Famil: Aacardiaceae Taxo: Spodias purpurea 'Wild Tpe' Som: Spodias cirouella Tussac Commo Name: Hog plum Purple mombi Red mombi Spaish plum Jocote Questioaire : curret 20090513 Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Chuck Chimera Desigatio: EVALUATE Data Etr Perso: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 5 101 Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? =1, =-1 103 Does the species have weed races? =1, =-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio 205 302 Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals =1, =-1 405 Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 Prit Date: 3/19/2012 podias purpurea 'Wild Tpe' (Aacardiaceae Page 1 of 8
410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed =1, =-1 603 Hbridizes aturall =1, =-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic =1, =-1 605 Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio =1, =-1 607 Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, >3 4+ ears = -1 701 Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked =1, =-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people =1, =-1 703 Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat =1, =-1 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal =1, =-1 705 Propagules water dispersed =1, =-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed =1, =-1 707 Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) =1, =-1 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut =1, =-1 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) =1, =-1 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) =1, =-1 803 Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire =1, =-1 805 Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: EVALUATE WRA Score 5 Prit Date: 3/19/2012 podias purpurea 'Wild Tpe' (Aacardiaceae Page 2 of 8
Supportig Data: 101 2005. Miller, A./Schaal, B.. Domesticatio of a Mesoamerica Cultivated Fruit Tree, Spodias purpurea. Proceedigs of the Natioal Academ of Scieces. 102(36): 12801-12806. 102 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA 103 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA 201 2005. Miller, A./Schaal, B.. Domesticatio of a Mesoamerica Cultivated Fruit Tree, Spodias purpurea. Proceedigs of the Natioal Academ of Scieces. 102(36): 12801-12806. 202 2005. Miller, A./Schaal, B.. Domesticatio of a Mesoamerica Cultivated Fruit Tree, Spodias purpurea. Proceedigs of the Natioal Academ of Scieces. 102(36): 12801-12806. 203 2008. Jaick, J./Paull, R.E.. The ecclopedia of fruit & uts. Cabi Publishig, Walligford, UK [Is the species highl domesticated? No] "Fruits of wild jocotes are usuall bright red (A.M., persoal observatio). The are smaller ad more acidic tha the cultivated fruits, with cosiderabl less flesh surroudig the seed. Ulike cultivated populatios wild jocotes reproduce from seed ad ative populatios are age-structured with a variet of juveile ad mature idividuals preset. The cotrast i morpholog ad method of reproductio betwee wild ad cultivated jocotes idicates that S. purpurea is a species that has bee altered geeticall durig the course of domesticatio. Durig this process, humas have selected for trees that bear large, flesh, sweet fruits, ad that ca be reproduced easil from cuttigs." [This assessmet is for the wild tpe of S. purpurea. The cultivated form is highl domesticated] [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "Toda, wild jocote populatios are foud i the fragmeted tropical dr forests of Mexico ad Cetral America (36)." [Qualit of climate match data? 2-High] "Toda, wild jocote populatios are foud i the fragmeted tropical dr forests of Mexico ad Cetral America (36)." [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? Yes] "Natural populatios of red mombi i Mexico ad Cetral America are foud i both dr ad wet areas, icludig a wide rage of semi-deciduous forests. It has bee cultivated from 0 to 2000 m elevatio with a average aual precipitatio varig from 300 to 1800 mm." [Tolerates dr ad wet areas, with a potetial elevatio rage that exceeds 1000 m] 204 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "The tree is tropical, ragig from sea-level to 5,500 or 6,000 ft (1,700-1,800 m) i http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/idex Mexico ad Cetral America; to 2,500 ft (760 m) i Jamaica, i either dr or humid regios. It flowers but does ot fruit i Israel; is cold sesitive i Florida." 204 2003. Pimeta-Barrios, E./Ramírez-Herádez, B.C.. Pheolog, Growth, ad Respose to Light of Ciruela Mexicaa (Spodias purpurea L., Aacardiaceae). Ecoomic Bota. 57(4): 481-490. 204 2005. Miller, A./Schaal, B.. Domesticatio of a Mesoamerica Cultivated Fruit Tree, Spodias purpurea. Proceedigs of the Natioal Academ of Scieces. 102(36): 12801-12806. 205 1964. Little, Jr. E.L./Wadsworth, F.H.. Commo trees of Puerto Rico ad the Virgi Islads. Agriculture Hadbook No. 249. USDA Forest Service, Washigto, D.C 205 2012. Lim, T.K.. Edible Medicial ad No- Medicial Plats. Volume 1, Fruits. Spriger, 301 1971. Wiggis, I.L./Porter, D.M./Aderso, E.F.. Flora of the Galápagos Islads. Staford Uiversit Press, Staford, CA 301 1976. Morto, J.F.. Pestiferous spread of ma orametal ad fruit species i South Florida. Proceedigs of the Florida State Horticultural Societ. 89: 348-353. 301 2000. Liogier, A.H./ Martorell, L.F.. Flora of Puerto Rico ad adjacet islads: a sstematic sopsis. La Editorial, UPR, Sa Jua, Puerto Rico [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "The stud was performed i a subtropical area of Paso de Guadalupe, muicipalit of Ixtlahuaca del Rio, Jalisco, Mexico, located at 40 km ortheast of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico at 103019'42"N2, 0?50'29'W, elevatio 819 m. This is oe of the importat cultivatio regios of S. purpurea i Jalisco, where approximatel6 0 ha are uder cultivatio. Both wild ad cultivated populatios grow o rock slopes i shallow, ifertile soils (Castro 1977) classified as regosols, with a slightl alkalie ph (Galva 1988; Rzedowski 1978)." [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "Toda, wild jocote populatios are foud i the fragmeted tropical dr forests of Mexico ad Cetral America (36)." [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] "Plated ad aturalized throughout West Idies except Bahamas. Native of tropical cotietal America ad widel distributed from cetral Mexico to Peru ad Brazil, spread through cultivatio. Plated i souther Florida. Also itroduced ito the Old World tropics." [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] "It is ow cultivated patropicall for its edible fruit." [Likel refers to domesticated tpe] [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "i the Galapagos it is a escape from cultivatio." [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Spodias purpurea L. Purple Mombi. Tropical America. Naturalized i disturbed sites, o shell mouds," [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "O hillsides ad roadsides, ofte plated for its fruits ad for shade, Puerto Rico; aturalized i the West Idies, a ative to Mexico ad Peru to Brazil, itroduced ito Florida ad the Old World tropics." Prit Date: 3/19/2012 podias purpurea 'Wild Tpe' (Aacardiaceae Page 3 of 8
301 2005. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Lorece, D.H.. Flora of the Hawaiia Islads website. Smithsoia Ist., Washigto, D.C. http://bota.si.edu/pacificisladbiodiversit/hawai iaflora/idex.htm [Naturalized beod ative rage? No evidece i Hawaiia Islads] 301 2010. Nelso, G.. The Trees of Florida. 2d Editio. Pieapple Press Ic, Sarasota, FL 301 2012. Lim, T.K.. Edible Medicial ad No- Medicial Plats. Volume 1, Fruits. Spriger, [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Naturalized i Florida i Collier Cout ad the Kes." [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "It has also aturalised i some coutries, icludig the Philippies, Galapagos ad Nigeria." 302 2007. Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Spodias purpurea. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/spodias_purpur ea/ [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? Possibl] Listed as a weed, but evidece of impacts was ot foud. 303 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? No] No evidece 304 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Evirometal weed? No] No evidece 305 2007. Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Idex [Olie Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 401 2008. Jaick, J./Paull, R.E.. The ecclopedia of fruit & uts. Cabi Publishig, Walligford, UK 402 2009. Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, (http://www.worldagroforestr.org/af/treedb/) 402 2012. Morikawa, C.I.O./Miaura, R./Tapia Y Figueroa, M.D.L./Regifo Salgado, E.L./Fujii, Y.. Screeig of 170 Peruvia plat species for allelopathic activit b usig the Sadwich Method. Weed Biolog ad Maagemet. 12: 1 11. 403 2008. Jaick, J./Paull, R.E.. The ecclopedia of fruit & uts. Cabi Publishig, Walligford, UK [Cogeeric weed? Potetiall] Spodias ctherea, Spodias dulcis, Spodias mombi, Spodias piata listed as aturalized or weeds. [Produces spies, thors or burrs? No] "Spodias purpurea is a small deciduous tree, 3-15 m high, with gre ad usuall smooth bark. A rather thick ad trasparet exudate exudes from cuts ad bruises. The imparipiate leaves are 6-28 cm log ad 5-27-foliolate with a 15-20 cm rachis. The leaflets are usuall 3-6 cm log ad 1-2.5 cm wide, elliptic to oblaceolate. The axillar ifloresceces are 1-10 cm log, few-flowered, usuall produced at older ad defoliate odes. The petals are usuall red to purple, 2.5-3.5 mm log at athesis. The fruit is a drupe, which is oblog to obovoid or subglobose 1.5-4.5 cm log ad 1-3.5 cm wide. Whe ripe, the fruit is usuall red but sometimes ellowish or orage. The mesocarp is flesh ad juic, ad the edocarp is 1.5-3.5 cm log." [Allelopathic? Ulikel] "Soil improver: A seasoal variatio occurs i leaf litter compositio. N, Calcium ad Magesium levels were adequate whereas P ad K levels were below the optimal rage." [Allelopathic? Ukow. Related S. mombi shows allelopathic potetial] "Peru is oe of the 20 botaicall extremel diverse coutries i the world, with >17 000 flowerig plats, of which 30% are edemic. So far, o sstematic research has bee coducted o the screeig of the allelopathic plats. I this stud, the allelopathic activit of 170 species from 61 families of Peruvia plats that were collected from the three mai regios of Peru the Costa (Pacific coastlie), the Sierra (Adea moutais), ad the Selva (Amazoia raiforest) was evaluated. The allelopathic activit was determied b the Sadwich Method, which ca evaluate the activit of leaf leachates. The species that were foud to be highl ihibitor i this screeig, uder the criterio of >90% ihibitio of the radicle of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seedligs, were Aristeguietia ballii ad Diplostephium foliosissimum (Asteraceae) ad Spodias mombi (Aacardiaceae). All of these species are ative plats from Peru. This stud gives a strog clue regardig the potetial of isolatig potet allelochemicals from these plats i the future." [Parasitic? No] "Spodias purpurea is a small deciduous tree, 3-15 m high, with gre ad usuall smooth bark." [Aacardiaceae] 404 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL [Upalatable to grazig aimals? No] "Leaves ad fruits: The leaves are readil grazed b cattle ad the fruits are fed to hogs." http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/idex 404 2012. Lim, T.K.. Edible Medicial ad No- [Upalatable to grazig aimals? No] "Cattle eat the leaves." Medicial Plats. Volume 1, Fruits. Spriger, 405 2008. Wagstaff, D.J.. Iteratioal poisoous plats checklist: a evidece-based referece. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL [Toxic to aimals? No] No evidece Prit Date: 3/19/2012 podias purpurea 'Wild Tpe' (Aacardiaceae Page 4 of 8
405 2009. Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, (http://www.worldagroforestr.org/af/treedb/) 405 2012. Lim, T.K.. Edible Medicial ad No- Medicial Plats. Volume 1, Fruits. Spriger, 406 2008. Jaick, J./Paull, R.E.. The ecclopedia of fruit & uts. Cabi Publishig, Walligford, UK 406 2009. Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, (http://www.worldagroforestr.org/af/treedb/) [Toxic to aimals? No] "Fodder: Shoot, leaf ad seed are used as fatteig feed for pigs ad cattle." [Toxic to aimals? No] "Cattle eat the leaves." [No evidece] [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? No] "Diseases, Pests ad Weeds: No importat diseases ad pests have bee recorded. Fruit flies ma cause serious damage to ripe fruit." [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? No] "The mite Brevipalpus salasi produces a irregular ellowig of the leaves ad a slight scal appearace to fruits of this plat. Parasitizig fruit flies (Aastrepha spp.) dwell o S. purpurea. Agroforestr" [Isigificat pest] 407 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? No] "I the Philippies, it is said that eatig a large quatit of the fruits o a empt stomach ma cause http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/idex stomachache." 407 2008. Wagstaff, D.J.. Iteratioal poisoous plats checklist: a evidece-based referece. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? No] No evidece 408 2004. Heirich, A./Hurka, H.. Species richess ad compositio durig slvigeesis i a tropical dr forest i orthwester Costa Rica. Tropical Ecolog. 45(1): 43-57. 408 2009. Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, (http://www.worldagroforestr.org/af/treedb/) 409 2009. Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, (http://www.worldagroforestr.org/af/treedb/) [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? No] "I Cetral America most species of adult trees are fire itolerat ad fire-created habitats are uatural, though athropogeic fires are a major blockage to secodar wood successio (Budowski 1966; Jaze 1988 a & b)." [No evidece that Spodias purpurea icreases fire hazards] [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? No] No evidece [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? No] "Is a light demadig species i dr areas with shallow soils." 410 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios? Yes] "The tree is foud growig aturall o a great diversit of soils throughout Lati America sad, gravel, http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/idex heav cla loam, or limestoe." 410 2008. Jaick, J./Paull, R.E.. The ecclopedia of fruit & uts. Cabi Publishig, Walligford, UK 410 2012. Lim, T.K.. Edible Medicial ad No- Medicial Plats. Volume 1, Fruits. Spriger, 411 2003. Pimeta-Barrios, E./Ramírez-Herádez, B.C.. Pheolog, Growth, ad Respose to Light of Ciruela Mexicaa (Spodias purpurea L., Aacardiaceae). Ecoomic Bota. 57(4): 481-490. 412 1964. Little, Jr. E.L./Wadsworth, F.H.. Commo trees of Puerto Rico ad the Virgi Islads. Agriculture Hadbook No. 249. USDA Forest Service, Washigto, D.C 501 2008. Gargiullo, M.B./Maguso, B.L/Kimball, L.D.. A field guide to plats of Costa Rica. Oxford Uiversit Press US,, NY 502 2008. Gargiullo, M.B./Maguso, B.L/Kimball, L.D.. A field guide to plats of Costa Rica. Oxford Uiversit Press US,, NY [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios? Yes] "The tree is able to grow ormall o rock substrates, slopes or differet soil tpes icludig those of little agricultural value due to a wide phsiological ad aatomical plasticit (Pimeta- Barrios ad Ramirez-Heradez 2003)." [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios? Yes] "It is adaptable to a wide rage of soils - from sad, gravel, heav cla loam, loams to calcareous soils." [Climbig or smotherig growth habit? No] "Spodias purpurea is a small deciduous tree, growig to 3 m tall, with a welldefied truk ad umerous braches." [Forms dese thickets? No] "Plated ad aturalized throughout West Idies except Bahamas. Native of tropical cotietal America ad widel distributed from cetral Mexico to Peru ad Brazil, spread through cultivatio. Plated i souther Florida. Also itroduced ito the Old World tropics." [Aquatic? No] "Tree or large shrub 4-15 m, ofte with multiple truks " "Habitat: Wet to seasoall dr forests." [Terrestrial] [Grass? No] "Tree or large shrub 4-15 m, ofte with multiple truks " [Aacardiaceae] Prit Date: 3/19/2012 podias purpurea 'Wild Tpe' (Aacardiaceae Page 5 of 8
503 2003. Pimeta-Barrios, E./Ramírez-Herádez, B.C.. Pheolog, Growth, ad Respose to Light of Ciruela Mexicaa (Spodias purpurea L., Aacardiaceae). Ecoomic Bota. 57(4): 481-490. 504 2008. Gargiullo, M.B./Maguso, B.L/Kimball, L.D.. A field guide to plats of Costa Rica. Oxford Uiversit Press US,, NY 601 2005. Miller, A./Schaal, B.. Domesticatio of a Mesoamerica Cultivated Fruit Tree, Spodias purpurea. Proceedigs of the Natioal Academ of Scieces. 102(36): 12801-12806. 602 2005. Miller, A./Schaal, B.. Domesticatio of a Mesoamerica Cultivated Fruit Tree, Spodias purpurea. Proceedigs of the Natioal Academ of Scieces. 102(36): 12801-12806. 603 2008. Miller, A.J.. Characterizatio of a Domesticated Tree Lieage (Spodias purpurea, Aacardiaceae) Based onuclear ad Chloroplast Sequece Data. Joural of the Torre Botaical Societ. 135(4): 463-474. 604 1985. Bullock, S.H.. Breedig Sstems i the Flora of a Tropical Deciduous Forest i Mexico. Biotropica 17(4): 287-301. 17(4): 287-301. 604 2006. Uribe-Mu, C.A./Quesada, M.. Prefereces, patters ad cosequeces of brach removal o the dioecious tropical tree Spodias purpurea (Aacardiaceae) b the isect borer Ocideres albomargiata chamela (Cerambcidae). Oikos. 112: 691-697. 605 1994. Bullock, S.H.. Wid Polliatio of Neotropical Dioecious Trees. Biotropica. 26(2): 172-179. 605 2011. Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The Families ad Geera of Vascular Plats. Vol. X. Flowerig Plats. Eudicots: Sapidales, Cucurbitales, Mrtaceae. Spriger, 606 1964. Little, Jr. E.L./Wadsworth, F.H.. Commo trees of Puerto Rico ad the Virgi Islads. Agriculture Hadbook No. 249. USDA Forest Service, Washigto, D.C [Nitroge fixig wood plat? No] "Ciruela mexicaa (Spodias purpurea L.) belogs to the famil Aacardiaceae tribe Spodiadeae, which has approximatel 17 geera" [Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)? No] "Tree or large shrub 4-15 m, ofte with multiple truks " [Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat? No] "Fruits of wild jocotes are usuall bright red (A.M., persoal observatio). The are smaller ad more acidic tha the cultivated fruits, with cosiderabl less flesh surroudig the seed. Ulike cultivated populatios, wild jocotes reproduce from seed ad ative populatios are age-structured with a variet of juveile ad mature idividuals preset." [Produces viable seed? Yes] "Fruits of wild jocotes are usuall bright red (A.M., persoal observatio). The are smaller ad more acidic tha the cultivated fruits, with cosiderabl less flesh surroudig the seed. Ulike cultivated populatios, wild jocotes reproduce from seed ad ative populatios are age-structured with a variet of juveile ad mature idividuals preset." [Hbridizes aturall? Yes. Presumabl] "I this stud, data support souther Mesoamerica as a regio where hbridizatio betwee Spodias purpurea ad S. mombi ma be occurrig, ad/or where lieage sortig is icomplete. Two lies of evidece suggest ogoig hbridizatio betwee S. purpurea ad S. mombi i souther Mesoamerica: first, i this regio, smpatric Spodias purpurea ad S. mombi idividuals share some of the same chloroplast ad uclear alleles." "Secod, two Spodias idividuals collected i souther Mesoamerica carr the uclear sequece of S. mombi ad the chloroplast sequece of S. purpurea" [Self-compatible or apomictic? No] "Appedix I. Floristic list with life form, floral sexualit, famil, ad species" [Spodias purpurea = d, dioecious"] [Self-compatible or apomictic? No] "I Mexico, S. purpurea is a commo dioecious tree of the tropical dr forest (Bullock 1992)." [Requires specialist polliators? No] "Lozao (1986) suggested that Spodias mombi L. is wid-polliated o the basis of floral morpholog; however, I cosider the morphologicall similar Spodias purpurea L. at Chamela to be etomophilous." [Floral morpholog suggests isect polliatio] "Aacardiaceae are primaril etomophilous, but some exceptios are foud." "Flowers pedicellate, articulate; calx slightl imbricate or apert; (4)5- lobed; corolla valvate, (4)5(6) parted, cucullate; white, cream-colored, purple, or red; adroecium diplostemoous, sometimes i two whorls of uequal legth; filamets filiform or subulate; athers dorsifixed; pistillodes ad stamiodes reduced; disk glabrous or papillose, aular ad lobed; carpels (3 )5; stlodia (3 )5; stigmas capitate to spathulate; ovules apical." [Geeric descrptio of Spodias] [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? Yes] "Grow commol as livig feceposts, tlie trees are easil propagated from cuttigs ad seeds." 606 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? Probabl Yes] "The purple mombi, icludig its ellow form, is grow ver easil ad quickl b settig large cuttigs http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/idex upright i the groud. It is oe of the trees most used to create "livig feces"." 607 1985. Jaze, D.H.. Spodias mombi is culturall deprived i mega-faua-free forest. Joural of Tropical Ecolog. 1(2): 131-155. 701 1964. Little, Jr. E.L./Wadsworth, F.H.. Commo trees of Puerto Rico ad the Virgi Islads. Agriculture Hadbook No. 249. USDA Forest Service, Washigto, D.C [Miimum geerative time (ears)? 4+] "S. mombi become fruit-bearig trees as oug as 20 ears of age, rage from 5-30 m i height whe fruit-bearig, ad are most frequetl oticed as pioeer members of primar ad secodar successio i old fields ad road- sides" [Specifics ukow for S. purpurea, but presumabl will take at least 4 or more ears to reach maturit] [Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked areas)? Potetiall] "I fece rows, alog highwas, ad ear homes i the coastal regios, commoest ad largest ad i a arrow strip alog the base of the souther side of the Cordillera of Puerto Rico. Probabl aturalized rather tha ative." [Although seeds are primaril adapted for vertebrate dispersal] Prit Date: 3/19/2012 podias purpurea 'Wild Tpe' (Aacardiaceae Page 6 of 8
702 2005. Miller, A./Schaal, B.. Domesticatio of a Mesoamerica Cultivated Fruit Tree, Spodias purpurea. Proceedigs of the Natioal Academ of Scieces. 102(36): 12801-12806. [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Possibl, but domesticated tpe ietioall dispersed] "Jocotes are cultivatedt hroughoutt he tropics ad subtropicsf or their fruits, which are eate fresh, sold i local markets, ad made ito jams ad beverages (34, 35). The majorit of trees are foud i backard gardes ad livig feces, although some formal cultivatio exists i orchards (39)." "Fruits of wild jocotes are usuall bright red (A.M., persoal observatio). The are smaller ad more acidic tha the cultivated fruits, with cosiderabl less flesh surroudig the seed. Ulike cultivated populatios, wild jocotes reproduce from seed ad ative populatios are age-structured with a variet of juveile ad mature idividuals preset. The cotrast i morpholog ad method of reproductio betwee wild ad cultivated jocotes idicates that S. purpurea is a species that has bee altered geeticall durig the course of domesticatio. Durig this process, humas have selected for trees that bear large, flesh, sweet fruits, ad that ca be reproduced easil from cuttigs." 703 2009. Educatioal Cocers For Huger [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? No] "This heav Orgaizatio (ECHO). Fruitig Trees, Shrubs ad producig tree has become a favorite at ECHO. The pleasat smell of the fruit Herbaceous Plats - M. ca be oted ma feet awa. The 1- to 2 ich log oval or oblog fruits have a http://www.echoet.org/cotet/fruitiformatio/62 fairl large seed." [Ulikel, as fruit is harvested for food] 7 703 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? No] No evidece 704 2005. Miller, A./Schaal, B.. Domesticatio of a Mesoamerica Cultivated Fruit Tree, Spodias purpurea. Proceedigs of the Natioal Academ of Scieces. 102(36): 12801-12806. 705 2011. Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The Families ad Geera of Vascular Plats. Vol. X. Flowerig Plats. Eudicots: Sapidales, Cucurbitales, Mrtaceae. Spriger, 706 2002. Vozzo, J.A.. Tropical Tree Seed Maual. USDA Forest Service, Washigto, D.C. 706 2005. Miller, A./Schaal, B.. Domesticatio of a Mesoamerica Cultivated Fruit Tree, Spodias purpurea. Proceedigs of the Natioal Academ of Scieces. 102(36): 12801-12806. 707 2004. Wehcke, E.V./Numa Valdez, C./Domíguez, C.A.. Seed Dispersal ad Defecatio Patters of Cebus capucius ad Alouatta palliata: Cosequeces for Seed Dispersal Effectiveess. Joural of Tropical Ecolog. 20: 535-543. 708 1997. Madujao, S./Gallia, S./Sachez-Rojas, G. et al.. Habitat Use b White-tailed Deer i a Tropical Forest. Pp 71-77 i i James C. devos, Jr., ed. Proc. of the 1997 Deer/Elk Workshop, Rio Rico, AZ. Arizoa Game & Fish Departmet, Phoeix 708 2002. Vozzo, J.A.. Tropical Tree Seed Maual. USDA Forest Service, Washigto, D.C. 708 2004. Godiez-Alvarez, H.. Polliatio ad seed dispersal b lizards: a review. Revista Chilea de Historia Natural. 77: 569-577. 708 2005. Miller, A./Schaal, B.. Domesticatio of a Mesoamerica Cultivated Fruit Tree, Spodias purpurea. Proceedigs of the Natioal Academ of Scieces. 102(36): 12801-12806. [Propagules adapted to wid dispersal? No] "Fruits of wild jocotes are usuall bright red (A.M., persoal observatio)." [Propagules water dispersed? Potetiall] "Water dispersal has bee reported or purported for species of three geera, Magifera, Poupartiopsis, ad Spodias." [Ukow for S. purpurea] [Propagules bird dispersed? Yes] "Drupes ad berries with bright color (red, pik, white, black, blue, purple, orage, ellow, or greeish ellow), membraaceous or slightl coriaceous exocarp, flesh mesocarp, water, rich i sugars, poor i lipids ad proteis, ad fast-rottig are highl appreciated b birds (Leve 1987, Moermod ad Deslow 1985, Sorese 1983, Va der Pijl 1972, Va Roosmale 1985, White 1974). Examples iclude Aacardiaceae (Spodias, Tapirira), " [Propagules bird dispersed? Yes] "Fruits of wild jocotes are usuall bright red (A.M., persoal observatio)." [Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall)? Potetiall] "Appedix I. Pricipal fruit species i the diet of Cebus capucius ad Alouatta palliata, durig the stud. Overlap i food plats b the two species of moke = 30%." [S. purpurea seeds spat out b howlers ad white-faced mokes; could potetiall be exterall dispersed] [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Yes] "Fruits from the S. purpurea are a importat source of water for the deer at the ed of the dr seaso because there are few of water sources." "Leaves ad twigs were the most importat plat parts i the aual diet, but i the dr seaso fruits ad flowers, particularl fruits of red mombi (Spodias purpurea), costituted 30% of its diet." [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Yes] "The followig are fruits ad seeds commol cosumed ad dispersed b mammals: Aacardiaceae (Spodias), " [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Yes] "Quatit ad qualit compoets of seed dispersal b lizards. Quatit: (1) lizard abudace, (2) fruit removal ad/or hadlig time, (3) umber of seeds per scat, (-) ot evaluated. Qualit: (1) seed germiatio after gut passage ad/or passage time through the digestive tract, (2) habitat use b lizards, (-) ot evaluated" [Spodias purpurea dispersed b lizards] [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Yes] "Fruits of wild jocotes are usuall bright red (A.M., persoal observatio)." [Seeds are presumabl adapted for iteral dispersal] Prit Date: 3/19/2012 podias purpurea 'Wild Tpe' (Aacardiaceae Page 7 of 8
708 2011. Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The Families ad Geera of Vascular Plats. Vol. X. Flowerig Plats. Eudicots: Sapidales, Cucurbitales, Mrtaceae. Spriger, 801 2003. Pimeta-Barrios, E./Ramírez-Herádez, B.C.. Pheolog, Growth, ad Respose to Light of Ciruela Mexicaa (Spodias purpurea L., Aacardiaceae). Ecoomic Bota. 57(4): 481-490. 802 1992. Rico-Gra, V./Garciá-Fraco, J.G.. Vegetatio ad Soil Seed Bak of Successioal Stages i Tropical Lowlad Deciduous Forest. Joural of Vegetatio Sciece. 3(5): 617-624. [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Yes] "The major seed dispersers of flesh-fruited species are birds (e.g., Metopium, Rhus, Schius, Searsia, Toxicodedro), bats (e.g., Aacardium, Atrocaro, Camposperma, Magifera, Spodias, Thrsodium), ad primates (e.g., Aacardium, Atrocaro, Magifera, Pseudospodias, Sclerocara, Sorideia, Spodias, Trichoscpha). I additio to these, there are also reports i the literature of the followig aimal dispersers: elephats ad rumiats (e.g., Atrocaro, Pseudospodias), deer (e.g., Aacardium, Rhus, Spodias), ad cootes, coatis, foxes, peccaries, reptiles, ad tapirs (e.g., Spodias) (Gautier-Hio et al. 1985; Mitai et al. 1994; Fragoso 1997; Altrichter et al. 1999; Li et al. 1999; Birkishaw 2001; Poulse et al. 2001)." [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? Ulikel] "There is a sigle sto seed i each fruit, although the seed ma be frequetl empt because the fertilized embro sac does ot alwas develop (Avitia 1996)." [Ulikel give relativel large, sigle-seeded drupes] [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? Ukow] "Table 1. Abudace values for wood plats with dbh > 1.0 cm. p = preset; * = i seed bak" [S. purpurea ot documeted i seed bak] 803 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Well cotrolled b herbicides? Ukow] No iformatio o herbicide efficac or chemical cotrol of this species 804 1964. Little, Jr. E.L./Wadsworth, F.H.. Commo trees of Puerto Rico ad the Virgi Islads. Agriculture Hadbook No. 249. USDA Forest Service, Washigto, D.C [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Yes] "Grow commol as livig feceposts, tlie trees are easil propagated from cuttigs ad seeds." 804 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Yes] "The purple mombi, icludig its ellow form, is grow ver easil ad quickl b settig http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/idex large cuttigs upright i the groud. It is oe of the trees most used to create "livig feces"." 805 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets)? Ukow] Prit Date: 3/19/2012 podias purpurea 'Wild Tpe' (Aacardiaceae Page 8 of 8