Answer Keys History and Geography Daily Work

Answer Keys History and Geography Daily Work 0616-0616 Contents History and Geography Textbook... 3 History and Geography Lesson Manual... 9 History and Geography Activities...11

Answer Keys History and Geography Textbook Holt McDougal Note: The answers listed herein that follow a page number are from the textbook Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance ( Holt McDougal). Page 1 Explore the Art: they had the skill to make tools for drawing, they were interested in keeping records of animals for reasons we can only speculate about, they used this cave perhaps as a dwelling or place for holding rituals Page 3 Analyzing Visuals: 1 possible answers: The military was an important segment of society; perhaps warriors were honored; possibly soldier statues were buried with leaders for protection in the afterlife. 2 repair or reassemble them Page 5 You Try It!: 1 fossil part or imprint of something that was once alive; artifact object created and used by humans; the words immediately following artifact and fossil reveal their meaning 2 AD 3 3100 BC, 15 BCE, AD 3, AD 476, CE 1215, AD 2000 4 It happened about 1000 years after Jesus birth Page 7 Reading Check: Both study people and places of the past. Page 10 Analyzing Primary Sources: possible answers: captains, kings, saints, fanatics, traitors, rogues, villains, pathfinders, explorers, thinkers, creators, heroes, significant, admirable, matter, actors Reading Check: helps us understand the world today and make better decisions in the future; helps us know ourselves, others, and our world Page 11 Reading Check: Primary sources provide a firsthand account of an event, while secondary sources include information gathered by someone who did not witness the event. Section 1 Assessment: 1a the study of the past 1b how they lived and their knowledge, beliefs, customs, and values 1c possible answers: television broadcasts, newspapers, books, films, videos, CDs 2a possible answer: It teaches them about the experiences they have been through as a people and about the values they share. 2b possible answer: Studying history helps people keep from making the same mistakes that people made in the past. 3a a firsthand account of an event 3b It provided them with many more types of records. 3c possible answer: yes; shows a firsthand account of an event 4 fossils, artifacts, primary sources of information, secondary sources of information 5 Answers will vary, but should mention that archaeologists primarily study artifacts that people have left behind whereas historians gather information from sources including writings by witnesses to events. Page 13 Reading Check: physical geography and human geography Page 14 Studying Maps: 1 mountains, deserts, rivers, valley; Sierra Nevada 2 highland, marine, Mediterranean, semiarid, desert; possible answers: highland climate in the highest mountains, marine climate near coast, desert climate in Mojave Desert, semiarid in Central Valley Page 15 Analyzing Primary Sources: because it poses fascinating questions and affects so many other aspects of the world Studying Maps: 3 Los Angeles and San Francisco; Mediterranean 4 fewer major roads in the desert and mountains; more roads in population centers Reading Check: physical features such as mountains, forests, and rivers; human features such as religion or language Page 17 Reading Check: possible answers: Areas rich in resources thrived, access to rivers made trade possible, and events associated with physical geography have changed history. Section 2 Assessment: 1a the study of the Earth s physical and cultural features 1b what work people do, how they get their food, the homes they live in, religions they practice 2a Answers will vary but should display an understanding of the concept of a region. 2b possible answers: A map would show areas that have trees for shade, water for activities, or areas that might not be desirable for building a park, such as steep hills or swamps. 3a in areas rich in natural resources 3b Rivers could provide water and access to trade routes; flooding can destroy settlements or leave them open to invasion. 4 physical Earth s land and features; human people and the places where they live 5 physical geographer studies Earth s land and features; human geographer studies people and the places where they live 3

Page 19 Interpreting Maps: 1 It was a large city with many buildings and a large population, and therefore likely an important city. 2 Religion was important to the city s residents. Page 20 Practice and Apply the Skill: Answers will vary, but students should note that biases will influence the ways in which people interpret events in history. Thus, historians need to remain objective when they interpret events and try to view the events within the context of the period. Pages 21 22 Chapter 1 Review Reviewing Vocabulary, Terms and People: 1 F; archaeology 2 F; culture 3 T 4 F; history 5 T 6 T 7 T 8a study of the past; study of the past based on what people left behind; possible answer: Each field can help the other fill in the blanks in what they know. Comprehension and Critical Thinking: 8b possible answer: New information or net interpretations can lead historians to draw new conclusions. 8c possible answers: primary, because they are from eyewitnesses; secondary, because they draw from many sources, and even eyewitnesses are not completely reliable 9a physical, human; physical Landforms, climate, resources, and other aspects of physical geography affect where an how people live; human Culture affects how people make history. 9b Answers will vary, but students should make logical choices among physical features such as mountains and rivers and human factors such as language or ways of making a living. 9c possible answers: could affect ability to raise food, to transport goods to or from markets, to support a tourist industry, to help vulnerable people survive, and so on. Using the Internet: 10 Describing Artifacts: Students articles should: describe the artifact in detail include a chart that helps to organize your information include illustrations related to the article be written in a manner that will attract and keep the interest of readers of the school magazine include proper spelling, grammar, and punctuation Social Studies Skills: 11 an idea about someone or something based solely on opinion 12 A conviction is a strong belief; a bias is an opinion based only on beliefs. 13 so that they can accurately report the past and be open to new ideas; identify their own beliefs; avoid emotional language 14 Responses will vary. Social Studies Skills: 15 history, culture, artifacts, values, history or geography Reviewing Themes: 16 possible answers: may reveal how the historian s society or culture viewed war in general or that particular battle, depending on who participated and who won; may also reveal what qualities the historian s society admired in a leader or in warriors 17 possible answer: Technology was important not just for business and basic communication, but also for entertainment. Focus on Writing: 18 Rubric: Students job descriptions should: explain why the job is important describe the tasks and responsibilities of the job end by telling what kind of person would be good for the job use correct grammar, punctuation, spelling, and capitalization Page 23 Standardized Test Practice 1 B 2 C 3 C 4 D 5 A 6 C 7 D Page 27 You Try It!: 1 1959, Mary Leakey finds bones in East Africa; 1974, Donald Johanson finds Lucy; 1994, Tim White finds hominid remains 2 possible answers: technology has improved with time, making it possible to judge the age of remains to locate bones; remains found by Tim White, 4.4 million years old; Lucy, 3 million years old; bones found by Mary Leakey, 1.5 million years old. Page 29 Interpreting Maps: Africa Reading Check: They can teach us about human development and early human physical appearances. Page 30 Early Hominids: Homo erectus Reading Check: Unlike Homo habilis, Homo erectus walked completely upright and could control fire. Page 31 Reading Check: People learned to use flint to make tools and attach wooden handles to the tools. Page 32 Analyzing Visuals: spears Page 33 Linking to Today: They are more precise than modern scalpels and leave nicer-looking scars. Page 34 Cave Paintings: shows animals that may have provided meat, hides, and other resources Reading Check: made it easier to hunt as a group, distribute food, and establish relationships Section 1 Assessment: 1a Donald Johanson 1b because there are no written records from the earliest times of human development 2a Homo sapiens 2b possible answers: Humans could use their hands, see farther, and perhaps travel faster. 3a stone choppers, axes, and spears 3b Students tools will vary, but descriptions should be logical. 4

4a a person who hunts animals and gathers wild plants, seeds, fruits, and nuts to survive 4b possible answers: improved hunting; relationships formed; could more easily solve problems, such as how to distribute food 5 Rankings will vary, but students should justify their answers. 6 Lists and storyboards will vary, but students should support their selections. Page 35 Drawing Conclusions: possible answers: He may have been hunting, escaping from the person or persons who may have killed him, or he could have been exiled from his people. Page 37 Interpreting Maps: South America Reading Check: allowed people to cross to the Americas on a land bridge Page 38 Analyzing Primary Sources: possible answer: New discoveries can provide new information and interpretations. Page 39 Section 2 Assessment: 1a a strip of land connecting two continents 1b They had to get across Asia, then across the land bridge into North America, and gradually all the way to South America. 2a bone and stone 2b They moved to climates that were colder than those in East Africa. 3 from East Africa to Europe; Southern Asia to Australia and East Asia; North America to South America 4 Sketches will vary. Students answers should include the development of clothing, shelter, and tools as early humans migrated and adapted to new environments. Page 39 Reading Check: possible answers: used animal skins for clothing to keep warm; built shelters; developed new hunting tools, such as the bow and arrow or fishing spear Page 41 Interpreting Maps: 1 cattle, sheep, goats 2 southern part of North America Page 42 Reading Check: possible answers: People stopped moving around to find food, populations grew with better control of food production, and towns developed in some areas. Page 43 Analyzing Visuals: Farmers used channels to move water to their fields. Reading Check: Because people stayed in one place to control food production, towns developed. Section 3 Assessment: 1a changing a plant or animal to make it more useful to humans 1b for milk, food, and/or wool; for carrying loads or pulling tools used in farming 2a earth, air, fire, and water or animals 2b People settled in one place to grow crops and tend animals, and better control of food production enabled populations to grow. 3 cause warming trend after ice ages caused new plants to grow; effects could produce own food, easier to farm, new kinds of clothing, populations grew, settlements became towns, religion more organized 4 Notes should include changes in climate, domestication of plants and animals, growth of populations and settlements, and the emergence of religious ceremonies. Page 44 Practice and Apply the Skill: 1 the changes that distinguish the Neolithic Era from earlier ages 2 people s ability to shape stone tools by polishing and grinding; the development of agriculture 3 that advances, such as agriculture, greatly changed the way people lived 4 first, third, fourth, and last sentences Pages 46 Chapter 2 Review: 17 Rubric: Students storyboards should: include numbered panels feature clear but simple sketches end with a clear summary Pages 45 46 Chapter 2 Review Reviewing Vocabulary, Terms, and People: 1 possible answer: Hominids, the ancestors of humans, lived during a time we call prehistory. 2 possible answer: During the Neolithic Era, the domestication of plants and animals led to agriculture. 3 possible answer: Hunter-gatherers developed stone tools during the Paleolithic Era. 4 possible answer: People might have migrated across a land bridge to get to North America during the ice ages. 5 possible answer: A Neolithic Era society might have used megaliths in religious ceremonies. Comprehension and Critical Thinking: 6a wise man ; 200,000 years ago 6b possible answer: that the people who buried her had some form of religion 6c went from choppers to using flint and having handles; possible answers: because the old tools worked well enough, better materials were not readily available, or early people couldn t communicate well enough to discuss improvements 7a how to make clothing, build shelters, make more complex tools, find new uses for tools, make canoes and pottery, tame dogs 7b created land bridge that allowed people to migrate from northern Asia to the Americas 7c possible answer: northern Europe, because the ice ages would have made survival difficult 8a the shift from food gathering to food producing 8b allowed people to settle down and create towns 8c possible answer: Stone was readily available and long-lasting; large stone structures could be seen from far away; or building with stone required much labor but few tools. 5

Reviewing Themes: 9 possible answers: People had to learn to make clothes and shelter in cold temperatures; warming brought new plants and the development of farming; ice ages caused land bridges, allowing people to migrate around the world. 10 possible answers: Hunting improved because people could communicate; people formed personal relationships; it became easier to solve problems, such as how to distribute food. Using the Internet: 11 Creating a Skit: Students skits should: tell a complete story about discovering fire, a new tool, or a new way of doing things use language, actions, and props in your skit that are appropriate for the Paleolithic Era Reading Skills: 12 Paleolithic Era begins. Mesolithic Era begins. Neolithic Era begins. 13 Homo habilis appears. Homo erectus appears. Homo sapiens appears. 14 People make stone tools. People attach wooden handles to tools. People make metal tools. Social Studies Skills: 15 possible answer Wild almonds are poisonous, so how people figured out that they could eat them is puzzling. 16 how people figured out that they could change poisonous plants into useful plants Focus on Writing: 17 Rubric Students storyboards should: include numbered panels feature clear but simple sketches end with a clear summary Page 47 Standardized Test Practice: 1 B 2 A 3 A 4 D 5 C 6 B 7 C Page 49 Explore the Art: shows architecture, clothing styles, jewelry, artifacts, paintings on temple walls, respect shown to a king Page 53 You Try It!: 1 One of the most important Sumerian developments was the wheel. 2 Sumerian advances improved their daily life; no; possible main idea Sumerians made other important advances 3 b Page 55 Interpreting Maps: southeast Reading Check: Tigris and Euphrates flooding left a fertile layer of soil for crops, which provided food for early settlements. Page 57 Reading Check: to protect against damage from too much or too little water and to ensure a stable supply of water for crops and livestock Section 1 Assessment: 1a in Southwest Asia, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers 1b It came from the arc of fertile land from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. 1c annual flooding of the Tigris and Euphrates 2a When the rivers flooded, crops, livestock, and homes were destroyed. Too little water ruined crops. Farmers needed a stable water supply for farming and raising livestock. 2b People developed expertise outside of farming; largescale projects were completed, and laws and government needed to carry out such projects were developed. 2c Both require specialized workers, organization, planning, and rules. 3 possible answers: build up riverbanks to hold back floodwaters; dig storage basins to hold excess water; build canals to connect the basins to ditches; dig a network of ditches to bring water to fields; use irrigation to water grazing areas for cattle and sheep Page 59 Interpreting Maps: 1 because they provided good locations for farming 2 Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus Valley, and China Page 61 Interpreting Maps: from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea Page 62 Reading Check: He was a very capable military leader and used a permanent army to defeat all the citystates of Sumer. Page 63 Analyzing Visuals: massive walls, elaborate buildings, system of canals, and harbors Page 64 Reading Check: It brought important goods like copper and lumber to Sumer and led to greater wealth. Section 2 Assessment: 1a the citystate 1b built up strong armies and constructed walls around their cities 1c possible answers: reduced conflicts between city-states, created better chance for civilization to develop in peacetime 2a the worship of many gods 2b because people relied on them to gain the gods favor 2c People would do what the rulers said because they did not want to offend the gods by disobeying the rulers. 3 Cities Sumerians built the world s first cities. Government They created the first empire. Religion Religion influenced every aspect of life. Society Society was very structured. Summary the Sumerians developed the world s first advanced civilization. Page 66 Reading Check: for keeping business records Page 67 Analyzing Information: It is used in most modes of transportation today. Reading Check: transportation, agriculture, art, trade, science, medicine, and the military 6

Page 69 Analyzing Visuals: cattle Reading Check: Cylinder seals sometimes show historical events or worship rituals. They also give historians a glimpse of artistic talent and what was valued in the culture. Section 3 Assessment: 1a world s first writing system made up of wedge-shaped symbols on clay tablets 1b Writing makes collecting, storing, and sharing information easier and more accurate. 1c Students should recognize that epics generally deal with heroic people and events. 2a wheeled vehicles and the potter s wheel 2b In Sumerian society, farming was the principal activity. Hence, innovations in farming would be extremely valuable 3a mud bricks 3b possible answer: Having a beautiful seal may have been a mark of status or a way of expressing one s identity. 4 writing improved record keeping; allowed works on law, math, and grammar to be written; made literature possible; wheel improved transportation; improved potterymaking; plow increased efficiency and farm production Page 70 Guided Reading: 1 He seems afraid; he is crying. 2 eight winds summoned by Shamash Page 71 Guided Reading: 4 Humaba hopes to persuade Gilgamesh not to kill him. 5 Responses will vary but should be supported with details from the passage. Connecting Literature to History: 1 Shamash helps Gilgamesh stop Humaba by sending powerful winds, and Enlil punishes Gilgamesh for killing Humaba. 2 Gilgamesh s mindset is one of violence, and this is shown by his actions as he attacks and kills Humaba. Page 73 Analyzing Primary Sources: possible answer: They may have obeyed the laws, since punishments were often severe. Reading Check: his code of laws Page 74 Interpreting Maps: Egypt Page 75 Reading Check: Babylonians, Hittites, Kassites, Assyrians, and Chaldeans The Assyrian Army: spear, bow, and arrow Page 77 Interpreting Maps: at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea Reading Check: They were expert sailors with fast ships, built outstanding harbors and a vast trade network, and developed an alphabet. Section 4 Assessment: 1a on the Euphrates near what is today Baghdad, Iraq 1b It was based on social hierarchy and showed the importance of class distinctions. It also reveals the significance of business, trade, and family in the Babylonian Empire. 2a iron weapons and chariots 2b possible answers: Babylonians Hammurabi s laws; Chaldeans restored Sumerian customs; studies in math and astronomy; Phoenicians an alphabet 3a lumber, silverwork, ivory carvings, slaves, beautiful glass objects, and purple cloth; development of an alphabet 3b Phoenicians were expert sailors with a fast fleet of trading ships and had valuable items to trade. 4 Babylonian; Hittite; Assyrian; Chaldean; Phoenician; advances or achievements listed will vary. Page 78 Practice and Apply the Skill: 1 between 1,640 (500 m.) and 6,560 (2,000 m.) feet above sea level 2 fairly flat with two rivers providing good water sources; would be good for agriculture and settlement 3 possible answers: the desert to the southwest and the mountains to the north and northeast Pages 79 80 Chapter 3 Review Reviewing Vocabulary, Terms, and People: 1 canals 2 rural 3 polytheism 4 cuneiform 5 chariots 6 Hammurabi 7 impact 8 city-states Comprehension and Critical Thinking: 9a It was located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and the name means between the rivers in Greek. 9b They allowed the people to control the flow of the rivers and produce a surplus of food, which freed people to create a civilization. 9c possible answer: yes, because it allows people to focus on building a civilization rather than just surviving 10a Sargon; the area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and much of Mesopotamia 10b Kings and priests made up the upper class, while the middle class was craftspeople, merchants, and traders and the working class consisted of farmers and laborers. Slaves were at the bottom. Priests and the wealthy ruled society, while the working class supported them. 10c The gods had great powers, and in order for the people to lead happy and prosperous lives, everyone had to do their part in keeping the gods happy. 11a cuneiform; significant because it is the world s first system of writing 11b similar students went to school to learn to read and write, they produced makeup and jewelry, enjoyed music; different their writing was cuneiform, wrote on clay tablets 11c Answers will vary but should display knowledge of chapter content. 12a purple dye, founded Carthage, developed an alphabet 12b possible answer: Separately they stood no chance, but by banding together they were able to make an impact. 12c Answers will vary but should be supported by facts. 7

Reviewing Themes: 13 Answers will vary but should display knowledge of chapter content. 14 possible answer: He was the first to institute such a farreaching and comprehensive structure of laws, which influenced many future societies. Reading Skills: 15 A 16 B Using the Internet: 17 Looking at Writing: Students paragraphs should: explain how and why writing was developed relate how textmessaging was developed and why it is important use text-messaging abbreviations, words, and symbols to write your paragraph. [Optional] include a paragraph written with correct spelling, grammar, and punctuation that further explains the history of writing. Social Studies Skills: 18 yes 19 no 20 no 21 yes Focus on Writing: 22 Rubric Students letters should: express main points clearly and accurately use appropriate vocabulary. 8

History and Geography Lesson Manual Answer Key Answer Keys History and Geography Lesson Manual LESSON 1 Examine the timeline. 1 The Peloponnesian War happened first. 2 Answers can include: Romans destroy Jewish temple, Gupta Empire is founded in India, Fall of Rome/End of Roman Empire 3 261 BC, 78 BCE, 144 CE, 378 AD LESSON 3 Essential Question Scholars study the people, events, and ideas of long ago because understanding the past can help people better understand the present and plan for the future and understand how geography can shape a place s history. LESSON 5 Application After reading all of p. 20, turn to the Table of Contents on p. v. Discuss the following questions with your Learning Guide. 1 Answers will vary. 2 Answers will vary. 3 Try to identify your own beliefs and experiences that might affect how you feel about that topic. Try to separate fact and opinion. LESSON 7 Examine the timeline on pp. 24 25. Possible answers include: early humans started in Africa; there were other types of early humans other than modern humans; people made tools out of stone. LESSON 8 Introduction What challenges would you face? What skills would you need to survive? Answers will vary. Why do you think that the earliest hominids were found in Africa? Answers will vary but may refer to the warm climate of Africa or may note that other primates such as chimpanzees and gorillas live in Africa. What advantages did Homo sapiens have that earlier hominids did not? They had fire and a wider variety of tools and developed language. What conclusions can you draw about early humans from what you know about Ötzi? Answers will vary but could include that early humans knew how to make clothing out of animal hides and understood how to use metals such as copper to make tools and weapons. LESSON 10 Introduction 1 Southern and Western Africa then north into Asia 2 hundreds of thousands of years 3 South America; not easily accessible from Africa, but easy to access after reaching North America 4 landforms such as mountains and climate were challenges; answers will vary but should include something about adapting to their environments. How do you think the development of agriculture changed the lives of early humans? Possible answer: Life became more stable as humans came to have a supply of food that they could count on. Accept all reasonable answers. Essential Question How did humans ways of living change as they interacted and adapted? Early humans depended on their natural environments for food and shelter. The shift from hunting and gathering to agriculture led to the development of larger, more permanent settlements. Surpluses and labor specialization allowed complex villages to develop and humans lives changed as a result. LESSON 13 What were some of the accomplishments of the Mesopotamian civilization? Answers include: forming the first empire and issuing a written code of laws Where are most of the cities clustered? Most cities were clustered along the Plains where the Tigris and Euphrates were closest. LESSON 15 Introduction What would a city of 100,000 people need in order to run smoothly? How do you think ancient people could provide what a city of that size needed? Possible answers include: a supply of food, a source of water, sanitation, sewage, and law and order. Notice the locations of the city-states and the locations of the two empires. What do they have in common? 9

History and Geography Lesson Manual Answer Key They are all located along the course of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. What does this tell you about the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers? Possible answer: This tells me that the land between the rivers was valuable land that many different people wanted. fell in the Fertile Crescent, the region stretching from the Persian Gulf northwest up the Tigris and Euphrates and west to the Mediterranean Sea. LESSON 16 The bottom of p. 67 shows how one of the Sumerian inventions, the wheel, still influences our lives today. Can you list other inventions that we still use today? Answers may include: clocks, potter s wheels, sewers, 12 months in a year, and other mathematical discoveries. LESSON 17 How did the geography of the Mediterranean Coast shape the Phoenician civilization? How was that different from how Mesopotamia shaped the civilizations that ruled the land between the rivers? Possible answer: The Mediterranean Sea was a natural trade route for the Phoenicians whose land was not as suited for agriculture as that of Mesopotamia. Therefore, the Phoenician civilization became one focused on trade whereas most Mesopotamian civilizations were focused on agriculture and conquering the rich farmlands. Essential Question How did geography influence the development of civilization in Southwest Asia? The physical features and climate of Southwest Asia have strongly influenced where and how people live. Sumer, an early civilization, developed in Mesopotamia, the land between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers. Several great empires rose and 10

History and Geography Activities Answer Key Answer Keys History and Geography Activities ACTIVITY 1 Recognizing Bias: Separating Facts from Opinions. (History and Geography Lesson 5) Answers will vary. ACTIVITY 3 Create a Map of Mesopotamia (History and Geography Lesson 17) Map: ACTIVITY 2 Comparing Paleolithic Hunter-gatherers to Neolithic Farmers (History and Geography Lesson 11) Paleolithic Hunter-gatherers moved from place to place in search of food hunted animals for food gathered wild plants for food all people worked to find food Neolithic Farmers settled in villages and towns raised animals for food planted crops for food some people did other jobs than raise food Mediterranean Sea Sumerian Phoenicia Sargon s Empire TAURUS MTS. Red Sea Tigris River Euphrates River Byblos Nineveh Akkad Babylon Kish Ur Uruk Caspian Sea ZAGROS MTS. Persian Gulf Questions: 1 The Zagros Mountains. 2 Mediterranean Sea 3 Possible answer: This area has good land for growing crops Middle section: created tools, created artwork, lived in groups, followed a religion Compare and Contrast paragraph: Possible answer: The lives of Neolithic farmers were very different from those of the Paleolithic hunter-gatherers who came before them. Whereas hunter-gatherers moved from place to place in search of food, farmers settled into villages and towns. Hunter-gathers hunted animals for food while farmers raised animals for food. Hunter-gatherers searched for wild plants to eat while farmers planted crops for their food. In hunter-gatherer groups, everyone needed to work to find food to eat. Farmers were able to grow enough food so that some people could do other jobs than raise food. Even though there were many differences between the two groups, some things remained the same. Both groups created and used tools to make their lives easier and created artwork to express themselves. People in both societies lived in groups and both societies were religious. However, despite these similarities, humans lives changed drastically when they learned how to farm. 11