The socio-economic characteristics and attitudes of wild olive oil producers from Lun towards labeling with geographical origin M. Cagalj 1,*, T. Klepo 1, 2 1 Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Split, Croatia 2 Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Abstract Wild olives (genuine wild and feral) behind the general characteristics of species are significantly characterized by higher genetic diversity and have better adaptation to different ecological conditions. Moreover, morphological and agronomic characteristics as well as characteristics of oils obtained from different wild olive populations all over the Mediterranean also resulted in a great variability. In general, olive oil from wild olives is categorized as extra virgin olive oil that possesses specific aromas. In Croatia, one of the most original populations of wild olive trees is located on the island of Pag, in place Lun. Today, this wild olive forest is the base of local tourism and significantly effects local incomes. The aim of this research is to determine via halfstructured questionnaire the socio-economic and production characteristics of olive oil producers from the Lun, and their attitudes towards the protection with protected geographical indications (PGI). Results revealed that producers have an average of 204 olive trees, of which an average of 83 wild olives trees. Our results indicate that all producers are familiar with the concept and they support the protection of olive oil with PGI label. In addition, all producers are aware of the importance of PGI for product recognition, making of crossborder brand based on quality and historical heritage, and increase in revenue. Keywords: protected geographical indications, Olea europaea L., oleaster, olivaster, production INTRODUCTION Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the oldest fruit species in the cultivation. It is characterized by longevity, vegetative propagation and numerous varieties of which, according to available literature data, in the world is grown around 2000 varieties (Lavee, * E-mail: marin.cagalj@krs.hr 1
1994). The closest relative of the cultivated olive tree (Olea eurpaea subsp. europaea var. europaea) is a wild olive (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris). Wild olives are spread through the Mediterranean as individual trees, but rarely as numerous groups or populations (Zohary, 1994; Baldoni et al., 2006; Besnard et al., 2013). The group of wild olives include genuine wild olives (oleaster, i.e., spontaneous wild forms found in the natural, unspoiled areas under little or no human influence) and feral forms (olivaster, i.e., seedlings of cultivated olive trees or seedlings of crossing cultivars and wild olives) (Zohary and Hopf, 1994; Angiolillo et al., 1999; Lumaret et al., 2004). Wild olives have significantly greater diversity than cultivated olives, apropos that cultivated olives represent only a fraction of genetic variability of species (Lumaret et al., 2004; Belaj et al., 2010; Besnard et al., 2013). Also, the potential of wild olives in breading by improving agronomic characteristics of cultivated olives, such as shortening of juvenile period, abundant flowering, resistance to biotic and abiotic stress and the structure and quality of olive oil is revealed (Baccouri et al., 2008; Hannachi et al., 2008; Klepo et al., 2013, 2014). Populations of wild olive trees are usually found in isolated areas of adverse environmental conditions. An ideal example of wild olives are wild olives from the island of Pag, in Croatia, that grow in extremely harsh environmental conditions (strong wind - bura, pasture, drought, high skeletal soil) and certainly have potential in breeding genetic resource of exceptional value. Until now, it was established that Croatia is a rich source of wild and feral olives, but systematic exploration of their morphological and/or agronomic diversity as well as characteristics of the oils have not been conducted yet. One of the most known populations of wild olive trees is located on island of Pag, in the Novalja, place Lun. With the great efforts of local people, population of wild olives is now involved in the tourist offer, and today makes the bedrock of local tourism. Mentioned population is marked as a "botanical reserve" concerning the exceptional importance for biodiversity conservation. In addition to wild olive trees in Lun, it is assumed that in Croatia there are several sources of wild olive trees populations, one of which is probably located on the island of Šolta, whose potentials are similar to those that have already been developed at Lun. Last decade, we are witnessing increased production of olive oils in the world and food markets are saturated with highly competitive products that often do not possess the adequate quality (Strikic et al., 2013.). According to this saturation of food markets, European Commission (EC) created in 1992 labels (EC, 2081/92) for protection of agricultural food products, known as Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), Protected Geographical Indications (PGI), to protect consumers and prevent uncertainty among consumers about the quality and origin of the food products. As EU member state, Croatia implemented these labels in 1995 into the legislation (NN, 80/2005). Protected labels on products are very important for tourism in general, as well for the development of already existing tourism offer of wild olives trees in Lun. Geographically origin of wild olives oil and tradition are key elements to the development of the label protection of products and also indicators of wild olive oil quality. According to the previous findings from scientific researches (Belaj et al., 2007; Gois-Diogo, 2013; Barazzani et al., 2016), and potential of wild olives for labelling products with geographical origin and its importance in development of quality brand in Lun, this study for the first time evaluate the socio-economic characteristics of producers from Lun, volume of production and investigates producers willingness to participate in the process of getting PDO/PGI label for the olive oil from Lun. Beside the stated potential and quality of olive oil from Lun, without a strong will and willingness of olive oil producers to participate in the process of getting label PDO/PGI, it is impossible to protect olive oil from Lun with one of mentioned label. 2
MATERIALS AND METHODS A survey was conducted on a sample among olive producers who are the members of Association Udruga lunjskih maslinara who participated in the research. The subject of this study was the socio-economic characteristics of olive oil producers, the volume of production of olives and olive oils, methods of production, distribution channels, and statements of market potential of wild olives producers for development of PGI for olive oil from Lun s wild olive oils. This paper gives special attention to the attitude of olive oil producers towards development and labelling with geographical indicator of the Lun s olive oils from wild olives. The data on major technological and economic characteristics of production of olive producers in Lun were obtained by surveying all olive producers who are members of Association for growing season 2015. The interviewing survey method was a questionnaire that consisted of open-ended questions (completely unstructured) and close-ended questions (dichotomous or two-point questions and multiple choice questions). The sample consisted of 12 olive producers from Lun. The data were analysed using the standard statistical procedures and results are presented in descriptive and numeric parameters. For analysing the collected data, the statistic program R (R Core Team, 2012) was used, version 2.14.1, with the extension packages called plm, version 1.2-10 and lmtest. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1 shows the socio-demographic characteristics of olive oil producers. The average age of producers in this survey was 50.9. The percentage of woman as producers in this survey was only 10%. Results revealed that more than half (54.60%) of interviewed producers from Lun had a University degree. The household size of participants was 3.9 persons per household. The majority of households (45.53%) had an income with more than 801 per month, 33.97% below than 500 per month, and 20.50 % of interviewed producers between 501-800 per month. According to the EU standard, Croatia is a lowincome country, reaching 47% of the EU average in GDP per capita (EUROSTAT, 2015). Average household income in 2015 in Croatia was 730 per month with considerable inequalities in income distribution (Croatian Bureau of Statistic, 2015; Cagalj et al., 2016). According the results from this study, we can conclude that household income for 45.53% of producers from Lun is greater than countries average. Olive cultivar structure among producers is diverse. Most of producers grow Oblica (principal Croatian olive cultivar) in their olive groves. Other most represented cultivars in olive orchards in Lun are Pendolino, Leccino, Picholine and Frantoio. Results revealed that producers on average have 204 olive trees in their olive orchards with average size of olive orchard of 34.111m 2. This average size of olive groves is relative low compared to other olive producing countries, but still in range of Croatian sizes of production area, knowing that in Croatia more than 50% of small family farm are producing on area less than 1 ha (Cagalj et al., 2013). Large majority (80.00%) of producers are owners of parcels where they grows olives, 20.00% of producers are not owners and lease the land for growing olives. Results revealed that 60.00% of producers are not storing their olives before processing into oil. On the other hand, 40.00% of producers are storing olives before processing, and 75.00% of them are storing into the sea, while 25.00% in the digs. Storing in the sea is wide spread traditional way of fruit conservation till processing. Number of days of those producers who are storing olives before processing is from one to fifteen days. High share of producers (91.67%) are processing their olives in the oil mill in Lun, while other 8.33% are processing in the oil mill which is not located in the Lun, but in the neighbourhood village at the island of Pag. 3
Table 1. Socio-economic characteristics of olive oil producers from Lun Variables Categories Age (years) Mean St. Dev. 50.54 7.99 Gender % 0=Male 90.00 1=Female 10.00 Education % High School 45.40 University degree 54.60 Household size Mean St. Dev. 3.9 1.67 Household income % Low income = > 500 per month 33,97 Mid income = 501-800 per month 20,50 High income = < 801 per month 45,53 Table 2 presents the volume of production, distribution channels and market prices of olive oil producers from Lun. Producers in Lun possess in average 82.22 wild olive trees in their olive groves. Numbers of wild olive trees are in range from 30 to 200. Average yield is 28.33 kg of olives per tree. Average yield in Lun (28.33 kg/tree) is greater than Croatian average yield per olive tree, which is 22.72 kg/tree. Yield range among olive producers in Lun were from very low 5 kg/tree till respectively high 40 kg/tree, not surprising as the main cultivar Oblica is highly alternate (Strikić et al., 2010). Results revealed that producers from Lun produced 2,530 l (in total) of olive oil in growing season 2015. Average production of olive oil was 0.37 l/tree. In addition, the large majority of producers (83.33%) are selling their olive oil directly on farm, while 8.33% are selling at the local market and 8.33% producers are not selling produced olive oil (for personal use). Average selling price of one liter (1 l) of olive oil from Lun according the results of this study is 14.63. Achieved average selling price for olive oil from Lun is greater than Croatian average of 10.26 /l. This indicate that olive oil from Lun is recognized among consumers as quality product and consumers are willing to pay higher price margin for it. Table 2. Volume of production, distribution channels and selling prices of olive oil 4
Variables Categories Number of wild olive trees Mean St. Dev. 82.22 56.72 Average yield (kg/tree) Mean St. Dev. 28.33 9.42 Olive oil production (L/year) Mean St. Dev. 253.01 11.88 Distribution channels % Direct on farm 83.33 Local market 8.33 Do not sell (for own use) 8.33 Selling price of olive oil (1 l/ ) Mean St. Dev. 14.63 1.27 CONCLUSIONS This study for the first time revealed socio-economic aspects of producers of wild olives in Lun; volume and methods of production; and on the end attitudes of producers towards PDO/PGI labels of olive oil. Research on attitudes and opinions of olive oil producers from Lun, it can be concluded that the protection and promotion of olive oils with PDO/PGI labels of quality could be a key element in the development of olive oil tourism on island of Pag and an important element in improvement of socio-economic and demographic structure of olive oil producers. Quality labels would protect consumers from misleading and guarantee the origin of olive oil, and on the other hand, it will protect producers in order to achieve higher market prices and gain more surpluses (income), labels may contribute in protection of adulteration, abuse and the reputation of original olive oils (EC 29/2012; Di Vita et al., 2013). Those increases in producers income, from social aspect, may have a positive effect on socio-economic situation at the island of Pag, prevent the outflow of younger population, and assure new jobs. Concerning the fact that these are preliminary and descriptive results from only one growing season and limited number of producers, further expanded research is needed. Literature cited Baldoni L, Tosti N, Ricciolini C, Belaj A, Arcioni S, Pannelli G,et al. (2006). Genetic structure of wild and cultivated olives in the Central Mediterranean Basin. Annals of Botany 98, 935-942. 5
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