harvesting works. 88 73.33 3. Lack of knowledge about making products from grapes. 101 84.17 4. Unavailability of cold store houses. 106 88.33 5. Lack of knowledge about grape export. 81 67.50 6. Lack of knowledge about contract farming grapes. 96 80.00 7. Getting less financial help from government as compared to loss occurred from natural calamity. 120 100.00 While studying the constrains in adoption behaviour of grape growers manures and fertilizer application of grape were observed an one of the constraint, unavailability of good quality of FYM (56.66%) and problem of high cost of FYM (80.83%), inadequate and timely availability of fertilizers (68.33%), high cost of inorganic fertilizers and micronutrients (62.50%) and does not having information about balance use of manures and fertilizers (60.00%) were encountered the

99 reason perceived by respondents for depletion of adoption behaviour for fertilizer application. With regards to irrigation constraints, majority of the respondents (88.00%) and (71.67%) expressed constraints as, shortage of irrigation water during summer season and high cost of drip Irrigation system respectively. In connection with plant protection constraints, proportion of the respondents (38.33%), (62.50%), (43.33%) and (58.33%) were observed in facing problems in identification of disease and pest affected samples, problems of high cost of pesticides and fungicides, conflicts in selecting pesticide and fungicide and problems in availability of required insecticides and fungicides in time respectively. It is further summarized that, the grape growers were facing these problems because private consultancies were involved to overcome these problems without knowledge of grape growers himself. As concerned to technical problems 48.33 per cent, 44.17 per cent and 34.17 per cent of respondents were encountered constraints as, incomplete knowledge about plant protection, lack of knowledge about fertilizer management and about use of different plant growth regulators, respectively. As far as financial constraints is concerned, majority of the respondents (79.17%) and (58.33%) were expressed, inadequate sources of finance and unavailability of money in time respectively. Whereas, 78.33 per cent of the respondents were facing problem of high cost require for grape vine yard management.

100 As regards the problem of marketing of grapes, the most occurring problems were low rate of grape fruit (91.67%), the fluctuation in market rates (89.17%), late auction sale of raisins in the market (66.67%), no guarantee of payment received from merchants (47.50%), lack of assured market (80.00%), more amount of cheating by middlemen (94.17%) and lack of information about norms and rules of export of grapes (48.33%) were the constrains expressed by the grape growers. In connection to the labour constraints, great majority of respondents were reported main reason such as non-availability of skilled labours at the time of pruning, thinning and dipping of grape bunches in growth regulator (86.67%), high wages of labours (95.83%) and unavailability of labours at the time of intercultural operations (80.00%) reported by the respondents at the time of grape cultivation. As far as related to the other constraints faced by the grape growers, reported that majority of respondents were facing problems such as time consuming process for registration of member as beneficiaries from fruit crops insurance scheme (60.83%), heavy loss during the post harvesting works (73.33%), lack of knowledge about making products from grapes (84.17%), unavailability of cold store houses (88.33%), lack of knowledge about grape export (67.50%), lack of knowledge about contract farming grapes (80.00%), getting less financial help from government as compared to loss occurred from natural calamity (100%).

101 These findings were in conformity with the findings of Kaid et al., (2005). Thakare (2008), Sorate (2011), Gavade (2013). 4.5 Suggestions made by the grape growers for overcoming the constraints faced by them: Suggestions were made from the respondents to overcome the constraints faced by them in adoption of grape cultivation practices. In all suggestions were made by the respondents as shown in the Table 23. Table 23: Suggestions made by the grape growing Sr. No. respondents for overcoming the constraints faced by them: Suggestions A. Weather and soil Suggestions: 1. Soil testing facilities should be provided at near about location. 2. Govt. should announced about upcoming natural calamities through Satellite i.e. Heavy rainfall or Hailstorms, cyclones, drought etc. 3. Provide information through scientist about reclamation of saline soils and govt. providing required fertilizers to reclaim it. B. Manures and Fertilizers suggestions: Freque ncy (n=120) Percentage 105 87.50 120 100.00 96 80.00 1. Availability of Good quality of FYM. 101 84.17 2. State govt. should giving subsidies on Manures, Fertilizers and Biofertilizers for availability to farmers at minimum price. 112 93.33 3. Chemical fertilizers should be made available in time with minimum price. 4. Provide information about balanced use of manures and chemical fertilizers. C. Irrigation water Suggestions: 107 89.17 108 90.00

102 1. Availability of water during summer 76 63.33 through tankers at lowers rate. 2. Increasing percentage of subsidies on drip Irrigation system for grape growers. 108 90.00 D. Insecticides and Fungicides Suggestions: 1. Pesticides may be made available in time 101 84.17 with minimum price. 2. Provide time to time information of disease and pest control. 99 82.50 E. Technical suggestions: 1. Provide complete information related to 84 70.00 plant protection of grape orchard. 2. Giving complete information starting 109 90.83 from planting up to harvesting about fertilizer management 3. Provide information about right time use of growth regulators. 32 76.66 F. Financial Suggestions: 1. Credit should be provided in time with 100 83.33 lower rate of interest by different financial institutions. 2. Provide per hector financial help to grape growers for grape orchard management through different govt. schemes for grape crops. 88 73.33 G. Marketing Suggestions: 1. Govt. giving a better market price to 98 81.66 grape crop. 2. Providing complete information about 79 65.83 norms and rules for export of grapes. 3. Govt. should declare the minimum 104 86.66 support price for grape crop. 4. Grape growers association put forward 101 84.16 for selling of grapes. 5. Efforts made by govt. for complete 120 100.00 destruction of middlemen s. 6. Providing current market prices of grapes at different markets (national and international). 100 83.33 H. Labour Suggestions: 1. To give new machineries and 77 64.16

103 technologies for harvesting of grape crop. 2. Importance of skill should be given to labors by conducting through different training programmes. I. Other suggestions: 1. To give easy process and rules for registration of fruit crop insurance scheme. 2. To give new strategies for minimizing post harvest losses of grapes. 3. Information may be given on improved varieties of grapes. 4. To give information about making processed products from grapes. 5. Conducting group discussion in between grape growers and Scientist for how to increase the production and quality of grape crop. 6. To give information about how to control the physiological disorder. 7. To spread awareness about benefits about contract farming. 8. To give right financial help from government as nearly equal to loss occurred from natural calamities i.e. Heavy wind, heavy rainfall, hailstorm and droughts etc. 106 88.33 93 77.50 102 85.00 111 92.50 101 84.17 110 91.66 82 62.33 107 89.16 120 100.00 Suggestions were invited from the respondents to overcome the constraints faced by them in adoption of banana production technology. All suggestions were made by the respondents as shown in the Table 23. The respondents made number of suggestions to overcome the constraints faced by them such as, weather and soil suggestions. In case of weather and soil suggestions large majority of the respondents (87.50%), and (100%) were expressed soil testing facility should be provided at near about

104 location, govt. should announced forecast about upcoming natural calamities through Satellite i.e. heavy rainfall or hailstorms, cyclones, drought etc. and (80.00%) of respondents suggestions about provide information through scientist about reclamation of saline soils and govt. providing required fertilizers to reclaim it. While studying the suggestions in adoption behaviour of grape growers manures and fertilizer application of grape were observed an one of the suggestion, availability of good quality of FYM (84.17%) and state govt. should giving subsidies on manures, fertilizers and biofertilizers for availability to farmers at minimum price (93.33%), Chemical fertilizers should be made available in time with minimum price (89.17%), Provide information about balanced use of manures and chemical fertilizers (90.00%). With regards to irrigation suggestions, majority of the respondents (63.33%) and (90.00%) expressed suggestions as, availability of water during summer through tankers at lowers rate, increasing percentage of subsidies on drip irrigation system for grape growers, respectively. In connection with insecticides and fungicides suggestions, proportion of the respondents (84.17%), and (82.50%), were giving suggestions pesticides may be made available in time with minimum price, provide time to time information of disease and pest control, respectively. As concerned to technical suggestions 70.00 per cent, 90.83 per cent and 76.66 per cent of respondents were obtaining suggestions as, provide complete information related to plant protection of grape orchard. giving complete

105 information starting from planting up to harvesting about fertilizer management, and provide information about right time use of growth regulators respectively. As far as financial suggestions is concerned, majority of the respondents (83.33%) were suggested that, credit should be provided in time with lower rate of interest by different financial institutions and provide per hector financial help to grape growers for grape orchard management through different govt. schemes for grape crops. Whereas, 78.33 per cent of the respondents were giving suggestions of provide per hector financial help to grape growers for grape orchard management through different govt. schemes for grape crops. As regards the suggestions of marketing of grapes, the most occurring suggestion were govt. giving a better market price to grape crop (81.66%), providing complete information about norms and rules for export of grapes (65.83%), govt. should declare the minimum support price for grape crop (86.66%), grape growers association put forward for selling of grapes (84.16%), efforts made by govt. for complete destruction of middlemen s (100.00%) and providing current market prices of grapes at different markets (83.33%) were the suggestions obtained by the grape growers. In connection to the labour suggestions, great majority of respondents were reported main suggestions such as to give new machineries and technologies for harvesting of grape crop (64.16%), and importance of skill should be given to labors by conducting through different training programmes (88.33%) obtained by the respondents at the time of grape cultivation.

106 As far as related to the other suggestions made by the grape growers, reported that majority of respondents were giving suggestions such as giving easy process and rules for registration of fruit crop insurance scheme (70.55%), give new strategies for minimizing post harvest losses of grapes (85.00%), information may be given on improved varieties of grapes (92.50%), giving information about making processed products from grapes (84.17%), conducting group discussion in between grape growers and Scientist for how to increase the production and quality of grape crop (91.66%), give information about how to control the physiological disorder (62.33%), spread awareness about benefits about contract farming (89.16%) and to give right financial help from government as nearly equal to loss occurred from natural calamities i.e. Heavy wind, heavy rainfall, hailstorm and droughts etc. (100%).

107 5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The present study Adoption behaviour of Grape Growers in Sangli district was conducted in Tasgaon, Khanapur (vita) and Miraj Tahsils of Sangli district. The study was planned to investigate the adoption behaviour of recommended cultivation practices by grape growers. It was also thought to be worthwhile to ascertain the constraints faced by the grape growers behind existence of adoption gap in recommended technologies for grape. This chapter deals with the summary of the findings of the study and their implications for the future line of action and research. India produces variety of fruit crops on large acreage. Now a day s farming with grape is not only limited to produce grape and sold directly to the market. It helps farmers to build other businesses where this used as raw material. There are many products which produced from grape like raisin, grape juice, squash, syrup, jam, jelly vinegar, wine, pickles etc. Now, it is accepted that immediate need exists to increase grape production. Government has, therefore, rightly given the priority to research and extension works in fruit crops. Among the fruit crops, grape occupies important position in the world as well as in India. Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri has evolved improved varieties as well as package of practices for this important fruit crop. Even though the area under this fruit crop is increasing proportionally the productivity is low.

108 This might be gap between the knowledge already attained and their application in the field is still quite large. And hence, there is wide scope for increasing grape production per unit of area. However, a majority of the grape growers do not know and adopt the recommended grape production technology to the fullest extent. It indicated that the grape growers might be facing certain problems in cultivation of the crop. The present study was attempted in this direction. The present research was planned with following objectives: Objectives of the study The present study was therefore undertaken with the following specific objectives. 1. To study the personal, social-economic, situational, communication and psychological characteristics of grape growers. 2. To study the adoption behaviour of grape growers in respect of their knowledge and adoption of improved cultivation practices of grape. 3. To find out the relationship between selected characteristics of grape growers with their adoption behaviour. 4. To find out the constraints faced by the grape growers in adoption of improved cultivation practices of grape. 5. To obtain the suggestions made by the grape growers to overcome the constraints faced by them. With the help of above objectives a hypothesis was formulated that there exists a relationship between the

109 selected characteristics of the grape growers with their adoption behaviour and it was tested in this study. The methodological procedure consists of measurement of extent of adoption behaviour as dependent variable and selected characteristics of grape growers as independent variables, selection of research site, villages and respondents. For the analysis of data statistical measures such as frequency, percentage, mean, S.D., coefficient of correlation and multiple regression were used. Null hypothesis set for the study was tested for its acceptance or rejection. The data was collected with the help of interview schedule, which was presented before using it for collecting the data. The data were collected from 120 respondents. The data are presented and discussed by using the frequencies and percentages. The Karl Pearson s coefficient of correlation (r) was computed and also multiple regression was computed to find out the relationship between the selected characteristics of the grape growers with their level of adoption behaviour of grape cultivation technology as a dependent variable. The characteristics of the respondents includes namely age, education, land holding, size of orchard, annual income, experience in grape cultivation, sources of information, innovativeness, social participation, economic motivation, risk preference and scientific orientation were studied as an independent variables. Whereas, adoption behaviour as dependent variable was studied by considering, knowledge and adoption of the grape growers about grape cultivation practices.

110 5.1 Summary: The salient findings of the study are summarized in succeeding paragraphs. 5.1.1 Distributional analysis: 5.1.1.1 Characteristics of respondents: 1. Near about half of the grape respondents (44.17%) were included in the middle age group of 36 to 50 years. 2. Near about half of the grape (44.17%) of the respondents were educated upto secondary school level i.e. 5 th to 10 th Std. 3. Relatively higher proportion of the respondents (49.17%) belonged to category of small land holding ranging from 1.01 to 2.00 ha. 4. Large majority of the respondents (86.67%) had a small grape orchard having size from 0.17 to 1.07 ha. 5. Large majority of the respondents (91.67%) were belonged to have medium annual income ranging from - 12,25,601 to -16,95,500. 6. More than half of the respondents (56.67%) had experience of 6 to 15 years in grape cultivation. 7. A majority of the respondents (65.00%) were having medium level of sources of information. 8. A majority of the respondents (69.17%) was included in the category of medium innovativeness level. 9. A majority of the respondents (71.67%) had belonged to medium category of social participation. 10. A majority of the respondents (72.50%) had medium level of economic motivation.

111 11. Near about half of the respondents (48.33%) were observed under medium level of risk preference category. 12. A majority of the respondents (63.33%) were having medium level of scientific orientation. 13. A majority (70.83%) of grape growers had high level of knowledge of recommended grape cultivation practices. 14. A Majority (64.17%) of grape growers had medium level of adoption recommended grape cultivation practices. 15. A majority (66.67%) of grape growers had medium level of adoption behaviour about recommended grape cultivation practices. 5.1.2 Adoption behaviour of grape growers: Adoption behaviour of grape growers were calculated on the basis of knowledge and adoption of grape growers about recommended grape cultivation practices. The more than two third (66.67%) of respondents were observed under medium level of adoption behaviour of recommended grape cultivation practices, followed by (19.66%) of respondents who were observed in high level of adoption behaviour. Considerably higher percentage of respondents with respect to knowledge of grape cultivation practices were medium (70.83%) and adoption were medium level (64.17%) which reflected in medium adoption behaviour category. 5.1.3 Constraints faced by grape growers in adoption of improved cultivation practices of grape: The grape growers might be facing varieties of problems while adopting improved, grape cultivation practices, the data from the Table 22 observed that, main reason for

112 adoption behaviour at some extent and less production in studied area that, soil and climate constraints. In case of soil and climate constraints large majority of the respondents (74.16%), (100%) and (51.67%) were expressed Soil testing facility is not available, erratic-untimely and uneven distribution of rainfall and hailstorm and number of respondents faced problems of saline soil. As regards problems in manures and fertilizer practices (56.66%), unavailability of good quality of FYM and problem of high cost of FYM (80.83%), inadequate and timely availability of fertilizers (68.33%), high cost of inorganic fertilizers and micronutrients (62.50%) and does not having information about balance use of manures and fertilizers (60.00%) Whereas (88.00%) and (71.67%) expressed constraints as, shortage of irrigation water during summer season and high cost of drip Irrigation system respectively The main reasons for medium adoption behaviour in plant protection operation expressed (38.33%), (62.50%), (43.33%) and (58.33%) were observed in facing problems in identification of disease and pest affected samples, problems of high cost of pesticides and fungicides, conflicts in selecting pesticide and fungicide and problems in availability of required insecticides and fungicides in time respectively. As concerned to technical problems 48.33 per cent, 44.17 per cent and 34.17 per cent of respondents were encountered constraints as, incomplete knowledge about plant protection. lack of knowledge about fertilizer management and about use of different plant growth regulators, respectively. As far as financial constraints is concerned, majority of the respondents

113 (79.17%) and (58.33%) were expressed, inadequate sources of finance and unavailability of money in time respectively. Whereas, 78.33 per cent of the respondents were facing problem of high cost require for grape vine yard management. In connection to the labour constraints, large majority of respondents were reported main reason such as (86.67%) nonavailability of skilled labours at the time of pruning, thinning and dipping of grape bunches in growth regulator, (95.83%) high wages of labours and (80.00%) unavailability of labours at the time of intercultural operations reported by the respondents at the time of grape cultivation, were affected on adoption behaviour of grape growers. 5.1.4 Suggestions made by the farmers to overcome Constraints: It is observed as regard to weather and soil Suggestions were (87.50%) soil testing facilities should be provided at near about location, (100%) govt. should announced forecast about upcoming natural calamities through Satellite i.e. heavy rainfall or hailstorms, cyclones, drought etc., (80%) provide information through scientist about reclamation of saline soils and govt. providing required fertilizers to reclaim it. Were as suggestions about (84.17%) availability of Good quality of FYM, (93.33%) state govt. should giving subsidies on manures, fertilizers and biofertilizers for availability to farmers at minimum price, (89.17%) chemical fertilizers should be made available in time with minimum price, (90.00%) provide information about balanced use of manures and chemical fertilizers. As far as irrigation water suggestions is concerned, (63.33%) availability of water during

114 summer through tankers at lowers rate, (90.00%) increasing percentage of subsidies on drip irrigation system for grape growers. As concerned to suggestions about plant protection measures were (84.17%) pesticides may be made available in time with minimum price, (82.50%) provide time to time information of disease and pest control. In connection to the technical suggestions were as (70.00%) provide complete information related to plant protection of grape orchard, (90.83%) giving complete information starting from planting up to harvesting about fertilizer management, (76.66%) provide information about right time use of growth regulators. With regards to financial suggestions, (83.33%) credit should be provided in time with lower rate of interest by different financial institutions, (73.33%) provide per hector financial help to grape growers for grape orchard management through different govt. schemes for grape crops. As far as the suggestions of marketing of grapes, the most occurring suggestion were (81.66%) govt. giving a better market price to grape crop, (65.83%) providing complete information about norms and rules for export of grapes, (86.66%) govt. should declare the minimum support price for grape crop, (84.16%) grape growers association put forward for selling of grapes, (100.00%) efforts made by govt. for complete destruction of middlemen s and providing current market prices of grapes at different markets (83.33%). Whereas the suggestions obtained by the grape growers. In connection to the labour suggestions, great majority (64.16%) of respondents were reported main suggestions such as to give new machineries and technologies for harvesting of grape crop, and (88.33%) importance of skill

115 should be given to labors by conducting through different training programmes obtained by the respondents at the time of grape cultivation. As far as related to the other suggestions made by the grape growers, reported that majority of respondents were giving suggestions such as (70.55%) giving easy process and rules for registration of fruit crop insurance scheme, (85.00%) give new strategies for minimizing post harvest losses of grapes, (92.50%) information may be given on improved varieties of grapes, (84.17%) giving information about making processed products from grapes, (91.66%) conducting group discussion in between grape growers and Scientist for how to increase the production and quality of grape crop, (62.33%) give information about how to control the physiological disorder, (89.16%) spread awareness about benefits about contract farming and (100%) to give right financial help from government as nearly equal to loss occurred from natural calamities i.e. Heavy wind, heavy rainfall, hailstorm and droughts etc. 5.2 Conclusions: 5.2.1 Relational analysis: 5.2.1.1 Adoption behaviour: The selected characteristics of grape grower s viz., age, land holding, size of orchard, annual income innovativeness and risk preference were significantly correlated with the adoption behaviour at 0.05 level of probability. As regards adoption behaviour the variables namely, education, experience in grape cultivation, source of

116 information, Social participation, economic motivation and scientific orientation was positively and significantly correlated with adoption behaviour at 0.01 level of probability. The selected variables under study, jointly explain a significant amount of variation to the extent of 52.44 per cent in adoption behaviour of grape growers in grape cultivation. 5.3 IMPLICATIONS: 1. The adoption behaviour of grape growers about improved cultivation practices were studied in terms of knowledge and adoption of grape growers. The findings in this regard revealed that majority of the grape growers (66.67%) were observed in medium level of adoption behavior. In case of knowledge large majority (70.83%) were in medium level and adoption of recommended practices of grape were observed in medium level by majority (64.17%) of the respondents. From these findings it may be concluded that, though the grape growers were having high knowledge level, but the adoption behaviour was observed in medium level. This may be due to the constraints like high wages of labour, non availability of timely labours, fluctuation in market, inadequate sources of finance and low rainfall or irrigation facilities etc. This tends to implied that farmers should have to plan about the availability of labours. Secondly, government should provide loan facilities particularly to grape growers at low interest rate so that more numbers of farmers can be motivated towards grape cultivation.

117 In case of fluctuation in market rate, government should provides remunerative price to get more profit to the grape growers which may helps to develop the further interest of grape growers in grape cultivation. To overcome the constraints of irrigation facilities of the grape growers, government should provide farm ponds which may also helps to recharge their bore/wells, instead of irrigation through farm ponds. 2. In present study, it was further observed that, problems during grape cultivation, namely, erratic, untimely and uneven distribution of rainfall and hailstorm (100%), does not having information about timely and balance use of manures and fertilizers (80.33%), shortage of irrigation water during summer (88.33%), problems in identification of disease and pest affected sample (38.33%), incomplete knowledge about plant protection (48.33%), inadequate sources of finance (79.17%), more extent of cheating by middlemen s (94.17%), high wages of labour (95.83%), and getting less financial help from government as compared to loss occurred from natural calamity (100%) were observed as constraints by given proportion of the respondents which affected on medium level of adoption behaviour in cultivation of grapes. Therefore, it is implied that, personnel of National Horticulture Mission, private consultancy, NGO s and department of agriculture should organize awareness programmes about importance of these practices to get more yield of grapes.

118 3. In present study, it was observed that, there was no guarantee of payment received from merchants. Therefore, it could be implied that, there should be agreement between growers and merchants about recovery of payment. 4. In present study, majority of grape growers faced the problem regarding availability of few no. of cold store houses. Due to this, grape growers have to enforcedly sell their product in market at low price also. Hence for solving this government should launch a special scheme that provide a loan to grape growers or their cooperative body to build pre cooling and cold storage houses at their local places. 5. In present study, unavailability of chemical fertilizer and pesticide in a time is major problem that faced by the grape growers. All we knew and farmers experience said, these problems are majority emerged due to speculation and hedging in market so, government should make strict rules and market policies to minimize this kinds of problems. Grape growers have to purchase fertilizers and pesticides in slack season as possible as or as per the market condition. 6. In present study, government functionaries should be declare the subsidy to facilate the grape growers in purchase high cost fundamental inputs. 7. In present study, Agricultural extension workers should organize training more training programmes for encouraging grape growers to adopt improved banana production technology.

119 8. In present study, it is observed that majority of grape growers have no knowledge about making different products from grape. This problem can be solved through State Agricultural Universities should take initiatives by conducting training programmes, workshops, krishi melava etc. at production centre. 9. In present study, majority of grape growers faced the constraints that no benefit from fruit crop loan scheme and fruit crop insurance scheme, hence government should investigate this and find why they do not got some grape growers benefit from these schemes. In present study, it is observed that those grape growers who faced these problems, majority of them were unaware about these schemes. So, government should wide publicity by conducting at local level through mass media. Research implications : The implication emerged from the present study suggest some measures for future research as follows, The study was conducted in sample villages of only three tahsil of Sangli district in western Maharashtra region with restricted sample size. Therefore, generalization based on this study alone will not be meaningful. It is therefore implicated that such study may be extended to other similar areas like Tasgaon, Khanapur (vita) and Miraj tahsils with sufficient sample size. Future research on this aspect is needed to analyze in detail focusing on market and financial problem of grape growers.

120 The grape growers have expressed number of difficulties in cultivation of grapes such as finance, market, and labour at the time of cultivation of grapes. Therefore, it needs to get opinions, by collecting information from finance (Banks), middlemen and agriculture labour etc. to solve such type of difficulties. Multi-location studies may be conducted on adoption behaviour of Grape growers, for generalization of findings on a wide range. This type of study can also be carried out in other horticultural crops where intensive cultivation practices are applicable. It will help to know the different levels of adoption behaviour in different horticultural crops. Research on Value added products should be under taken by the State Agriculture University to increase production. There is also a wide scope to study some more intrinsic and extrinsic factor that contributes to the adoption behavior of grape growers.

121 7. LITERATURE CITED Aglawe, D.D. 2012. Technological gap in turmeric production technology. M.Sc. (Agri.) (Unpub.), Thesis submitted to Dr.P.D.K.V, Akola. (MS). Angadi, J.G., S.L. Patil and Hanumanaikar 2007. Constraint in use of organic measure perceived by farmers of Tungabhadra command of Karnataka. National Seminar on Appropriate Extension Strategies for Management of Rural Resources, Nagpur 18-20 Dec. Angait, P.E. 2009. A study on recommended banana production technology practices followed by farmers in Jalgaon district. M.Sc. (Agri.) (Unpub.), Thesis submitted to MPKV, Rahuri. (MS). Anonymous. 2011. Indian Horticultural database-2011. Anonymous. 2012. www.mahaagri.gov.in Anonymous. 2012. District Socio-economic survey, pp.: (1-2, 17-19, 26, 171, 178-180). Anonymous. 2012. www.nhb.gov.in, pp.: (70-75). Anonymous. 2014. www.agriexchangeapeda.gov.in Bhosale, S.S. 2003. Knowledge and adoption of post harvest technology by the pomegranate growers in Sangola tahsil of Solapur districts. M.Sc. (Agri.), (Unpub.), Thesis submitted to M.P.K.V., Rahuri. Chavan, S.S. 2005. A study on adoption of recommended package of practices in grape cultivation by the growers in Sangli district of Maharashtra state M.Sc. (Agri.), (Unpub.), Thesis submitted to M.P.K.V., Rahuri.

122 Desai, G.R., J. Venkateswarai, S.V. Ramanrao, S. Kumaar and P.L. Manohari 2007. Performance of rainfed farming system in Mehboobnagar district of Andhra Pradesh Manage Extension Research Review PP.: 23:72-82. Dhakne, S.S. 2005. A study of knowledge and adoption of recommended grape production technology in Barshi tehsil of Solapur district, M.Sc. (Agri.), (Unpub.), Thesis submitted to M.P.K.V., Rahuri. English, H.B. and A. English. 1961. Comprehensive English dictionary of psychological and psycho-analytical terms. Longman Green and company, New York. Gangurde, V.R. 2003. Adoption of improved practices of banana cultivation. M.Sc. (Agri.), (Unpub.), Thesis submitted to Dr. P.D.K.V., Akola. Garje, P.S. 2010. Management aspects of grape marketing M.Sc. (Agri.), (Unpub.), Thesis submitted to M.P.K.V., Rahuri. (M.S.) Gavade, K.G. 2013. Adoption behaviour of grape Growers. M.Sc. (Agri.), (Unpub.), Thesis submitted to Dr. P.D.K.V., Akola. (M.S.) Gotyal, S.H. 2007, Backward and forward linkages of grape production in Karnataka. Ph.D. (Unpub.), Thesis submitted to Univ. Agric. Sci., Dharwad. Hinge, R.B. 2009. A study on diffusion and adoption of wine grape production technology in Maharashtra. M.Sc. (Agri.), (Unpub.), Thesis submitted to University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad.

123 Kadam, S.S., Thombre B.M. and Mande J.V. 2010. Technological gap in sugarcane,.j. Maharashtra agric. Univ.35 (3): pp.: (424-427). Karale, N.B. 2006. Resource management by the grape growers. M.Sc. (Agri.), (Unpub.), Thesis submitted to Dr. P.D.K.V., Akola. Kharade, D.P. 2003. Knowledge and adoption of post harvest technology by grape growers of Tasgaon tahsil of Sangli District. M.Sc. (Agri.), (Unpub.), Thesis submitted to M.P.K.V., Rahuri. (M.S.) Modak, S.J. and Sawant, P.A. 2004. Constraint faced by the farmer in production and marketing of minor fruits Asian Journal of Extension Education, XXII (20) PP.: 198-202. Mule, R.T. 2012. Profile and problems of sweet orange growers. M.Sc. (Agri.), (Unpub.), Thesis submitted to M.P.K.V., Rahuri. (M.S.) Patil, A.B., 2008, A study on constraints of grape exporting farmers of Maharashtra state. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Agric. Sci., Dharwad. Pimpale, B.N. 2010. Adoption of horticultural technology by the trained and untrained farmers in college development block, Pune. M.Sc. (Agri.), (unpub.), Thesis submitted to M.P.K.V., Rahuri. (M.S.) Raut, P.S. 2014. A study on banana production technology in Kolhapur district. M.Sc. (Agri.), (Unpub.), Thesis submitted to M.P.K.V., Rahuri. (M.S.) Reading, H.F. 1971. Simple dictionary of Social Sciences, New Delhi, Ambika publication.

124 Sorate, P.T. 2011. Technological gap in cultivation 0f grape in Buldhana district M.Sc. (Agri.), (Unpub.), Thesis submitted to Dr. P.D.K.V., Akola. Supe, S.V. 1969. Factors related to different degree of rationality in decision making among the farmers. Published Ph.D. Thesis division of Agril. Extn. IARI, New Delhi. Supe, S.V. and S.N. Singh. 1969. Dyanamics of rational behavior. New Heights, Delhi, PP.:61-62 Thakare, S.B. 2008. Adoption of recommended cultivation practices by Grape cultivation, M.Sc. (Agri.), (Unpub.), Thesis submitted to Dr.P.D.K.V., Akola. Umesh, R. Chinchmalatpure and V.V. Mayani 2006. Constraint and Suggestions expressed by project affected farmers in adoption of Modern Agriculture Technology, Manage Extension Research Review PP.: 7: 71-75.

125 7. APPENDIX Adoption behavior of grape growers in Sangli district ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Name of the Researcher : Mr. Suramwad Snehal Rajeshwarrao Name of the Research Guide : Prof. B.T. Kolgane ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PART-I 1. Name of Grape grower :... 2. Village :... Tahsil :... Dist. :.. 3. Age : Years. 4. Education : Std. 5. Land holding a. Irrigated land : Hectare. b. Rainfed land : Hectare. c. Total land possessed :. Hectare. 6. Area under Grape Orchard :... Hectare. 7. Annual income a) Farming (Agronomical crops) :.... b) Income from grape crop :. c) Income from other horticultural crop :. d) Income from Job :.. e) Income from subsidiary occupation :.. Total income (a + b + c + d + e) :..... 8. Experience in grape cultivation :..Years. 9. Are you getting benefit from fruit crops insurance scheme? - (Yes/No)

126 10. Sources of information: Sr. Source of information No. (A) Personal contact: 1 Neighbors 2 Friends 3 Relatives 4 Progressive farmers 5 Gram Sevak 6 Local leader 7 Krishi Sevak 8 Agril. Officer 9 Agril. Extension Officer 10 Agril. University Scientists 11 KVK subject specialist Scientists 12 Gram Panchayat Members (B) Group contact: 1 Progressive farmers group 2 Farmers Tour 3 Demonstration 4 Group Discussion 5 Training (C) Mass media contact: 1 Radio 2 Agriculture University literature (Magazine / Publications) 3 Television 4 Newspaper 5 Farmers Scientist Forum 6 Grape growers Association 7 Agril. Exhibition 8 Internet 9 KVK 10 KCC Always (2) Sometimes (1) Never (0)

127 11. Innovativeness: (Singh, 1972) Sr. Statement A UD DA No. 1 I feel restless try out new farm practices, I have heard about. 2 They talk of many new practices these days but who knows they are better than old practices. 3 After all, our forefathers were wise in their farming practices and did not see any reason for changing these old practices. 4 Often new farm practices are not successful. However, if they are promising, I would like to adopt them. 5 From time to time I have heard of several new farm practices and have tried most of these in last few years. 6 Somehow, I believe that the traditional ways are the best. Statements 1, 4 and 5 are positive, and statements 2, 3 and 6 are negative. A = Agree UD = Undecided DA = Disagree 12. Social participation: Sr. No. Name of organization Position Since when Office Member bearer 1. Gram Panchayat 2. Panchayat Samiti 3. Zilla Parishad 4. District Co-operative Bank 5. APMC 6. Co-operative sugar factory 7. Co-operative dairy factory

128 8. Mahila Mandal 9. Yuvak Mandal 10. Educational institute 11. Bhajan Mandal 12. Krishi Vidnyan Mandal 13. Co-operative Society 14. Shetakari Sangh 15. Grape growers association 16. Farmer Scientist forum 17. Different social development co-operatives society. 10. Economic motivation: (Supe, 1969) Sr. Scientific orientation SA A UD DA SD No. 1 A farmer should work towards large yield & economic profit. 2 The most successful farmers in one who makes most profit. 3 A farmer should try new farming idea which may earn him more money. 4 A farmer should grow cash crops to increase monetary profit in comparison to growing of food crops for home consumption. 5 It is difficult for farmers children to make good start unless the provides then with economic assistance. 6 A farmer must earn his living but the most important thing in life cannot be defined in economic terms. SA = strongly agree A = Agree UD = Undecided DA = Disagree SD = strongly disagree.

129 11. Risk Preference: (Supe, 1969) Sr. Statement No. SA A UD DA SD 1) A farmers should grow large number of crops avoid greater risk involved in growing one or two crops. 2) A farmers should rather take more of chances in making a big profit than to content with a smaller but less risky profit. 3) A farmer who is willing to take greater risk than the average farmers usually does better financially. 4) It is good for a farmer to take risk when he knows his chance of success is fairly high. 5) It is better for a farmer not to try new farming method unless most other farmers have used then with success. 6) Trying an entirely new method in farming by farmer involves risk but it is worth luring. SA = Strongly agree A = Agree UD = Undecided DA = Disagree SD = Strongly disagree 12. Scientific orientation: (Supe, 1969) Sr. No. Statement SA A UD DA SD 1) New methods of farming give better result to a farmer than the old method. 2) The way a farmer forefathers farmed is still the best way to farm today. 3) Even a farmer with lots of experience should use new method of farming. 4) Though it takes time for the farmer to learn new method in farming, it is worth the efforts.

130 5) A good farmer experiments with new ideas in farming. 6) Traditional method of farming having to be changed in order to raise the level of living of a farmer. PART II Knowledge and Adoption of grape about cultivation practices of grape crop: Sr. No Recommended Practice A) Climate and soil: 1. Soil typewell drained, light to Medium, Ca content not more than 8%, EC not less than 2 dsm -1. 2. ph of soil- 6.1-7.5 3. Climate- (Hot and dry, temp. 25-35 o c, rainfall- < 600 mm) B) Primary tillage: 4. 2 Ploughing and 2-3 Harrowing. C) Varieties: 5. 1.Thomson Seedless 2.Tas-A-Ganesh 3.Sonaka 4.Manik Chaman 5.Sharad Seedless 6. Clame Seedless 7. Red globe D) Propagation and Rootstocks: 6. Rootstock is recommended by MPKV University - (Dogridge) 7. Selection of cuttings Medium sized, Strengthen, Healthy & more production in diseased condition 8. Size of cuttings-15 to 20 cm comp lete Knowledge Part ial Nev er Adoption comp lete Part ial Nev er

131 9. For increasing rooting of cutting- Soaked or dipped cuttings in 1000 ppm solution of IBA for 10 minutes. E. Planting: 10. Size of pit-0.60 x 0.60 x 0.60 m 11. Planting season of grape - Jun-July, -Dec-Jan. 12. Planting direction- (south-north) 13. Planting time of Dogridge Dec-Jan 14. Methods of planting- -Own roots planting -Rooted cuttings (Dogridge) 15. Which Treatment on cuttings before planting for increasing production and quality? - Overnight cuttings are dipped in IBA-500 ppm solution for good growth of rooting of cutting. Before planting, cuttings are soaked in 2000 ppm solution of IBA for 10 seconds. F. Spacing: 16. What is recommended spacing for grape crop? - 3 x 1.5 m (Number of grape vines /ha.: 2,222) G. Training: 17. What are you doing for increasing both quality and production of grapes? - Training, Pruning, Plant protection, Irrigation management. 18. Which methods of trailing are to be used for climbing of grape vine? - (T method, overhead method, Mandup method) 19. Are you drenching malathion 5% 20 gm/vine after digging

132 out near about each stem of grape vine? - (Yes/No) 20. Which type of recommended training systems in grape crop? - (Head, Kniffin, V, Telephone, Expanded Y & Gable systems) H. Pruning: 21. Which is suitable time for pruning in grape crop? - (April, October pruning) 22. At the time of pruning eye bunds should left on cuttings depends on the variety of grape? -(Yes/No) 23. How to manage pruned leaves and branches after April and October pruning? - (Not put unwanted braches & leaves on field bunds instead of that burning would be beneficial.) 24. Which chemical is used for sprouting new eye buds? (Ethrel, Thiourea and mixture of Bordo paste & Thiourea) 25. What should be sprayed after new sprouting on grape vine? - Neem extract 5% and Malathion 0.10% 26. Which treatment done on stems & sub canes just after pruning? - blitox 0.4% or Geru 3 kg or Bordo paste 10% + methomil 3 gm + Nuvan 3 ml + Sticker 1.5 ml/lit. 27. How do you manage grape vine? - No. of canes/grape vine: 35 to 40.

133 - No. of leaves/cane: 15 to 16. I. Manures & Fertilizers: 28. Cultivation of green manure crops before grapes-dhaincha, Tag (sunhemp) etc. 29. Are you producing organic grape production? (Yes/No) 30. Are you getting good price for organic grape production? (Yes/No) 31. Do you know about losses from use of high doses of chemical fertilizers and insecticides? -(Yes/No) 32. Fertilizer management- Chemical fertilizer: - Urea-306 kg per acre (344gm/vine) - Phosphorus 200 kg per acre (225gm/vine), - Potash 252 kg per acre (285gm/vine), Manures: 22.50 kg/vine 33. NPK Should applied in how many split doses? - April pruning-15, 30 and 45 DAP. - October pruning-15, 30 and 45 DAP. - At the time of berry matured K2O- 260 kg/acre. 34. Use of micronutrient- (Yes/No) 35. Which micronutrients are used? -Fe, Zn, Bo, Mn, Mg either any one or use of different chelated compounds. J. Irrigation: 36. How many irrigations required for grape crop? - After April pruning:

134 3 irrigations - After October pruning: 3 irrigations 37. Which irrigation methods were used? (Drip irrigation method, Micro irrigation method, In-line method) 38. Irrigation in heavy winter: - At night hours and burn the dried leaves or bad crude oil help for lower down of orchard/field temperature. 39. If temperature of grape orchard down to 10 o c then causes occurs - (Damages to Young leaves, fruit setting and bunches). 40. What is the Right time for Irrigation to grape crop? - (Just after pruning, After fertilizer application, before flowering, at the time of berry maturity). K. Intercrops: 41. Green gram, Groundnut, Black gram (Early in one and half year) and Tag (sun hemp) for green manures purpose. L. Mulching: 42. Which material is used for mulching? -Sugarcane trashes or Rice straw or Black polythene or leaves & straw (Early in the summer Season). M. Weed control: 43. Weedicide used before grape planting: (Glyphosate @ 2 lit/ha, Paraquate @ 7.5 lit/ha) 44. Which method is used for weed control? - (manual or chemical)

N. Use of growth regulator: 45. Are you Using the growth regulator? - (Yes/No) 46. Which growth regulator used for dipping or spraying? -(GA, HCN, NAA, IBA, CCC) 47. What are the beneficial effects from use of GA? -Weight of bunches increased near about twice. -Increasing length of plant tissues 48. Use of growth regulators at what concentration and at which stages of grape crop? -Before flowering: 10-20 ppm (GA), -After 25% fruit setting: bunches dipped in 20 ppm, -After 75% fruit setting bunches dipped in 40 ppm, -After complete fruit setting: spraying of 40 ppm. O. Girdling: 49. Which are the imp. things for good quality of grape production? -Girdling, Thinning, Use of growth regulator at right time and at right concentration. 50. Do you know about Girdling? - Yes (As size of bajra grain)/no 51. What are the benefits from girdling? -Increase fruit setting, -Increase berry size, -Increase sweetness of berries -Attractive color to berries. -Uniform maturity of berries P. Thinning: 52. Do you follow thinning? Yes/No 53. When thinning should be 135

136 done? - At the time of More than 1 bunch/square foot or more than 24 bunches/grape vine Q. Plant protection: (Pest management) 54. i) Thripes: Thiomethoxam 25WG 3gm or Spinosad 45% SP 3 ml or Fipronil 5% SP 15 ml out of any one insecticide or 2 sprayings at 15 days interval. ii) Mealy bug: Verticilium laccani (phule bugeeside) 5 gm +5 ml milk/lit. done 2 to 3 spraying at an interval of 10 to12 days. iii) Mites: Dimethoate 30% @ 10 ml or calshane 40% @ 7.5 ml/10 lit. of water. iv) Beetles: After pruning malathion, phosphamidon or methyl dematon any one of them 2 to 3 sprayings at morning and evening time. 55. Disease Management: i) Powdery mildew: sulpher 80% PM @ 20gm or Danocap @ 5 ml/10 lit or Penconazole @ 5 ml/10 lit of water for spraying or bunches dipped in carathen 0.05 per cent. ii) Downy mildew: Metalaxyl-Mancozeb (0.2%) or Cymoczanil-Mancozeb (0.2%) or Finomidon-Mancozeb (0.25%) or Azoczee-strawbeen (200 ml/acre) or crisokjheem Methyl (250 ml/acre) or Pyraklyastrowbeen +

Meteeryam (1.75 gm/lit) 5 spraying of this fungicide at 12 days interval. iii) Anthracnose: Kept field clean, remove diseased parts before rains. - Spraying after April pruning 5:5:50 concentration of bordo mixture and 2-3 sprays in rainy season. - spraying after October pruning of 1:1:50 concentrat on of bordo mixture. - spraying after 2 weeks of 2:2:50 concentration of bordo mixture - spraying of bordo mixture at 2:2:50 concentration when new sprouting growth length is of 15 to 20 cm. 56. Plantation of windbreak plants around the grape orchard? - Yes (Tree of Drumstick)/No. R. Harvesting and yield: 57. Right time of Harvesting - Feb-March 58. How much hand refractometer reading required for grape harvesting? (From 18 to 22 Brix). 59. Yield of Grapes: 20 to 25 tonnes. S. Post harvest management: 60. Do you know about by products of grapes? (Yes/No) 61. Have you made byproducts from grapes? - (Resins, wine, Juice, Jam, Jelly etc.). 62. Is their availability of cold storage facilities for grapes: (Yes/No) 63. Temperature required in cold storage: 0 to 1 o C. 137

64. Humidity at the time of storage in cold storage: 90 to 95 per cent. 65. Storage period: Up to 8 to 10 days in cold storage. 66. Have you getting good prices by the help of grape growers association? - (Yes/No). T. Physiological disorders: 67. Do you know about Physiological disorders and their control? 68. How to control Physiological disorders? 1) Sterility: - i) Lightly tillage at regular interval, ii) sometimes more sprouting done but do not flowering seen so remove such sterility parts of vines, 2) Mummification: i) Fertilizer and irrigation should be given at right time. ii) Uniform production of grape at every year. iii) Pluck the tip and thinning should be done. iv) Promoting more growth of leaves on every grape vines. 3) Short berries: GA should be used for good growth of bunches but some missing in spraying then percentage of short berries are increased. U. Marketing: 69. Which sizes of grapes more likes/demands by consumer? (Big sized or Capsules). 70. How to send harvested grapes to market? i) Small, disordered berries cut 138

by knife, after clean bunches then grading of bunches. ii) Small and big bunches put in boxes. iii) Box dimensions 45x23.5x10 cm sized wooden or cart board boxes. iv) Put dried grass in bottom of boxes then after put paper on it for packing of bunches then spreading of colored paper and lastly put dried grass. 71. Have you any information about grape export? -(Yes/No) 72. Are you export grapes? - (Yes/No). 73. Can you follows the maximum permissible limits of chemicals before spraying? - (Yes/No). 74. Marketing management: I) Selling- (Bulky/Retailer). II) Marketing- (locally/within country/international). III) Selling through which intermediatories? (Middlemen/Grape growers association). IV) What are the norms for export of grapes? Length of berries -18 to 20 mm, - No. of berries/bunch- 100 to 150. -Avoid the chemical containing the mercury. 75. Have you getting good prices by the help of grape growers association? - (Yes/No). 139

140 PART III Constraints faced by the grape growers: Sr. Constraints No. A. Weather and soil constraints: 1. Unavailability of Soil testing 2. Erratic, untimely, uneven distribution of rainfall and Hailstorm. 3. Facing problems of Saline soil B. Manures and Fertilizers constraints: 1. Unavailability of Good quality of FYM. 2. High cost of FYM. 3. Inadequate and timely unavailability of fertilizers 4. High cost of biofertilizers and Micronutrients. 5. Do not having information about balance use of Manures and Fertilizers. C. Irrigation water constraints: 1. Shortage of irrigation water during summer 2. High cost of drip Irrigation system. D. Insecticides and Fungicides constraints: 1. Problems in identification of disease and pest affected sample 2. High cost of insecticides and fungicides. 3. Conflict while selecting pesticides and fungicides. 4. Unavailability of required insecticides in time. E. Technical constraints: 1. Incomplete knowledge about plant protection. 2. Lack of knowledge about fertilizer management. 3. Lack of knowledge about use of different plant growth regulators i.e. GA,CCC,HCN etc. F. Financial constraints: 1. Inadequate sources of finance. 2. Unavailability of money in time. 3. High cost require for grape vine yard management. G. Marketing constraints: 1 Low prices of grapes. 2 Fluctuation in market rates. 3 Late auction sale of raisins in the market. 4 No guarantee of payment received from merchants. 5 Lack of assured market. Yes No

141 6 More extent of cheating by middlemen. 7 Lack of information about norms and rules of export of grapes. H. Labour constraints: 1. Non-availability of skilled labours at the time of pruning, thinning and dipping of grape bunches in growth regulator. 2. High wages of labour. 3. Unavailability of Skillful labour for packing. I. Other constraints: 1. Time consuming Process for registration of member as beneficiaries from fruit crops insurance scheme. 2. Heavy loss during the post harvesting works. 3. Lack of knowledge about making products from grapes. 4. Unavailability of cold store houses. 5. High charges of transportation. 6. Lack of knowledge about grape export. 7. Lack of knowledge about contract farming grapes. 8. Getting less financial help from government as compared to loss occurred from natural calamity. PART IV Suggestions made by the grape growers to overcome the problems/constraints: Sr. Suggestions No. A. Weather and soil Suggestions: 1. Soil testing facilities should be provided at near about location. 2. Govt. should announced about upcoming natural calamities through Satellite i.e. Heavy rainfall or Hailstorms, cyclones, drought etc. 3. Provide information through scientist about reclamation of saline soils and govt. providing required fertilizers to reclaim it. B. Manures and Fertilizers suggestions: 1. Availability of Good quality of FYM. 2. State govt. should giving subsidies on Manures, Fertilizers and Biofertilizers for availability to farmers at minimum price. 3. Chemical fertilizers should be made available in Yes No

time with minimum price. 4. Provide information about balanced use of manures and chemical fertilizers. C. Irrigation water Suggestions: 1. Availability of water during summer through tankers at lowers rate. 2. Increasing percentage of subsidies on drip Irrigation system for grape growers. D. Insecticides and Fungicides Suggestions: 1. Pesticides may be made available in time with minimum price. 2. Provide time to time information of disease and pest control. E. Technical suggestions: 1. Provide complete information related to plant protection of grapes. 2. Giving complete information starting from planting up to harvesting about fertilizer management 3. Provide information about right time use of growth regulators. F. Financial Suggestions: 1. Credit should be provided in time with lower rate of interest by different financial institutions. 2. Provide per hector financial help to grape growers for grape orchard management through different govt. schemes for grape crops. G. Marketing Suggestions: 1. Govt. giving a better market price to grape crop. 2. Providing complete information about norms and rules for export of grapes. 3. Govt. should declare the minimum support price for grape crop. 4. Grape growers association put forward for selling of grapes. 5. Efforts made by govt. for complete destruction of middlemen s. 6. Providing current market prices of grapes at different markets (national and international). H. Labour Suggestions: 1. To give new machineries and technologies for harvesting of grape crop. 2. Importance of skill should be given to labors by conducting through different training programmes. 142

I. Other suggestions: 1. To give easy process and rules for registration of fruit crop insurance scheme. 2. To give new strategies for minimizing post harvest losses of grapes. 3. Information may be given on improved varieties of grapes. 4. To give information about making processed products from grapes. 5. Conducting group discussion in between grape growers and Scientist for how to increase the production and quality of grape crop. 6. To give information about how to control the physiological disorder. 7. To spread awareness about benefits about contract farming. 8. To give right financial help from government as nearly equal to loss occurred from natural calamities i.e. Heavy wind, heavy rainfall, hailstorm and droughts etc. 143

144 8. VITA Mr.Suramwad Snehal Rajeshwarrao A candidate for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE (AGRICULTURE) In AGRICULTURE EXTENSION 2014 Title of Thesis Major field : Adoption behavior of grape growers in Sangli district : Agricultural Extension Biographical information : Personal : Born on 17 th August 1989. Son of Shri. Rajeshwarrao Dattatray Suramwad (Baba) and Sau. Kamal Rajeshwarrao Suramwad (Aai) Educational : Passed Secondary School Certificate Examination from Swami Pendse Guruji Vidyalaya, Dhanki, Tal. Umarkhed, Dist. Yavatmal in 2005. : Passed Higher Secondary school Certificate from Yeshwant Jr. College, Ahmadpur (Latur).

145 Tal. Ahmadpur, Dist. Latur in 2007. : Received Bachelor of Science (Agriculture) Degree from College of Agriculture,Akola under P.D.K.V., Akola in 2012. Address Achievements : At Post Dhanki, Ta. Umarkhed and Dist. Yavatmal-445207. Maharashtra. : N.C.C. B Certificate with A grade. N.C.C. C Certificate with A grade. N.S.S. Certificate. MS-CIT Certificate. E-mail id : snehalsuramwad@gmail.com

50 45 44.17 40 35 35.00 30 25 20 20.83 Percentage 15 10 5 0 Young Middle Old Fig: 2 - Distribution of farmers according to their Age 50 45 46.67 40 35 30 29.17 25 20 21.66 Percentage 15 10 5 0 2..50 0 Illiterate Primary Secondary Higher secondary College Fig: 3 - Distribution of farmers according to their Education

60 50 49.17 40 41.56 30 Percentage 20 10 0 Marginal 6.67 2.50 0 Small Semi-Medium Medium Big Fig: 4 - Distribution of farmers according to their land holding 100 90 86.67 80 70 60 50 40 Percentage 30 20 10 0 2.50 Small Medium 10.83 Large Fig: 5 - Distribution of farmers according to their Size of orchard

100 90 91.67 80 70 60 50 40 Percentage 30 20 10 0 0 Low Medium 8.83 High Fig: 6 - Distribution of farmers according to their Annual income 60 56.67 50 40 30 26.67 Percentage 20 16.66 10 0 Low Medium High Fig: 7 - Distribution of farmers according to their Experience in grape cultivation

70 65.00 60 50 40 30 Percentage 20 18.34 16.66 10 0 Low Medium High Fig: 8 - Distribution of farmers according to of information their Source 80 70 69.17 60 50 40 Percentage 30 20 10 20.00 10.83 0 Low Medium High Fig: 9 - Distribution of farmers according to their innovativeness

80 70 71.67 60 50 40 Percentage 30 20 10 19.17 9.16 0 Low Medium High Fig: 10 - Distribution of farmers according to their Social participation 80 70 72.50 60 50 40 30 20 20.83 Percentage 10 6.67 0 Low Medium High Fig: 11 - Distribution of farmers according to their Economic motivation

60 50 40 45.00 48.33 30 Percentage 20 10 6.67 0 Low Medium High Fig: 12 - Distribution of farmers according to their Risk preference 70 63.33 60 50 40 30 Percentage 20 21.67 15.00 10 0 Low Medium High Fig: 13 - Distribution of farmers according to their scientific orientation

80 70 70.83 60 50 40 30 Percentage 20 12.50 16.67 10 0 Low Medium High Fig: 14 - Distribution of farmers according to their knowledge 70 64.17 60 50 40 30 Percentage 20 16.67 19.16 10 0 Low Medium High Fig: 15 - Distribution of farmers according to their adoption

80 70 66.67 60 50 40 Percentage 30 20 14.17 19.66 10 0 Low Medium High Fig: 16 - Distribution of farmers according to their adoption behaviour

Selected tehsils Fig.1 Sangli District Map