THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY THIRD EDITION VOLUME I PART 1 PROLEGOMENA AND PREHISTORY EDITED BY I. E.S.EDWARDS F.B.A. Keeper of Egyptian Antiquities, The British Museum THE LATE C. J. GADD F.B.A. formerly Professor Emeritus of Ancient Semitic Languages and Civilizations, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London N. G. L. HAMMOND F.B.A. Professor of Greek, University of Bristol WEJW CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1970
List of Maps List of Tables List of Text-figures Preface THE CHAPTER I GEOLOGICAL AGES page xiii XV xvii xix by D. L. LINTON Professor of Geography in the University of Birmingham and F. MOSELEY Senior Lecturer in Geology in the University of Birmingham i Introduction i II The Afrasian platform 5 in The Eurasian platform 9 iv The Tethys and the mid-world fold belt 12 v Origins of the modern seas, rivers and mountains 21 CHAPTER II PHYSICAL CONDITIONS IN EASTERN EUROPE, WESTERN ASIA AND EGYPT BEFORE THE PERIOD OF AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENT by K. W. BUTZER Professor of Anthropology in the University of Chicago I The natural, Early Postglacial environment 35 II Physical conditions in South-Eastern Europe during the Last Glacial Period 47 in Prehistoric geography of South-Western Asia 49 iv Prehistoric geography of Egypt and the Nile Valley 62
vi CHAPTER III PRIMITIVE MAN IN EGYPT, WESTERN ASIA AND EUROPE IN PALAEOLITHIC TIMES by DOROTHY A. E. GARROD, F.B.A. Formerly Disney Professor of Archaeology in the University of Cambridge i Egypt page 70 11 Western Asia in general 74 in Syria-Lebanon-Palestine 75 iv Anatolia 86 v The North Arabian desert 86 vi Southern Kurdistan 86 VII Western Asia: conclusions 89 IN MESOLITHIC TIMES by J. G. D. CLARK, F.B.A. Fellow of Peter house and Disney Professor of Archaeology in the University of Cambridge VIII Neothermal environment and its impact 90 ix The Mesolithic settlement of Northern Europe 96 x South-west Europe and North Africa 106 xi Central and Eastern Europe 114 XII South-west Asia 118. CHAPTER IV THE EVIDENCE OF LANGUAGE byw. F. ALBRIGHT W. W. Spence Professor Emeritus of Semitic Languages in The Johns Hopkins University andt. O. LAMBDIN Associate Professor of Semitic Philology, Harvard University I Language and History 122 II The Afro-Asian (Hamito-Semitic) Family 132
vii in The Indo-Hittite family page 138 iv Sumerian, Human, Urartian, Elamite 145 CHAPTER v THE EARLIEST POPULATIONS OF MAN IN EUROPE, WESTERN ASIA AND NORTHERN AFRICA by D. R. HUGHES Head of the Physical Anthropology Section, Human History Branch, National Museum of Canada andt). R. BROTHWELL Senior Scientific Officer in the Sub-Department of Physical Anthropology, British Museum {Natural History) I Australopithecines and Pithecanthropines 156 II Homo sapiens 159 CHAPTER VI CHRONOLOGY I. EGYPT TO THE END OF THE TWENTIETH DYNASTY 173 by the late W. C. HAYES Formerly Curator of the Department of Egyptian Art in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
viii II. ANCIENT WESTERN ASIA by M. B. ROWTON Assistant Professor at the Oriental Institute, University of Chicago Introduction Sources (a) (*) (0 (d) (0 (/) The Assyrian eponym-lists and king-lists The year-lists The Babylonian king-lists The Sumerian king-list The Tummal chronicle Hittite royal lists of sacrifices for the dead The Chronology of the second millennium B.C. w" Assyria (*) Babylon (0 Larsa (</) Isin (0 Eshnunna Mari and Khana The Sea Country (A) Anatolia, Syria and Palestine Elam (0 page 193 194 197 198 2OO 201 2O2 202 204 208 208 209 2IO 211 211 217 The Chronology of the Sumerian period (3500-2000) B.C. (a) The Neo-Sumerian period (c. 2230 2000) 219 (b) The Sargonic period (c. 2370 2230) 219 (c) The Old-Sumerian period (c. 2800-2370) 220 (d) The Proto-historic period (c. 3500-2800) 226 The main problems (a) The Assyrian calendar 229 (b) The date of Saustatar and Alalakh Level IV 229 (c) The date of the First Dynasty of Babylon 231 (d) The Kuknashur problem in Elamite chronology 234 (e) The chronology of Uruk in the Old Sumerian period 235 (/) The early period of the Judges in Israel 237
III. THE AEGEAN BRONZE AGE ix by FRANK H. STUBBINGS Fellow of Emmanuel College and Lecturer in Classics in the University of Cambridge The nature of the evidence P a g^^39 The chronology of the periods 242 The date of the fall of Troy 246 CHAPTER VII (a) THE EARLIEST SETTLEMENTS IN WESTERN ASIA FROM THE NINTH TO THE END OF THE FIFTH MILLENNIUM B.C. (b) ANATOLIA BEFORE 4000 B.C. by J. MELLAART Lecturer in Anatolian Archaeology at the Institute of Archaeology, University of London to I Geography, terminology and chronology 248 II The Zagros zone of Northern Iraq 254 in The Zagros zone of Southern Iran 260 1 y Syria and Lebanon in the seventh and sixth millennia 264 v The Mesopotamian Plain 270 vi The Halaf culture 276 VII The Halaf period in Syria and Lebanon 282 vii 1 Susiana and Southern Mesopotamia 284 ix The Iranian Plateau 290 x Southern Turkestan 294 xi Geographical introduction 304 xii 'Neolithic' Anatolia 306 xm The Early Chalcolithic period; chronology and grouping 317
x xiv The Late Chalcolithic period; Middle Chalcolithic in Cilicia; continuity of painted pottery cultures; Late Chalcolithic i and 2 page 323 CHAPTER VIII THE DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES FROM AL-'UBAID TO THE END OF URUK 5 by Sir Max MALLOWAN, F.B.A. Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, and Emeritus Professor of Western Asiatic Archaeology in the University of London I II III IV Babylonia and Assyria Syria Iran Mesopotamia 327 376 408 421 CHAPTER IX (a) PREDYNASTIC EGYPT by ELISEJ. BAUMGARTEL I Introduction: periods and chronology; the country 463 I1 The Predynastic civilizations: Badarian; Naqada I; Naqada II 467 in Religion 492 iv Art 494 (*) PALESTINE DURING THE NEOLITHIC AND CHALCOLITHIC PERIODS by R. DE VAUX, O.P. E~cole Biblique et Archiologique Frangaise de Jerusalem v The first settlements: hunters and farmers 499 vi Farmers and potters 510 VII Farmers, potters and metalworkers 520 VIII The 'megalithic culture' 537
xi (e) CYPRUS IN THE NEOLITHIC AND CHALCOLITHIC PERIODS byll.w. CATLING Senior Assistant Keeper, Department of Antiquities of the Ashmolean Museum in the University of Oxford ix Geography page 539 x The earliest settlers in Cyprus 542 xi The end of Neolithic I and its sequel 547 XII Cyprus in the Neolithic II period 548 XIII Chalcolithic Cyprus 551 xiv Chalcolithic II: Cyprus in transition to the Bronze Age 555 CHAPTER X THE STONE AGE IN THE AEGEAN by S. S. WEINBERG Professor of Classical Languages and Archaeology in the University of Missouri I Palaeolithic and Mesolithic 557 II Aceramic Neolithic $6^ in The Ceramic Neolithic period 572 iv The Early Neolithic period on the Greek Mainland 575 v The Middle Neolithic period on the Greek mainland 589 vi The Late Neolithic period in the Aegean 601 VII The Neolithic period in Crete 608 BIBLIOGRAPHIES Abbreviations 619 Chapter 1 622 Chapter 11 623 Chapter in 625 Chapter iv 632 Chapter v 636 Chapter vi 637
Xll Chapter vn Chapter VIII Chapter ix Chapter x Index to Maps General Index page 646 650 654 664 673 679