XII Congreso Inernacional Terroir hs://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/0185001013 Assessmen of biodiversiy and agronomic arameers in wo Agroforesry vineyards Joséha Guenser 1, Emilie Bourgade, Marc Vergnes 3 Thierry Dufourcq 4, and Séverine Mary 1 1 Univ. Bordeaux, Viinnov, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, ISVV, 1 cours du Général de Gaulle, 33170 Gradignan, France Arbre e Paysage 3, 93 roue de Pessan, 3000 Auch, France 3 Insiu Français de Vigne e du vin, ôle Bordeaux-Aquiaine, 3390 Blanquefor, France 4 Insiu Français de Vigne e du vin, Pôle Sud-oues, Châeau de Mons, 3100 Caussens, France. Corresonding auhor : Joséha Guenser joseha.guenser@agro-bordeaux.fr Absrac. Susainabiliy of agriculural roducion sysems is nowadays considered as a major challenge o face. Viiculure is aricularly affeced by environmenal issues, esecially because of is consumion in esicides. Besides, he social demand in environmen-friendly roducs is increasing, and he reuaion of wines roduced under Proeced Denominaion of Origin (PDO) is also buil on he secificiy of naural characerisics and resources such as soil, which has o be reserved. Biodiversiy loss is largely admied among he scienific communiy, and landscae simlificaion is known as a major driver in his rocess. Agroforesry, which combines rees wih cros, could be a seducing resonse o biodiversiy loss in agroecosysems, bu he ossibiliy of negaive ineracions beween rees and vines (comeiion for waer, nuriens, ligh) has o be considered. The Viifores rojec aims o assess souh wes of France agroforesry vineyard los by saializing differen arameers in he domain of agronomy, ecology, micro-climae and economy. Field measuremens were underaken a differen disances from he inercroed lines of rees in wo agroforesry vineyard los, in order o es oenial effecs of he rees. Arhroods were colleced eriodically wih ifall ras (for ground-dwelling individuals) and wih D-vac sysem (asiraion of vine leaves). Pes insecs (Emoasca viis) were colleced by secific yellow sicky ras. Daa colleced o describe biodiversiy in hese agroforesry sysems was oal abundances, abundances er order, carabidae richness and abundances. Nirogen saus was assessed by using Greenseeker device, hrough he NDVI index. Our observaions show ha inercroed rees have no direc effecs on vine nuriion. Sligh effecs on ess insecs reariion were found, bu hese effecs are inconsan according o exerimenal sie and year of observaion. The same rend is observed for abundances in he los. 1 Inroducion Wine secor has currenly several issues o face, aricularly for roducs under DOC which are claiming heir yiciy and srong link o erroir secificiies. Indeed, some arameers are changing, such as climae, biodiversiy, and social demand of consumers. Climae change is currenly known as a major facor which will imac he wine secor in he fuure [1]. Biodiversiy has declined dramaically during he five as decades. The loss of naural habias for he benefi of agriculural or urban land, and he olluion are idenified as he main drivers of his global loss []. This worrying rend is sill mainained nowadays, and jeoardizes he caaciy of ecosysems o rovide services which are necessary o human wellbeing (food roducion, ollinaion, climae regulaion, ec.). The agriculural secor is aricularly sensiive o his issue since i boh rovides and deends on EcoSysem Services (ESS) [3]. Moreover, general ublic (including wine consumers) has been more and more informed abou hese issues for he as wo decades, and is demanding food and drink roduced in he resec of environmen [4]. Consequenly, he wine secor has o find how o conciliae he roducion of graes eiher in qualiy and quaniy, considering he environmenal issues of biodiversiy, use of inus, and aniciaing he climae change consequences. In his conex, a disciline known as agroecology has emerged in he 80 s, and has been ranslaed in erms of oliical line in France wih he Loi d avenir our l Agriculure in 014. Agro-ecology is defined as a way of hinking roducion sysems which ake advanage of ESS (French Minisry of Agriculure and Food). Among he diverse aims of agroecology, such as he reservaion of naural resources or he limiaion of he use of inus, he diversificaion of roducion sysems is a major challenge [5]. Agroforesry (AF), defined by ICRAF as a land use sysem involving rees combined wih cros and/or animals on he same uni of land, seems o saisfy a leas his las oin (diversificaion of roducion sysems and landscae). Bu risks linked o he inroducion of The Auhors, ublished by EDP Sciences. This is an oen access aricle disribued under he erms of he Creaive Commons Aribuion License 4.0 (h://creaivecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
XII Congreso Inernacional Terroir hs://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/0185001013 rees in agriculural los have also o be considered. The LUCAS land use and land cover survey indicaes ha AF reresens abou 15,4 million hecares in Euroe, he larges area being occuied by livesock AF wih 15,1 million hecares [6]. Oher kinds of agroforesry remain herefore oorly reresened, and references or feedbacks in French vineyards are very scaered. The Viifores rojec aims o describe he effecs of inroducing rees in vine los in a souh-wes viiculure conex. I allowed o exlore arameers such as agronomy, ecology, micro-climae and economy. The resuls obained for biodiversiy and agronomic measuremens are resened here. They were obained in wo AF vineyards in he Bordeaux and Côes de Gascogne areas in and. Maerial and mehod.1 Exerimenal sies Two vineyards were esed in his sudy. 1 is locaed in he Bordeaux area (Laouyade, Gironde), on a 3.5 hecares lo, laned in 00 wih Viis vinifera cv Merlo, 6600 vines/ha. Frui rees have been laned in 009 in of he rows o relace missing vines. The disance beween rees is 5 o 9 meers. The wo ree lines are abou 50 meers aar from each oher. This farm oeraes in cerified organic racices. is locaed in Gascony area (Lagardère, Gers), on a. hecares lo, laned in 008 wih Viis vinifera cv Sauvignon Gris, 4000 vines/ha. Trees, Sorbus domesica, Sorbus yralis and Pyrus yraser have been laned in 008 on 3 secific iner rows. The biodiversiy monioring occurred in hese wo los during he years and. Figure 1 shows heir configuraion. Figure 1 : Configuraion of he wo los These wo vineyards were described by hooinerreaion in order o geo-localize AF rees (lines inside he vineyard los) and surrounding rees (foress edges). Samling oins have been locaed and also geo-localized a differen disances from eiher side of he rees lines, in order o es he effec of hese disances on biodiversiy arameers. I has reviously been shown ha rees seem o no influence NDVI index on hese wo los [7]. Then, he oenial effec of vigour on E. viis reariion has been esed, as i has been demonsraed ha E. viis aggregaes in areas wih he mos vigourous vine lans [8].. Biodiversiy assessmen Differen axa were seleced o describe biodiversiy and biological communiies associaed wih vines. Green leafhoer (Emoasca viis) oulaions were observed and quanified all along he season hanks o yellow sicky ras (YST) [8]. Dimensions of YST were 5cm x 10 cm. These ras were seled in early may each year, beween wo vines, aached o he lower wire. YST were changed and aduls of E. viis couned every second week, unil beginning of Seember. Biodiversiy was esimaed using ifall ras, secialized in ground-dwelling. Three sessions of raing were done in and, in May, June, and July. Pifall ras were insalled beween wo vines a each samling oin, and lef for minimum hree days before being aken away. Their conen was ransferred in jars conaining 70% ehanol, in order o conserve raed XIIh Inernaional Terroir Congress. Zaragoza 018
XII Congreso Inernacional Terroir unil idenificaion a laboraory. Two sessions of asiraion (o cach in he vine leaves) were done each year, one in June and one in July. Asiraion of vine leaves was erformed on four consecuive vines wih a D-vac sysem, caugh (called foliage in he following lines) were immediaely ransferred in lasic zied bags and sored in a freezer unil idenificaion. For boh samles go from ifall ras and asiraion, idenificaion consised in soring ou and quanifying u o he order level. Among coleoera order, carabids (family: carabidae) encomass a wide range of ecological funcions, included redaion. They were se aar, and secimens were sored ou u o he secies level and couned..3 Agronomic characerizaion GreenSeeker (N-Tech, USA) is an inegraed oical sensing sysem ha measures he Normalized Difference Vegeaive Index (NDVI). I is mouned on a quad bike. GreenSeeker sensor uses ligh emiing diodes (LED) o generae red and near infrared (NIR) ligh. The ligh generaed is refleced off he cro and measured by a hoodiode locaed a he fron of he sensor head. NDVI measured on a lan can vary beween 0 and 1. A of 1 reresens a maximum coverage of surface by vegeaion. The 0 reresens an absence of vegeaion. We use a whie board (NDVI around 0) osiioned behind he row measured. Thus, he GreenSeeker s vary beween 0 and 1 deending on foliage orosiy and leaves chlorohyll conen. One session of measuremens was erformed er lo : in Augus in vineyard 1, and in Augus in vineyard. 3 Daa rocessing and analyses Disances beween samling oins and he neares rees (AF rees or fores edges) were calculaed. Exracion of s for he lan vigor index roduced by GreenSeeker sensor in a buffer zone of,5m radius around each samling oin was erformed. These daa were obained by using he ArcGIS 10.0 sofware. We esed his main quesion : do he rees, inside he lo or fores border, have an effec on oulaions? In oulaions, we include he following variables : E. viis abundances, oal foliage abundances, oal ground-dwelling abundances, generalis redaors (arachnids) abundances, carabids diversiy and abundances. Number of were couns daa and hey were analysed using a GLM wih a log link and hs://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/0185001013 Poisson errors. Overdisersion was checked by comaring residual deviance and residual degrees of freedom (R sofware; R Develomen Core Team 010). 4 Resuls and discussion 4.1 Global resuls The able 1 shows he oal abundances raed er sie and er year for he five biodiversiy variables moniored. Table 1 : General abundances obained for E. viis, grounddwelling and foliage Emoasca Mean +/- sandard viis deviaion er samling abundanc oin abundance e abundances 111,7 174,8 117,6 (±35,9) (± 65) (± 61,8) 1 78,1 134,5 111 (± 4,9) (± 76,3) (± 53,1) 307, 105,4 63,3 (± 88,4) (± 40,0) (± 19,) 60,1 (± 4,9) 1, (± 37,7) 0 (± 60,8) Arhroods raed in he vines foliage belong o he following orders : Hemiera (leafhoers, rue bugs, ahids, ) are he mos abundan wih 48,9% of he individuals caugh, Diera (flies, mosquioes), Arachnids (siders), collembola and hymenoera (arasioids, wass, bees, ) reresened resecively 15,8%, 14,5%, 7,8% and 7,3% of he oal abundance. Ground-dwelling raed mainly belong o hymenoera (ans in majoriy) (36,%), arachnids (19,%), diera (10,%), Acarii (mies) (8,9%). Focusing on carabids, heir abundances and richness were very low (figure ). 0 16 0 15 1 1 0 5 10 15 Carabids abundance XIIh Inernaional Terroir Congress. Zaragoza 018 3
XII Congreso Inernacional Terroir hs://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/0185001013 Figure : Abundance of carabids raed in he wo vineyards in and in. Moreover, 80% of samles colleced in he wo vineyards in each samling session of and conained 0 or 1 individual. For his reason, abundances only were aken ino accoun for he sudy of carabids reariion according o he disance from he rees. 4. E. viis reariion When grouing oal E. viis abundances overall years of observaion, no significan effec of AF rees or fores edges is noiced. A sligh effec of AF rees and fores edge is measured on 1 in, which is balanced by an oosie effec found in (able ). No significan effecs of rees on E. viis reariion were found in he vineyard. Table : Effecs of disance from he neares ree (AF, fores and/or hedgerow) on E. viis abundances Disance from AF rees Disance from fores edge Disance from hedgerow 1 1 3,73 <0,001,91 0,007 / / 1, 0,3 -,54 0,0 / / -0,3 0,8-0,67 0,51-0, 0,83 1,1 0,7-0,56 0,58-0,15 0,88 E. viis abundances were osiively linked o NDVI index in 1 in ( =.60, - = 0.0). No significan effec was found in vineyard in. 4.3 Ground-dwelling and foliage No effecs of rees on ground-dwelling abundances was noed in he vineyard 1. were more abundan when he disance from he line of rees was big in, bu an oosie resul was found in (Figure 3). Figure 3 : Effecs of disance from AF rees on foliage raed in vineyard 1 In vineyard, a osiive effec of he disance from he hedgerow on ground-dwelling (less abundances near he hedgerow) was found in and in. Similar effecs of disances from oher rees have been arly observed: rees of fores edge in, and inra-lo rees in. Regarding foliage, exce for a negaive effec of he disance from he hedgerow in (i.e., number of decreasing when he disance XIIh Inernaional Terroir Congress. Zaragoza 018 4
XII Congreso Inernacional Terroir hs://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/0185001013 from he hedgerow increased), he inra-lo rees and fores edge had no effec (able 3). Table 3 : Effecs of disance from he neares rees (AF, fores and/or hedgerow) on raed in vineyard Disance from AF rees Disance from fores edge Disance from hedgerow 1,91 0,06,4 0,0,09 0,04,4 0,03 0,95 0,34,77 0,009-1,51 0,14-0,37 0,71-0,88 0,37-1,50 0,14-1,31 0,0-3,18 <0,01 Arachnids abundances were analysed searaely, only one significan effec is noed in vineyard in : abundances are bigger near he fores edge han inside he vineyard (= -.0, - = 0.05). Regarding carabids, a sligh effec exiss in vineyard in : carabids seem o be more numerous near he AF rees and heir abundance decreases wih he disance from he AF rees ( = -,00, - = 0.05). 5 Conclusion Some effecs of rees on biodiversiy () have been observed, bu hey remain uncual and inconsan, so hey canno be generalized, even a he small scale of his rial. Our resuls show ha AF racices only (inroducion of rees in or around agriculural los) seem no o be sufficien o exlain reariion inside a vineyard. Oher facors, like ground cover in he iner-rows for insance, could inerfere. This oenial effec could exlain some conrasing resuls found in vineyard 1 beween and. In fac, ground coverage was esablished by he farmer in (he lo - exceed he wo rows from eiher side of he rees lines - was ke under soil illage unil ). The combinaion of biodiversiy-friendly racices (such as ground cover in he iner-rows associaed wih AF rees for insance) could herefore be considered as a romising soluion o slow biodiversiy loss in agriculural lands. If our sudy, run on wo eighyears-old French AF vineyards, did no allow us o resen AF as a key facor o solve he biodiversiy issue, i does no seem o imac negaively grae roducion so far [7]. 6 Aknowledgemen This sudy has been carried ou wihin he frame of he CASDAR Viifores rojec, funded by French Minisry of Agriculure and Agence de l Eau Adour Garonne. We hank he Emile Grelier esae, owned by Delhine and Benoi Vine in Laouyade, and Parick Dubos in Lagardère for making his work ossible. We also hank he maser sudens who ariciaed o he field work for heir recious hel. References [1] N.Olla, J. Touzard, C. Van Leeuwen, Journal of Wine Economics, 11(1), 139-149 () [] Millennium Ecosysem Assessmen, Island Press, Washingon, DC. (005). [3] W. Zhang, T.H. Rickes, C. Kremen, K. Carney, S.M. Swinon, EcolEcon 64, 53 60 (007) [4] H. Assael, Consumer Behavior and Markeing Acion (Ken Pub. Co., 1984) [5] M. Duru, O. Therond, G. Marin, R. Marin- Clouaire, M. A. Magne, E. Juses, E. P. Journe, J. N. Aubero, S. Savary, J. E. Bergez, J. P. Sarhou, Agron. Susain. Dev. 35, 159 181, () [6] M. den Herder, G. Moreno, M.R. Mosquera- Losada, J.H.N. Palma,.A. Sidirooulou, J.J. Saniago Freijanes, J. Crous-Duran, J. Paulo, M. Tomé, A. Panera., V. Paanasasis, K. Manzanas, P. Pachana, A. Paadooulos, T. Plieninger, P.J. Burgess, Curren exen and rends of agroforesry in he EU7. Deliverable Reor 1. for EU FP7 Research Projec: AGFORWARD 61350. () [7] T. Dufourcq, F. Loez, M. Vergnes, L. Gonier., 0h Inernaional GiESCO Symosium, Mendoza, Argenina, 868-87. (017) [8] D. Decane, C. van Leeuwen, M. van Helden, Agriculural and Fores Enomology 11, 377 387 (009) XIIh Inernaional Terroir Congress. Zaragoza 018 5