Intrntionl Rsrh Journl of Appli n Bsi Sins. Vol., 3 (2), 353-361, 2012 Avill onlin t http://www.irjs.om ISSN 2251-838X 2012 Th fft of sowing t n sowing mtho on quntity hrtristis n ssntil oil ontnt on Molvin lm (Drophlum molvi L.) Roghiyh Agh Okhhlr *1, Rz Amirni 2, Mhi Tjkhsh 3, Mi Ghiysi 4, Mohmm Bghr Alizh 1 1-M.S. Agronomy, Fulty of Agriultur, Urmi Univrsity, Urmi-Irn. 2- Assistnt Profssor of Dprtmnt of Agronomy n Plnt Bring, Fulty of Agriultur, Urmi Univrsity, Urmi-Irn. 3-Profssor of Dprtmnt Agronomy n Plnt Bring, Fulty of Agriultur, Urmi Univrsity, Urmi- Irn. 4- Dprtmnt of Agronomy n Plnt Bring, Fulty of Agriultur, Urmi Univrsity, Urmi-Irn. Corrsponing uthor: Roghiyh Agh okhhlr ABSTRACT: In orr to stuy th fft of sowing t n th mthos of sowing on quntity hrtristis n ssntil oil ontnt on Molvin lm, n xprimnt ws rri out in rsrh fil of gronomy ftulity of Urmi univrsity in 2011. This rsrh ws onut s ftoril s on rnomiz omplt lok sign with four rplitions. Th first ftor ws inluing four sowing ts (April 9, 19 n 9, 29 My) n th son ftor ws two sowing mtho (irt plnting t min fil n sowing in th nursry n thn trnsplnting). Th rsults of nlysis of vrin show tht sowing t h signifint fft on quntity hrtristis n ssntil oil ontnt n yil. Th mtho of sowing ftor h signifintly fft on ssntil oil ontnt n ll of quntity hrtristis. Also, intrtion fft twn sowing t n sowing mtho in trm of quntity hrtristis n ssntil oil ontnt ws signifint t th 0.05 proility lvl. Mximum iologil yil n ssntil oil ontnt wr otin from omintion trtmnts nmly first sowing t n trnsplnting mtho. Howvr, ompr mns show tht this omintion trtmnt h no signifint iffrn with omintion trtmnt of son sowing t n trnsplnting mtho. Kywors: sowing t, sowing mtho, Molvin lm, quntity hrtristis n ssntil oil ontnt Introution Molvin lm with sintifi nm (Drophlum molvi L.) is known Brshy, Brsho n Svory-Shtr nms in Irn (Mozfrin, 2003). It is prnnil hr ntiv to ntrl Asi n nturliz in strn n ntrl Europ (Dstmlhi t l., 2007). In Molvin lm 62 ompouns wr intifi y pillry GC n GC/MS. Grnyl Att, Grnil, Nrl n Grniol wr foun in Molvin lm (Vnskutions t l., 1995). Nrl n grnil hv nti-virl n nti-tril proprtis. Th xtrt of Molvin lm priniplly ontin polr ompouns inluing Hyroxyinnmi is n Flvonois, with Cffi n Fruli is, lutolin-7-o-gluosi, Rosmrini i, Lutolin n Apignin ing intifi from thir hromtogrphi hvior n sptrl hrtristis. Th Molvin lm xtrts monstrt tivity in ll th ntioxint ssys (Dstmlhi t l., 2007). Comintions of ntioxints n flvonois from Molvin lm r plying n importnt rol in prvnting injuris suh s hrt infrt siz (Njfi t l., 2007). Th ssntil oils of Molvin lm hv n invstigt prviously
Intl. Rs. J. Appl. Bsi. Si. Vol., 3 (2), 353-361, 2012 in Hungrin, Irn, Mgnoli n Finln (Rhingr, 1986; Glmosi t l., 2002). Th us of ssntil oils is importnt not only in prsrvtion of foo ut lso in ontrol of humn n plnt isss of miroil origin (Brtt t l., 1998). Aziz t l (2010) rport tht th ssonl hngs in plnt hight, frsh n ry wight of plnt s wll s frsh n ry yil of hr r signifint. It is lr tht ssntil oil ontnt inrs with inrsing plnt g to rh th mximum vlus t post flowring stg. Th yil of plnt frsh hr, th ssntil oil ontnt n its omposition n influn y growth stgs, ologil n limtilly onition. Rsrhs show tht th omponnts of ssntil oil yils fft y gnotyp, growth n vlopmnt stgs n lso gronomy prti n nvironmntl onitions (Mrotti t l., 1995). Th signifintly ffts of iffrnt wtr rgims (Sfikhni1 t l., 2007) n nutrints (Rhrin t l., 2009) on growth hrtristis, ssntil oil ontnt n yil of Molvin lm prvious hv n rport. Shifting plnting t us to hng of y lngth, minimum n mximum tmprturs, rltiv humiity n othr nvironmntl onitions uring th plnt growing sson n ffts on iologil yil, phnologil, qulity n quntity of ssntil oil of plnt. Among vrious ftors whih n inrs th yil on pr unit r sis, sowing t n sowing mthos r onsir to th most importnt. Lto t l (1996) rport tht rly plnting prou highr s yil ut oil ontnts rmin similr. Trnsplnting mtho of fnnl gv 38% highr s yil thn irt sing (Yv & Khurn, 1999). Born t l (2007) rport tht plnting ts hs signifint fft on growth n vlopmnt of Drgonh. Th highst ssntil oil ontnt otin from th rly plnting t ws sown on 4 of April. In stuying y Dvzh-Emmi t l (2008) th mjority of slings of Molvin lm wr injur in utumn plnting t (Novmr), ut Frsh n ry iologil yils, ssntil oil qulity pr m 2 h signifint iffrns n in spring (Mrh) wr 12.7 kg, 10.3 n 4.1kg n in summr (Jun) wr 4.1, 1 kg n 4.1, rsptivly. Essntil oil quntity ws signifintly highr thn summr plnting t (Jun). with Wthr onitions in growing rgions of Molvin lm, thr r iffrnt rsults in vlus of ssntil oil yil n ontnt, so tht hlsz-zlnik t l (1988) suggst th st sowing tim in Lt Mrh or rly April n Suhorsk t l (1994) hv introu My month st tim for sowing Molvin lm. A littl is known out th impts of plnting t n spilly th mthos of plnting on improving ssntil oil n its yil in D. Molvi. Thrfor, th prsnt stuy ws onut to vlut th simpl n intrtion ffts of ths ftors in quntity hrtristis n ssntil oil of Molvin lm s importnt miinl plnt. Mtrils n Mthos This rsrh ws onut in rsrh fil of Agronomy Ftulity of Urmi Univrsity lot on Nzlou Cmpus in 2011. This rgion situt t ltitu of 37 32' N n longitu 45 2' E n t out 1320 m ov s lvl. Annul rinfll of rgion s on long-trm Avrg 365.5 mm with nrrow vrition rinfll from yr to yr. Soil txtur of xprimntl sit ws ly lom whih s hrtristi y ph=7.8 n ltriity onutivity (EC=1.2 S/m). Exprimntl trtmnts wr rrng s ftoril in rnomiz omplt lok sign with four rplitions. Th first ftor ws inluing four sowing ts (April 9, 19 n 9, 29 My) n th son ftor ws two mthos sowing (irt plnting t min fil n sowing in th nursry n thn trnsplnting). To prpr fil soil, molors plow tillg rri out in th utumn n ftr fvorl limt onitions in spring, Sonry tillg oprtions for th finl s prprtion ws on y ultivtor. Thn, 30 ton quit rottn mnur ws to fil. Plots wr 8 mtr squr n within h plot rt furrow s istn twn plnting rows n two plnts (within rows) wr 60 n 20 ntimtr, rsptivly. For ontrol ws us gronomy prti y Hn wing in thr tims n in t us ny hrii. Fil irrigtion ws rri u to wthr onitions n plnt phnologil stgs uring th growing sson on pproprit tim. Hrvst tim ws iffrnt in rgr to sowing ts, Howvr ll of hrvsting rri out t 50% flowring. Frsh n ry wight plnts wr trmin with igitl wighing sls. Smpls of plnts wr ri in th sh n for xtrting ssntil oils wr us istilltion with wtr prti n Clvngr vi. Th t wr sttistilly nlyz using sttistil progrm SAS. Anlysis of vrin ws mploy to tst th ovrll signifin of th t, whil th Dunn's multipl rng (Dunn) tst t P=0.05 ws us to ompr th iffrns mong trtmnt mns.
Intl. Rs. J. Appl. Bsi. Si. Vol., 3 (2), 353-361, 2012 Rsults n isussion Plnt hight: Plnt hight hrtr influn signifintly y sowing t, sowing mtho n intrtion ffts of ths ftors (Tl 1), So tht s on ompring mns, th mximum plnt hight (97.2 m) ws otin from first t of sowing (9 April) n with ly of t sowing rs n rh to 50.9 m in fourth t of sowing (9 My). Trnsplnting mtho ws ttr in ompr with irt plnting mtho in plnt hight hrtr (17.98 prnt inrsing with 105.1 m) (Tl 2). Also, in intrtion ffts, ompoun trtmnts first sowing t (9 April) y trnsplnting mtho ws ttr thn othrs trtmnts n in finl t sowing (9 my) with ompoun irt plnting mtho ws otin th lowst plnt hight (110.17 n 70.51 m, rsptivly). In irt plnting mtho, thr ws no signifint iffrn twn first n son tim of sowing (Fig 1). Plnt hight (m) 120 110 100 90 80 70 irt plnting trnsplnting f 60 09.Apr 19.Apr 29.Apr 09.My Sowing ts Fig 1. Intrtion ffts twn sowing t n sowing mtho on plnt hight Brnh numrs: Sowing t n sowing mtho h signifint fft on rnhs numr pr plnt, lso th intrtion ffts of ths ftors wr signifint (Tl 1). Mximum n minimum rnhs ws osrv on first n fourth sowing t (16.15 n 12.15, rsptivly), lthough thr ws no signifint iffrn twn thir n fourth tim of sowing (Tl 2). Trnsplnting in ompr to irt plnting ws inrs rnhs of Molvin 13.47 prntg (Tl 2). th highst rnhs ws otin from first sowing t y trnsplnting mtho ompoun trtmnt n follow son t sowing with trnsplnting mtho ws lot, ut thir n fourth t sowing on this sowing mtho wrn t signifint iffrns togthr (Fig 2). In irt plnting mtho, first n son tims in t hv signifint iffrntil ffts; similr rsult ws osrv in thir n fourth tims on this mtho of sowing (Fig 2). Brnhs No. 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 irt plnting trnsplnting 09.Apr 19.Apr 29.Apr 09.My Sowing ts Fig 2. Intrtion ffts twn sowing t n sowing mtho on Brnhs numr pr plnt
Intl. Rs. J. Appl. Bsi. Si. Vol., 3 (2), 353-361, 2012 Frsh wight: Frsh wight of Molvin lm signifintly ws hng y vrin sours suh s sowing t, sowing mtho n intrtion ffts (Tl 1). In ompr mns it ws lr tht mximum frsh wight (3892.3 Kg/h) ws otin from first sowing t (9 April) n with lying in sowing ts it ws rs, lso trnsplnting mtho ws ttr thn irt plnting, sttistilly (Tl 2). First n son tims of sowing t y trnsplnting mtho without signifint iffrn h th highst frsh wight (4115.3 Kg/h) mong omintion trtmnt. In opposition to fourth tim sowing with irt plnting h th lowst frsh wight (2765.6 Kg/h) (Fig 3). 5000 irt plnting Frsh wight (Kg/h) 4500 4000 3500 3000 trnsplnting f 2500 09.Apr 19.Apr 29.Apr 09.My Sowing ts Fig 3. Intrtion ffts twn sowing t n sowing mtho on frsh wight Dry wight: Dry wight hrtr fft y oth sowing t n sowing mtho, lso intrtion ffts of ths ftors h signifint iffrn on this hrtr (Tl 1). Bs on ompr mns, rly sowing us to up th ry wight n it rs with lying in sowing t s th mximum n minimum ry wight (778.5 n 593.5 Kg/h) wr long to first n fourth sowing ts (9 April n 9 My). Also trnsplnting mtho inrs ry wight in ompr with irt plnting (up 8.09 prnt) (Tl 2). Sowing Molvin ss in 9 n 19 April on trnsplnting mtho hn t iffrn signifint, lso thr ws not signifint iffrnt twn thir n fourth sowing t on this mtho. All of sowing ts in irt plnting mtho follow y ths ompoun trtmnts n pl in iffrnt groups in trm of this hrtr; howvr th lowst ry wight ws otin with fourth sowing t (9 My) y irt sowing mtho (Fig 4).
Intl. Rs. J. Appl. Bsi. Si. Vol., 3 (2), 353-361, 2012 Tl 1: Anlysis vrin of msur quntity hrtristis n ssntil oil on Molvin MS S.O.V.f Plnt Brnhs Frsh Dry Biologi Essntil Essntil Hrvst hight No. wight wight yil oil yil oil ontnt inx Rplition 3 100.7 17.55 3876.8 824.61 4352.8 8.12 0.91 24.45 S.D 3 103.9 * 19.53 * 4549.7 ** 909.94 * 5120.6 * 9.71 * 1.02 * 27.43 * S.M 1 182.2 * 27.92 * 8064.5 ** 1607.9 * 8634.2 * 13.8 * 1.41 * 46.02 * SD*SM 3 97.49 * 14.58 * 3204.7 ** 739.28 * 3584.9 * 7.82 * 0.81 * 21.48 * Error 21 18.27 3.01 753.3 155.10 825.7 1.49 0.15 4.52 CV (%) - 12.3 12.6 14.5 16.4 11.46 12.1 11.8 12.9 *: Signifint t 0.05 lvl, **: Signifint t 0.01 lvl. Tl 2: Mn omprisons of th min ffts Trtmnt Plnt Brnhs hight No. (m) Frsh Wight (Kg/h) Dry Wight (Kg/h) Biologi Yil (Kg/h) Essntil oil yil (Kg/h) Essntil Oil ontnt (%) Sowing t 9 April 97.2 16.2 3892.3 778.5 4712.9 8.46 0.83 23.1 19 April 93.4 14.7 3578.3 715.6 4011.3 7.79 0.81 21.8 29 April 70.4 12.6 3211.2 642.2 3623.6 6.82 0.75 19.4 9 My 50.9 12.2 2967.4 593.5 3014.7 6.04 0.68 17.9 Sowing mtho Dirt plnting 86.2 13.4 3869.4 773.9 3912.6 5.94 0.51 22.8 Hrvst Inx (%) Trnsplnting 105.1 15.5 4210.5 842.1 4732.6 8.74 0.81 24.2 S.D: Sowing t, S.M: Sowing mtho, n CV: Coffiint vrin Mn whih hv t lst on ommon lttr r not signifint iffrnt t th 5% lvl proility using Dunn's tst.
Intl. Rs. J. Appl. Bsi. Si. Vol., 3 (2), 353-361, 2012 Dry wight (Kg/h) 900 800 700 600 irt plnting trnsplnting f 500 09.Apr 19.Apr 29.Apr 09.My Sowing ts Fig 4. Intrtion ffts twn sowing t n sowing mtho on ry wight Biologil yil: Th ffts of sowing t n sowing mtho on Biologil yil hrtr ws signifint, lso this hrtr influn y intrtion ffts from ths trtmnts (Tl 1). Compring mns show tht mximum iologil yil (4712.2 Kg/h) ws otin from rly ts of sowing n ly in sowing t, iologi yil of Molvin rs Tl 2). Trnsplnting mtho ws ttr thn tht irt sowing in prouing iologil yil, signifintly (with inrsing 17.33 prnt) (Tl 2). Thr ws signifint iffrn twn first n son tim of sowing y trnsplnting mtho, ut in thir n fourth tim of sowing in t hv ny iffrnt signifintly in this mtho. In irt sowing mtho, sowing plnt of Molvin in 9 n 19 April show similr rsult, ut wr iffrnt from 29 April n 9 My (Fig 5). 6000 irt plnting Biologi yil (Kg/h) 5000 4000 3000 trnsplnting f 2000 09.Apr 19.Apr 29.Apr 09.My Sowing ts Fig 5. Intrtion ffts twn sowing t n sowing mtho on Biologil yil Essntil oil yil: oil ssntil yil signifintly wr fft y sowing t n sowing mtho (Tl 1). Mn omprison ws lr tht sowing Molvin ss on 9 n 19 April without iffrnt signifint h similr rsult (8.46 n 7.79, rsptivly), ut rs in 29 April n 9 My ts. It ws lr tht trnsplnting n us highr vlu of ssntil oil yil in ompr to irt plnting mtho (with inrsing 32.04 prnt). In ompoun trtmnts, th highst n lowst ssntil oil yil wr otin with first sowing t y trnsplnting mtho n fourth sowing t y irt sowing mtho (8.99 n 4.38 Kg/h, rsptivly). Although thr ws no signifint iffrn twn thir n fourth sowing ts in irt sowing mtho (Fig 6)
Intl. Rs. J. Appl. Bsi. Si. Vol., 3 (2), 353-361, 2012 Essntil oil yil (Kg/h) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 irt plnting trnsplnting 09.Apr 19.Apr 29.Apr 09.My Sowing ts Fig 6. Intrtion ffts twn sowing t n sowing mtho on ssntil oil yil Essntil oil ontnt: Th ffts of sowing t, sowing mtho n intrtion fft of ths ftors on Essntil oil ontnt of Molvin wr signifint (Tl 1). Th ssntil oil ontnt ws highst (0.83%) whn Molvin ss sown on rlist sowing t (9 April), howvr in't hv signifint iffrn with son sowing t (19 April) (Tl 2). It m lr tht trnsplnting n prou grtr quntitis of ssntil oil in ompr with irt sowing mtho (Tl 2). Sowing ts n sowing mthos omintion h signifint fft on ssntil oil ontnt. Th highst ssntil oil ontnt ws prou from first sowing t y trnsplnting mtho, whil lowst ssntil oil ontnt ws otin from fourth sowing t y irt sowing mtho (8.99 n 4.38 prntg, rsptivly), (Fig 7). Essntil oil ontnt (%) 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 irt plnting trnsplnting 09.Apr 19.Apr 29.Apr 09.My Sowing ts Fig 7. Intrtion ffts twn sowing t n sowing mtho on ssntil oil ontnt Hrvst inx: Th rsults show tht hrvst inx ws signifintly fft y sowing ts n sowing mthos (Tl 1). Mximum hrvst inx (23.12 %) ws otin t 9 April sowing, whil minimum HI (17.89 %) ws otin from fourth sowing t (9 My), (Tl 2). Also, trnsplnting mtho ws ttr thn irt sowing mtho in this hrtr us HI signifintly inrs. Intrtion fft twn sowing t n sowing mtho ws signifint on this hrtr (Tl 1), so tht th mximum n minimum HI wr otin from ompoun trtmnts first sowing t y Trnsplnting n fourth t y irt sowing mtho (26.37 n 17.85 prntg, rsptivly), howvr thr ws no signifint iffrns mong first, son n thir sowing ts y trnsplnting mtho on this hrtr (Fig 8).
Intl. Rs. J. Appl. Bsi. Si. Vol., 3 (2), 353-361, 2012 30 irt plnting Hrvst inx (%) 27 24 21 18 trnsplnting 15 09.Apr 19.Apr 29.Apr 09.My Sowing ts Fig 8. Intrtion ffts twn sowing t n sowing mtho on hrvst inx Conlusions In plnt hight hrtr, th iffrn twn first n finl sowing t (Apr 9 n My 29) ws 47.6 prnt, in othr wors with rly sowing Molvin with rgr to wthr onitions, n inrs plnt hight us of th positiv fft of this hrtr in inrs ssntil oil on Molvin. Born t l (2007) show tht sowing ts hs signifint fft on plnt hight n with lying sowing t this hrtr rs signifintly. In plnt hight hrtr, th iffrn twn first n finl sowing t ( 9 Apr n 29 My) ws 47.6 prnt, in othr wors with rly sowing Molvin with rgr to wthr onitions, plnt hight n inrs us of th positiv fft of this hrtr in inrs ssntil oil on Molvin. Also, sowing in th nursry not only protts slings from ol strss, ut lso it provis n rlir sowing us sling is mor rsistn to unfvorl onition. Du to xtn prios of plnt growth n highr plnt hight, it is possil rting rnh plnt n inrsing th numr of rnhs. Similr th rsult of this xprimnt, th lrgst numr of rnhs pr plnt (18.14) ws otin from th plnts whih wr sown on 19 of Mrh in stuy y orn t l (2007). Frsh wight inrs out 23.8 prntgs t first sowing t in ompr with finl sowing t (9 My). Inrs growing sson with rly plnting or trnsplnting llows th plnt to th sir us of wtr, nutrints n light ris Photosynthsis pross rt n inrs its frsh wight. In grmnt with our rsults, Aziz t l (2010) rport tht th ssonl hngs in frsh n ry wight of plnt r signifint. First sowing t (9 Apr) inrs iologil yil out 36 prnt in ompr to finl sowing t (9 My), lso it inrs out 17 prnt in trnsplnting ompr with irt plnt mtho. Shifting plnting t us to hng of y lngth, minimum n mximum tmprturs, rltiv humiity n othr nvironmntl onitions uring th plnt growing sson n ffts on iologil yil. So trnsplnting Molvin lm sling t first sowing t show th st rsults in trms of iologil yil in our stuy. Dvzh-Emmi t l (2008) rport tht th mjority of slings of Molvin lm wr injur in utumn plnting t (Novmr), ut frsh n ry iologil yils h signifint iffrns in spring n summr sown. Sowing t spilly th mtho of sowing h signifintly ffts on ssntil oil yil, so tht thr ws visil 28 prnt iffrn twn th first n lst sowing t n this iffrn twn sowing mthos ws out 32 prnt. Mrotti t l (1995) Exprss tht ssntil oil yils fft y gnotyp, growth n vlopmnt stgs n lso gronomy prti suh s iffrnt wtr rgims (Sfikhni1 t l., 2007), nutrints (Rhrin t l., 2009) n othr nvironmntl onitions suh s sowing ts or sowing mtho s ws osrv in this xprimnt. Trnsplnting mtho of fnnl gv 38% highr s yil thn irt sing (Yv & Khurn, 1999). First sowing t ws us to inrs 2.4, 9.6 n 18.1% ssntil oil ontnt in ompr to son, thir n fourth sowing ts, rsptivly whih shows th importn of sowing plnt on th ssntil oil ontnt in Mlivin lm. Bs on rsults it n si tht rlir sowing t, if it is ssoit with trnsplnttion sling, spilly it n n importnt rol in inrsing ssntil oil ontnt of Molvin lm. Inonsistnt with th rsults of this xprimnt, Lto t l (1996) rport tht lthough rly sowing prou highr s yil, ut oil ontnts rmin similr. Although
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