Volume 19(2), 157-161, 2015 JOURNAL of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology www.journal-hfb.usab-tm.ro Assessment of the phenotypic diversity between some paprika cultivars for yield traits Bere Semeredi A. A. *1., Berar V. 1 1 USAMVB Timisoara, Faculty of Horticulture and Forestry *Corresponding author. Email: adibere@gmail.com Abstract The importance of paprika crop is revealed by the fact that paprika powder is the most widespread and popular spices, being used in a wide range of dishes. Regarding the content in vitamin C, paprika occupies first place between the cultivated vegetables. The biological material was composed from eight cultivars with different genetic origin. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the phenotypic diversity between paprika cultivars for yield traits, with a view to optimize the technology of this crop to maximize the expression of traits with major contribution to the achievement of yield. Taking in to account the diversity between genotypes, these eight cultivars are major differentiated in terms of their ability to harness the technological and environmental conditions of the crop. For Favorit variety and Bolero hybrid the achievement of the plant yield is based on an average number of large fruit per plant, while for Delibab hybrid it is found a large number of fruits, with an upper length, thin and a smaller weight. At Kalocsai varieties and Rubin it was observed a small fruits number, short, bold and with a higher weight. The hybrid Slager achieved a large number of long and thin fruits, while the variety Favorit yielded on the basis of a small number of short fruits, thicker and with a high weight. Key words paprika, cultivars, phenotypic diversity, yield Pepper (Capsicum spp.) is one of the most varied and widely used foods in the world [16]. It ranks third in importance among important vegetables after peas and tomatoes [12; 1] and is the world s second most important Solanaceous vegetable, after tomatoes [18]. The high content in vitamin C was demonstrated at the early 1930, by Szent-Györgyi Adalbert, which after analysis performed to paprika, discovers ascorbic acid [11]. Of the 30 species included in the Capsicum genus, only five - C. annuum, C. baccatum C. chinense, C. frutescens, and C. pubescens - have been domesticated and cultivated [4]. Different types of pepper, such as bell and Jalapeno chili peppers, grown at higher plant populations produced higher fruit yields per unit area while fruit set per plant decreased linearly in the field or greenhouse [9; 10; 15]. In the same way, Decoteau and Graham (1994) reported that growth and reproductive potential of each pepper plant were reduced at high population densities but that large plant numbers compensated for this. According to Biles et al. (1993) field grown of paprika follows a single sigmoidal curve. This suggest that pepper fruits growth is mainly due to cell expansion during post- anthesis. Favorable agronomic traits of processing pepper cultivars include the following: significant earliness, productivity, medium plant height (this makes it possible to grow pepper plants without supports), and resistance to diseases, in particular bacterial ones. The most important technological traits are as follows: fruit size (large fruits), thick and fleshy peripheral walls, and a small placenta, respectively a small amount of waste during processing [14]. To increase yield, the study of direct and indirect effects of yield components provide the basis for its successful achievement in the crop [13]. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the phenotypic diversity between paprika cultivars for yield traits, with a view to optimize the technology of this crop to maximize the expression of traits with major contribution to the achievement of yield. Material and Method The experiment was developed during 2012 at the Didactic and Research Base of the Faculty of Horticulture and Forestry, from B.U.A.S.V.M. Timişoara. The biological material was composed from eight cultivars with different genetic origin: Bolero F1, Delibab F1 and Slager F1 hybrids, Favorit, Kalocsai 157
V2, Kalocsai M622, Kalocsai 801 and Rubin varieties, respectively. The plots include 30 plants on four rows at 60 cm, and 25 cm between plants on row. The basis fertilization consist on 150 kg N/ha, 50kg P2O5/ha and 200 kg K 2 O/ha, applied in two stages. At the technical maturity, there were made measurements on the fruits number (FN), fruit length (FL), fruit diameter (FD), fruits weight (FW), and fruit yield (PY) of each plant [2; 3]. The data were analyzed by Jaccard similarity coefficients, UPGMA cluster analysis [7], principal components, ANOVA [5]. The distance matrix was used for cluster analysis using the unweighted pairgroup method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA), with the Neighbor program of the Phylip package, version 3.5c. To make possible the display in a single graph of the performance of each genotype for each of the five traits, the basic principle of the biplot technique developed by Gabriel (1971) and GGE biplot method developed by Yan et. al. (2000) was used. Results and Discussions The average phenotypic similarity had values between 46.33% for Delibab hybrid and 83.78% for Bolero hybrid, amid a general similarity of 74.24% existing between studied cultivars in terms of yield traits. As shown in Table 1, it is noted that from the point of view of the five yield traits, a high degree of phenotypic differentiation was observed between cultivars: Delibab and Kalocsai M622 (76,24 %); Delibab and Rubin (70,02 %); Delibab and Favorit (57,28 %); Delibab and Kalocsai V2 (56,95 %). As such, these eight cultivars are major differentiated in terms of their ability to harness the technological and environmental conditions of the crop. The phenotypic similarities between paprika cultivars for yield traits No Cultivar 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 Bolero F1 1.0000 0.5896 0.8773 0.9188 0.9103 0.8568 0.8870 0.8246 2 Delibab F1 0.5896 1.0000 0.7025 0.4272 0.4305 0.2376 0.5558 0.2998 3 Slager F1 0.8773 0.7025 1.0000 0.7725 0.6794 0.5745 0.6240 0.5101 4 Favorit 0.9188 0.4272 0.7725 1.0000 0.9184 0.9411 0.8074 0.8778 5 Kalocsai V2 0.9103 0.4305 0.6794 0.9184 1.0000 0.9323 0.9281 0.9308 6 Kalocsai M622 0.8568 0.2376 0.5745 0.9411 0.9323 1.0000 0.8733 0.9773 7 Kalocsai 801 0.8870 0.5558 0.6240 0.8074 0.9281 0.8733 1.0000 0.9316 8 Rubin 0.8246 0.2998 0.5101 0.8778 0.9308 0.9773 0.9316 1.0000 Table 1 The largest phenotypic similarity exists between the cultivars: Kalocsai M622 and Rubin (97,73 %); Favorit and Kalocsai M622 (94,11 %); Kalocsai V2 and Kalocsai M622 (93,23 %); Kalocsai 801 and Rubin (93,16 %); Kalocsai V2 and Rubin (93,08 %). In the case of these cultivars pairs, it appears that the different yield traits have a very close contribution to the achievement of yield per plant. Bolero Favorit Kalocsai V2 Kalocsai M622 Rubin Kalocsai 801 Delibab Slager 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Similarity coefficient Fig. 1. UPGMA clustering of paprika cultivars for yield traits 158
On the basis of the dendrogram shown in Figure 1 it is noted that in these growing conditions, the cultivars are classified into three clusters, between which there is 45% diversity. The first cluster consists of Bolero hybrid and Favorit variety that show between them a small phenotypic differentiation of about 8.12 %. In the second cluster, four cultivars are included, the three from Kalocsai and Rubin variety respectively, between which there is a phenotypic similarity of about 91%. At the same time they exhibit a diversity of about 11% compared to cultivars of the first cluster. The composition of this cluster indicates that Kalocsai varieties have a similar architecture of plant yield elements. Slager and Delibab hybrids which present an average similarity of 70.25% compose the third cluster, having a diversity of about 15% compared with genotypes of the first two clusters. Variance analysis for paprika cultivars and yield traits No. Cultivars Between groups Within groups F Test SS DF SS DF 1 Bolero F1 40.07 1 6.12 3 19.65* 2 Delibab F1 15.55 1 3.01 3 15.51* 3 Slager F1 35.66 1 0.78 3 136.74** 4 Favorit 37.48 1 8.10 3 13.89* 5 Kalocsai V2 43.46 1 8.34 3 15.63* 6 Kalocsai M622 50.23 1 11.43 3 13.18* 7 Kalocsai 801 44.78 1 8.32 3 16.15* 8 Rubin 51.12 1 9.82 3 15.62* Table 2 Based on the results shown in Table 2, it is noted that Rubin and Kalocsai M622 varieties generates the biggest differences between the four yield traits, having high and significant contributions to the total variability recorded on the basis of dendrogram. The lowest contribution to the total variability was observed in the case of Delibab hybrid. The hybrid Bolero has the highest contribution to the overall variability between the cultivars of the first cluster, while for the second cluster the diversity is mainly due to Kalocsai M622 variety, while Delibab hybrid generates a considerable part of the diversity from the third cluster. Variance analysis for the yield traits of paprika cultivars No. Traits Between groups Within groups F Test SS DF SS DF 1 Fruits number 4.97 1 2.03 6 14.71** 2 Fruits length 4.87 1 2.13 6 13.71* 3 Fruits Diameter 5.10 1 1.90 6 16.13** 4 Fruit weight 2.22 1 4.78 6 2.79 5 Plant yield 1.43 1 5.57 6 1.54 Table 3 The biplot (Figure 2) based of first two principale components express 99.96% of the yield traits variability studied in various paprika cultivars. With regard to the performance of the genotypes expressed on the basis of their position to the vectors of different characters, is observed that Slager hybrid has the highest yield per plant associated with most fruits per plant, upper length of these, respectively. For Favorit variety and Bolero hybrid the achievement of the plant yield is based on an average number of large fruit per plant, while for Delibab hybrid it is found a large number of fruits, with an upper length, thin and a smaller weight. At Kalocsai varieties and Rubin it was observed a small fruits number, short, bold and with a higher weight. Depending on the cosine of the angle between the vectors of different traits, a strong correlation between the fruits number and their length was found, and between the weight and diameter of the fruits, respectively. 159
PC2 (0.17%) 3 PY 2 Slager FW 1 FN FL Bolero Favorit FD 0 Kalocsai V2 Kalocsai M622-1 -2 Delibab Kalocsai801 Rubin -3-3 -2-1 0 1 2 3 PC1(99.79%) Fig. 2. Biplot of first two principale components for the studied cultivars and yield traits Given that the two most productive cultivars tested under these crop conditions, it is noted that the achievement of plant yield has very different components. As such, the hybrid Slager achieved a large number of long and thin fruits, while the variety Favorit yielded on the basis of a small number of short fruits, thicker and with a high weight. Conclusions 1. From the point of view of the five yield traits, a high degree of phenotypic differentiation was observed between cultivars: Delibab and Kalocsai M622; Delibab and Rubin ; Delibab and Favorit; Delibab and Kalocsai V2. As such, these eight cultivars are major differentiated in terms of their ability to harness the technological and environmental conditions of the crop; 2. In the case of cultivars pairs like: Kalocsai M622 and Rubin ; Favorit and Kalocsai M622; Kalocsai V2 and Kalocsai M622 ; Kalocsai 801 and Rubin; Kalocsai V2 and Rubin; it appears that the different yield traits have a very close contribution to the achievement of yield per plant; 3. For Favorit variety and Bolero hybrid the achievement of the plant yield is based on an average number of large fruit per plant, while for Delibab hybrid it is found a large number of fruits, with an upper length, thin and a smaller weight. 4. At Kalocsai varieties and Rubin it was observed a small fruits number, short, bold and with a higher weight; 5. The hybrid Slager achieved a large number of long and thin fruits, while the variety Favorit yielded on the basis of a small number of short fruits, thicker and with a high weight. References 1. Ali, M. 2006. Chili (Capsicum spp.) Food Chain Analysis: Setting Research Priorities in Asia. Shanhua, Taiwan: AVRDC-The World Vegetable Center, Technical Bulletin No. 38, AVRDC Publication 06-678. 253 pp; 2. Berar, V. and Gh. Poşta (2005). Researches regarding the behavior of some bell pepper local landraces in the Banat field conditions. Bulletin of the University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Ed. Academicpres Cluj- Napoca. 62:130; 3. Berar, V. and Gh. Poşta (2006). Studies concerning the behavior for some green pepper local landraces in the climate conditions of Banat field. Scientifical Research Horticulture. Ed. Agroprint Timişoara. 317-320; 4. Bozokalfa M.K., Eşiyok D., Turhan K. 2009. Patterns of phenotypic variation in a germplasm collection of pepper(capsicum annuuml.) from Turkey. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 7(1), 83-95; 5. Ciulca S. 2006. Metodologii de experimentare in agricultura si biologie. Ed Agroprint, Timisoara; 6. Decoteau, D.R. and H.A.H. Graham, 1994. Plant spatial arrangement affects growth, yield and fruit distribution of cayenne peppers. J. Hortsci.. 29: 149-151; 7. Fielding A.H. 2007. Cluster and classification techniques for the biosciences. Cambridge University Press; 8. Gabriel K.R. 1971. The biplot graphic display of matrices with application to principal component analysis. Biometrika, 58: p. 453-467; 9. Jovicich, E., Cantliffe D.J. and Stofella P.J. 2003. Spanish pepper trellis system and high plant density 160
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