Proeedins of te 3 rd World Conress on Civil, Struturl, nd Environmentl Enineerin (CSEE 18) Budpest, Hunry April 8-10, 2018 Pper No. AWSPT 112 DOI: 10.11159/wspt18.112 An Assessment of Amient Air Qulity in Győr, Hunry Andre Szó Ny, Zsófi Csnádi Pysis nd Cemistry Deprtment, Széenyi István University Eyetem squre 1, Győr, Hunry nszo@sze.u; snzs@sze.u Astrt - Tis pper presents n ssessment of ir qulity of te ity Győr, loted 120 m west to te pitl of Hunry. Two urn ir monitorin sttions re operted y te lol Environmentl Protetion Lortory in te ity. Te onentrtion dt of mjor ir pollutnts (CO, NO x, SO 2, C 6H 6, O 3, PM 10, PM 2.5), PM 10-ound evy metls (P, Cd, As nd Ni) nd some polyyli romti ydrorons (PAHs) inludin enzo()pyrene (BP), enzo()ntrene, sum of tree enzofluorntene (, nd j) isomers, indeno(1,2,3-d)pyrene nd dienzo(,)ntrene re ville for te ssessment sed on te ltest pulised monitorin dt of te Hunrin Air Qulity Monitorin Networ. Te levels of pollutnts were ompred wit te Hunrin nd EU limit or tret vlues defined for elt protetion nd te WHO ir qulity uidelines (AQGs) or estimted referene levels (RLs). Moreover, te ir qulity index vlues for te pollutnts were lulted. Te results indited tt te min pollutnts were BP, PM 10 nd PM 2.5 in te Győr tmospere. Te nnul men onentrtion of PM 10 nd PM 2.5 erosols reed te WHO AQGs (20 nd 10 µ/m 3 ), wile tt of te BP it ws out 5.5 times ier tn te WHO RL vlue of 0.12 n/m 3. However, ood or exellent ir qulity ws identified for ll exmined ir pollutnts sed on te onentrtion dt evluted y te Hunrin nd EU limit or tret vlues. Keywords: Urn, Air Qulity, Monitorin, Air Pollutnts. 1. Introdution Urn ir pollution is n environmentl prolem in mny ities round te world tt s serious immedite nd lonterm implitions for te elt of te popultion nd for te pysil environment [1] [8]. It is well-nown tt ir qulity in ities is te result of omplex intertion etween nturl nd ntropoeni environmentl onditions [1] nd [6] [8]. Moreover, te ir pollution pt of te urn tmospere onsists of emission nd trnsmission of ir pollutnts. Nowdys, emissions from motor trffi or different etin systems re very importnt soure roups trouout te world [8] [10]. However, tere re mny oter ntropoeni ir pollution soures in te ities (e.. power plnts, oil refineries, industril filities, ftories nd wood urnin fireples). Nturl soures su s wind-lown dust, wildfires nd volnoes lso ve n importnt influene on ir qulity. Te riulturl setor is lso soure of ir pollution, ut it is lso impted y ir pollutnts [8]. Durin trnsmission, ir pollutnts re dispersed, diluted nd sujeted to potoemil retions [1]. Mny ir qulity stndrds re used to ssess sinle ir pollutnts, e.. NAAQS (Ntionl Amient Air Qulity Stndrds) in USA dopted y te Environmentl Protetion Aeny, WHO AQGs (World Helt Orniztion Air Qulity Guidelines), EU-stndrds in Europe or own stndrds in te different ountries [6] [8] nd [11]. In worldwide, te onentrtions of te most importnt pollutnts (minly CO, NO 2, O 3, prtiulte mtter (PM), P nd SO 2) re routinely reorded t offiil ir qulity monitorin sttions euse of exposure to elevted onentrtions of mient ir pollutnts uses dverse umn elt effets [6] [8] nd [11]. However, it nnot e neleted tt umn eins in ities re exposed not to sinle ir pollutnt lone, ut to mixture of different sustnes. Additionlly, Air Qulity Index (AQI) is lso pplied for te ssessment of te ir pollution onditions in ities [11] [14]. Tere re mny ir qulity indies in use in te world. Commonly, different ountries ve teir own ir qulity indies (wit different denomintions), orrespondin to different ntionl ir qulity stndrds. Te mesurement of te most importnt ir pollutnt onentrtions in Hunry is importne for numer of resons relted to umn elt, te environment nd ompline wit EU leisltion. Te Hunrin Air Qulity Monitorin Networ (HAQMN) provides urrent nd istoril ir qulity monitorin dt ntionwide [15] nd [16]. Te networ onsists of two myor prts: utomti monitorin sttions wit ontinuous mesure of wide rne of ir pollutnts in AWSPT 112-1
mient ir, nd mnul system wit smplin points nd onseutive lortory nlysis. Te ir monitorin sttions in Hunry re operted y te Environmentl Protetion Lortories of County Government Offies. A prt of te mesured dt is reistered in te Europen ir qulity dtse mintined y te Europen Environment Aeny [8]. Te min ojetive of tis wor is to evlute te ir qulity in Győr (Hunry) on te ses of te reported ir pollutnt monitorin dt for te yer 2016 provided y te Hunrin Meteoroloil Servie (HMS) under te HAQMN. Tis study ives rief overview of te mesured pollutnts, onentrtion levels nd ir qulity sttus of te ity. Te onentrtions of te mesured pollutnts were ssessed y te Hunrin nd EU ir qulity stndrds nd WHO AQGs or referene levels (RLs). Te Hunrin AQI ws lso pplied for te ssessment. 2. Mteril nd Metods 2.1. Study Are Győr is te most importnt ity in nortwest Hunry, te pitl of Győr-Moson-Sopron County. It s eome one of te lrest eonomi, industril nd trffi res of Hunry. It s n urn popultion of 130,000 [17] [19]. Tere re two permnent ir monitorin sttions in Győr under te HAQMN. Te lotion of te sites is sown in Fi. 1. Te Site-1 (S1) is loted lon one of te usiest rods in te entre of te ity ner te us nd trin min sttions. Te Site-2 (S2) is loted pproximtely 3 m sout of te ity entre [17] [19]. It ws oriinlly lssified s n urn round, ut nowdys it n e onsidered to eome n urn trffi site. Slovi Urine Austri O Győr Sloveni Romni Croti Seri Fi. 1: Te lotion of te monitorin sites in Győr (Hunry). 2.2. Dt nd Mesurements Tle 1 ives n overview on te mesured ir pollutnts in te Győr tmospere [15] nd [16]. Conentrtion dt of NO, NO 2, NO x (NO + NO 2), SO 2, CO, O 3, PM (wit te dimeter of 2.5 µm (PM 2.5) nd 10 µm (PM 10)) nd C 6H 6 re AWSPT 112-2
olleted under te Automti Monitorin Networ (AMN) of te HAQMN. Hourly nd 24-ourly onentrtions re reistered for NO, NO 2, NO x, SO 2, PM 2.5, PM 10, wile ourly nd 8-ourly onentrtions re provided for CO nd O 3 in te dtse. Annul men or 8-our men onentrtions re lso reported y te HMS [15]. PM 10 erosol smplin is rried out under te Mnul Monitorin Networ (MMN) of te HAQMN in 4 periods yer for 2 wees [16]. Te onentrtion of PM 10 mss nd te ssoited evy metls (P, Cd, As nd Ni) nd polyyli romti ydrorons (PAHs) is monitored. Lortory nlysis re used su s rvimetri metod for PM 10, n tomi sorption spetrometry metod for evy metls nd s romtorpy proedure for PAHs inludin enzo()pyrene (BP), enzo()ntrene (BA), sum of tree enzofluorntene (, nd j) isomers (BF), indeno(1,2,3- d)pyrene (IND) nd dienzo(,)ntrene (DA) [17] [19]. 24-our smplin ws pplied in PM 10 olletion proedure. Terefore, te 24-ourly nd nnul men onentrtions re reistered for PM 10 nd te ssoited mesured omponents in te Hunrin ir monitorin dtse [16]. NO 2 nd sediment dust were lso monitored in te Győr tmospere wit mnul mesurin system. However, tese dt were not evluted in te present study. Tle 1: Te monitorin ir pollutnts in te Győr tmospere evluted in tis study. Pollutnts Monitorin sttion Min rteristis NO S1, S2 Automti ontinuous mesurin system NO 2 S1, S2 Automti ontinuous mesurin system NO x S1, S2 Automti ontinuous mesurin system SO 2 S1, S2 Automti ontinuous mesurin system CO S1, S2 Automti ontinuous mesurin system O 3 S1, S2 Automti ontinuous mesurin system PM 2.5 S1 Automti ontinuous mesurin system PM 10 S1, S2 Automti ontinuous mesurin system nd 4 periods yer for 2 wees in MMN C 6H 6 S2 Automti ontinuous mesurin system P S2 4 periods yer for 2 wees in MMN Cd S2 4 periods yer for 2 wees in MMN As S2 4 periods yer for 2 wees in MMN Ni S2 4 periods yer for 2 wees in MMN BA S2 4 periods yer for 2 wees in MMN BjF S2 4 periods yer for 2 wees in MMN IND S2 4 periods yer for 2 wees in MMN DA S2 4 periods yer for 2 wees in MMN BP S2 4 periods yer for 2 wees in MMN PM 10-ound Te olleted filter smples (24-our smplin) were nlysed y rvimetri metod [17] Lortory nlysis of PM 10 filter smples [17] [19] 3. Results nd Disussions 3.1. Conentrtion Levels of Air Pollutnts Te lel stndrds for te mesured pollutnts set y te Amient EU Air Qulity Diretives nd te AQGs or RLs set y te WHO n e found in Tle 2 [6] [8], [20] nd [21]. Te Hunrin ir qulity limit nd tret vlues re lso sown in Tle 2 [22]. Most of te Hunrin stndrds re onsistent wit te EU stndrds. Generlly, in Hunry te onentrtion dt of ir pollutnt re ssessed y te Hunrin stndrds [15] nd [16]. However, in tis study te EU stndrds nd WHO AQGs or RLs re lso used for te ssessment. Te onentrtions of te mesured ir pollutnts in te Győr tmospere re iven in Tle 3 [15] nd [16]. Te perente of totl exmined smples exeeded te Hunrin stndrds is sown in Fi. 2. Te onentrtion levels in only some NO 2, PM 10 nd O 3 smples determined under te AMN were ier tn te Hunrin stndrds t ot AWSPT 112-3
monitorin sites. Only some smples exeeded te ourly NO 2 limit vlue of 100 µ/m 3. However, te mximum ourly onentrtion (120.7 µ/m 3 ) ws under te EU limit nd te equl WHO AQG vlue of 200 µ/m 3. Te 24- ourly PM 10 onentrtion ws ove te informtion tresold vlue of 75 µ/m 3 in only one dy t Site-2. Tle 2: Te EU nd Hunrin ir qulity limit or tret vlues nd te WHO AQGs or estimted RLs [6] [8] nd [20] [22]. Pollutnts EU stndrds Hunrin stndrds WHO reommendtions NO 2 Hourly limit vlue: 200 µ/m 3 Hourly limit vlue: 100 µ/m 3 Annul men limit vlue: 40 µ/m 3 Dily limit vlue: 85 µ/m 3 Hourly AQG: 200 µ/m 3 Annul men limit vlue: 40 µ/m 3 Annul men AQG: 40 µ/m 3 SO 2 CO O 3 Hourly limit vlue: 350 µ/m 3 Dily limit vlue: 125 µ/m 3 Mximum dily 8-our men limit vlue: 10 m/m 3 Mximum dily 8-our men tret vlue: 120 µ/m 3d Hourly limit vlue: 250 µ/m3 Dily limit vlue: 125 µ/m 3 Annul men limit vlue: 50 µ/m 3 Hourly limit vlue: 10 m/m 3 Mximum dily 8-our men limit vlue: 5 m/m 3 10 minutely AQG: 500 µ/m3 Dily AQG: 20 µ/m 3 Hourly AQG: 30 m/m 3 Mximum dily 8-our men AQG: 10 m/m 3 Annul men limit vlue: 3 m/m 3 Mximum dily 8-our men tret vlue: Mximum dily 8-our men 120 µ/m 3d AQG: 100 µ/m 3 PM 2.5 Annul men limit vlue: 25 µ/m 3 Annul men limit vlue: 25 µ/m 3 Dily AQG: 25 µ/m 3 Annul men AQG: 10 µ/m 3 Dily limit vlue: 50 µ/m PM 3e Dily limit vlue: 50 µ/m 3e Dily AQG: 50 µ/m 3 10 Annul men limit vlue: 40 µ/m 3 Annul men limit vlue: 40 µ/m 3 Annul men AQG: 20 µ/m 3 C 6H 6 Annul men limit vlue: 5 µ/m 3 Dily limit vlue: 10 µ/m 3 Annul men limit vlue: 5 µ/m 3 Annul men RL: 1.7 µ/m 3 P Annul men limit vlue: 500 n/m 3f Annul men limit vlue: 300 n/m 3 Annul men AQG: 500 n/m 3 Cd Annul men tret vlue: 5 n/m 3f Annul men limit vlue: 5 n/m 3f Annul men tret vlue: 5 n/m 3f As Annul men tret vlue: 6 n/m 3f Annul men limit vlue: 10 n/m 3f Annul men tret vlue: 6 n/m 3f Ni Annul men tret vlue: 20 n/m 3f Annul men limit vlue: 25 n/m 3f Annul men tret vlue: 20 n/m 3f Dily limit vlue: 1 n/m 3f BP Annul men tret vlue: 1 n/m 3f Annul men limit vlue: 1.2 n/m 3f Annul men tret vlue: 1 n/m 3f Not to e exeeded on more tn 18 ours per yer Not to e exeeded on more tn 24 ours per yer Not to e exeeded on more tn 3 dys per yer d Not to e exeeded on more tn 25 dys per yer, vered over 3 yers e Not to e exeeded on more tn 35 dys per yer Annul men AQG: 5 n/m 3i Annul men RL: 6.6 n/m 3 Annul men RL: 25 n/m 3 Annul men RL: 0.12 n/m 3 f Mesured s ontent in PM 10 99t perentile (3 dys per yer) As te WHO s not set n AQG for C 6H 6, As, Ni nd BP, te RL ws estimted ssumin n eptle ris of dditionl lifetime ner ris of pproximtely 1 in 100 000 i AQG set to prevent ny furter inrese of Cd in riulturl soil, liely to inrese te dietry inte of future enertions [8] AWSPT 112-4
Perente of smples exeeded te Hunrin stndrd (%) Tle 3: Conentrtions of te ir pollutnts in te Győr tmospere [15] nd [16]. Site-1 24-our mx. Site-2 24-our mx. Pollutnts Annul 1-our 8-our 8-our Annul 1-our 8-our 8-our men mx. men mx. men mx. men mx. µ/m 3 NO 2 29.9 120.7 63.6 24.8 106.2 52.4 NO x 53.1 595.2 214.4 42.3 623.8 195.5 SO 2 3.9 17 11 2.4 30.9 7.6 CO 523 2132 642 1402 455 3005 585 1851 O 3 38 127.1 55.5 120.7 45.4 137.6 65.6 135 PM 2.5 10 97 33 PM 10 19 178 52 21 214 79 PM 10 16.83 49.71 C 6H 6 0.5 15.6 9.1 n/m 3 P 3.54 21.31 Cd 0.25 0.57 As 0.83 1.54 Ni 1.09 1.24 BA 0.73 4.28 BF 2.07 8.72 IND 1.06 5.16 DA 0.15 3 BP 0.66 4.44 : Not mesured omponent t te monitorin site or no dt for te pollutnt s tere is no ir qulity stndrd or not mesured for te time periods (see lso Tles 1 nd 2) Dt sed on te AMN Dt sed on te MMN 25 20 Site-1 Site-2 15 10 5 0 NO2 (1-our) PM10 (24-our) O3 (8-our) BP (24-our) Fi. 2: Perente of totl smples exeeded te Hunrin ir qulity stndrds for pollutnt. Te nnul men PM 10 onentrtion lulted for ot sites ws 20 µ/m 3, wi is equl wit te WHO AQG vlue. However, it is two times less tn te EU or Hunrin limit vlue. Te nnul men PM 2.5 onentrtion t Site-2 ws lso reed te WHO AQG vlue of 10 µ/m 3 (40 % of te EU or Hunrin limit vlue). Te SO 2, CO, C 6H 6 nd ll AWSPT 112-5
evy metls were oserved in low onentrtion levels. However, 23 % of totl smples for BP exeeded te dily Hunrin limit vlue of 1 n/m 3 defined for elt protetion (Fi. 2). Te nnul men onentrtion of BP in Győr 2016 ws 5.5 times ier tn te WHO RL vlue of 0.12 n/m 3. In our previously studies on mient onentrtions of PM10-ound PAHs in te urn tmospere of Győr we ve reported tt sinifintly ier onentrtions of PAHs inludin BP were deteted in smples olleted in te etin sesons ompred wit non-etin periods [17] [19]. Moreover, our studies ve ilited tt te nnul vere BP onentrtions t te individul urn sites round Hunry often exeeded te EU tret vlue of 1 n/m 3. Some oter PAH ompounds re lso monitored. However, tere re no ir qulity stndrds for tem. Terefore, te BP-equivlent onentrtions were lulted in tis study ordin to te BP-equivlent rinoeni poteny index (BPE) eqution, s in (1) [17] nd [18]. BPE = BA 0.06 + BF 0.07 + BP + DA 0.6 + IND 0.08 (1) Tis index s een proposed to prmeterize erosol rinoeniity etter tn vin reourse to te BP lone. Te men onentrtion of PAH ompounds ws multiplied wit its rinoeni ftor. Te lulted men BPE onentrtion reed te vlue of 1 n/m 3. Fi. 3 is illustrted tt te iest ontriution to BPE onentrtion ws BP (0.66 n/m 3 ) followed y BF (0.14 n/m 3 ), DA (0.09 n/m 3 ), IND (0.08 n/m 3 ) nd BA (0.04 n/m 3 ). 0.7 BP-equivlent onentrtion n/m 3 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 BA BF IND DA BP Fi. 3: BP-equivlent PM10-ound PAH onentrtions in Site-2 of Győr. 3.2. Air Qulity Index Vlues In te present study, AQI vlues ve een lulted usin te Hunrin proedure to ssess te sttus of mient ir qulity [15] nd [16]. Tis index s five step sle nd n e expnded y ll mesured pollutnts. Te teories n e lulted y te perente (%) of te ir qulity stndrds (1. Exellent 0 40; 2. 40 80; 3. Moderte 80 100; 4. Polluted 100 200; 5. Hevily polluted 200 ). Oriinlly te Hunrin AQI proedure is sed on te Hunrin ir qulity stndrds. However, in tis study te AQI vlues were lso lulted y te EU stndrds nd te striter WHO reommendtions (Tle 4). Te AQI results indited tt te ir pollution t te two monitorin sttions of Győr n e rterized y te Hunrin nd EU stndrds s exellent (SO 2, CO, C 6H 6, evy metls) nd ood (NO 2, O 3, PM 10, PM 2.5, BP) onentrtions in 2016. Also, n exellent (SO 2, CO, C 6H 6 nd evy metls) or ood (NO 2 nd O 3) ir qulity ws oserved y te WHO AQGs or RLs. However, te PM 10, PM 2.5, nd espeilly BP were under worse teory y usin te WHO reommendtions ompred to te results ordin to te EU or Hunrin stndrds. AWSPT 112-6
Tle 4: Te AQI vlues in Győr ordin to te EU nd Hunrin ir qulity stndrds nd te WHO reommendtions. EU Hunrin WHO Pollutnts Site-1 Site-2 Bot sites Site-1 Site-2 Bot sites Site-1 Site-2 Bot sites NO2 SO2 Exellentd Exellentd Exellentd Exellent Exellent Exellent Exellent Exellent Exellent CO Exellente Exellente Exellente Exellent Exellent Exellent Exellenti Exellenti Exellenti O3 f f f f f f i i i PM2.5 Polluted,j PM10 Moderte Polluted,j Polluted PM 10 Moderte C 6H 6 Exellent Exellent Exellent P Exellent Exellent Exellent Cd Exellent Exellent, Exellent As Exellent Exellent, Exellent Ni Exellent Exellent, Exellent BP, Hevily polluted Dt sed on te AMN Dt sed on te MMN Bsed on te nnul men onentrtion nd nnul men limit vlue d Te AQI vlue ws iven from te nnul men onentrtion nd dily limit vlue e Te AQI vlue ws iven from te 8-our men onentrtion nd mximum dily 8-our men limit vlue f Te AQI vlue ws iven from te 8-our men onentrtion nd mximum dily 8-our men tret vlue Bsed on te nnul men onentrtion nd nnul men tret vlue Bsed on te nnul men onentrtion nd nnul men AQG vlue i Te AQI vlue ws iven from te 8-our men onentrtion nd mximum dily 8-our men vlue j Te perente vlue is equl wit 100 %, te striter AQI ws iven Bsed on te nnul men onentrtion nd nnul men RL 4. Conlusion Te ir qulity ssessment results reported in tis study ordin to te Hunrin nd EU limit or tret vlues sow tt te ity of Győr d ood ir qulity for te yer 2016. Te results were sed on te onentrtion dt mesured y te lol redited Environmentl Protetion Lortory. Te redited lortory onduted mesurements y mnul smplin metods nd y olletin dt from two utomti sttions. Te dt ve reveled tt te lest pollutnts were evy metls, SO 2, CO, C 6H 6 nd eloned to te teory of exellent in te ity entre nd its tment re. However, minly polluted ir qulity for te PAH inditor ompound nd te PM erosols ws identified ordin to te striter WHO reommendtions. Wile 23 % of te totl smples for BP exeeded te Hunrin dily limit vlue of 1 n/m 3, te nnul men onentrtion ws 66 % of te equl nnul EU tret vlue defined for elt protetion. Tese dt ve reveled tt sesonlly distriution of BP n e ssumed. Despite te nnul men onentrtions of NO 2 nd O 3 re eloned to teory of ood, te ssessment of sesonl ptterns of teir distriutions (eside BP or even PM 10 nd PM 2.5) would lso e reommended. Anowledements Tis wor ws supported y te ÚNKP-17-4 New Ntionl Exellene Prorm of te Ministry of Humn Cpities. We re rteful for te monitorin sites nd mesurement informtion of te Environmentl Protetion Lortory (espeilly József Erdős nd István Vss) of Government Offie for Győr-Moson-Sopron County. AWSPT 112-7
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