Section 1
Nomads First inhabitants arrived about 22,000 years ago Nomadic moving from place to following a food source the Wooly Mammoth Provided Basic Needs -Food -Shelter -Clothing
Ice Age Ended around 12,000-10,000 years ago Stopped Nomadic lifestyle People began to settle in one place and farm, hunt and gather Main crop was Maize (corn) Led to the development of new technologies Pottery making Making of tools Weapons (hunting and defending) Natives adapted to their surroundings
Inhabited as early as 1700 B.C. Considered the First American Civilization Settlements included artisans and farmers, as well as religious specialists and rulers Their civilization mysteriously disappeared around 400 B.C.
Developed along Yucatan Peninsula Complex calendars Elaborate temples Not a unified people, often going to war Eventually settle down becoming a farming people Great Engineers
Built Tenochtitlan on what is present day Mexico City Conquered cities and cultures all around them Demanded tribute and sacrifices Dominant power for hundreds of years
Most likely the first Civilization in present day Alabama Established an extensive trade network throughout the eastern portion of the continent Most likely were wiped out by the diseases of the Conquistadors Remnants went on to form the Native American tribes of the region
Choctaw Indian word meaning... Clearers of the thicket First to come to present day Alabama came about 7000 B.C. Between 700-900 A.D. Mississippian Culture arrived 1540 Hernan de Soto arrived in Alabama
Cherokee: Largest Native American population of Alabama Chickasaw Choctaw Creek Red Towns: Warriors lived and trained here White Towns: Diplomats were here All were good farmers and hunters as well as exceptional craftsmen.
Section 2
Culture developed in response to their environment The west had many that adapted to the regions environment and weather In the Southwest the groups farmed corn because of the dry weather
Hunted, fished and farmed in the resource rich lands Deer provided food and clothing Slash and burn agriculture Lived in kinship groups, extended families- headed by the elder mother
Developed in response to their environments Housing Farming Food Men and Women roles- Division of labor Similar attitudes towards Religion, the land and family
Section 3
Trade routes were developed along the Sahara (Arabic word meaning Desert) Desert West Africa also has Rain Forest and Savannahs Niger River makes this region a popular trade area
Islam was founded in Arabia in 622 A.D. it quickly spread across the Middle East and N. Africa By the 1200 s Islam was the official religion of the West African Kingdoms A Muslim is one who practices Islam and their place of worship is a Mosque
In the 1400 s Portugal began to trade with West African Kingdoms, this was done by sea Soon they claimed two islands- See map p. 19- and began sugarcane plantations there. They realized they needed a labor force so began trading for slaves from the kingdoms prisoners of war. This would later be copied in the British colonies of North America Portugal had won the initial race of exploration
Control of the trade routes made West African Empires both wealthy and powerful Empires would rise and as the gold ran out they would collapse New Empires would come about as the mining for gold now became a way of life in West Africa Trade routes would then shift to accommodate new areas that had gold, guaranteeing the collapse of the former Empires Three of the most long lasting Empires was Songhai, Benin and Kongo
CHARACTERISTICS Education Religion Wealth Military Technology Music Art Trade
Slavery existed within African Society Prisoners of war Orphans Criminals Rejects of society Arabs and later Europeans traded for slaves to help harvest sugarcane Slaves in Africa could earn their freedom in a number of ways War Marriage Work or Value Colonization of the Americas will increase the need for slaves
Section 4
The Nuclear family was the most important in European society Dark Age Europe was quite different
THE CHURCH Will provide stability throughout Europe Threatened Excommunication Catholic Church grew tremendously in power Many of the people are illiterate
Called for by Pope Urban II in 1095 Purpose: To free Jerusalem from the Muslims Europe was practicing Feudalism as a form of government Kings, appointed by the Pope Nobles appointed by Kings Knights recruited by Nobles Lived in villages that surrounded a castle Peasants and Serfs worked for the Manor As a result of the Crusades there was an increased desire to explore!
THE WANT OF ITEMS FROM THE EAST Silk Spices Sugar Development of the Middle Class Society Provided more goods for Kings and Queens to tax THE MIDDLE MAN Both the Chinese and the Europeans used the Arabs as the middle man to trade through. As a result the Arabs were becoming very wealthy... And greedy Increased the demand of gold from Africa
MARTIN LUTHER Late 1400 s most of western Europe was Catholic 1517 Martin Luther published the 95 Theses Church was selling indulgences 1520 Luther is excommunicated Luther founded the Lutheran Church Influence of Calvin
Feudalism was on the decline Crusades and Trade Rise of towns and Merchant class Taxable for Kings and Queens revenue Military protected trade routes and roads Development of Four strong states in Europe Portugal Spain France England The Renaissance helped spur technology Astrolabe Compass Sextant Caravel
MONA LISA MAN
Began around 1350 A.D. A French word meaning rebirth A flourishing of arts, science, knowledge and technological advances Leonardo da Vinci is known as a Renaissance Man Started in Florence, Italy: Major trade hub Spread throughout Europe The Northern Renaissance in England produced great works such as Shakespeare Will end around 1600 A.D.
The printing press, 1452, will help spur the quest of knowledge that will ultimately lead to the Renaissance Era First book printed was the Bible
The Caravel- Taken from the Arabs The Compass- from the Chinese The Astrolabe The Sextant All necessary to perform open sea travel
1419: Prince Henry establishes a navigation school in Portugal 1420: Portugal begins mapping the West Africa coast 1488: Bartolommeo Dias reaches the southern tip of Africa- The Cape of Good Hope 1498: 4 ships under the leadership of Vasco de Gama reach India Columbus, sailing for Spain 1492
Section 5
Christopher Columbus Tried to get England and France to back his idea of sailing west to get to the East Indies Spain, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella will eventually agree as they are feeling pressure from Portugal s success August 3, 1492 Columbus and his three ships the Santa Maria, Pinta and Santa Clara (Nina) set sail for a new route to Asia October 12, 1492 land is sighted and they land in what probably is the Bahamas. Columbus called the natives Indians because he thought he had arrived in the Indies
World
Arrived in North America about 1000 A.D. Had ships capable of making trans oceanic voyages Ravaged much of Western Europe Discovered Iceland and Greenland Attempted to establish a permanent colony in North America but was defeated by the Native Americans Home-field advantage Outnumbered the Vikings
Taken from the interior of Africa by warring nations the captives were sold to European Slave traders Branded then boarded onto a ship Set out on about a 4 week journey across the Atlantic- Middle Passage
Section 5
Between 10-12 million African slaves will make the Middle passage An estimated 2 million die in route Those that are sick are thrown overboard Approximately 500,000 will come to the colonies
FROM AMERICAS Corn Potato Tobacco Chocolate Pineapple Blueberry Turkey Canoe FROM EUROPE/ASIA/AFRICA Coffee (Ethiopia) Oranges (China) Horse (Europe) Wheat Cows Rice Tea DISEASE (9-11 million)
Pope Alexander VI Established the Line of Demarcation Dividing the new lands and trade routes between the Catholic countries of Portugal and Spain Portugal kept the trade route to Asia and Spain got the Americas.
Columbus will be called back to Spain having never reached China He dies in 1504 not realizing he was responsible for discovering a whole New World Soon settlers from England will establish colonies in North America