Workshop for rice industry, Portugal, Nov. 27-28, 2008 Heat for pest control in structures Desinfestação de estruturas pelo Calor Cornel Adler Julius Kühn-Institut, Fed. Research Centre for Cultivated Plants Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plantanalysis and Stored Product Protection 14195 Berlin, Germany Introduction Laboratory studies on the efficacy of heat against insects Practical heat treatment - two techniques in Germany Results Enemies of a thorough heat disinfestation Conclusions & suggestions 1 Cornel.Adler@jki.bund.de
Temperature and insect development Lethal > 50 Death in minutes >45 Death in hours Suboptimum >35 Development stops Optimum 25-33 Max. development Suboptimum < 25 Slow development < 13 Development stops Letal < 6 Movement stops, unadapted indiv. die < -5 Adapted indiv. die < -15 Death in minutes Source: P. Fields (1992) 2 Cornel.Adler@jki.bund.de
Pro s and con s of heat treatments fast in action simple mode of action no registration safe to man no residues require energy (fuel, electricity) not effective in product too high temp.s could damage equipment or structure no residual activity 3 Cornel.Adler@jki.bund.de
Which stored product insects are most tolerant to heat? Ranking at 49 C (Kirkpatrik & Tilton 1971) just adults tested Lasioderma serricorne most tolerant Rhyzopertha dominica & Cryptolestes pusillus Sitophilus oryzae & Trib. castaneum & Trogod. variabile Sitophilus gran. & Gibbium psylloides Cathartus quadricollis & Oryz. mercator least tolerant Tribolium confusum & Oryz. surinamensis 4 Cornel.Adler@jki.bund.de
Mat.& Meth. Climate of cultures: 25 C, 65±5 % rh T. castaneum on 350ml whole wheat flour + 10 ml yeast 150 adults on substrate, adults removed after 14d E. kuehniella on 500ml whole wheat grains + flour + role of corrugated cardboard, 500 eggs on substrate weekly 5 Cornel.Adler@jki.bund.de
stage 1 stage 2 stage 3 stage 4 stage 5 T. cast. week 1&2 3&4 5&6 7&8 beetles E.kuehn. eggs larvae larvae larvae pupae + 10 ml Substrate 6 Cornel.Adler@jki.bund.de
Proben in vorgewärmte Reagenzgläser. Zeit bis Zieltemperatur ±0.3 C im Kern der Probe: 10 min (Weizen) bzw. 15 min (Kleie) 7 Cornel.Adler@jki.bund.de
Results: 45 C, E. kuehniella 100 80 E. kuehniella 45 C mortality (%) 60 40 20 stage 1 stage 2 stage 3 stage 4 stage 5 Log trend (stage 5) 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 exposure time (min) 8 Cornel.Adler@jki.bund.de
Results: 50 C, E. kuehniella 100 80 E. kuehniella 50 C mortality (%) 60 40 stage 1 stage 2 stage 3 stage 4 stage 5 log trend (stage 5) 20 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 exposure time (min) 9 Cornel.Adler@jki.bund.de
Results: 55 C, E. kuehniella 100 mortality (%) 80 60 40 E. kuehniella 55 C stage 1 stage 2 stage 3 stage 4 stage 5 log st 2 20 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 exposure time (min) 10 Cornel.Adler@jki.bund.de
Results: 45 C, T. castaneum 100 80 mortality (%) 60 40 T. cast. 45 C stage 1 stage 2 stage 3 stage 4 beetles Log trend (stage 4) 20 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 time (min) 11 Cornel.Adler@jki.bund.de
Results: 50 C, T. castaneum 100 80 mortality (%) 60 40 stage 1 stage 2 stage 3 stage 4 beetles log trend (stage 4) 20 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 exposure time (min) 12 Cornel.Adler@jki.bund.de
Results: 55 C, T. castaneum 100 80 mortality (%) 60 40 stage 1 stage 2 stage 3 stage 4 beetles log trend (stage 4) 20 0 0 10 20 30 40 exposure time (h) 13 Cornel.Adler@jki.bund.de
Lab data on the efficacy of heat Exposure times needed for complete control of diff. species Tierart 45 C 50 C 55 C E. kuehniella 660 min (11h) (E) 27 min (P) 7 min (P) S. granarius 540 min (9h) (L) 40 min (L) 30 min (L) S.zeamais 660 min (11h) (L) 45 min (A) 30 min (A) C. pusillus 1200 min (20h) (L) 65 min (L) 20 min (L) T. castaneum 1800 min (30h) (L/P) 60 min (L/P) 20 min (L) L. serricorne 2400 min (40h) (L) 370 min (E) 45 min (E) R. dominica 6000 min (100h) (L) 370 min (L) 45 min (L) In brackets the most tolerant stage, E = Eggs; L = Larvae ;P = Pupae A = Adults 14 Cornel.Adler@jki.bund.de
Heat treatments in Germany 2 techniques Heat or fumigation for the German Miller s Association? www.thermonox.de www.biotech.at 15 Cornel.Adler@jki.bund.de
Practical treatment 50 Insect samples: Rhizopertha dominica, 50 adults + dev.stgs. odd numbers with data loggers for temp./r.h ir-thermography by FLIR Co. 16 Cornel.Adler@jki.bund.de
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Electric heaters 30 Cornel.Adler@jki.bund.de
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Results - temperatures 70 60 dead Old mill Temperature ( C) 50 40 30 20 10 room above lift cellar electr. wires 1st floor alive 0 0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800 Time (min) 35 Cornel.Adler@jki.bund.de
Results ir thermography 36 Cornel.Adler@jki.bund.de
Results ir thermography 37 Cornel.Adler@jki.bund.de
Results ir thermography 38 Cornel.Adler@jki.bund.de
Enemies of aheat treatment Rags and garbage buckets with water incomplete insulation of outside walls and windows bag stacks with products left behind products in large quantity moist wood or concrete Hastiness / lacking information of the owner/manager! 39 Cornel.Adler@jki.bund.de
Conclusions and suggestions Insect samples dataloggers valuable tools to test treatment ir-thermography Heat is a valuable alternative to fumigation! Milling machinery has been built heat resistant for the last 10 years! (Bühler AG, Zurich, Sept 8, 2005) 40 Cornel.Adler@jki.bund.de
Conclusions and suggestions Product quantity should be reduced in advance, remains removed to a remote storage, sold off from there Heat operator should refuse to treat a building with product/ to treat incompletely Heat operator should agree with mill management exactly on which rooms are included to the treatment Do not compromise a good technique! 41 Cornel.Adler@jki.bund.de
Thanks to Heidi Anders! 42 Cornel.Adler@jki.bund.de
Roland Mill: heat for structural disinfestation > 10 years (Erling 2007) 43 Cornel.Adler@jki.bund.de
Au Canada, les traitements par la chaleur pour combattre les insectes infestant les produits entreposés ont été utilisés à l'usine de transformation des aliments de Quaker Oats à Peterborough pendant plus de 20 ans (Clarke, 1996) 44 Cornel.Adler@jki.bund.de