TABLE 5: CLIMATE & TEMPERATURE 0 C- Celcius, temp- temperature, DAS- Days after sowing S. Common name Climate Growth stage Germination 0 C Growth 0 C No Min Opt Max Opt Max Min 1. Rice Base minimum is 10 C hot and humid climate (8 to 350N latitude) Shallow rooted 0.5-0.6 m Flowering -25 0 C opt -21 to 37 0 C blooming-26.5-29.5 C ripening- 20-25 0 C 10-12 30-32 36-38 21-37 2. Wheat Base minimum is 4.5 C Root Seminal & adventitious root At the Jointing stage, the stem becomes visible with distinct nodes. cold & dry (60 N-60S) Germination -20-22 o C (4 min) Grain formation -14-16 o C Mean max 25 o C for 4 weeks Medium rooted- 1-1.5 m Germination -5-7 DAS Tillering 15-45 DAS CRI stage -21-25 DAS Jointing -45-60 DAS boot leaf stage-70-75 DAS spike formation -70-85 flowering stage -85-90 3-4.5 25 30-32 16-22 www.imotforum.com/cultivate 1
milking -100-105 dough stage -105-110 maturity stage -115-120 3. Maize Base minimum is 10 C Susceptible to frost Cold warm (60N -40S) Germination -21 Growth 32 Grand growth stage knee high stage male inflorescence - Tassel, female cob, silking 8-10 32-35 40-44 20-25 30 12 4. Sorghum Tolerate high temperature better than any other crop. tolerate water logging better than other crops like Rice Deep rotted - 1.0-1.6m Warm (40S- 45N) Germination min7-10 C Opt Growth 27-32 Deep rotted - 1.0-2.0 m Growth I-seedling to panicle initation -33-45 days Growth II- panicle initation to anthesis 30 to 60-65DAS Critical stage- Growth III- grain filling (anthesis to physiological maturity )-60 to 100-105 DAS 8-10 32-35 36-38 25-30 www.imotforum.com/cultivate 2
5. Pearlmillet Base minimum is 10 C 6. Finger millet It is the only crop which can thrive under warm temperature and cool temperature prevailing in hilly regions. warm weather- Mostly Arid & Semi-Arid regions. Pearlmillet cut shorts its life cycle and comes flowering early under adverse conditions( ephemerals) Deep rotted - 1.0-1.7 m Tropics and subtropics Mean temp of 26-29 C is best proper growth Crop yield reduces below 20 C Temp are 28 to 32º C is optimum for vegetative growth Tolerate hot temperature 15-40 28-32 - 24 48 26-29 www.imotforum.com/cultivate 3
Deep rotted - 1.0-1.6m 7. Barley Cold dry climate. Medium rooted- 0.8-1.5 m 8. Redgram Highly drought resistant Susceptible to frost at time of flowering tropic & subtropics Moist & humid conditions for vegetative period Flowering,ripening Rainy season - 26-30 Post rainy 17-22 Mean annual rainfall 600-1400 mm 9. Green gram A hot humid with sufficient Bright sunny weather for seed However there are vars to tolerate <10 C & >35 C Length of growing season -120-180 days 30-35 C but up to 40 C 3-4.5 20 38-40 12-15 8-43 18-27 45 - - - - 20-30 - 40 www.imotforum.com/cultivate 4
Drought resistant but susceptible to frost, water logging and salinity 10. Black gram Tolerates high temp soil moisture is ideal detrimental Hardiest crop Among all pulses Hot & humid Tropical crop Rains during flowering Even grow 2000 m altitude above sea level - - - 25-35 - 42 11. Cowpea withstand heat and heavy rains. It is highly drought resistant. 12. Bengalgram highly sensitive to frost Primarily tropical crop Temperate and sub-tropical climate Ideal tempoerature 10-25 0 C Cowpea is a cover crop and soil conservation crop inflorescence - Axilary raceme Germination -6-8 Optimium growth - 20-25 - 12-15 - 25-30 - - - 15 40 15-25 - - 13. Lentil ( utera crop) very cool,dry climate it is inflorescence Raceme - - - 18-30 - - www.imotforum.com/cultivate 5
cultivated in winter season can tolerate severe winter and frost condition also 14. Fieldpea ideal temperature for germination 22.5 C 15. French bean 16. Lathyrus PAIRA /UTERA CROP Horse gram:- Macrotylomia uniflorus Test crop for drought. Area Major region in India is Indo-Gangetic plains. Over years the area declined Ban in cultivation due to lathyrus www.imotforum.com/cultivate 6
17. Soybean Warm temp -26 0 C -30 0 C Favours higher pod set 18. Groundnut Groundnut, oil content is positively related with 19. Sesame highly sensitive to frost temperature. Pod set - >18 0 C 5 30-30-33 38 10 < 20 C and > 35 C growth gets retarded Temp - > 40 during flowering stage affects fertilization 18 - - 25-30 45 20 20 25-27 - 27-33 40-20. Sunflower Base minimum is 10 C Photo insensitive crop Rainfall of 500mm, with 300 mm it can yield Avoid flowering coincide continuous drizzle Requires cooler (15-20 C) growing period and warmer maturing period (20-25 C) High temp (>38 C) in post-anthesis inhibit quantity and quality of oil 3-6 20-26 40 20-25 - - www.imotforum.com/cultivate 7
Temp range 8-34 C 21. Rapeseed & Mustard These crops neither tolerant to drought nor water logging. 22. Safflower Tolerance to low temp at vegetative o But susceptible to high temp during flowering cool, dry clear weather Most susceptible to frost A day neutral plant But short day can prolong rosette stage Temp is more important than day length Thermosensitive Extremes of cold and heat not suitable Temp- 3 to 40 C o High RF, high humidity, cloudy atmosphere at flowering undesirable For germination 15 C Vegetative : 20-21 C Flowering: 24 to 32 C Rainfall at flowering affects pollination at any stage affects 26-30 18-25 40 3 10 20-20-21 - - www.imotforum.com/cultivate 8
23. Linseed RF during flowering & grain formation- poor grain setting Needs cooler climate Rain at grain maturity - ergot disease due to high humidity & low temp. 15 to 20º C during seed formation, but fibre requires still lower temperature Higher temp at this stage induces early flowering - 25-30 - 21-26 38 10 24. Niger 10 - - 18-23 30-25. Castor Highly susceptible to frost Drought tolerant Cross pollination,monoecious Frost free period 140-190 days Long day Temp -20-26 Temp for oil quality - 15-35 - 20-25 - 20-26 41 15 26. Cotton White gold short fibres covering the cotton seed are termed as Fuzz during the period of floral bud initiation 21 C 14 32-34 42 21-27 43-27. Jute - - - 24-35 - - www.imotforum.com/cultivate 9
28. Mesta 29. Sugarcane Ripening Day temp 28-30 C Night temp 12-14 C RTD (Relative temp disparity) decides 30. Sugarbeet which favours vegetative growth and base for root enlargement. 31. Tobacco Drought tolerant Very sensitive to flooded Inflorescence arrow Ripeners-Spray Sodium metasilicate 4kg in 750 litres /ha 6 months after planting Polaris and Ethrel are most extensively used in Hawaii growth and development 30 35 C and or sugar accumulation in 25 35 C. Infloresense THYRSE - - - 24-30 50 12-20 25 - - - 13-14 28 35 25 www.imotforum.com/cultivate 10
water logged condition 32. Potato Tuber formation -17-20 - - - 15-20 29-33. Minor millets Finger millet Highly tolerant to alkalinity ph> 11 Foxtail susceptible to both water logging & drought 34. Agave Propagation through Suckers and Bulbis. Kodo,proso -highly drought resistant Little millet,barnyard - Highly drought resistant, tolerant to waterlogging Flowering in case of Agave is called Poling. 35. Fodder sorghum - - 36. Fodder maize - - www.imotforum.com/cultivate 11
37. Napier - - 38. Berseem Requires dry and cool climate. When the temperature goes around 30 to 33 o C, regrowth after cutting is not possible 39. Lucern It cannot with stand drought and frost. It cannot be grown in damp and heavy rainfall areas. 40. Oats 4-5 25 30 15-25 41. Mentha Peppermint and spearmint -humid, temperate Open, sunny situations without excessive rains during the growing period are congenial for the good Bergamot mint can be grown both in temperate as well as subtropical area. However, the yield is higher in temperate climates essential oil and menthol are reported to increase at a higher temperature of 30⁰C under Indian conditions However, it does not tolerate damp winters which cause root-rot. www.imotforum.com/cultivate 12
growth and development of the oil. Japanese mint can be grown in all tropical and Subtropical areas under irrigation 42. Lemon grass Warm, humid climate with plenty of sunshine 43. Isabagol Heavy dew or even a light shower will proportionately decrease the yield, at times leading to even total loss of the crop. Thrives well in warm- temperate regions. It requires cool and dry weather & is sown during winter months A temperature of 20-25⁰C promotes vegetative growth, but the essential oil temperature requirement for maximum seed germination is reported to be 20 to 30 C India monop olydollar earner crop 75-80% export -USA www.imotforum.com/cultivate 13