UDC 634.8.07 2016 V. Vlasov, corresponing member of NAAS, octor of science in agriculture A. Shtirbu, caniate of biological sciences National Scientific Center "Institute of Viticulture an Winemaking name after V. Ya. Tairov" ENERGY BALANCE OF AMPELOCOENOSIS AT DIFFERENT STRUCTURES OF PLANTATION AND ARCHITECTURE OF PLANTS The purpose. To stuy energy balance ampelocoenosis an to tap their efficiency. Methos. Fiel, laboratory an energy-balance. Probes were carrie out in 2013 2015 on technical cultivars of grape Rubin Tairovskiy, Suholimanskiy belyi an Oesskiy chornyi. Results. On the basis of creit an ebit part of energy balance effectiveness ratio of absorbe an general physiologically active raiation of ampelocoenosis with ifferent structure of plantation an architecture of plants is etermine. Conclusions. The metho of energy balance enables to stuy experimentally magnitue of entering solar raiation, its absorbtion by leaves an sowings in separate spectral ranges, real photosynthesis an other processes. In the long term this metho can be use in probes of prouction process of plants of grape an evelopment of moern agrotechniques. Key wors: grape, ampelocoenosis, energy balance, structure of plantations, architecture of plants. Introuction. The quantity of plant biomass an crop yiel in agrocenoses is relate to photosynthetic activity, with is the process of transformation the absorbe energy of solar raiation into the chemical energy of organic substances. In plants about 90% of ry biomass accumulates as a result of photosynthesis activity an 10% - of mineral nutrition. One of the most important problems of crops is the research of technologies for evaluating the maximum prouctivity an yiel. Increase of agrocenoses efficiency is the scientific problem of foo security an economic efficiency. In the stuy of the effectiveness of agrocenoses, the metho of energy buget, which consists of input an output components, is use. The values allow to estimate maximum possible prouctivity an yiel of crops uner
Table 1. optimum conitions [6]. The grapevine training system inclues two principal parameters: vine spacing an vine forming. These factors measure the canopy architectures which plays a key role in light energy capture, water use as regulate by transpiration, an microclimate of ripening grapes. Canopy management system is an important aspect of viticulture ue to its effect on vine prouctivity an fruit composition [4, 5, 7, 8]. However, the metho of energy buget is not sufficiently stuie in vineyars establishing in various climate conitions. The aim stuy of the possibility of using the metho of energy buget to evaluate the efficiency of use natural resources on vineyars with ifferent canopy management systems in climate conition of Northern Black sea region. Materials an methos. The experiment was carrie out uring 2013-2015 years, on 12-15-year ol vineyars of technical cultivars Rubin tairovskii, Suholimanskii belii an Oesskii ciornii; grafte on Riparia x Rupestris 101-14. The vineyars iffer by training system (tabl. 1). Scionrootstock combination Rubin tairovskii on R x R 101-14 Suholimanskii belii on R x R 101-14 Training system Vine spacing Vine forming (m x m) 3 x 1.5 Horizontal bilateral coron with low trunk (70 cm) Coron 3 x 1.5 Horizontal bilateral coron with high trunk (120 cm) 3 x 1.25 Horizontal bilateral coron with low trunk (70 cm) Coron 3 x 1.5 Horizontal bilateral coron with high trunk (150 cm) Oesskii ciornii on Guyot 3 x 1.25 Guyot bilateral with low trunk (70
R x R 101-14 cm) 3 x 1.5 coron with low trunk (70 cm) The soil is represente by chernozem clay loam; maintenance uner black fallow; fertilizers not use. The vineyar is not irrigate. The experimental plot is establishing on the plain location; geographical latitue 46.36 an longitue 30.65. The rows are in the north-south orientation. The energy buget of experimental vineyars per unit biological time for photosynthetically active raiation (PAR) was etermine accoring to the equation: QAf = QМ + QT + Qt + Qir Input components of plant energy buget: QAf solar raiation absorbe by plants; QAf = Q kf Af, where Q insolation incient on a horizontal surface uring the plant growing season. This ates is calculate on the coorinates of the experimental lot at average values for 1983-2005, presente by NASA's Meteorological Data Center [9]; kf the coefficient of transition Q to PAR (Qf), equal to the coefficient of 0.48 [6]; Af performance the absorption coefficient of the Qf, calculate on the basis of ecae measuring parameters of canopy structure uring vegetation an average relative raiation fluxes on the upper (0.9), eastern an western parts of the rows (0.38-0.48) [2]. Output components of plant energy buget: QМ the energy Qf accumulate in biomass; QМ = M q, where М weight of ry biomass; q - energy of 1 g of ry biomass, equal 16.8 kj [2]; QТ transpiration energy (QТ); Qt energy of heating of leaves. It is equal to the energy QТ in the perio of water eficiency an closing leaf stomatas; Qir the energy of regulatory information processes, on average, is 1-2% from QAf [1]. Results an iscussion. The uration of plant growing season of
cultivars Rubin tairovskii an Suholimanskii belii is an average 130 ays, an cultivar Oesskii ciornii 140 ays. During this biological time, the insolation incient Q on a horizontal surface of 1 ha plantation in the spectrum of 0.29-4 μm is 25.4-26.3 х 10 12 joule (tabl. 2). However, the importance for most of the physiological processes of plants has solar raiation, absorbe in the spectrum of 380-750 nm (Qf), or PAR. High-energy light-epenent processes (net photosynthesis, photosynthesis, photorespiration, transpiration, heat exchange between leaf an air) occur in the spectrum 380-710 nm [6]. Table 2. Comparative ates of components of the energy buget of vineyars with ifferent canopy structure, on average for 2013-2015. The calculations were carrie out for the perio from thir ecae of May to the first* an secon** ecae of September. Components of the energy buget Insolation incient on a horizontal surface (Q) of 1 ha plantation, 10 9 J incluing PAR (Qf), * Rubin tairovskii / 2635 4 Name of cultivar / Training system * Rubin tairovski i / Coron 2635 4 * Suholi- manskii belii / * ** Suholi- Oesski manski i ciornii i belii / / Guyot Coro n 25394 2539 4 2539 4 ** Oesski i ciornii / 25394 10 9 J 1265 1265 12189 1218 1218 12189 0 0 9 9 Qf absorbe by plants (QАf) of 1 ha plantation, 10 9 J 5821 6063 6248 6184 6064 5445
QАf accumulate by plant biomass (Qм) of 1 ha plantation, 10 9 J QАf output to transpiration an heating of leaves (QТ + Qt) of 1 ha plantation, 10 9 J 95 105 162 128 126 88 5638 5867 5993 5963 5847 5276 Agrocenoses of annual crops absorb about 80% of PAR uner optimum leaf area per unit groun area (leaf area inex) with interval from 4 to 5 m 2 /m 2 [6]. Perennial crops, incluing grapevines, cultivate in row plantings, is characterize by incomplete coverage. As a result, the part of PAR in values of 40-60% incient on the soil surface [3]. In this regar, the value of PAR performance coefficient on vineyars is lower compare to agrocentoses of annual crops. Determination of the PAR performance coefficient on vineyars is possible with the help of inicators of the relative fluxes of solar raiation on the horizontal an lateral parts of the simple geometric moel parameters of the leaf cover. In vineyars, with training system of vertical an guyot, the canopy architecture is moele as a prism, an the row - a rectangular parallelepipe; using of coron training system with high trunk vine forming the canopy structure is moele as an elliptic (with trunk 120 cm) or circular cyliner (with trunk 150 cm). In conitions of experiment uring plant growing season values of QАf varies from 5.4 to 6.2 х 10 12 joule epening on the parameters of the canopy management systems. Values of QM is informative inicator of agrocenosis efficiency. Determination of the total annual biomass of perennial crops relate with methoological an technical problems. In researches with grape plants for the size of annual biomass accepte weight of s, leaves an bunches [2]. It is establishe, that the values of QM is epening of vineyar training system vary
in large intervals from 95 to 162 x 10 9 J. With increasing ensity of vines per unit area up to 2666 vines per 1 hectare, compare to 2222 vines per 1 hectare, energy accumulate in biomass increases by 26% on plantation of Suholimanskii belii cultivar an by 43% Oesskii ciornii cultivar. With the ientical vine spacing, but ifferent types of vine forming on plantation of Rubin tairovskii cultivar the values of QM change only by 5%. Approximately 90% of QАf is use for transpiration proviing transport of substances in plants an the constant temperature of the photosynthetic apparatus. The energy expenses for the evaporation of water are about 2.5 x 10 6 J per gram of water, inepenently of the mechanism of water transformation from soli to gaseous state. The obtaine ates are possible follow to calculate the require amount of water for the maximum possible transpiration. The efficiency of light energy capture in agrocenoses is estimate by the value of the absorbe an uses of PAR on the process of net photosynthesis (ηаf). Figure 1 shows that the values ηаf change insignificantly uner the influence of the vine forming (Rubin tairovskii cultivar), but varies in a consierable interval (from 1.61 to 2.59%) uner the influence of the vine spacing. High values of ηаf is characterize of vineyars with a vine spacing 3 x 1.25 m on the Suholimanskii belii cultivar for an average of 3 years is 2.59%, on the Oesskii ciornii cultivar 2.06%.
Figure 1. Performance coefficient of absorbe (ηaf) an incient (ηf) of PAR on vineyars with ifferent canopy structure, on average for 2013-2015. Name of cultivar / Training system: 1 Rubin tairovskii / ; 2 Rubin tairovskii / Coron;3 Suholimanskii belii / ; 4 Suholimanskii belii / Coron; 5 Oesskii ciornii / Guyot; 6 Oesskii ciornii /. The values of ηf on vineyars of vertical training system with ientical of vine spacing approximately correspon to plantations of coron training system; the value of ηf is 0.53-0.59%. With increasing number of vines per unit area (vine spacing 3 x 1.25 m) inepenently of vine forming the values of ηf increase to 0.78% (on plantation of Suholimanskii belii cultivar) an 0.70% (on plantation of Oesskii ciornii cultivar), compare with vine spacing 3 x 1.5 m (0.63% an 0.49%, respectively). Eviently, in conitions of water an mineral eficiency the increase of plant prouctivity an vineyar yiel is possibly by increasing the ensity of vines per unit area (vine spacing) to optimal values. The actual values of ηf (0.49-0.78%) is characterize of stuie vineyars with low prouctivity. On the basis of calculations, the values of ηf on vineyars is possible to increase up to 4-5% in conition with optimal parameter of leaf area inex, soil water available to plants an mineral nutrition uring growing season; up to 1-2% only with optimize canopy management system,
but in the natural environment conitions of moerately continental climate. Conclusions The metho of energy buget is characterize by informativeness an can be use to evaluate the efficiency of vineyars with ifferent training system an to establish the mechanism of influence of agrotechnical factor on biological prouctivity. Vineyars with the stuie training system is characterize by a low level of biological prouctivity, is necessary to stuying an eveloping bioaaptive parameter of vine spacing an vine forming which in conitions of water eficit must be correspon to the optimal relationship between soil water availability for plants an insolation incient. Using the above escribe moel set up, in researches of cultivation technologies of grapevines it is possible to estimate maximum possible prouctivity an yiel uner optimum conitions. Bibliography 1. Alehina N. Fiziologija rastenij : uchebnik lja stu. vuzov / N. Alehina, Ju. Balkonin, V. Gavrilenko / [po re. : I. Ermakova] Moskva : Iz. Centr «Akaemija», 2005. 640 s. - ISBN 5-7695-1669-0. 2. Amirzhanov A. Metoicheskie ukazanija po uchetu i kontrolju vazhnejshih pokazatelej fotosinteticheskoj ejatel'nosti vinograa v nasazhenijah lja ee optimizacii : meto. ukaz. / A. Amirzhanov, I. Shul'gin, D. Sulejmanov. Baku, 1982. 59 s. 3. Vlasov V. Teoreticheskoe obosnovanie optimizacii svetovogo rezhima v shpalerno-rjaovyh nasazhenijah vinograa / V. Vlasov, E. Vlasova, A. Shtirbu // Horticultură, viticultură şi vinificaƫie, silvicultură şi grăini publice, protecƫiă plantelor: lucrări ştiinƫifice. / Universitatea agrară e stat in Molova. [re.-şef: Gh. Cimpoieş]. Chişinău : Centrul eitorial UASM, 2013. Vol. 36. P. I. C. 229-233. ISBN 978-9975-64-125-8. 4. Derenovskaja A. Parametry fotosinteticheskoj ejatel'nosti list'ev introucirovannyh stolovyh sortov vinograa pri privivke na razlichnye povoi / A. Derenovskaja, O. Kitaev, A. Shtirbu // Novye i netraicionnye rastenija i
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