cg';"rl @M jftfj/0flo clwsf/sf] nflu n8\g sfg'gsf] k of]u dfgjclwsf/ / slxn]sfxlf jftfj/0flo clwsf/ -:jr5 / :j:yo jftfj/0fsf] clwsf/_ w]/} b]zsf sfg'gn] ;+/If0f u/]sf x'g5g\. o; k':tsdf dflg;x n] cfkm\gf] ;d'bfosf] ;+/If0f ug{ goff sfg'g agfpg s;/l sfd u/] jf epsf] sfg'gdf To;sf] ;+/If0fsf] dfu s;/l u/] eg]/ w]/} syfx ;dfj]z ul/psf] 5. k':tssf] of] efudf jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sg s;/l k of]u ug]{ cyjf tkfo{sf] jftfj/0flo clwsf/sf] nflu n8\g sfg'gsf] k of]u s;/l ug]{ eg]/ hfgsf/l lbpsf] 5. o;df olb tkfo{sf] :yfglo / /fli6«o cbfnt / ;/sf/n] ;+/If0f gu/]df cgt/f{li6«o ;xof]u s;/l h'6fpg] eg]/ klg hfgsf/l lbpsf] 5. jftfj/0f / :jf:yosf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu ;+3if{ ug]{ ;d'bfon] w]/}h:tf] c;/sf] af/]df g;f]rl k fs[lts ; f]t lng vf]hg] cyjf ljsf; of]hgf a9fpg vf]hg] 7"nf ;+:yf / ;/sf/sf] lj/f]w / lx+;f ;xg'k5{. o:tf of]hgfx n] dflg;x nfo{ cfkm\gf] hdlgaf6 lj:yflkt ug{ ;S5, g/fd f] k b"if0f ptkgg ug{ ;S5, dfgj ;'/Iffdf vt/f cfpg ;S5 jf ljiffqm kbfy{ ptkfbg ug{ ;S5 h;n] udel/ :jf:yo ;d:of ptkgg ug{ ;S5. ol ;a} dfgjclwsf/ / jftfj/0flo clwsf/sf] pnn+3g x'g\. 7"nf] Jofj;flos ;+:yf;fu w]/} k};f / zlqm x'g ;S5 To;}n] pglx ;/sf/nfo{ sfg'gsf] af/]df ;f]+rg / To;nfO{ nfu" u/fpgaf6 /f]sg ;S5g\. ha :yfglo / /fli6«o sfg'g k efjsf/l x'fb}g, s]xl cgt/f{li6«o sfg'g 5g\ h;n] tkfo{ / tkfo{sf] ;d'bfosf] ;+/If0f ug{ ;S5. dflg;x sf] nflu jftfj/0flo clwsf/sf] ;f]+r sfg'gl If]qdf goff 5, To;}n] ol sfg'gx s] x'g] / o;nfo{ s;/l nfu" ug{ ;lsg5 eg]/ JofVof ug{ cem} affsl g} 5. o;n] jftfj/0flo clwsf/sf] sfg'gl n8fo{nfo{ dxtjk"0f{ agfpf5.
{ { jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sg jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sg 559 pbf]u / ljsf; of]hgfx n] w]/} jftfj/0flo Iflt ug]{ x'gfn] w]/} ;/sf/, pbf]u / ljsf;sf] nflu sfd ug]{ ;+:yfn] sfg'gadf]lhd lg0f{o ug]{ / of]hgf agfpg] k 0ffnL h;nfo{ jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sg (Environment Impact Assessment - EIA) elgg5, To;sf] k of]u ug{ h?/l 5. jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sgn] of]hgfx h:t}m af6f] agfpg], vfgl ptvgg\, xjfo{ c8\8f agfpg] / c? cf}bf]lus ljsf;n] dflg;, hgfj/, hdlg, kfgl / xfjfnfo{ s:tf] c;/ kf5{ eg]/ JofVof u5{. o;n] ;fdflhs ;d:of h:t}m dflg;x sf] lj:yfkg / ;+:s[lt x/fpg] h:t} k/dk/fut hlljsf]kfh{g, P]ltxfl;s / cfwofltds dxtjsf] 7fpF cflbdf kg] c;/ klg x]5{. jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sgn] olb of]hgf cufl8 a9fpg' 5 eg] sd xfgl x'g] tl/sfx sf] klg ;'emfj lbg'k5{. jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sg ;+:yf cfkm} +n] jf ;+:yfn] ;d'bfo / ;/sf/l k ltlglw;fu ldn]/ klg ug{ ;S5. -s;/l b'o{j6f ;d'bfon] jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sgsf] k of]u u/] egg] syfsf] nflu k[i7 $^^ / %^! x]g' {xf];\_. jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sgn] s;/l sfd u5{ jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sgdf b'o{j6f cfwf/e"t sfo{ ;dfj]z x'g5m!= of]hgfsf] c;/sf] af/]df cwoog / ol c;/x sf] lnlvt k ltj]bg. of] d'vo u/l of]hgf agfpg] sdkglsf] lhdd]jf/l xf] / o;df ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf x'g klg ;S5 gx'g klg ;S5. @= dflg;x sf] e]nf h;n] c;/ k/]sf ;d'bfonfo{ of]hgf ;'? x'g'egbf cufl8 d"nof+sg ug{ lbg5. ha jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sg ;fjwfglsf lgod;lxt k of]u ul/g5, o;n] ;a}egbf /fd f];fu sfd u5{ -k[i7 #@ x]g'{xf];\_. olb jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sgn] of]hgfaf6 vt/f x'g] s'/f b]vfpdf, of]hgfnfo{ /f]sg'k5{ jf kl/jt{g ug'{k5{. t/ w]/}h:tf] of]hgfx n] jftfj/0f / dflg;nfo{ udel/, xfgl k' ofp klg o;af6 s'g} xfgl x'b}g eg]/ b]vfpg k of]u ul/g5. w]/} sd+kglx n] ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf k ltj]bg n]vg'kg] ep klg ;d'bfonfo{ ;xeflutfsf] lgdgq0f lbg' cl3 g} k ltj]bg n]lv;s]sf x'g5g\. s'g} a]nf sdkglx n] jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sg;dagwl e]nfsf] hfgsf/l klg lb+b}gg\ cyjf To;df ;xeflutf hgfpg sl7g agfpf5g\. ha s'g} klg sdkgl jf ;/sf/af6 o:tf] k lqmof x'g5 ta cs;/ of]hgf ;'? x'gf;fy ;d'bfosf] k ltsf/sf] l:ylt ptkgg x'g5. h] h:tf] ep klg jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sg ;d'bfo / ;/sf/sf] nflu ljsf; of]hgfsf] d"nof+sg ;'wf/sf] nflu dxtjk"0f{ k lqmof xf].
560 cg';"rl @M jftfj/0flo clwsf/sf] nflu n8\g sfg'gsf] k of]u ;d'bfon] jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sgdf s;/l k efj kfg{ ;S5 ljlegg >f]t -sdkglaf6 dfq xf]og_ af6 w]/} hfgsf/l k fkt ug{' / kof{kt ;do lnp/ ;a} ;Defljt c;/x af/] a'em\g' jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sgsf] k lqmofdf ;xeflutf kfpg] tkfo{sf] clwsf/ xf]. k efljt JolQmx n] cfkm\gf] s'/f /fvg kfpg'egbf klxn] g} w]/}h;f] lg0f{ox ul/;s]sf] 5. jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sg k lqmofdf ;xeful x'g' tkfo{sf] ;d'bfonfo{ :jf:yo / ; f]tnfo{ bl3{sfnlg kdf ;+/If0f ug{ lziff / ;~rfng ug{ d2t ub{5. ;w}+ ljgf;sf/l of]hgfnfo{ /f]sg ;Dej gep klg, jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sg ;~rfng / o;sf] af/]df lziff lbgfn] tkfo{sf] ;d'bfosf] ;+/If0f ug{ d2t u5{. ;xeflutfsf] dfu jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sgdf k lqmofdf ;xeful x'g ;d'bfon] dfu ug{ ;S5. slxn]sfxl+ cbfnt, ;/sf/ / ljsf;df nfu]sf ;+:yfn] ;d'bfosf] k ltlglwnfo{ jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sgdf ;xeful x'g lbg5g\. ;d'bfosf dflg; ;xeful x'g ;S5g\ jf u}/;/sf/l ;+:yf jf jslnnfo{ cfkm\gf] k ltlglwtj ul/lbgsf] nflu egg ;S5g\. olb ;d'bfosf] dflg;n] jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sg k lqmofdf ;xeful ep eg] pglx n] ;fd'bflos e]nfdf sdkgln] s] ug{ vf]lh/x]sf] 5 To;sf] hfgsf/l lbg ;S5. ;xeflutfn] ;d'bfosf] clwsf/ / lhdd]jf/l a'em\g / of]hgfaf6 x'g] xfgl /f]sg jf of]hgfnfo{ /f]sg s] ug'{k5{ eg]/ a'em\g d2t u5{. ;Dk"0f{ jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sg k ltj]bg k fkt ug' {xf];\ ;d'bfo;fu ;lifkt hfgsf/ldfq gep/ jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sgsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfuh x]g{ kfpg] clwsf/ x'g5. jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sg k ltj]bgdf æ;'/iff vt/fæ, æ;fdflhs vt/fæ, æ:jf:yo vt/fæ, æ;kmf ug]{ vr{æ ;dfj]z ul/psf] x'g5. ol v08x n] sdkglx n] ljz]if u/l dflg;x ;Fu aff8\g grfx]sf ;d:ofx JofVof ul/psf] x'g5. jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sgdf ;dfj]z ul/psf / gul/psf b'j} ;d:ofnfo{ ;~rf/, ;/sf/l k ltlglw / hgtf;fd' aff8\g ;lsg5 h;n] vt/gfs of]hgfaf6 afrg] pkfo lgsfng d2t u5{. tkfo{ o;nfo{ /fli6«o / cgt/f{li6«o ;d'bfodf aff8\g ;Sg'x'G5 h:t}m ;+o'qm /fi6«;+3, h;n] ;d'bfosf] rf;f]k lt Wofg lbg ;/sf/ / 7"nf ;+:yfdf bafa l;h{gf u5{.
jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sg 561 vfgl ptvgg\lj?4 ;d'bfosf] lj/f]w h'lgg (Junin) sf] ;fgf] s[ifs ;d'bfo OSjf8f]/df /x]sf] PlG8; kxf8sf] le/fnf] t/ ;'Gb/ Snfp8 km/]i6 (Cloud forest) If]qdf cjl:yt lyof]. oxffsf dflg;x ul/a lyp t/ pglx n] ;of}+ jif{b]lv hdlgaf6 cfkm\gf] lhljsf]kfh{g ul//x]sf lyp. ev{/} h'lggsf dflg;x n] Oltxf;s} ;a}egbf 7"nf] r'gf}tlsf] ;fdgf ug'{k of]m Pp6f sdkgln] blif0f cd]l/sfs} ;a}egbf 7"nf] tfdf vgg] vfn8f] (Coper-pit) pglx sf] If]qdf agfpg yfnof]. ha hfkfgsf] vfgl ptvgg\ sdkgl Tof] If]qsf] lg/lif0f ug{ cfof], h'lggsf dflg;x nfo{ vlgh kbfy{ vgbf k b"if0f x'g5 egg] s'/f yfxf lyof]. t/ sdkgln] pglx nfo{ af6f, :jf:yo ;]jfsf] nflu lsnlgs / ljbfno agfolbg] affrf u/]sf] x'gfn] pglx n] vlghsf] vf]hl ug{ lbp. w]/} ;do gljtb} sdkgln] tfdfsf] 7"nf] vfgl e]6\of] / h'lggsf dflg;x n] eg] cfkm\gf] kfgl vlghaf6 lg:sg] kmf]x/n] k b"lift agfpsf] yfxf kfp. dflg;x rff8} g} 5fnf;DaGwL /f]u / c? :jf:yo ;d:ofaf6 u l;t x'g yfn]. ;d'bfon] sdkglnfo{ k b"if0f /f]sgnfo{ egof]. sdkgln] /f]s]g / h'lggsf dflg;x n] To;sf] lj?4 kfonf rfn]. vlgh ptvgg\stf{x labfdf a;]sf] a]nf, ;of} + ufpfn]x vlgh SofDkdf k;]/, ToxfFsf] pks/0f, kmlg{r/ / c? dxtjk"0f{ ;fdfg x6fp/ To;nfO{ clwsf/lsf] dftxtdf 5f]l8lbP. To;kl5 pglx n] SofDknfO{ hnfolbp. sdkgln] o;sf] af/]df hfgsf/l kfof] / ToxfFaf6 xft lemsof], t/ kl5 vfglnfo{ Sofg8fsf] sdkglnfo{ a]lrlbof]. Sofg]l8og sdkgln] ;d'bfo xfdln] ;+ul7t x'g lg/gt/ ljefhg ug] { sfd u of]. pglx n] u of}+. s]xl ufpfn] klqsfsf] dfkm{t va/ km}nfp / ;+3if{sf] h'lggsf dflg;x nfo{ w]/} k};fsf] nflu d2t h'6fp. k nf]eg b]vfp/ cfkm\gf] hdlg a]rg egof]. s]xln] a]r] klg t/ c?n] dfg]gg\. sdkglnfo{ o;n] emu8f ptkgg u5{ eg]/ yfxf lyof]. sdkgln] :jf:yo ;]jfs]f nflu 8fS6/ klg k7fof] t/ h;n] sdkglsf] kifdf x:tfif/ u5{ p;sf] nflu dfq. o:tf] cgofo OSjf8f]/aflx/ yfxf epkl5 cgt/f{li6«o d2tstf{n] hf] ljdf/l ep klg x]g{ :jf:yo sfo{stf{ k7fof]. OSjf8f]/sf] sfg'gcg';f/ jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sg s'g} klg ljsf; of]hgf ;'? x'g'egbf cufl8 h?/l x'g5, h'lggsf dflg;x n] cfkm\gf] hdlgsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sgnfo{ of]hgfsf] Pp6f efu agfp. jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sg /fd f];fu gu/]df ;/sf/n] vfgl ptvgg\ ug{ glbg] s'/f ufpfn]x nfo{ yfxf lyof]. OdfGbf/Lk"j{s ul/psf] jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sgn] tfdf vfgln] dflg;nfo{ lj:yflkt x'g afwo u5{, jfo' k b"if0f u5{, kfgl aug] 7fpFdf e"ifo x'g5 / kfglnfo{ kmf]x/, ux f} + wft' / cgo ljiffqm kbfy{n] s;/l k b"lift u5{ eg]/ b]vfpf5 egg] s'/f klg yfxf lyof]. qmdzm ===
{ 562 cg';"rl @M jftfj/0flo clwsf/sf] nflu n8\g sfg'gsf] k of]u %^! k]hsf] af sl c+z h'lggsf dflg;x n] cfkm\gf] kmfobfsf] nflu sfg'gsf] k of]u ug{ l;ls;s]sf lyp. sdkgln] jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sg u/]sf] s'/f bfjl u/]kl5 ;/sf/n] k"/f gepsf] elg c:jlsf/ u of]. h'lggsf dflg;x n] klg l;w} k ltsf/sf] k of]u u/] h:t}m af6f] cj?4 u/l sdkglnfo{ Tof] If]qdf k:g lbpgg\. ;d'bfosf g]tfx n] ;Dk"0f{ gu/kflnsfnfo{ ævfgl vgg lgif]lwt If]qÆ 3f]if0ff u/]. w]/} h'lqm nufp/ h'lggsf dflg;x n] tfdf vfgl ptvgg\ ug] ] k lqmofaf6 cfkm\gf] 3/, jg h+un / kfglsf ; f]t arfp. ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sg ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sgn] ufpf, gu/ / k b]zsf dflg;x nfo{ ; f]tx h:t}m xfjf, jgo hgfj/, jgo ptkfbg, hl8a'6l cflbsf] k of]u, ;+/If0f / To;df lge{/ x'g] tl/sfdf ;femf ;dembf/l agfpg d2t u5{. o;n] ;d'bfoleq ; f]tsf] k of]uaf/] c;dembf/l / emu8f ptkgg x'g lb+b}g. o;n] ;+ul7t ;+:yf / ;/s/fnfo{ r'gf}tl lbg Psh'6 u/fpf5. o;n] dflg;x nfo{ ljefhg u/]/ kfgl, sf7, hdlg / c? ; f]tsf] k of]u ug{ vf]hg] pbf]usf] lj/f]w ug{ klg d2t ub{5. ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sg ;fwf/0f x'g ;S5, h;df ;d'bfon] s'g ; f]t k of]u ug] { / To; ; f]tnfo{ s;/l ;+/If0f ug] { eg]/ ;xdlt hgfpfb5. hl6n lsl;dsf] ;fd'bflos jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sgdf lj:t[t gs;f, ;j] {If0f / glhssf] ;d'bfo / ;xof]ul ;+:yf;fu d}ql ;DaGw agfpg] klg ;dfj]z ul/psf] x'g5. ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sg ;+ul7t ;+:yfn] / ;/sf/n] ug] { egbf km/s x'g5. o;n] sfg'gl h?/t ;dfj]z gu/]sf] klg x'g;s5 lsgeg] o;df d'vo u/l ;d'bfosf] ;f]rfo / dflg;sf] :jf:yo / ;+:s[ltnfo{ a9l dxtj lbopsf] x'g5. ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sgn] s] s'/f Wofgdf /fv5 eg] jftfj/0f d"nof+sgdf k of]u x'g] sl7g / j}1flgs efiffx w]/} dflg;sf] nflu cndnofpfbf] dfq x}g t/ To;nfO{ sf/0fa; x6fpg klg agfopsf] x'g5. ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sg æjftfj/0flo c;/ hffrg] tl/sf klg xf]æ eg]/ b]vfpg csf] { tl/sf xf]. o; k':tsdf epsf w]/} sfo{x h:t}m gs;f agfpg] -k[i7!%_, ;fdflhs gf6s -k[i7!*_, :jf:yo ;j] {If0f -k[i7 %))_, hnfwf/ ;+/If0f sfo{ -k[i7!^$_, kmf]x/ udg (Trash Walk) -k[i7 #(!_ / c? tkfo{sf] ;d'bfon] agfpsf] sfo{x n] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jftfj/0f k efj d"nof+sgdf of]ubfg lbg ;S5.
sfg'gl d'2f xfd f] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ sfg'gsf] jftfj/0flo clwsf/ / Gofo lhtg ;Sg] Pp6f k of]u ug}{ k5{. tl/sf eg]sf] cbfntdf up/ /fli6«o / cgt/f{li6«sfg'g pnn+3g ug]{ sdkglnfo{ d'2f xfng]. k b"if0f ug]{ sdkglnfo{ ul/psf] ;kmn d'2fn] ttsfn c;/ k/]sf] dflg;nfo{ dfq ;+/If0f gu/]/, c? 7fpFdf a:g] dflg;nfo{ / cfpfbf] k':tfnfo{ klg ;+/If0f u5{. s] sfg'gl d'2fn] tkfo{sf] ;d'bfonfo{ d2t u5{ < sfg'gl d'2f jftfj/0f Gofosf] nflu ;+3if{df ;kmntfk"j{s k of]u ul/psf] 5. t/ sfg'gl d'2f w]/} dxëf] x'g5 / w]/} jif{ ;do klg lng ;S5. b]zdf :jf:yo / jftfj/0f hf]ufpg sfg'g epklg cbfntdf sfg'gl d'2f lhtg sl7g x'g5. olb sfg'g k of]u ul/+b}g eg] jlsn / GofofwLznfO{ o;sf] af/]df hfgsf/l gx'g ;S5. w]/} b]zx df hxff ;+ul7t ;+:yf zlqmjfg x'g5 ToxfF GofofwLz / g]tfdf x'g] e i6frf/n] ul/a ;d'bfonfo{ cfkm\gf] clwsf/sf] nflu cfjfh p7fpg sl7g x'g5. b'ef{uojz, ;kmn d'2fegbf c;kmn d'2f w]/} 5g\. ;+ul7t ;+:yf, ;/sf/ / pbf]ulj?4 sfg'gl d'2f ug' {cl3 ;f] +Rg' kg] { s'/fx lgdg k sf/sf 5g\M sfg'gl d'2f 563 niosf] af/]df ;f]rg'xf];\ tkfo{sf] d'2fn] s] k fkt ug{ vf]h]sf] xf] Tof] hfgg dxtjk"0f{ x'g5. To;kl5 d'2f ug'{ Tof] nio k fkt ug]{ /fd f] tl/sf xf] of xf]og eg]/ lg0f{o ug'{xf];\. s] tkfo{ sdkgln]m kf]lvpsf] t]n jf ljiffqm k b"ifs ;kmf u/]sf] x]g{ rfxg'x'g5 < :jf:yo, hdlg / ; f]tsf] Ifltk"lt{ lbpsf] rfxg'x'g5 < agb u/]/ b]z jf If]q 5f]8f];\ egg] rfxg'x'g5 < sfg'gl n8fo{n] ;d'bfonfo{ kl/rfng / lzlift ub{5. t/ nfdf] d'2fn] egbf alxisf/, x8tfn / ;j{;fwf/0f dflg;df hgr]tgf km}nfpg] h:tf] sfo{n] jftf{ / /fhgllts ;Demf}tf l56f] / ;lhnf];fu u/fpf5. ljrf/ ug'{xf];\ olb o:tf sfo{x tkfo{sf] ;d'bfosf] nflu ;lhnf] / a9l k efjsf/l x'g ;S5 eg]. ;fy} b'j} sfg'gl d'2f / l;wf sfof{n] tkfo{sf] ;d'bfonfo{ lhtg d2t u5{ ls eg]/ klg ;f]+rg'xf];\. t/ sfg'gn] sfd ug{, xfdln] clwsf/sf] nflu ;+3if{ ug}{ k5{.
564 cg';"rl @M jftfj/0flo clwsf/sf] nflu n8\g sfg'gsf] k of]u cbfntdf ;kmntf gkfp klg s] sfg'gl d'2f ;kmn x'g ;S5 < cjzo klg tkfo{nfo{ cfkm\gf] d'2f lhtg dg x'g5. t/ olb tkfo{ d'2f lhtg'x'g5 jf x'gg eg]/ ljzj:t x'g'x'fb}g eg] o;n] glht]sf] v08df d2t u5{ jf c;/ u5{ eg]/ ;f]+rg'xf];\. slxn]sfxl+ c;kmn d'2fn] dflg;x sf] Wofg ;d'bfosf] ;d:ofdf Nofpg ;S5. olb jftfj/0fdf epsf gf]s;fgl / dfgjclwsf/ xgg\sf] d'2f tkfo{sf] b]zsf] cbfntdf c;kmn ep, cgt/f{li6«o ;d'bfo h:t}m æcgt/ cd]l/sl dfgjclwsf/ cfof]uæ jf ;+o'qm /fi6«;+3df nfg ;Sg'x'G5 -k[i7 %^& x]g'{xf];\_. o;n] klg ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg gx'g ;S5 t/ tkfo{sf] ljjfbu :t ljifon] cem} a9l Wofgfsif{0f u5{, h] epklg o;n] w]/} ;do / ; f]t lng] u5{. slxn]sfxl+ c;kmn d'2fn] cem} a9l ;d:of Nofpg;S5. g/fd f] kl/0ffdn] GofofwLz / jlsnnfo{ eljiodf c? d'2fn] klg lhtg x' Fb}g egg] ljrf/ cfpg ;S5. unt k rf/n] dflg;x nfo{ ;d'bfon] ljgfsfd k};f / Ogfd vf]h]sf] s'/f ;f] +Rg afwo agfpf5. c? s'g} c;kmn sfo{n] h:t}m c;kmn d'2fn] ;d'bfosf] cftdan 36fpF5 / ljefhg ug{ ;S5. s;n] d'2fnfo{ cbfntdf nfg5 < xfglsf/s ttjx af6 k efljt JolQmx, rfx] Ps JolQm jf JolQmsf] kl/jf/ jf ;Dk"0f{ ;d'bfo d'2fsf] sfd ug{ / vt/f p7fpg tof/ x'g ;S5g\. vf;u/l xfgl epsf] dflg; hf] d'2fdf ;xeful x'g rfxfb}g p;sf] tkm{af6 s'g} ;+:yfn] sdkglnfo{ d'2f xfng ;Sb}g. s] Toxf xfglsf] s]xl k df0f 5 < d'2f ;kmn x'g tkfo{n] k dfl0ft ug{ ;Sg'k5{M dflg;n] zf/ll/s jf cfly{s gf]s;fgl Joxf]/]sf] 5. sdkgln] ubf{ jf sdkgl lhdd]jf/ 5 xfglsf] nflu. olb ol s'/fx k dfl0ft ug{ k Dff0f gepsf] v08df d'2fn] /fd f] egbf gf]s;fgl a9l u5{. sdkgln] sfg'g pnn+3g u/]sf] b]lvp klg olb tkfo{;fu To;n] s]xl gf]s;fgl u/]sf] k df0f gepdf tkfo{ d'2f cbfntdf nfg ;Sg'x'Gg, olb nlupdf tkfo{n] lhtg ;Sg'x'Gg. s] k df0f k fkt ug{ ;lsg5 < cbfntdf Nofpg ;lsg] k df0fdfq cbfntdf pkof]ul x'g ;S5. hf] dflg;xn] d'2f cbfntdf NofpF5 p;n] c;/ ef]u]sf] x'gfn] af]ng ;Sg'k5{ / pm ;Fu aofg lbgsf] nflu af]ng rfxg] dflg; klg x'g'k5{. pglx n] lrq, cwoog, zf/ll/s hffrsf] lnlvt k df0f / c? k df0faf6 h'g sdkglnfo{ d'2f xflnpsf] To;n] c;/ u/]sf] s'/f b]vfpg ;Ifd x'g'k5{. gf]s;fg k dfl0ft ug{ w]/} ufx f] x'g ;S5. pbfx/0fsf] nflu sdkgln] 8fS6/nfO{ g} lsg]/ /;fogn] sfdbf/df SofG;/ gepsf] t/ sfdbf/x sf] g/fd f] afgl h:t}m w"dkfg, g/fd f] vfgf vfg'n] g} SofG;/ epsf] egg nufpg ;S5. ;f]+rsf] cfwf/df l;w} b]lvp klg sfg'gl kdf æsf/0f / c;/æ k dfl0ft ug{ ufx f] x'g ;S5.
sfg'gl d'2f 565 s;n] jf s] n] xfgl u of] < sfg'gl d'2f dflg;, ;+ul7t ;+:yf / w]/} b]zx df ;/sf/sf] lj?4 klg jftfj/0fdf gf]s;fg u/]jfkt ug{ ;lsg5. s] d'2f ax'/fli6«o ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] lvnfkm p7fpg ;lsg5< ax'/fli6«o ;+:yfdf ;kmntfk"j{s d'2f xfng b'j} gf]s;fgl epsf] b]zdf / hxffaf6 ;+:yf cfpsf] xf] Tof] b]zdf sfd ug{ dxtjk"0f{ x'g5. of] ug{ dxëf] / sl7g x'g ;S5, t/ of] ug{ ;lsg5 -k[i7 $($ / %@@ x]g'{xf];\_. ax'/fli6«o sdkglx sf] pglx n] sfd ug] { b]zdf zfvf sfof{no x'g5. zfvf sfof{nodf d'2f xfng ljb]zl xfsldx nfo{ xfng'egbf ;lhnf] x'g5. pbfx/0fsf] nflu ha cd]l/sfsf] t]n sdkgl r]d/f]gn] gfoh]l/ofsf] gfoh/ 8]N6fdf k b"if0f u of], :yfglo sfo{stf{n] cd]l/sg sdkglnfo{ d'2f gxfnl r]e/f]g gfoh]l/og zfvf sfof{nonfo{ d'2f xfn]. ;f]xl ;dodf cgt/f{li6«o sfo{stf{x n] sdkglnfo{ cfkm\gf] k lqmofdf kl/jt{g ug{ bafa lbgsf] nflu ;+;f/e/lsf dflg;x nfo{ r]e/f]gsf] dfgjclwsf/ xgg\ af/]df lziff lbg] sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]. ;f] +Rg'kg] { c? s'/fx gf]s;fgl jf b' kof]o xfn;fn} epsf] xf] < sfg'gl d'2f xfgl epsf] s]xl jif{leq g} btf{ ug'{k5{ -!) jif{leq_. o;n] SofG;/ h:tf] l9nf] c;/ ug]{ /f]usf] af/]df n8\g] d'2f lhtg sl7g x'g5, o:tf] /f]u udel/ ep klg. s] d'2f Nofpg] JolQm, pglx sf] ujfx / jlsnx pglx sf] ;'/Iff vt/fdf /fvg rfxg5g\ < w]/} ;/sf/ / ;+ul7t ;+:yf cfkm\gf] zlqmsf] k bz{g ug{ slxn] 5f]8\b}gg\, h;df zf/ll/s lx+;f / xtof klg ;dfj]z x'g5. h;n] of] zlqmnfo{ r'gf}tl lbg5 p;n] cfkm\gf] Hofg vt/fdf kfg{ ;S5. s] ToxfF d'2fnfo{ ltg{ k};f 5 < cbfnt vr{, jlsn vr{, cgt/f{li6«o ofqf, 6]lnkmf]g lan, k df0f hddf ubf{ / c? vr{ klg o;df hf]l8g5. s] tkfo{ w]/} jif{;dd d'2fdf sfd ug{ ;Ifd x'g'x'g5 < d'2fn] # b]lv!) jif{ jf Tof] egbf a9l ;do lng ;S5. slxn]sfxlf d'2f btf{ ug]{ JolQm dl/;s]kl5 d'2fsf] km};nf x'g5.
566 cg';"rl @M jftfj/0flo clwsf/sf] nflu n8\g sfg'gsf] k of]u cgt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] k of]u ;+o'qm /fi6«;+3df ;b:o b]zx n] -nueu ;+;f/sf] ;a} b]z_ ;a} dflg;x sf] jftfj/0f clwsf/ hf]ufpg w]/} sfg'g / dxf;lgwx (Convention) df ;xdlt hgfpsf 5g\. dfgjclwsf/ x/]s dflg; / ;d'bfosf] nflu xf] / s;}n] klg o;nfo{ sxlf nfg ;Sb}g. ol clwsf/x cgt/f{li6«o :t/df :jls[lt k fkt 5g\ t/ o;nfo{ k efjsf/l agfpg dflg;x o;sf] af/]df yfxf kfpg'k5{ / k of]u ug'{k5{. /fli6«o :t/df o;sf sfof{gjog epsf] 5 eg]/ ljzj:t geosg cgt/f{li6«o sfg'g / dxf;lgwx klg k efjsf/l x'fb}g. cgt/f{li6«o ;xdlt w]/} cgt/f{li6«o ;xdltn] dfgjclwsf/ / jftfj/0f hf]ufpfb5. b'ef{uojz sf]xl dflg; jf ;d"xn] o:tf ;xdlt pnn+3g u/]sf] v08df d'2f xfng ldnb}g. h'g b]zn] ;xdltdf x:tfif/ u/]sf] 5 p;n] dfq ug{ kfpf5 t/ pglx n] lj/n} u5{g\. o:tf ;xdlt ;/sf/sf] lj?4 nfu" ug{ ;lsg5 t/ ax'/fli6«o sdkglsf] lj?4 ug{ ;ls+b}g. w]/} b]zx df cgt/f{li6«o sfg'g To; b]zsf] cbfntdf k of]u ug{ ldn5. cgt/f{li6«o ;xdltn] s] eg5 eg]/ hfggfn] tkfo{nfo{ cgt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] s'g} ljifok ltsf] b[li6sf]0f a'em\g / dfgjclwsf/sf] nflu sfo{qmd agfpg d2t u5{. olb dflg;x nfo{ pglx sf] clwsf/ / ;xdlt h'g w]/} b]zx n] pglx sf] ;Ddfg ug{ agfpsf 5g\ To;sf] af/]df yfxf epdf pglx n] cfkm\gf] clwsf/sf] cem /fd f] k of]u ug{ ;S5g\ / ;/sf/sf] hjfkmb]lxtf klg axg ug{ ;S5g\.
cgt/f{li6«o sfg"gsf] k of]u 567 tn s]xl cgt/f{li6«o ;xdltsf] j]j;fo6;lxt lbpsf] 5 h;n] dfgjclwsf/ / jftfj/0f hf]ufpf5. o;df tkfo{n] ;xdltsf] af/]df hfgsf/l / s;/l k of]u epsf] 5 To;sf] klg hfgsf/l lng ;Sg'x'g]5 -k[i7 $^& df ljiffqm kbfy{sf] s]xl ;xdltsf] JofVof ul/psf] s'/fsf] nflu k[i7 $^& x]g'{xf];\_. The United Nations Charter www.un.org/aboutun/charter/ The Universal Declaration of Human Rights www.un.org/overview/rights.html The Convention on the Rights of the Child www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/k2crc.htm www.unicef.org/crc/ The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change unfccc.int/2860.php The Convention on Biological Diversity www.biodiv.org/default.shtml www.iisd.ca/biodiv/cbdintro.html The Declaration on the Right to Development www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/74.htm The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/a_cescr.htm The United Nations Declaration on Social Progress and Development www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/m_progre.htm The United Nations Vancouver Declaration on Human Settlements www.un-documents.net/van-dec.htm The Stockholm Convention on the Elimination of POPS www.pops.int www.ipen.org The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal www.basel.int/text/con-e.htm www.ban.org The Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes within Africa www.londonconvention.org/bamako.htm www.ban.org/library/bamako_treaty.htm The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade www.pic.int/ The Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter www.imo.org/conventions/contents.asp?topic_ id=258&doc_id=681 www.londonconvention.org The Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development www.wmo. ch/web/homs/documents/english/icwedece.html The Millennium Declaration of Johannesburg www.johannesburgsummit. org/html/documents/summit_docs/political_ declaration_final.pdf
568 cg';"rl @M jftfj/0flo clwsf/sf] nflu n8\g sfg'gsf] k of]u cgt/f{li6«o kmf]/d / ljz]if ljlw dflg;x n] cfkm\gf] dfgjclwsf/ k ltsf] ;+3if{df Wofg s]lgb t ug{ cgt/f{li6«o sfg'gl kmf]/d h:t} cd]l/sg ;+:yf American States Inter-American Court, ljzj cbfnt / ;+o'qm /fi6«;+3sf] dfgjclwsf/df ;d]t cfjfh p7fpsf 5g\. cgt/f{li6«o Wofgn] b]znfo{ jftf{ ug{ / skf]{/]6 sfo{ /f]sg h;n] jftfj/0fnfo{ xfgl u/]sf] 5 / dfgjclwsf/ pnn+3g u/]sf] 5, To;df bafa lbg ;S5. h'g b]zsf] cbfntdf dfgjclwsf/ xgg\ epsf] ;dfwfg epsf] 5}g jf /fli6«o sfg'g / /fli6«o cbfnt ;dfg gepsf] s'/f JofVof ug{ uog5 ToxfF ljlegg sf/0fn] c;kmntf x'g5. ;+o'qm /fi6«;+3n] dfgjclwsf/ xgg\ gx'g lbg ljz]if ljlw ckgfpsf] 5. ol ljz]if ljlwx s'g} dflg;n] jf ;d"xn] ;/sf/sf] cf1fljgf g} k of]u ug{ ;S5 / of] s'g} dxf;lgw jf cle;lgwdf e/ kb} {g. dflg;n] of] ljz]if ljlwsf] k of]u dfgjclwsf/ljb\ h;nfo{ "Special Rapporteurs" elgg5, ;Fu ;Dks{ u/]/ ug{ ;S5g\. pglx n] cfkm\gf] sfd ug] { If]qdf -h;nfo{ Mandate elgg5_ epsf] dfgjclwsf/ xgg\sf] hffr u5{g\ h:t}m vfg]s'/fsf] clwsf/, :jf:yosf] clwsf/, ljiffqm kmf]x/sf] lj;h{g / c? w]/}. ol ljz]if Rapporteurs nfo{ ;fwf/0f lr L / To; ;lxt ;d:ofsf] af/]df k ltj]bg, sfuhkq / c? lnlvt hfgsf/lsf ;fy ;Dks{ ug{ ;lsg5. Rapporteurs n] ol ;d:ofnfo{ ;+o'qm /fi6«;+3 dfgjclwsf/df jf slxn]sfxlf + ;+o'qm /fi6«sf] ;fwf/0f;efdf k]z ug{ ;S5g\. Rapporteurs x sf] gfd, pglx sf] sfo{ If]q (Mandates) / ;Dks{ hfgsf/l ;+o'qm /fi6«dfgjclwsf/sf] j]j;fo6 (www.ohchr.org) sf] æljifosf] cfwf/df dfgjclwsf/æ cgtu{t k fkt ug{ ;lsg5.