Binder Page Name Period New Spain & New France Date When the explorers arrived in the New World, why did they think that they could take the land for their countries when the Native Americans were already there? The Doctrine of Discovery was an idea developed by the Catholic Church in the 1400s and 1500s. In a series of statements made by the popes (called papal bulls ) the church said that: If explorers found a land with no Christians on it, then the land is seen as vacant, and can belong to the country that found it. The non-christians on the land could then be converted to Christianity or killed. This view of the land was shared by all the European Nations who were exploring the Americas. They would (generally) respect each other s land claims, but would quickly take land from any non-christian Native Americans they found. (** Much later, in 1823, the Supreme Court of the United States recognized the Doctrine of Discovery as the start of European land claims, and by extension, used it to support past, current and future land claims of the United States over Native Americans.) I. Spain was the first country to make land claims in America. A. Early explorers made the claims 1. Columbus had discovered America for this nation. 2. Ferdinand Magellan led the voyage that first sailed around the world. B. The Treaty of Tordesillas split any new land that would be discovered outside of Europe between Spain and Portugal. The pope supported this treaty between the two Catholic countries. Later, Protestant nations like England and the Netherlands would ignore it, but early on it established Spain as dominant in the New World. (Notice, however, the part of South America that is on Portugal s side of the line. That is where Portugal started what is now called the nation of Brazil where Portuguese is still spoken
instead of Spanish. C. Native American civilizations were conquered 1. The Aztecs were led by Montezuma. 2. Hernando Cortès attacked and eventually defeated Montezuma using only 600 soldiers and 16 horses against his empire. It was relatively easy to conquer them for several reasons. a. The Spanish had steel swords, guns and cannon, while the Native Americans had only bows, arrows, and spears. b. Large numbers of Indians were killed by European diseases c. Neighboring Native Americans helped the Spanish. 3. Later, Francisco Pizarro defeated the Inca empire in a similar way. 4. The conquering Spanish soldiers became known as conquistadors. a. One of these soldiers said, What a troublesome thing it is to discover new lands. The risks we took it is hardly possible to exaggerate. We came here to serve God and the king and also to get rich 5. Today, Mexican culture is a blend of Spanish and native cultures. D. The land claimed by Spain became known as New Spain The Laws of the Indies were laws that set up governments in this large area. There were 3 types of settlements. 1. Pueblos were towns that were centers of farming and trade. They always included a plaza, or public square, in the center. 2. Presidios were forts of high adobe walls where soldiers lived. 3. Missions were religious settlements run by the Catholic Church. The priests and friars who lived there were expected to convert the Native Americans. A string of these settlements were the first European settlements in the area that is now the state of California E. D. The Spanish needed workers for mines and plantations. 1. Mines were used to get gold and silver and were very dangerous. 2. Plantations were large farms that needed many workers. They grew sugar cane and tobacco, mainly. 3. Encomiendas were documents that gave the Spanish settlers the right to demand taxes or labor from the Native Americans living there. It was a step towards making the Native Americans outright slaves. 4. Bartolomè de Las Casas saw many Native Americans were dying because of the work and diseases. In 1517, based on his suggestion, the Spanish began bringing in slaves from Africa believing that they would not catch the European diseases and would be accustomed to hard work.
Video Segment: The Spanish and the Pueblos in the Southwest Setting: El Rancho de las Golondrinas ( The Ranch of the Swallows ) near what is now Sante Fe, New Mexico. The year is 1730. Jose Naranjo, a Pueblo Indian, is helping Spanish settlers by watching for possible attacks from Comanche Indians. Meanwhile, Miguel de la Vega y Coca and his family, who are Spanish colonists, are going about their daily business of farming on the ranch. All of the characters are talking about their opinions of earlier times in the colony. I. The grandfather of the Spanish characters was among the first of the Spanish to arrive in this area of the Southwest. What group of Spanish were the first to meet the Indians of this area? Conquistadors- (Spanish soldiers conquerors. How would you describe how these first Spaniards treated the Natives? They were coming to conquer the Indians and take their gold. After bringing war to the area, they left. II. Later, a different type of Spanish people returned to the area. What was different about these Spaniards? They were coming with women and children and priests. They were peaceful and expecting to stay a long time. Why did they come to the area? They came to farm and to settle there permanently. Why did the Indians welcome them initially? 1. The Indians hoped that if they were nice to these settlers, that the conquistadors would not come back. 2. The Indians liked the things that they could get by trading with the settlers things like steel knives, cloth, and metal tools. 3. The Indians took pity on them.
III. What did the Spanish do in order to spread Christianity among the Natives? First, the priest tried to baptize the Indians and preach to them, However, if the Indians preferred the old native religion, the priests would whip and punish the Indians. The Spanish destroyed the Indians places of worship. How did the Natives eventually respond to the Spanish attempts to Christianize them? They tried to worship in secret, but were often discovered. A leader named Popè (or Po -Pay) tried to get the Indians to revolt against the Spanish. He encouraged them to kill the priests and scrub the baptism off of themselves. IV. By 1730, the time these characters are living in, things are different. Why are the Indians more like the Spanish? The Indians are: Using horses Growing peach trees Becoming Christian (at least some of them are. Josè is a Spanish name Working for the Spanish (as a guard, in these scenes) Why are the Spanish more like the Indians? The Spanish are: Living in adobe houses Growing corn Relying on the Pueblos to guard their land from the other tribes, and possibly from the British and French too.
II. France claimed land in America that became known as New France A. Early French Explorers: French Explorers began by looking for a Northwest Passage- an all water-route to Asia Jacques Cartier claimed the St. Lawrence River and surrounding land for France Samuel de Champlain -- Father of New France, he helped settle and explore Quebec, along the St. Lawrence River. Lake Champlain, on the border of New York, Vermont, and Canada, is named for him. Sieur de LaSalle -- explored the Great Lakes on the Griffon, built on Cayuga Creek near Buffalo. He made it as far as the mouth of the Mississippi River. Claimed the area for France B. Land Claims: The area of France s claim included land that was touched by the Mississippi River, the Great Lakes, and the St. Lawrence River. 1. The city of Quebec was founded as a trading post on a rocky cliff high above the St. Lawrence River. 2. The area around the Mississippi River was named Louisiana after the French king, Louis XIV. 3. To protect their claims, the French built forts along the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River. The one we know best is Fort Niagara which guarded the portage, or land-route, around Niagara Falls. C. Most of the wealth of this region came from the fur trade 1. The most desired fur was the beaver 2. In return for the fur, the traders would give Natives knives, kettles and cloth 3. The trappers who searched for fur were called coureurs de bois C. This region grew slowly and had only 10,000settlers in 1680.
1. One third of these settlers were located along the St. Lawrence River 2. Many more lived as trappers in the woods, and were largely free of government control.
Video Segment: The French and the Hurons in Ontario Setting: Sainte-Marie among the Hurons, a Jesuit (Catholic) outpost near what is now called Georgian Bay, Ontario. The year is 1649. People in and around the French mission are preparing for an attack from the Iroquois Confederacy. Agwachimagan is a Huron (or Wendat) Indian who does not like the fact that the French are there and has not become a Christian. Jacques Desfosses is one of the French soldiers in the mission. Father Paul Ragueneau is the Jesuit priest in charge of the mission whose letters and reports are the best primary sources we have for what life was like then. I. How did the Hurons view the French when they first arrived? They thought they were spirits because of their strange looks and ways. However, the Hurons were glad to get things made of metal which they didn t have before. The Hurons called them Iron Men. What did these first Frenchmen want? Beaver fur II. What things have the French borrowed from the Hurons? Canoes (and the transportation routes on the rivers and paths) Moccasins Snoeshoes (He calls them raquettes. ) Deerskin for clothes Corn III. The Black Robes of the French came to the area next. Who were the Black Robes? Why did they come? Catholic (i.e, Jesuit) priests who came to Christianize the Indians. How did the Huron view these men? They thought they were sorcerers who could cast magic spells with water to get the Indians sick or to cure them. (The Indians saw the baptism ceremonies, and thought it was connected to the diseases that the French priests were bringing with them. IV. Why did the priests find it difficult to Christianize the Hurons? The priests thought that the Indians would want to become Christian and give up their culture s ways of living, dressing, and eating. They were puzzled when Indians did not want to. Father Paul believed that the Indians were intelligent and respectful, but they did not see any advantage to giving up the culture and religion that they had always known.
V. Some of the Hurons accepted the French ways and became Christian. What did the non-christianized Agwachimagan say about those Hurons? He thought that they were sell-outs. He believed they became Christian just to get better trades in Quebec, but they still caught the diseases and died as fast as the non- Christianized Indians. What did Father Paul Ragueneau say about them? He believed that at least some of the Indians really believed in Christianity. Their souls would be saved and his time in Canada was worth it. VI. What happened to Sainte-Marie among the Hurons due to the coming attack of the Iroquois? It was burned by the French because the Iroquois would not then be able to use it for shelter.