Could Plant Science contribute to a Sustainable Growth of Specialty Coffee Industry? Norman Borlaug Institute October 27th 2010 Dr Vincent Pétiard Vpetiard@naturesourcegenetics.com
Could Plant Science contribute to a Sustainable Growth of Specialty Coffee Industry? Outline Introduction The Agro Food Chain Challenges for the future of Tropical Commodities Will Agro Seed Industry take up these challenges? Intellectual Property Rights? How Could Plant Science help? One Example: Coffee Cup Quality Conclusions
The Agro Food Chain Seeds Technology Providers Seeds, Crop Protection Growers Primary Processing Secondary Processing Retail Consumer Ingredients Up-stream innovation can be valuated without vertical integration (Virtual Vertical Integration) 2 2005-04-11 NRC/QS - Nestlé Research Center
The Agro Food Chain Down-Stream Stakeholders were currently not Interested in Up-Stream Stages of the Agro-Food Chain but today: They are increasingly concerned by sustainability for: Securing the supply of safe and affordable raw materials, Corporate Social Responsability, Image and PR issues
SAI Platform member companies Campina Consortio Int. Ortofruticoli Danisco Dole Ecom Efico Findus Fonterra Friesland Foods Groupe Danone Kraft McCain Europe McDonald s Nestlé Neumann Kaffee Gruppe Sara Lee Tchibo Unilever Volcafe
Challenge of Meeting the World Food Demand Long-term growth Global calorie consumption to double by 2025 Food requirement World population Arable land per capita 0.45 ha Population increase Calorie intake increase Arable land constant Improved yield required to meet demand 0.32 ha 0.27 ha 0.21 ha 1960 1980 1995 2025E Source: Syngenta based on FAO statistics, World Bank
What Challenges For Tropical Commodities? Market demand is increasing especially for premium specialty products Production is increasingly competing with food and non food commodities (e.g. biofuel) Public institutions are increasingly less devoting to the R&D of perennial tropical cash crops No significant private sector devoted to the genetic of perennial, tropical cash crops
What Challenges For Tropical Commodities? Without continuous genetic improvement, farmers will be less inclined to continue planting traditional tropical cash crops Without significant investment in new genetic resources, it will be impossible to respond rapidly to new production pressures (e.g. new diseases/insects) HOWEVER Improving yield of tropical crops would decrease pressure on land and water resources permitting society to meet other demands Highest value in leveraging with crop protection in tropical countries might bring seed industry in tropical business
Coffee profitability is strongly challenged by other crops Coffee Palm oil Rubber Yield (kg/ha) 750 17100 1770 Cost of production/kg (Bath) 32.9 1.5 20.4 Cost of production/ha (Bath) 24700 26500 36150 Price/kg (Bath) 47.0 2.8 53.6 Income/ha (Bath) 35250 47280 94750 Profit/ha (Bath) 10550 20730 58600 Farmers motivation is affected by the erosion of coffee profitability The field yield and the National production are rapidly decreasing
Profitability comparison among para rubber, oil palm, coffee and improved varieties of coffee in Thailand 3000 2500 Profit (USD/Ha) 2000 1500 1000 500 Rubber Oil Palm Coffee Improved var coffee 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year
Will Agro Seed Industry Take Up these Challenges? (An Innovation Driven Business) Turn Over Worldwide = $ 42 000 M (2010) - Field Crops = 90 % - Vegetables = 10% R&D expenses = 12% of Turn Over = $ 5 000 M (2010) Look for Added Value Downstream (De-Commoditization) Three Key Questions: - Would Seed Industry diversify to tropical crops? - When? On what Crops? - Looking for what IP and Added Value?
IP for New Varieties of Tropical Crops: Plant Breeder Rights
How Could Plant Science help? Knowledge building about quality and processing driving factors for guiding purchasing and processing, Securing a Sustainable Supply (better profitability due to better yield), Development of new varieties for new products (new quality for new products), Rapid Distribution of new Varieties at an affordable Price Trace ability of raw materials Corporate Social Responsibility, PR, Image.
One Example: Coffee Cup Quality To assess Genetics / Environment / Post Harvest / Processing Interactions
One Example: Coffee Cup Quality Is the variety a key element for cup quality? Are there markers CORRELATED to cup quality characteristics? What are the main chemicals DETERMINING cup quality? Can we distribute optimal/improved varieties? Can we trace coffee variety/origin up to the shelf?
Is the variety a key element for cup quality? COFFEE CATALOGUE COLLECTION Producing countries Growing in a non producing country Identification via DNA fingerprinting Selection of Arabica & Robusta accessions In vitro propagation Updating: Introduction of new varieties Cryostorage Comparative field trials Growers Large scale propagation Recommendation of best varieties Agronomic and quality evaluation CATALOGUE 29/10/2010 NRC/PS 16
High source of diversity still not assessed in Ethiopian varieties Ethiopian accessions Axes 1 & 2 : 48.8 3 of the top 5 quality varieties are original Ethiopian varieties Cultivated varieties : CCC varieties
8.2 % 1.7 Ethiopian arabica 0.7 Cultivated group -1.8-1.3-0.8-0.3 0.2 0.7 1.2 1.7-0.3 28.7% -1.3-2.3 FAO-Ethio Illababor-Ethio Jimma-Ethio Keffa-Ethio unknown-ethio Sidamo-Ethio Wellega-Ethio Bourbon BourbonxTypica Catui CatimorxCatui Catimor Introgressed Sarchimor Typica Typica/Bourbon Hybride de timor
Are there markers correlated to cup quality? Robusta Outstanding Varieties Arabica 6 R 2 = 0,88 17 R 2 = 0,87 5 16 15 Calculated value 4 3 Calculated value 14 13 12 11 2 2 3 Observed 4 value 5 6 10 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Observed value A ratio of Biochemicals is well correlated to cup quality but: no cause to effect relationship; 29/10/2010 19
What are the main biochemicals determining cup quality? Two possible approaches Biochemicals (Metabolomics) 2 3 2 1 Genetic background (Genomics) 3 1 Sensory (Processing) performances 1. The genetic approach 2. The biochemistry approach 2002 06 03 NRC/PS/Vp2002 19 20
21 Discovery of Cup Quality Determinants Biochemical QTLs are matching with sensory QTL s on linkage group B. M372 0.0 120291 1.7 R103 4.0 C2_At1g05385 119699 13.3 125835 17.0 R264 24.5 126730 30.9 M354 36.1 AY220271 38.8 CMA108 39.7 R168 41.4 CMA276 42.8 M497 45.1 A8834 47.7 CMA061 48.9 C2_At5g20890 55.6 M464 58.6 130353 61.2 C2_At5g22620 63.4 129431 66.4 CMA068 75.0 R240 77.8 M428 85.4 122665 87.4 124158B 88.7 124160 89.3 CMA271 90.2 121086 94.7 CFGA054 97.7 R216 99.7 123888 102.1 126661 104.8 AY2462 106.0 123238 107.4 A8792 109.0 120037 111.5 R336 112.2 M364 116.1 CMA010 116.3 121491 116.9 R26 119.6 123332 120.4 122764 121.5 C2_At4g01880 122.6 A8793 131.8 A 121876 0.0 CMA259 3.3 M481 4.4 CMA057 5.7 129943 12.1 AY2429 13.5 124986 19.5 AJ871895 19.9 123682 28.9 C2_At3g10670 30.2 123391 35.6 120517 38.6 CMA293 39.1 122261 42.1 123909 42.7 130612 45.3 131806 46.7 M329 48.2 BAC_DK46CO2_37 50.3 123669 56.6 CMA147 64.8 M371 65.6 126250 70.0 129972 71.1 CMA239 73.0 120206 80.5 C2_At2g21290 84.3 M431 84.8 120074 88.0 CMA002 89.4 CMA270 91.5 123903 95.2 120823 96.5 CMA265 98.8 122680 104.5 131684 106.3 C2_At5g49820 107.1 M327 108.3 M472 108.9 122056 113.8 AY2464 114.8 124278 116.0 CMA298 119.1 M508 122.1 AY2455 133.4 M509 133.9 R14 142.0 AY2462 151.0 CMA267 152.0 A8783 153.2 CMA031 153.3 R34 156.7 C2_At4g21800 160.5 CMA233 169.2 M449 177.5 124754 186.3 124612 188.7 CMA222 193.6 120227 197.1 AY2453 202.5 123557 205.8 M362 210.6 CMA174B 212.8 Sensory B M372 0.0 120291 1.7 R103 4.0 C2_At1g05385 119699 13.3 125835 17.0 R264 24.5 126730 30.9 M354 36.1 AY220271 38.8 CMA108 39.7 R168 41.4 CMA276 42.8 M497 45.1 A8834 47.7 CMA061 48.9 C2_At5g20890 55.6 M464 58.6 130353 61.2 C2_At5g22620 63.4 129431 66.4 CMA068 75.0 R240 77.8 M428 85.4 122665 87.4 124158B 88.7 124160 89.3 CMA271 90.2 121086 94.7 CFGA054 97.7 R216 99.7 123888 102.1 126661 104.8 AY2462 106.0 123238 107.4 A8792 109.0 120037 111.5 R336 112.2 M364 116.1 CMA010 116.3 121491 116.9 R26 119.6 123332 120.4 122764 121.5 C2_At4g01880 122.6 A8793 131.8 A 121876 0.0 CMA259 3.3 M481 4.4 CMA057 5.7 129943 12.1 AY2429 13.5 124986 19.5 AJ871895 19.9 123682 28.9 C2_At3g10670 30.2 123391 35.6 120517 38.6 CMA293 39.1 122261 42.1 123909 42.7 130612 45.3 131806 46.7 M329 48.2 BAC_DK46CO2_37 50.3 123669 56.6 CMA147 64.8 M371 65.6 126250 70.0 129972 71.1 CMA239 73.0 120206 80.5 C2_At2g21290 84.3 M431 84.8 120074 88.0 CMA002 89.4 CMA270 91.5 123903 95.2 120823 96.5 CMA265 98.8 122680 104.5 131684 106.3 C2_At5g49820 107.1 M327 108.3 M472 108.9 122056 113.8 AY2464 114.8 124278 116.0 CMA298 119.1 M508 122.1 AY2455 133.4 M509 133.9 R14 142.0 AY2462 151.0 CMA267 152.0 A8783 153.2 CMA031 153.3 R34 156.7 C2_At4g21800 160.5 CMA233 169.2 M449 177.5 124754 186.3 124612 188.7 CMA222 193.6 120227 197.1 AY2453 202.5 123557 205.8 M362 210.6 CMA174B 212.8 B Comparative mapping of sensory quality and candidate biochemicals lead to the identification of compounds determining bitterness
Can we distribute optimal / improved varieties? The Benefit of Vegetative versus Seed Propagation for most Cross Pollinated Perennials Seed derived plantation Clonal plantation
Robusta Propagation in Thailand 29/10/2010 23
Interview of Paul Bulcke, Nestlé CEO August 27th 2010 Under the Nescafé Plan, Nestlé will distribute 220 million highyield, disease-resistant coffee plantlets to farmers by 2020. This helps farmers to rejuvenate their plantations, thus multiplying the yield on existing land and increasing farmers income. Through partnerships with public and private institutions in a number of countries, including Mexico, Thailand, the Philippines and Indonesia, Nestlé has already distributed over 16 million coffee plantlets over the past ten years.
Can we trace coffee variety/origin up to the shelf? A rabica SSR Database Ristretto Dulsão do Brasil 25
D E V E L OPM E N T O F A N E W M E T H O D H igh resolution melting Control Bourbon Boubon reference V ariet Batches accepted A llo-pollination Batches rejected Adulteration A dulteration 26
Conclusions As it has been the case for other crops, Plant Science could take up the challenges faced by tropical commodities from Orphan Crops such as Coffee: BUT Who will take them up? For the profit of whom?