Ök -,xld fj< in ;d ^wkqrdomqr hq.fha isg fldaüfü hq.h olajd& bidrd iqrxcs fmf¾rd ;djld,sl lóldpd¾h b;sydi wohhk wxyh suranjiperera89@gmail.com Abstract ID (ICCS2016-5060 ixfëamh fmrwmrfoos. flakaøia:dkhl,xldj msysgd ;sîu ksid fmros. rgj,a iu. fj< in ;d meje;aùfïos,xldj uq,skau fj< in ;d mj;ajd we;af;a Ökh iu.hs' Ökho uqyqÿ ud¾.h Tiafia ish.kqfokq mj;ajd.eksfïos YS%,xldj jeo.;a jq w;r Ök fj< ka úiska furgg f.k wd mgms<s j¾.,xldfõos m¾ishdkq fj< ka úiska Ök fj< kaf.ka ñ,gf.k frdauhg f.k f.dia hqfrdamsh fj< kag wf,úlr we;' wkqrdomqr hq.fha isg fldaüfü hq.h olajd jßkajr fj< ino;d mj;ajd we;s w;r tysos YS%,xldj fj<`o øjh yd NdKav m%jdykh lsífï uohia:dkhla o úh' fuysos m%d:ñl yd oaú;shsl uq,dy%h mßys,kh lrñka m¾fhaikh isÿlr we;' m¾fhaikfha wruqk jqfha Ökh yd,xldj w;r fj< in ;dj, iajremh yd fj< in ;d ksid we;sjq m%;sm, mílaid lsíuh' Ökh yd,xldj w;r mej;s fj< in ;d iudoaêu;a jqfha Ökfha ;dx ^ls%'j 610-907& iy iqx ^ls%'j 426& rc fm<m;a ld,fhaosh' fï ld,fhaos uqyqÿ udj; Tiafia fj< lghq;= isÿflrekq w;r Ökfha isg furgg ms`.ka NdKAv" mgms<s" wdosh f.k wd w;r furáka uq;=" ueksla" we;ao;a yd wdnrk wdos NdKav Ökhg f.khkq,eìk' fuysos,xldfõ merks jrdhka wdys%;j yuqjk mqrdúohd;aul idol ;yjqre lrkafkao forg w;r mej;s fj< in ;djkah' ;x fm<m;a hq.hg wh;a fia ie,flk Ök n`ÿka uyd;s;a: jrdfhka yuqfõ' ta yerekqúg Bidkos. fjrf<a jkalf,hs" lhsüia mf;ys w,a,hsmsâä iy hdmkh w;r fjr< ;Srfhka ms`.ka NdKAv len,s yuqù we;s w;r fïjd ol=kq iqx hq.hg wh;a fõ' wnh.sß úydr ixls¾kfhkao yuqjk Ök ueá n ka ;yjqre lrkafkao forg w;r fj< in ;d mej;s njhs' furáka yuqjk Ök ldiso Ök,xld fj< iïnkao;djhg meyeos,s idolhlajk w;r fï,så; yd mqrdúohd;aul idol wkqj wkqrdomqr hq.fha isg fldaüfü hq.h olajd jßkajr forg w;r fj< in ;d mej;s nj ks.ukh l< yelsh' uqlhmo- uq;=" ueksla" ms`.ka NdKav" we;ao;a" Ök ldis 1
ye skaùu f,dj ieu rglu mdfya wd¾ól miqìu ilialr.;a t;a flaia;%hla jkafka fj< duhs' fj< in ;d meje;aùfïos Ys%,xldfõ N+f.da,Sh msysáu jvd;a jdisodhl jq nj fmfka' YS%,xldj bkaoshka id.rfha uoh.;j msysá osjhskla ùu" bkaoshdjg wdikakfha fukau bkaoshdfjka fjkaj msysàu" osjhsk jgd iajndúl jrdhka msysgd ;sîu ksid YS%,xldj iuqødikak fj< dfuys NdKav yqjudre lrkakdjq;a NdKav fnodyßkakdjq;a fj< uohia:dkhla úh'idudkhfhka fj< dug u`. mefokafka lsishï m%foayhl ksiamdokh l< fkdyels NdKav,nd.ekSfï wjyh;djh we;sùu fukau lsishï m%foayhlh wdfõksl ksiamdokh lrk NdKav w;sßla;h úl=kd.eksfï wjyh;djh u;=jq úgh' fuu miqìu ;=< wka;¾cd;sl fj< iïnkao;dj m%odk ;eklaf.k we;' YS%,xldj o f,dj rgj,a iu. m%odk iïnkao jqfha jdksc lghq;= u.sks' ta wkqj we; w;s;fha isgu YS%,xldj úfoay fj< dfuys m%odk;ajhla f.k ;snq nj ft;sydisl uq,dy%h /ilskau fy<sorõ fõ' mdyshkag wkqj furg ckdjdi jqfhao fj< kaf.ks' rd;s;fha fï Èjhsfkys ñksia jdihla fkdùh' N+;hka ^hl=ka& yd kd.fhda mukla úiqy' fudjqka iu. fkdfhla rgj, ckhd fj< dfuys fh isáhy' N+;fhda fj< dfï ie`.ù isg øjhj, ñ, i ykafldg ;enqy' ta ñ, wkqj f.ùfuka fjf<kaf da øjh f.k.shy' fj< kaf.a.uka ìuka ksid Tjqka wdmiq ;u rgj,g.sh miq ta rgj, ckhd fï Èjhsfka rukshndjh ms<sn ukyr úia;r Tjqkaf.ka wid ±k.;ay' tfia ±k jßkajr tys meñk mèxñ jkakg jqy ^mdyshkaf.a foaydgk jd¾;dj" 2006" 92&' mdyshkaf.a foaydgk jd¾;dj fukau j<dyiai jeks cd;l l;dj,skao fy<sjkafka Èjhsfka msysàfï jeo.;aluksid bkaèhka id.rfha hd;%dl< hd;s%lhkag fuu Èjhsfka f;dgqm,j,a w;s;fha isgu jeo.;a jq njhs' Ökh yd fj< in ;d we;sùu YS%,xldj fmros. wdishdfõ rgj,a w;ßka uq,skau in ;d f.dvk`.d we;af;a Ökh iu`. ùu úfyai;ajhls' forg w;r os¾> ld,hla ;siafiau mj;ajdf.kf.dia we;af;a fj< yd wd.ñl iïnkao;djhkah' forg w;r mej;s fuu iïnkao;d y kd.eksug ft;sydisl uq,dy%h fukau mqrdúohd;aul uq,dy% /ila WmldÍfõ' forfüu ft;sydisl uq,dy%hj, fuu iïnkao;djh ms<sn i yka fõ' Ys%,xldj.ek i yka merksu Ök jd¾;dj jkafka ngysr yka fm<mf;a ks, jxyl;dj jk ls%'mq' 206 isg ls%'j' 23 wh;a yka mqia;lhhs' yka mqia;lhg wkqj yka mrmqf¾ msx wêrdchdf.a ^ls%'j' 1-6& wjêfha Ök ks,odíka msßila hejq tla rgla f,i IQ-fpka.a-mQ ku i yka fõ' fuu jpkj, woyi isxyoaùmh fyj;a isyosm hkak fyhska tu`.ska YS%,xldj.ek lshefjk nj y kdf.k ;sîu ksid Ök ; msßila,xldjgo meñk ;sfnk nj y kdf.k we; ^Werake, 2003, 213). ls%'j' 97 o YS%,xldfõ rcq úiska Ökhg ;.ukla hjk, ' tjlg,xldfõ md,lhd jqfha jin ^ls%'j'67-111& rcqh' fuu ;.ufka we;a o;a" ó yrla iy fud,a,s iys;.jhska Ök wêrdchdg ;E.s jyfhka f.khk, ^isßùr" 2004" 225&' Ys%,xld md,lhska Ökh iu. jdksc 2
iïnkao;d ;rlr.eksug tl, Wkkaÿjla olajk,o nj fï weiqßka wkqudk l< yelsh' fï ld,jljdkqj jin rdch wjêh jq fyhska YS%,xldfõ úyd, wd¾ól ixj¾okhla we;s jq nj uq,dy%h wkqj fmfka' ta wkqj fmks hkafka ls%'mq 1jk ishji jkúg fyda ls%'j' m<uqjk ishji mukjkúg forg w;r fj< iïnkao;dj wdrïn ù we;s nj lsj yelsh' fï ld,jljdkqfõ YS%,xldj yd Ökh w;r fj< in ;d mej;s nj ma,skso fmkajd fohs' ma,sksf.a jd¾;d wkqj bkaèhdjg úreoao foiska we;s Tjqkaf.a rfgys me;a;la iafüähd 100la È.h' th w.aksè.g úysfoa' fyfudâ l j,ska Tífnys jq fiaß cd;slhka i. fj<fy< dï ksid fï Èjhsk jdisyq fiaß ^Ök cd;slhka& ckhd iu. ys;j;ah' fiaß ckhd idudkh ñksiqkag jvd úyd, nj;a Tjqkaf.a flia yd weia lymdg nj;a lgy`v wñysr yd r`m nj;a Tjqkag ish woyia NdIdj udohfhka mejish fkdyels nj;a olajd we;' Tjqka ls wksl=;a úia;r wm fj< kaf.a jd¾;djkg iuúh' Tjqkaf.a foayfha.`.l tf.dv bjqf¾ fiaß ckhd fj< dug f.fkk øjh wi,ska ;u fj< øjh ;n;so yqjudrej.ek Tjqka fomlaih leu;s kï Tjqka th /f.k hk njo i yka lr we; (Sastri, 1939, 49-50)' fudyqf.a jd¾;d wkqj ls%'j' m<uqjk ishjfia frdaufha laf,daähia isi¾ rcq ^41-54& fj;g,dxlsl ; msßila.sh nj;a Tjqka úiska tl, Ökh yd YS%,xldj w;r fj< in ;d mej;=kq j. mjik,o nj;a ma,sks olajhs' ma,sksg wkqj fï wjêfha frdau fjf<kaoka Ökhg fkdf.dia Ök mgms<s,ndf.k we;af;a YS%,xldfõ isg tajd /f.k wd m¾ishdkq fjf<kaokaf.ks ^Sastri, 1939, 49-50)' ma,sks" iag%dfnda" fmßma,iag wd úfoayslhkaf.a jd¾;djkg wkqj ls%'j' m<uqjeks Y;j¾Ifha YS%,xldj w;rueoshl= jyfhka Ökfha fj< lghq;=j,g iynd.s jq nj fmks hhs' miqld,skj Ökh iu. idcq fj< in ;d meje;aùug fhduqjkakg fya;=jkakg we;af;ao YS%,xldj w;rueèhka yryd frdauh iu. isÿl< fj< du nj fmkajd osh yelsh' frdauh iu. idcq fj< in ;d fkdmej;=k o fuys w;rueèhd jqfha bkaèhdjhs' Ys%,xldj yd bkaèhdj w;r mej;s idcq fj< dfïè bkaèhdkq fjf<ka ka Ys%,dxlsl NdKav.S%ishg yd frdauhg f.k.sh nj ±lafõ ^isßùr" 2004" ms'289&' frdau wêrdchfha m%n+ md,lfhda YS%,xldfõ uq;=" ueksla" w,s we;=ka yd l=`mnvqj,g úfyai leue;a;la ±lajq fyhska YS%,xldfõ NdKav ol=kq bkaèhdj yryd frdau wêrdchhg wmkhkh l< nj ±lafõ ^isßùr" 2004" ms'289&' Bg idol f,i bèßm;a lrkafka w;rueè fj< ka úiska furgg f.k wd frdau rka ldis uyd;s;a:h" wkqrdomqr" ñyska;f,a" is.sßh" jd,éfékh iy lka;frdafohs wd ia:dkj,ska yuqùuhs ^isßùr" 2004" ms'289&' Ökhg idcqju,xldj iu. fj< dug wj;s¾k ùfï yelshdj,enqfka ls%'j' 4jk ishji w.nd.fha isÿjq frdau wêrdchfha mßydksh;a iu.h' ls%'j'333 fldkaiagkaghska wêrdchhdf.a urkh;a iu. frdauhg t,a, jq úfoay wdl%uk fya;=fjka frdau wêrdchh 3
ngysr frdau wêrdchh yd kef.kysr frdau wêrdchh hkqfjka fofldgilg fnèk' kef.kysr frdau wêrdchfha w.kqjr njg m;ajqfha fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,hh ^issßùr" 2004"290&' frdau wêrdchh folvùu;a iu. fmrè. iu. mej;s fj< iïnkao;d wvmk jq w;r fuhska m%fhdack.;af;a m¾ishkajre yd b;sfhdamshkajreh' Tjqka fmrè. yd wmrè. fj< dfï w;rueèhka f,i fmksisáñka fj< du mj;ajdf.k.sho ls%'j' 484 m¾ishkajrekag f.dvìu fiao ud¾.h Tiafia lrf.k.sh fï fj< dug n,meï t,a, jkq olakg,efí' ta ls%'j' 484 fyma;,hsüjre ngysr ;=¾lsia:dkh;a fid.aähdkdj;a nelaá%hdj;a wdl%ukh lrñka m¾ishka rcqj mrdchg m;alsíu fya;=fjks' fyma;,hsüjre f.dvìï fiao ud¾.hg wh;a jq lia>¾" nqldrd hk m%foayo w,a,d.eksu;a iu. f.dvìï fiao ud¾.h Tiafia isÿjq fj< lghq;= wvmkjqfhka m¾ishkajrekag id.ßl fj< du flfrys wjodkh fhduq lrkakg isÿúh ^isßùr" 2004" 290&' fï iudk brkulg uqyqkmeug ol=kq Ökhgo isÿúh' ol=kq Ökfha úiq rcmrïmrdjkao ish fj< lghq;= mj;ajdf.k.sfha f.dvìï fiao ud¾.h Tiafiah' ls%'j' 4jk ishjfia ykajre W;=re Ökh w,a,d.eksu;a iu. ngysr f,dalh iu. iïnkaoúh yels f.dvnï fiao ud¾.h ol=kq Ökhg wysñúh' fï ;;a;ajh u; Ökhg isÿjqfhao id.ßl fj< du flfrys ish wjodkh fhduqlr,sugh' fï ;;a;ajh ls%'j' 4jk Y;j¾Ifha isg y;ajk Y;j¾Ih olajd bkaèhdkq id.íh fj< lghq;=j,g Ökh jvjvd;a fhduqlr,kakg fya;=úh ^isßùr" 2004" 300&' ls%'j' 4-5 jk ishji jkúg Ökh yd,xldj w;r idcq fj< in ;d we;sjq nj mdyshkaf.a úia;rfhka ;yjqre fõ' mdyshkaf.a foaydgk jd¾;dj wkqj Wkajykafia ls%'j' 400 muk Ökfhka ish ixpdrh wrtd ls%'j' 412,xldjg meñk we;' fujlg,xldfõ md,lhd jqfha uydkdu rcqh' fï rcqf.a ld,fha fj< in ;d muklafkdj wd.ñl in ;do Ökh iu. mj;ajd we;' ls%'j' 6fjks ishjfiao Ökh yd,xldj w;r in ;d ms<sn j fldiauia i yka lrhs' ;fm%dfíkh.ek,shq wjika.s%lhd hehs i,lkq,nk fldiauia ls%'j' 6fjks ishjfia ciaákshka rcqg iuld,skj wef,laiekaä%hdfõ úiq ixpdrl fjf<kafols' fudyq r;= uqyqfoa o bkaèhdkq id.rfha o hd;%d l< wfhls' weìiskshdj iqflda;%j" m¾ishdkq fndlal" bkaèhdj",xldj yd fjk;a kef.kysr wdishdkq m%foayj,o hd;%d lf<ah' fufia ÿr m%foayhkays hd;%d lsíu ksid Tyq bkèhdkq keúhd fyj;a zbkaäflda maf,diaáiaz hk úreo kduho,eîh' fldiauia Öfkka mgms<s f.k wd keõ.ek i yka lrhs ^Sastri, 1939, 89-90)' fldiauiag wkqj,xldj úfoay fj< dï lghq;= i yd fk!ldjla Ndú;lr we;s w;r Ökh fukau fjk;a rgj,a iu.o iïnkao;d mj;ajd we;s nj fmfka' fï ish,af,ka yef`.kafka wrdîka bka h id.rh Tiafia úyd, fj< jhdmdrhla wdrïn lsíug m%:u Ökh yd,xldj w;r úyd, fj< dula jq njhs' 4
ls%'j' 8jk ishjfika miq forg w;r jq fj< in ;d msßfykakg úh' fï iufha wkqrdomqr rdcodkshg t,a, jq fpda< wdl%uk Bg fya;=jkajg we;' fpda<hka iuqøsh fj< du flfryso wjodkh fhduqlrkakg jqfhka,xldj yd Ökh w;r jq fj< dugo ndod t,a,jkakg we;' 10fjks Y;j¾Ih ueo yßfha wmrè. yd Ökh w;r fj< du kej;;a mgka.kakd, ' idys;huh yd mqrdúohd;aul idlaisj,ska fï hq.fhaos Ökh ils%hj fj< iïnkao;dj, ksr;jq nj meyeè,sj fmfka' ol=kq Ökfha iqka rdc mrïmrdfõ rcjreka úiska fj< du i yd Woafhda.Su;a lrkq,enq Ökh ls%'j' 10 os m<uqjkjrg w.aksè. wdishdfõ keõ ud¾. md,kh ;uka w;g.;s' kej; Ökh iu. fj< iïnkao;d meje;ajq njg idol,efnkqfha ls%'j' 1273 mukh' ta oufoks rdcodks iufhaosh' fï ld,jljdkqfõ Ökfha md,kh fynjqfha hqjdka kï Ök rdc jxy kduh wdrev lr.;a fuda.,ajrekah ^Sastri, 1939, 161)' ls%'j' 1273" 1284" 1291" 1293 hk j¾ij, hqjdka jxysl md,l jq l=í,dhs Ldka úiska YS%,xldjg ; msßia tjk, ' l=í,dhs Ldka ndysr f,dalh yd in ;d meje;aùug Woafhda.Su;a jq md,lfhla jq ksid Ökh fï ld,fha úfoaysh fj< dug jvd;a keuqrejkq olakg,efí' ls%'j' 15jk ishji jk úg Ökh,xldj iu. jvd;a ils%hj fj< dug wj;s¾kj isá nj fmfka' fï ld,mßéfþaoh,xldfõ.ïfmd< rdcodks iuhhs' m%odk k.r f,i.ïfmd<" ±È.u" rhs.u' chj¾okmqr fldaüfü yd W;=f¾ isxf.hs k.¾ uohia:dkh lr.;a fjku rdcodkshla o msysgd ;snqks ta yerekqfldg,xldfõ jkaks m%foayhkays m%dfoayssh md,lhka Tjqkaf.a n,h ;yjqre lrf.k ;snqks' isx.fhs k.¾ uq,ia:dkh lrf.k W;=re m%foayh md,kh lf<a wd¾h pl%j¾;s rc mrïmrdjhs' fï wjêfha jeo.;a fj< k.rhla jqfha rhs.uhs' rhs.u ms<sn j ikafoay ldjhhkays i yka fõ ^uhqr kfoayh 51-55&' ikafoay ldjhhkays tk f;dr;=re wkqj rhs.u k.rh jeo.;a ia:dkhla jqfha tu k.rh u.ska md,kh flrekq úfoaysh fj< du ksid njg wkqudk l< yelsh' rcrg YsIagdpdrh ì jeàu;a iu. ksß; È.g ixl%ukh jq isxy, ck;djf.a m%odk;u wdodhï ud¾.h njg m;ajqfha úfoay fj< fuka,enqkq wdodhuhs',xldfjka wmkhkh lrk,o øjhhka w;r m%odk ia:dkhla.;af;a uq;=" ueksla" we;ao;a" l=`m nvq wdèhhs' rhs.u k.rh msysgd we;s ia:dkh yryd úysfok mdkÿr r;akmqr ud¾.h Tiafia inr.uqj Èia;s%lalfhka rg wnhka;rfha isg w,s we;=ka" we;ao;a" ueksla hk l=`m nvq rhs.u k.rh yryd ksß; È. fjrf<ys ;snq mdkÿr" fírej, jeks jrdh lrd fiakaÿ úh' rhs.u fj< dfïos jeo.;a k.rh fia ie,lsug Bg wdikakj msysgd ;snq ;snqfka fírej, jrdho fya;=úh' ud yqjdkaf.a úia;rfhkao fuh ;yjqre fõ' Tyqg wkqj nqoao Yd,dj lkao miq l<úg Tng IS-,Eka YS%,xld rfgys jrdhjk fma-f,d-,s fj; meñk keõ kex.=rï,d úh,s fjrf,ys weúèhyelsh ^Sastri, 1939, 299)' fuys fma-f,d,s-,s hkq fírej, jrdh njg y kdf.k we;' ta wkqj fuu hq.fha,xldfõ ngysr fjrf<ys ;snq jrdhj,a w;ßka m%isoao jrdhla njg m;aj ;snqfka fírej, jrdhhs' 5
fï ld, mßéfþofhaos isÿjq fpx-fydaf.a,xld.ukh;a iu. Ök,xld fj< in ;djh fjkia jkq olakg,efí' ful, Ökfha md,kh f.k hk,oafoa ñx rdc ^1368-- 1644&jxYhhs ^Wref.dvj;a;" 2012( 178&' l%s'j' 1403 os isyiqkg m;a ;=kajk ñx wêrdchd jq hqx- -f,da ^1403--1424& Ökfha isg ngysr uqyqÿ.uka i yd fpx-fyda keue;s Ök kdúl woañrd,a fhoùh' ls%'j'1405 isg wjqreÿ 30la we;=<; uqyqÿ.uka y;la isÿ lr ;sfnk w;r ñksiqka 35"000 wêl m%udkhla /f.k keõ yegla muk hd;%dfjys fhdojd we; ^mrkú;dk" 1972(616 fifkúr;ak" 1982( 8&' fpx-fydaf.a,xld.uka ms<sn f;dr;=re /ila y kd.eksug isÿ ù we;af;a Ök uq,dy%h u.sks' fpx-fyda iu`. uqyqÿ.ufka fhÿkq udyqjdka úiska rñ; bx hd Ix,dka fyj;a id.r fjr< ;Sre ms<sn iuia: ióëkh keue;s.%ka:h" fpx -fyda iu`.u meñks fmhs--iska úiska rñ; Isx I Ix,dka fyj;a ;drld myqf¾ iuia: ióëkh keue;s.%ka:hla" l%s'j' 1434 os.=x cx úiska rñ; Isx hx *ka.=fjka Iq fyj;a ngysr id.rh wdy%s; úfoay rgj, ú;a;s hk.%ka:hla fï ms<sn i yka lrhs ^Wref.dvj;a;" 2012(179&' tfukau ñx rdc jxyfha ft;sydisl f;dr;=re f.fkk ñx Is ld;sfhkq;a mshka- b- ;shka yd Is - hq- Ñ- *q- uq hk.%ka:;a fpx-fyda yd,xldj.ek úia;r lr ;sfí ^fyar;a" 2014 73&' fpxfydaf.a,xld.ukh ms<sn j wjodkh fhduqlrkúg Tyq foaymd,k" wd¾ól yd wd.ñl wruqkq fmroeß lr.ksñka,xldjg meñk we;s nj fmfka' Ökfha ilia lrf.k furgg f.kú;a msysgq jq ;s%ndid mqjre,smsfhkao fï ms<sn úia;r yuqfõ' ls%'j' 1405 isg 1433 olajd fpka-fyda f.a kdhl;ajfhka hq;a fuu Ök kdjql yuqodj isÿl< kdúl.uka y; iy Tjqka wj;s¾k jq rgj,a ms<sn j úuid n,kúg fmkshk lrekla kï fï ish.ukaj,è mdf.a Tjqka bkaèhdfõ le,slü jrdhgo,xldjgo fiakaÿ ù we;s njhs' fpx fyda f.a m<uq hd;%d.uk l%s'j' 1405--1407 ld,fhaos isÿ ù we;' fujr,xldfõ ngysr fjr<nv m%foayfha msysá jrdhlska,xldjg f.dv nei ;sfí' fpka fyda f.a fï kdjql fufyhqïj, wruqkq jqfha bkaèhka id.rh wdys%;j mej;s fj< du Ök wêrdchh wdêm;hh hgf;a isÿ lsíuhs' thska m%odku wruqk jqfha bkaèhdfõ le,slü jrdfha fj< du Ökhg ys;j;a whqßka mj;ajd.eksuhs' fï ld,fhaos jeo.;a fj< jrdh njg m;aj ;snqfka fírej,hs' fírej, jrdh uq,sl lr.ksñka wrdîka fj< lghq;=j,g ueosy;aj isá wjêhla jq fï ld,fhaos fpka-fyda f.a wruqk jkakg we;af;a wrdîka i;=j mej;s fï fj< du ;u hg;g.eksu úhyelsh' ish kdjql.uka i yd m%odk NdId mßj¾;lfhl= jq bia,dï Nla;sl ud-yqjdka m;alr.;af;ao fírej, úiq uqia,sï cd;slhka iu. ióm iïnkao;djhka Tyq yryd f.dvk`.d.eksu myiq nj is;+ ksid úh yelsh' Ökh yd,xldj w;r mej;s fj< in ;d ms<sn j wjodkh fhduqlrk úg fmkshk jeo.;a lrekla jkafka fï in ;d olaisk yd w.aksè. Ökhg mukla isud ùuh' fuhg m%odk jyfhka fya;= jqfha tys msysàuhs' Ökfha uqyqÿlrh ol=fka yd.sksfldk msysgd ;sîu ksid ls%ia;= j¾ifha m<uqjk Y;j¾Ifha isg.ukd.ukh isÿjqfha uqyqÿ hd;%dfjks' ia:djr 6
foaymd,k ;;a;ajhla mej;sfhao fï m%foayfhau ùu;a ksid Ökhg wka rgj,a iu. in ;d mj;ajd.eksug yelsúh' ft;sydisl uq,dy%h lrekq yerekq úg mqrdúohd;aul uq,dy%h hg;g.efkk ldis u`.skao Ökh yd,xldj w;r mej;s fj< in ;djh ms<sn j fy<sfõ',xldfjka yuqù we;s ldis wkqj,xldj yd Ökh w;r fl<ska mej; tk fj< dula oyjk Y;j¾Ifha fojeks Nd.h olajdu fkd;snqk nj fmfka' ls%'j' 976g fmr isg Ök wêrdchhd hgf;a ksl=;a l< ldis,xldfjka yuqfkdùu Bg m%odk idolhla fia bosßm;a fõ' mrdl%undyq rcqf.a ld,fha lrjq ud,s.djla ;snq ia:dkhla leksfï Ök ldis yuqúh' ñka iuyrla l -iq ^ls%'j' 618-627& rcqf.a ld,hg whh;a fia y kdf.k we;s w;r b;sßjd ls%'j' 976-1265 olajd úiq ieu wêrdcfhl=f.a ldis f,ig y kdf.k we;' hdmyqfõ ;sî yuqjq ldisj,ska merksu tajd ld -iq rcqf.a yd b;=rejd 976-1265 olajd úiq rcjrekag wh;a nj y kdf.k we; ^hdmyqj" 2001" 16-17&' ta wkqj Ök,xld fj< jhdmdrhla we;sjqfhao oifjks Y;j¾Ifha muk nj fï ldisj,ska fmfka' wdkhk yd wmkhk NdKav we; w;s;fha isgu YS%,xldj wdkhk wmkhk lghq;=j,g ueèy;afjñka wka;¾cd;sl fj< dfuys m%odk fldgialrefjl= ù we;' YS%,xldj f,dj b,a ula we;s ÿ¾,n >kfhys,d ie,lsh yels iajndúl iïm;a WmÈk rgls' YS%,xldjg wdkhkh lrk,oafoa wyajhska iqfldamfnda.s frèj¾." jákd ueá n ka" ñèmeka lmqre yd i ka jeks foaj,ah' fuu øjh w;r furg w;hjyh NdKav fukau iqfldamfnda.s NdKav úh' Ökfhka furgg f.k wd m%odk øjhhla jqfha frosms<sh' Ök jd¾;dlrejkao Ökfhka,xldjg f.k wd øjh w;r Ök frèms<s úkehs olajk w;r tajd mg jia;% yd tïfn%dhsv¾ jev ±uq isks jia;% jq nj;a rcqka yd Wiia fmf<a wh i yd fï iqfldamfnda.s Ndkav f.kajq nj;a ±lafõ ^fmf¾rd" 2012" 135&' 6fjks Y;j¾Ifha uq, yßfha úiq f,allfhl= jq fldiauia Öfkka mgms<s f.k wd keõ.ek i yka lrhs (Sastri, 1939, 89)' fmdf<dkakre rdcodks iufhaoso Ökfhka furg frosms<s f.k wd njg idol bosßm;a fõ' uydjxihg wkqj m<uqfjks mrdl%undyq rc;=ud úiska iriaj;s ukavmh Ök jia;= yd wfkl=;a frèj¾.j,ska ieriq nj i yka fldg we; ^uydjxih 73(86&' ody;rjk ishjfia úiq jd;dx hq jdka o Ökfhka,xldjg wdkhkh l< øjh w;r lmq frè jqnj i yka lr we; ^fmdkakïfmreu" 1961" 132&' fldaüfü hq.hg wh;a ikafoay ldjhhkays furg rcq we;= m%n+ msßia mgi Ndú; l< nj i yka fõ ^;sir ikafoayh 168" ie<,sysks ikafoayh 08" 46" 91& myf<diajk ishjfia úiq f*hsiska iy udyqjdkao Ökfhka furgg f.k wd øjh w;r frosms<s jq nj i yka lrhs' f*hsiskag fldaüfü rdcodks iufhaoso oskfha ñx rdcjxyh hgf;a mej;s fj< dfïos Ök cd;slhka úiska furgg f.k wd øjh ms<sn j f*hsiska i yka lrhs' f*hsiskag wkqj Ökfhka furgg f.k wd fros w;r j¾k ieáka frèo" j¾k fiao froso jq 7
nj oelafõ ^fmdkakïfmreu" 1961" 149&' udyqjdkaf.a úia;rhg wkqjo ishqï fiao" f.;a;ï l< gmgd fiao o f.k wd nj ±lafõ ^fmdkakïfmreu" 1961" 153&' Ökfhka iqj øjh f.fkkakg we;s njgo wkqudk lrhs' ls%'mq 2jk ishjfia muk msgrgj,ska f.kajkq,enq iqj øjh fj< dï l< fjf<kafol= ms<sn j uydjxifha i yka fõ ^uydjxih 23(24& ioao¾ud,xldrhg wkqj Tyq úiska úfoayfhka f.kajk,o øjh w;r i ka lia;=ß" ;=jr,d wd jq iqj øjhh jq nj olajhs ^ioao¾ur;kdj,sh 498&' we;eïúg fudyq Ökfhka fï øjh f.k tkakg we;s nj wkqudk l< yelsh' i ka yd w.s,a jeks iqj øjh Ökh yd ;j;a rgj,ska YS%,xldjg f.kd nj fldiauiao i yka lr we;' lmqreo Ökfhka f.kajkakg we;ehs fmfka' l<hdkj;s /cskf.a rejkaje,s ie,smshg wkqj m<uqjk u`mfjys ksrka;rfhka i;shla mqcd fldg lmqre fooyila wdèfhka m% m mqcdjla lrjk,o nj i yka fõ ^IC VOL VI P225 11-13). fï myka mqcd i yd fhdod.;a lmqre f.kajkakg we;af;a Ökfhks' fmdf<dkakre hq.fhaè Ökh yd in ;d mej;s nj ta wkqj fmfka' oufoks md,l jq fojk mrdl%undyq ^1236-1270& rcq úiska bèlrk,o isßj¾okmqr úydrfhys tla wjia:djl È uq`m rd;s%fhysu lmqre myka ish oyia.kkla ±,ajqkq nj uydjxifha i ykah ^uydjxih 85-41& fï myka mqcd i y wjeis lmqre Ökfhka f.kajkakg we;s nj ta wkqj wkqudk l< yelsh' udyqjdkaf.a úia;rfhka yd nd¾fndaidf.a úia;rfhkao furgg Ökfhka iqj øjh f.kajkakg we;s njg wkqudk l< yelsh' fï øjhj,g wu;rj 14 Y;j¾Ifha úiq jd ;dxhqjdkaf.a úia;rhg wkqj lmqms<s" fnf,la" frdaij;=r" rka" ß " wdèh Ök cd;slhka fj< du msksi fuys f.k wd nj oelafõ (Sastri, 1939, 290). hlv o /f.kú;a ;sfnk nj ud yqjdxf.a úia;rfha i yka fjhs ^fmdkakïfmreu" 1961" 153&' furgg f.kajq ;j;a Ndkavhla kï ms`.ka NdKavhs' uyd;s;a:fha leksï u.ska yuqù we;s ms`.ka NdKavo jeo.;ah' ;srefla;syajrï ys ;sî frdau ms`.ka nvq len,so fidhd.kq,eî we;' bia,dï ms`.ka nvq len,s ;srefla;syajrï,eî we;' fïjd f.kajd,enqfõ Ökfhks' ;srefla;syajrï ±È.u" hdmyqj" yd wfkl=;a mqrdk k.rj, ìï lkk,o wjia:dfõ Ök ms`.ka nvq yuqùu Bg m%odk idolhls' úyd, jyfhka Ök ms`.ka nvq furgg f.kajq nj Ök jd¾;dj,skao Tmamq ù we;' ls%'j' mif<diajk ishjfia furgg meñks Ñk cd;slhka fofofkl= jq fmhsiska yd udyqjdkaf.a jd¾;dj,o Ñk ms`.ka Ndkav ms<sn j i ykaj we;' wkqrdomqr rdcodks iufha jeo.;a fj< jrdh jq uyd;s;a:fhka Ök n ka yuqù we;' fuhska yuqjq merksu Ök n ka len,s wh;a jkafka ;x fm<m;a hq.hgh ^ls%'j' 610-907&' fuh ishl fldgils' fuu n ka lene,a, hqx;awdhs l=uref.a iqidkfhka fidhd.;a n ka lene,a,g iudk nj fcdaka ldiafj,a mjihs' iqÿ meye;s md;%d iskaoa" brdkh".,a*a" Bcsma;=j" iy 8
isßhdfjka fidhd.;a n kaj, iudka;r,laik fmkajhs' /jq,la iys; ñksfil=f.a remh iys; pexid Ys,duh n ka lene,a, úfyai fidhd.eksuls' Ydl m;%ldrfhka iqieè ishqï leghula iys; n ka lene,a, o jeo.;a ia:dkhla.ks' fuh olaisk uoh Ökfha ksiamdokhla f,ig wkqudk lrhs' hqt fi,vka Ndck fm<m;a yx hq.fha ^ls%'j' 212-580& ckms%h;ajhg m;ajqjls' kjjk ishjfia uohu ;x hq.fha o fïjd olakg mq`mjk' udka;dhs j,ska yuqjk ;=ks n la iy; ma;su;a md;%d fuu.khg wh;a fõ' udka;dhs yerekq fldg Bidk fjr< ;Srfha jkaldf,hs" lhsüia" mf;ys w,a,hsmsâä iy hdmk ia:dkj,skao ms`.ka Ndkav len,s yuqù we;' 1976 fidhd.;a wk¾> ksudfjka hq;a pxmdhs n ka len,s 6000lg wêl ixlhdj fï w;r m%odkh' fcdaka ldiafj,a fï n ka 443lao tajd jr. 35 lg wh;a jk mjo y kdf.k we;' Tyqg wkqj fïjd ol=kq iqx hq.hg wh;ah' pkaldhsf,hs j,ska myapd;a iqx hq.hg wh;a n ka len,s rdyshla yuqù ;sfí' fuu n ka w;r leghï iys; Ñxmdhs n ka hsl=ïys W;=re fi,vka n ka iy ;s;a iys; f;dx wdx n ka iqúfyais fõ ^isßùr" 2004" 231-232 Prematilake, 2003, 225-228). wkqrdomqrfha wnh.sßfhka yd fê;jkfhka,eî we;s Ök n ka u`.skao fï hq.fha fj< in ;djh ms,sn j fy<sfõ' myaapd;a ;x fm<m;a hq.hg wh;a fia y kd.efkk ^ls%'j' 9-10& fuu n ka j¾. my; i yka f,i j¾. lr olajhs' hqt hd fi,vka pexid ;x hq.hg wh;a iqÿ fld,jka iy j¾kd ma; ÿuqre j¾kdèma; fuhska hqy hdta fi,vka n ka Ökfha fiâ wdx m<df;a myapd;a ld,sk ksiamdokhka fia ie,fla' pexid n ka ls%'j' 8-10 Y;j¾I w;r ld,fha hq wdx m<df;a ksiamdokhkah' ma;su;a mdiaghg háka odyhudks; w,xldr fudaia;rh fïjdfha úfyai,laikhhs' fld,jka ly iy vÿuqre j¾kd ma; n ka ficswdx" *qcswdx iy.=wdx fpdx m<d;aj, ksmhqï fia ie,fla' fïjdhska jeä m%udkhla ms`.ka" is" iy l=vd fldamam hk j¾. j,g we;=<;a l< yelsh ^ Prematilake, 2003, 225-228& Ökh yd in ;d meje;aùug WmldÍ jq jrdhka wkqrdomqr rdcodks iufha m%odk jrdh njg m;ajqfha uyd;s;a:hhs' uyd;s;a:fhka yuqjq úfoayfhka f.kajk,o ueá n ka" ldis uyd;s;a:h fï hq.fha mej;s jeo.;a jrdhla jq njg bosßm;a lrk m%odk;u idolhhs ^fmf¾rd" 2012" 79&' uyd;s;a:h 12fjks ishjfia w.nd.h olajd rcrg m%odk f;dgqm, jq njg ks.ukh l< yelsh' fldiauia i yka fldg we;s úyd, fj< k.rh uyd;s;a:h hk j.g lsisÿ ielhla ke;' uyd;s;a:fhys jeo.;alu ms<sn j fldiauiaf.a lshuk tys,eî we;s fkdfhla j¾.fha iy fkdfhla yevyqrelñka hq;= frdau" wrdì iy Ök ueá n ka j,ska ikd: fõ ^fmf¾rd" 2012" 79&' 6fjks Y; j¾ifha úiq iqkaoruq¾;s 9
khkd¾ kï yskaÿ Nla;sl rplhd ty keõ fndfydauhlska hq;= jrdhla f,i uyd;s;a:h olajd we;s nj i yka jk w;r ls%'j' 982 muk,shjqkq yqo,a w,a w,ï ys o uyd;s;a:h ms<sn j oelafõ' thg wkqj uqúia kï úyd, k.rhls' th msysgd we;af;a yskaÿia:dkh foig we;s fl<jf¾h' fï Èjhsfka ksmojk ieu øjhhlau fï jrdhg f.fkkq,efí' tu`.ska tajd f,dalfha kdkd k.r lrd f.khkq,efí ^fmf¾rd" 2012" ms'81&' rcrg YsIagdpdrh ì jeàu;a iu. rdcodkso ksß; os.g ixl%ukh jqjdfiau uyd;s;a:h jrdhg ysñ jq jeo.;andjho rdcodks udrej;a iu. fjkiajkq olakg,efí' fuu hq.fha,xldfõ ngysr fjrf<ys ;snq jrdhj,a w;ßka m%isoao jrdhla njg m;aj ;snqfka fírej, jrdhhs' ikafoay ldjhhkays fírej, jrdh ms<sn j i yka fõ ^;sir ikafoayh 76 moh&' udyqjdkaf.a úia;rfhao fma-f,d-,s hkqfjka oelafjkafka fírej, jrdhhs' fírej, mej;s jrdh wdy%s;j mej;s fj< ie,aj, m%odk;u wdodhï ud¾.hla jqfha,xldfjka wmkhkh lrkq,enq øjhhkaf.ka,o wdodhuhs' fï w;r b;d jeo.;a ;ekla.;af;a uekslah' ueksla fírej,g <`.d jqfha r;akmqrfha isg rhs.ïkqjr yryd fjr<nv úysÿkq ud¾.h yrydh' tfiau,xldfjka wmkhkh l< m%odk;u l=`m nvqjla jq l=re j.dj isÿjqfha fírej, wdikakfha msysá m%foayhkajk fnkaf;dg" w`m;a.u" wïn,kaf.dv" m%foayhkaf.kah' tuksid fuu meñfkk fk!ldjka m%odk jyfhkau fírej jrdh lrd meñksu;a th,xldfõ m%odk;u jrdh f,i ie,lsu;a mqÿuhla fkdfõ' Ök,xld fj< lghq;= mj;ajd.eksfïos jeo.;a jq jrdhla f,i.d,a,o ye skaúh yelsh'.d,a,.ek i ykaj we;af;a ikafoay ldjhhkaysh' ls%'j oy;=kajk ishji jk úg.d,a, jrdh fj<ÿkaf.a uohia:dkhla jq nj Ök ueá n ka tys ;sî yuqùfuka meyeos,s fõ ^isßùr" 2003" 231&'.d jrdfhys Ök yd wrdì keõ" Ökh yd we; fmros. n,d.uka lsíu wdrïn lrk keõ yd u,lald iuqø ikaêh yryd u,nd¾ m%foayhg fyda wms%ldkq fjr<g hd;%d l< Ök keõ kj;d,su nyq,j isÿ lr we; ^Perera, 1951, 115, 116, isßùr "2002" 300&'.d jrdh fï hq.fhaos jeo.;a jq nj olajk fyd u idolh jkafka.d ;%sndid mqjre,smshhs' thg wkqj fuys meñks úfoaysh fj< ka f,i Ök" m¾ishdkq" ol=kq bkaoshdkq fj< ka ye skaúh yelsh' bnka n;=;dg wkqj úfoay kdúlhka.d,af,ys kjd;eka f.k ;sfí' tysos Tyqg Bn%dysï kï kdúlfhl= yuq ù we;s w;r ;udj Tyqf.a ksjig f.k f.dia fndack ix.%yhlao,nd ÿka njo fya i yka lrhs ^Iban Bathuta" 1953" 224&' ls%'j' 10jk ishjfia csj;ajq wnq fihsoa yikao.d jrdh ms<sn j i yka lrhs' Tyqg wkqj Tudkays isg meñfkk keõj,g m¾ishdkq fndlal n,dhk keõ uqk.efik uohu ikaêia:dkh msysáfha wrdìh yd Ökh w;r ld,d hk kñka ye skafjk ikaêia:dkh w.s,a" lmqre" i ka" we;ao;a' ñksrka wdèh ms<sn fj< uohia:dkhls' wnq fihsoa bfuys ld,d hkqfjka i yka lr we;af;a.d,a, hs ^fiakdr;ak" 2015" 88&' ld,d hkq tjl idndêys uydrdcdg hg;aj mej;s njo Tyq i yka lrhs' 10
jdx ;dx hqjdkao hd,s ^.d,a,& iy fld,dxmq,xldfõ jrdh ms<sn úia;r fldg we;' fudyqg wkqj fldf<dïmq ^fld<u fjrm< lvf;d iys;.,amõj,ska ieè ;sìk' mi f;;a kuq;a ksire úh' foay.=kh b;d WKqiqïh ^fiakdr;ak" 2015" 88&' ikafoay ldjhhkays,enk f;dr;=re j,g wkqj o.d,a, bka h id.rfha yryd hd;%d l< Ök iy wrdì keõ meñks njg idol,efí' 11 fjks Y;j¾Ifha úiq uiqè kï uqia,sï cd;sl ixpdrlhd fï jrdh.ek i yka fldg we;' Tyqf.a ld,fha bkaèhdj;a Ökh;a w;r fl<skau in ;d fkdmej;s nj;a bkaèhdj fomi msysá rgj, isg meñfkk keõ ueola ÿr msysá.d f;dgg meñks nj;a fuys isg Ök keõ Ldka*q n,d hd;%d l< nj;a lshhs' wms%ldfõ kef.kysr fjr< nv m%foayhka iu. úyd, fj< dula f.k.sh Ök keõ je, fkdlvjd tys meñk kej; msg;a jq neúka we; fmrè. Rgj,a n,d msg;a ùfï f;dg.d,a, úh' mqrdkfha u.ska f.kjhk keõ fkd;snqk neúka ixpdrlfhda fj< dfuys fhÿkq keõj, ke`.s ;uka hkakg woyia l< ia:dkhg <`.skau msysgd we;s keõ f;dgg.sfhdah' bkaèhdfõ isg,xldj yryd Ökhg.sh fujeks ixpdrlhka.ek idol,efí'.d,a, Ök keja meñks njg Tmamq lsíug we;s ;j;a idlaishla jkafka woo olakg we;s Ök gjquhs' fï Ök gjqu úfoay rgj,a iu. fj< dfuys fhÿk Ök mèxñlrejka lkavdhula isá j. olajhs' fï yer Ök" m¾ishdkq iy fou< hk ;=ka niska,shejqkq.d fi,a,smshg wkqjo fuys mej;s Ök n,meu;a Ök nfj< du;a ms<sn j fy<sfõ' ó.uqj" fojqkaor" je,s.uo o fï hq.fha fj< du isÿflrekq jeo.;a keõ f;dgla úh' jq fmhs ms IQ kï 15 fjks Y;j¾Ifha keõ.uka.ek,shejqkq Ök,smshlg weuqkq is;shfuys ó.uqj fojqkaor iy fld<u,l=kq fldg ;sfí' ^fmf¾rd" 2012" 88&' rhs.u k.rh jeo.;a ia:dkhla jqfha tu k.rh u.ska md,kh flrtekq úfoaysh fj, du ksidh' rcrg YsIagdpdrh ì jeàu;a iu. ksß; È.g ixl%ukh jq isxy, ck;djf.a m%odk;u wdodhï ud¾.h njg m;ajqfha úfoay fj< fuka,enqkq wdodhuhs',xldfjka wmkhkh lrk,o øjhhka w;r n m%odk ia:dkhla.;af;a uq;=" ueksla" we;ao;a" l=`m nvq wdèhhs' hs.u k.rh msysgd we;s ia:dkh yryd úysfok mdkÿr r;akmqr ud¾.h Tiafia inr.uqj Èia;s%lalfhka rg wnhka;rfha isg w,s we;=ka "wqe;ao;a" ueksla hk l=`m nvq rhs.u k.rh yryd ksr; È. Fjrf<ys ;snq mdkÿr" fírej, jeks jrdh lrd fiakaÿ úh' fuhdldrfhka úúo wjia:dj, mej;s Ök YS%,ld iïnkao;dj,g uqyqÿ ud¾. lsysmhlau wdodr jq nj fmks hhs' fï w;=ßka Ys%,xldfõ isg Ñkhg fk!ld.sh tla jeo.;a ud¾.hla msysgd ;snqfka fldruexv,a fjr<" fnx.d, fndlal" ñhkaud¾ fjr<" u,lald iuqø ikaêh iy yefkdahs yrydh' fï ud¾.fha.sh fk!ld Ökfha lekagka jrdhg fiakaÿ úh' fufia jqjo fudaiï iq<x yuk Èidj uqyqÿ.ukaj,g jvd;a hym;a jq wjia:dj, Ys%,xldfõ jrdhj, isg lekagka jrdhg.sh fk1ld fldruexv,a fjr<" fnx.d, fndlal iy ñhkaud¾ fjr< u`.yer fl<skau u,lald iuqø ikaêhg hd;%dfldg t;eka isg fyda,ska/a" oajdrj;s' *Qkdka hk rdcodksj, id.r ;Srh Tiafia lekagka lrd <`.d úh' wfma%,a udifha isg 11
iema;eïn¾ udih olajd ksß;è. Fudaiï iq<x mj;soa olaisk wdishd;sl jrdhj, isg kef.kysrg hd;%d lsíu myiq jq w;r Tlaf;dan¾ isg ud¾;= olajd jq Bidk È. Fudaiï iq<x ld,fha Ökfha isg ngysr Èidjg hd;%d lsíu myiqúh' ks.ukh YS%,xldj yd Ökh w;r we;sjq fj< in ;d msßlaik úg fmks hkqfha uq,a ld,sk in ;d fj< mrud¾: meje;aùfï wruqkska fkdmej;sho fldaüfü rdcodks iuh jkúg bkaoshka id.rfha fj< du Ök cd;slhka i;= lr.eksug W;aidy.kq fmfka' w;s;fha forg w;r mej;s fï fj< lghq;= ksid Ökh mukla fkdj,xldjo ils%hj fj< du flfrys keuqrej isá njfmfka' wdys%;.%ka: kdudj,sh uydjxih"^1995&"ixia'iqux., ysñ iy ngqjka;=vdfõ mç;=ud" cd;sl fl!;=ld.dr fomd¾;fïka;=j' ioao¾ur;akdlrh" ^2001&"ixia(".=Kj¾Ok"ù'ä'"iuhj¾Ok fmd;ay,^mqoa.,sl& iud.u" fld<u' hdmyqj"^2001&"mqrdúohd fomd¾;fïka;=j' mdyshkaf.a foaydgk jd¾;dj"^2006&wkqjdoh" n,.,af,a" úu,a' ð'" úisÿkq m%ldylfhda" fndr,eia.uqj' Epigraphia Zeylanica, vol:iii,331-341,1928-1933,archaeological Department, Ceylon. Wref.dvj;a;" ìxÿ'^2012&" fmr wmrè. hd lrk Y%S,xldj"163 -- 190" Y%S,dxflah b;sydih' fj`mu»»" ixia( úfê;=x." ví,sõ' tï' fla' isudiys; weï'ã'.=kfiak iy iud.u'.=kj¾ok" rkùr'"^1993&" isjqr iy k.=, iudc úohd{hskaf.a ix.uh" fld<u' ksfld,ia" is.ví,sõ. yd mrkú;dk" tia'"^2005&" mßj¾;k ixialdrl(" fyüáwdréñ" tia' î' " l;d m%ldykhls' mrkú;dk"tia'"^1972&" oufoks rc fm<m; 581-601"ixia"fyaï pkaø rdh",xld úyajúohd,fha,xld b;sydih" úohd,xldr úyajúohd, uqøkd,h"le,ksh' mrkú;dk"tia'"^1972&".xm< iy rhs.u 602-615" ixia"fyaï pkaø rdh",xld úyajúohd,fha,xld b;sydih" úohd,xldr úyajúohd, uqøkd,h"le,ksh' fmf¾rd"î'fê"^2012&" mqrdk,xldj yd úfoayhka w;r jq fj<`odu 77 --137" mqrdk hq.h" Ydia;S%h,sms" m<fjks ldkavh" ;sir m%ldylfhda" foysj,' isßúr"bjøls¾;s'"^2004&"y%s,dxflah b;sydi ;rx." wdßh m%ldylfhda" jrldfmd,' isßúr"bjøls¾;s'^2002&"rcrg YsIagdpdrh uy ksß;è. rdcodks" ohdjxy chfldä iy iud.u" fld<u' 12
fifkúr;ak" Ô.mS.ù., ^1982&" chj¾okmqr fldaüfü rdcodksh' fyüáwdréñ" tia'î'"^2004&"ök cd;sl fpx fyda ms<sn j YS%,xldfõ wohhk 298-321" wkqfudaokd" uydpd¾h wkqrdo fifkúr;ak Wmydr,sms ix.%yh"ixia(fyüáwdréñ" tia'î'" ^2014&"w.aksÈ. wdishdj yd Ökh iu`. iïnkao;d"ol=kq bka h YS%,xld iïnkao;d 235-279" wisßu;a fldaüfü uq,dy%h" ixia' tia'î' fyüáwdréñ" O¾ur;ak fyar;a" wkq;a;rdfoaú úohd,xldr" YS% chj¾okmqr fldaüfü uy k.r indj' fyüáwdréñ" tia'î'" fyar;a" O¾ur;ak'" úohd,xldr" wkq;a;rdfoaú'" ^2014&" uq,dy%h 7-48 wisßu;a fldaüfü uq,dy%h" ixia' tia'î' fyüáwdréñ" YS% chj¾okmqr fldaüfü uy k.r indj' fyar;a"o¾ur;ak'"^2014&" m%njh"wkak;sh yd wjk;sh 59-150" wisßu;a fldaüfü uq,dy%h" ixia' tia'î' fyüáwdréñ" O¾ur;ak fyar;a" wkq;a;rdfoaú úohd,xldr" YS% chj¾okmqr fldaüfü uy k.r indj' Herath, Dharmaratna.,(1995), The Tooth Relic and The Crown, Gunaratne offset LtD,Colombo. Prematilaka, P.L., (2003), Chinese Ceramics discovered in Sri Lankan An over view 225 229, Sri Lanka and The Silk Road of The Sea. ed. Senake Bandaranayake. Lorna Dewaraja, Roland Silva, K.D.G. Wimalaratne, Central Cultural Fund. Colombo. Siriweera, W.I, (2000) Pre- colonial Sri Lanka's Maritime Commerce with special Reference to its ports. 117-125, Sri Lanka and The Silk Road of The Sea. ed. Senake Bandaranayake. Lorna Dewaraja, Roland Silva, K.D.G. Wimalaratne, Central Cultural Fund. Clombo. Sastri,K.A.,(1939), Foreign Notices of South Indian From Megasthenes to Ma-Huan,University of Madras,Madras. Somaratna,G.P.V., (1975), Political History of The Kingdom of Kotte, Nugegoda. Werake, Mahinda, (2003) Sino- Sri Lankan Relations During the Pre- Colonial Times, 213-223, Sri Lanka and The Silk Road of The Sea. ed. Senake Bandaranayake. Lorna Dewaraja, Roland Silva, K.D.G. Wimalaratne, Central Cultural Fund. Colombo. 13