EFFECT OF FOLIAR NITROGEN AND SULPHUR APPLICATION ON AROMATIC EXPRESSION OF VITIS VINIFERA L. cv. SAUVIGNON BLANC F. LACROUX 1, O. TREGOAT 2, C. VAN LEEUWEN 1, A. PONS 3, T. TOMINAGA 3, Vlérie LAVIGNE-CRUÈGE 3 nd D. DUBOURDIEU 3 1: ENITA de Bordeux, I.S.V.V., UMR EGFV, 1 cours du Générl de Gulle, CS 40201, 33175 Grdignn cedex, Frnce 2: Olivier Trégot viti development, 11 rue Booth, 34500 Béziers, Frnce 3: Fculté d'œnologie de Bordeux, I.S.V.V., UMR Œnologie, 351 cours de l Liértion, 33405 Tlence cedex, Frnce Astrct Aims: It is well known tht vine nitrogen deficiency cn negtively impct on rom in white wines. Soil nitrogen fertiliztion enhnces rom expression, ut it lso increses vine vigour nd susceptiility to grey rot. The im of this work ws to investigte the impct of folir nitrogen s well s folir nitrogen nd sulphur pplictions on romtic expression, vigour nd susceptiility to grey rot of Vitis vinifer L. cv. Suvignon lnc. Methods nd results: The impct of folir nitrogen (N) nd sulphur (S) ppliction on romtic expression of Vitis vinifer L. cv. Suvignon lnc hs een investigted. On plot where vine nitrogen sttus is nturlly low nd wter vilility not limiting, folir nitrogen nd sulphur fertiliztion (10 kg/h of N nd 5 kg/h of S) incresed yest ville nitrogen content. Vine vigour nd mturity level of grpes were not modified compred to the control. The wines produced from N+S vines contined more voltile thiols nd glutthione. These results were confirmed y tsting of wines produced with grpes from the experimentl plots. Folir nitrogen fertiliztion lone (10 kg/h of N) lso incresed Suvignon lnc romtic expression, ut less so thn the N + S tretment. Conclusions: Folir N nd folir N + S pplictions cn enhnce romtic expression in Vitis vinifer L. cv. Suvignon lnc wines without incresing vine vigour nd infesttion y grey rot. Significnce nd impct of the study: Vine nitrogen deficiency cn negtively impct on grpe rom potentil. Soil nitrogen ppliction cn increse vine nitrogen sttus, ut it hs severl drwcks: it increses vigour nd enhnces Botrytis susceptiility. This study shows tht folir N nd folir N + S pplictions cn improve vine nitrogen sttus nd enhnce rom expression in Suvignon lnc wines without the negtive impct on vigour nd Botrytis susceptiility. Although this study ws crried out on Suvignon lnc vines, it is likely tht folir N or folir N + S pplictions will hve similr effects on other grpevine vrieties contining voltile thiols (Colomrd, Riesling, Petit Mnseng nd Sémillon). Key words: nitrogen, sulphur, folir fertiliztion, vine, Suvignon lnc, N-tester, voltile thiols, glutthione Résumé Ojectif : Il est dmis qu'une crence en zote de l vigne déprécie l'rôme du vin lnc. Une fertilistion zotée u sol ugmente l'expression romtique du vin, mis ussi l vigueur de l vigne et l sensiilité des risins à l pourriture grise. L'ojectif de ce trvil été d'évluer l'effet d'une fertilistion foliire en zote seule ou ssociée à du soufre sur l'expression romtique du vin lnc de Vitis vinifer L. cv. Suvignon lnc, sur l vigueur et l sensiilité des grppes à l pourriture grise. Méthodes et résultts : L'effet de l pulvéristion foliire d'zote et de soufre sur l'expression romtique de Vitis vinifer L. cv. Suvignon lnc été évlué. Sur l prcelle d'étude, l vigne étit légèrement crencée en zote et l'limenttion en eu étit non limitnte. L'pport foliire d'zote (N) et de soufre (S) juste vnt vérison (10 kg/h N et 5 kg/h S) permis d'ugmenter l teneur en zote du moût sns modifier l'expression végéttive et le niveu de mturité des risins. Les vins issus de l modlité N + S contenient plus de thiols voltils et plus de glutthion. Ce résultt est confirmé pr une dégusttion de vins otenus pr microvinifiction. Un pport d'zote foliire seul vnt vérison (10 kg/h N) églement mélioré le potentiel romtique du vin, mis à un niveu moindre. Conclusion : Une pulvéristion foliire de N ou de N + S peut méliorer l'expression romtique de vins produits vec des risins de Vitis vinifer L. cv. Suvignon lnc sns ugmenter l vigueur de l vigne et l'intensité de l pourriture grise. Significtion et impct de l'étude : Une crence en zote déprécie l'rôme du vin lnc. L fertilistion zotée u sol peut ugmenter le sttut zoté de l vigne, mis pour inconvénient d'ugmenter l vigueur et l sensiilité de l vigne à Botrytis cinere. Cette étude montre que l'ppliction de N ou de N + S peut méliorer l'expression romtique de vins de Suvignon lnc, sns voir les effets négtifs d'ugmenttion de l vigueur de l vigne et de l sensiilité à l pourriture grise. Cette étude été rélisée sur Suvignon lnc, mis il est prole que l pulvéristion foliire de N ou de N + S ur des effets similires sur d'utres cépges qui contiennent des thiols voltils (Colomrd, Riesling, Petit Mnseng et Sémillon). Mots clés : zote, soufre, fertilistion foliire, vigne, Suvignon lnc, N-tester, thiols voltils, glutthion mnuscript received: 3rd of June 2008 - revised mnuscript received: 1st of Septemer 2008 *Corresponding uthor: olivier@oliviertregot.com - 125 - Vigne et Vin Pulictions Interntionles (Bordeux, Frnce)
F. LACROUX et l. INTRODUCTION Nitrogen hs mjor impct on vine development nd grpe composition. High nitrogen sttus increses vine vigour, yield nd sensitivity to fungi, prticulrly Botrytis cinere (KLIEWER nd COOK, 1974 ; DELAS et l., 1991). Low vine nitrogen sttus increses erry sugr content nd totl phenolics (DELAS et l., 1991 ; SOYER et l., 1995 ; CHONÉ et l., 2001, TREGOAT et l., 2002). Hence, moderte to low nitrogen uptke y vines improve grpe qulity potentil in red wine production. Must nitrogen sttus lso interferes with vinifiction. Low nitrogen content reduces the ility of the must to ferment nd might led to sluggish or stuck fermenttions (MASNEUF et l., 2000; SPRING, 1999). Low nitrogen sttus in Vitis vinifer L. cv. Suvignon lnc limits cysteinylted rom precursor nd glutthione synthesis nd increses phenolic compounds in grpes (CHONÉ, 2001; PEYROT DES GACHONS et l., 2005; CHONÉ et l., 2006). Consequently, nitrogen deficiency reduces romtic qulity nd geing potentil of wines produced from Suvignon lnc. Nitrogen nd sulphur lef pplictions re esily ssimilted in whet. Simultneous pplictions of nitrogen nd sulphur fcilitte their ssimiltion in grins (TÉA et l., 2003 ; TÉA et l., 2007). This synergy etween nitrogen nd sulphur tends to show interctions in their respective pthwys. In vigourous grpevines (Vitis vinifer L. cv. Colomrd) folir nitrogen ws more esily ssimilted if spryed together with sulphur. Wines produced from vines treted with folir nitrogen nd sulphur contined more voltile thiols nd showed improved romtic profile (DUFOURCQ, 2006 nd 2007). Voltile thiols re responsile for the vrietl rom of Suvignon lnc wines (DARRIET et l., 1995; TOMINAGA et l., 1998): - 3-mercptohexn-1-ol (3MH) (grpefruit), - 3-mercptohexyl cette (A3MH) (pssion fruit), - 4-mercpto-4-methylpentn-2-one (4MMP) (ox tree, room), - 4-mercpto-4-methylpentn-2-ol (4MMPOH) (citrus zest). These compounds lso prticipte in the rom of other grpevine vrieties such s Vitis vinifer L. cv. Colomrd, Sémillon, Mnseng nd Riesling (TOMINAGA et l., 2000). The voltile thiols re not present in grpe erries ut re relesed during fermenttion y the ction of yest (MURAT et l., 2001) from odourless precursors whose structure hs een identified s eing S-cysteine conjugtes (TOMINAGA et l., 1998). The romtic potentil of grpes lso involves glutthione nd phenolic compounds. During the pre fermenttion processing of grpes, phenolic compounds cn give wy to quinones, prticulrly so when exposed to oxygen. These re very rective molecules tht cn drmticlly reduce precursors of voltile thiols in must nd wines. Low phenolic compound content in Suvignon lnc grpes limits the risk of romtic compound losses nd so does protection ginst oxidtion. Glutthione in musts nd wines, which is very rective to quinones, plys n importnt role in protecting vrietl voltile thiols from oxidtion (DUBOURDIEU et l., 2001). High glutthione content in grpes is n importnt fctor in rom protection in Suvignon lnc grpes. MATERIALS AND METHODS 1. Loction, vine mteril nd experimentl set up This reserch ws conducted in 2007 in Bordeux vineyrd (Châteu L Louvière, Appelltion of Controlled Origin Pessc-Léognn). The study plot ws plnted in 1988 with Suvignon lnc vines, grfted on 41B rootstock. Plnt density is 8500 vines/h. Trining system is doule guyot pruned verticl shoot positioned trellis. Soil type is medium deep lime holding lomy cly soil developed on Tertiiry Miocene deposit (CALCOSOL following the «RÉFÉRENTIEL PÉDOLOGIQUE FRANÇAIS», BAIZE et GIRARD, 1995). This plot ws chosen ecuse it exhiited slight nitrogen deficiency induced y low soil orgnic mtter content (10 g/kg). On this plot, four tretments were compred: - CONTROL: control without fertiliztion, - SOILN: 30 kg/h of nitrogen (mmonium nitrte) pplied to the soil just fter flowering, - LEAFN: 10 kg/h of nitrogen (ure) in two pplictions prior to verison, - LEAFNS: 10 kg/h of nitrogen (ure) nd 5 kg of sulphur (micronized sulphur) in two pplictions prior to verison. Ech tretment ws conducted with four rndomnized replictes of 20 vines ech. During the seson, no potssic fertilistion nd copper tretments were implemented on the study plot. 2. Vine wter sttus Vine wter sttus ws ssessed t verison y mens of stem wter potentil mesurements (CHONÉ et l., 2001), crried out with pressure chmer (SCHOLANDER et l., 1965). Ech vlue is the mens of four replicted mesurements. Vigne et Vin Pulictions Interntionles (Bordeux, Frnce) - 126 -
3. Nitrogen sttus Vine nitrogen sttus ws ssessed y mens of two indictors: - «N-Tester» redings Lef lde colortion ws mesured with n «N- Tester» device (YARA, Oslo, Norwy). After mesurements relized on 30 lef ldes, «N-Tester» indictes vlue, without units, tht represents chlorophyll concentrtion, in reltion to plnt nitrogen sttus. High vlues indicte high nitrogen sttus (SPRING, 1999). Two mesurements per replicte re crried out from fruit set through hrvest t monthly intervls. - Yest ville nitrogen Yest ville nitrogen (YAN) ws ssessed in grpe juice t hrvest. Grpe juice YAN content is n ccurte indictor of vine nitrogen sttus (VAN LEEUWEN et l., 2000). YAN ws nlyzed with the modified Sörensen method (AERNY, 1996). 4. Vine vigour nd production Four vines per replicte were hrvested. Averge numer of grpes per vine ws clculted nd so ws verge weight of one grpe. Averge yield per vine ws determined. In Decemer 2007, 4 vines per replicte were pruned. Annul pruning wood from primry nd secondry shoots were weighed seprtely. 5. Botrytis infesttion Grpe infesttion with gry rot (Botrytis cinere) ws determined t hrvest. 16 mesurements per replicte were crried out nd verged. 6. Mjor compounds in grpe juice t hrvest 200 erries were smpled rndomly the dy prior to the hrvest of the plot y the estte. Berry weight ws ssessed nd erries were pressed in smll lortory press. Grpe sugr ws mesured with hnd hold refrctometer nd totl cidity y titrtion with NOH 0.1N. Juice mlic cid ws mesured y n enzymtic kit (Isitec-L, Frnce) nd juice trtric cid y colorimetry fter rection with vndic cid. 7. Smll scle vinifiction 5 kg of grpes were hrvested on four vines per replicte on 28 August 2007. Replictes were ssemled two y two. Hence, two smll scle vinifictions were crried out for ech tretment. Grpes were pressed so s to otin 700 ml of juice for 1 kg of grpes. 50 mg/l of SO2 ws dded to the must. Must ws protected y CO2 ginst oxidtion. Pectinse enzymes were dded (10 mg/l, Lfzym CL, Lffort Oenology, Bordeux) nd juice ws clered y cold settlement to 200 NTU turidity. Must ws inoculted with Zymflore VL3 yest t 300 mg/l (Lffort Oenologie, Bordeux, Frnce) nd djusted to 200 mg/l yest ville nitrogen with mmonium sulphte. The temperture of fermenttion ws round 17-18 C. Sugr trnsformtion in ethnol ws monitored dily y must density mesurements nd nlysis of residul sugr when density ws under 1.000. When residul sugr ws under 2 g/l, 50 mg/l of SO2 ws dded. 8. Mjor compounds in wine After the end of the fermenttion, wine volumic lcohol content, totl cidity, mlic nd trtric cid nd ph were mesured with clssicl nlyticl methods. 9. Wine glutthione Glutthione in its reduced form ws ssyed y cpillry electrophoresis (HP 3D Cpillry Electrophoresis System) on silic cpillry (65 cm; 75 µm) with phosphte uffer (ph=7.5; 0.05M) nd t 25KV voltge. Detection ws performed y fluorescence (λ excittion 365 nm; λ emission 465 nm) with method dpted from tht of NOCTOR nd FOYER (1998) using specific derivtiztion of SH functions y monoroimne (MBB) (LAVIGNE et l., 2007). Smples were prepred in the following conditions. To 200 µl of pre-filtered wine were dded 10µL dithiotreitol (DTT; 10 mm), 145 µl CHES uffer (0,5 mm, ph 9,3; preprtion: 2,58 g 2-(N-cyclohexylmino) ethnesulfonic cid (CHES), in 25 ml distilled wter; ph is djusted to 9,3 with NOH). After 15 min rection in the drk, the smple ws injected in the hydrodynmic mode (5 s, 50 mr). 10. Wine voltile thiols Voltile thiols in wine were concentrted nd purified prior to nlysis y gz chromtogrphy coupled with mss spectrometry (GC-MS). Detils of the method re descried y TOMINAGA et l. (1998). 11. Tsting session Sensory ttriutes of wines were ssyed on 17 Novemer 2007 y pnel of 23 experts fmilir with Suvignon lnc wines. Typicl Suvignon lnc rom intensity ws rted on scle from 0 to 5. Ech tsted wine ws lend of the two smll scle vinifictions crried out for ech tretment. 12. Dt nlysis Sttisticl dt nlysis (nlysis of vrince, mens comprison with Newmn Keuls test) ws crried out - 127 - Vigne et Vin Pulictions Interntionles (Bordeux, Frnce)
F. LACROUX et l. with Grimmersoft Sttox nd Microsoft Excel softwre (Redmond, WA, USA). 1. Climtic conditions RESULTS Tempertures were close to verge during the 2007 growing seson (figure 1). Spring ws wrm nd summer reltively cool. 2007 ws riny vintge, which induced high disese pressure nd delyed shoot growth cesstion. 2. Vine wter sttus High summer rinfll (90 mm in August) induced unlimited vine wter uptke conditions. Stem wter potentil vlues mesured t verison were comprised etween 0 nd -0.7 MP, which indictes no wter deficit stress (CHONÉ et l., 2001 ; VAN LEEUWEN et l., 2007). PEYROT DES GACHONS et l., 2005 hve shown tht oth wter deficit stress nd vine nitrogen deficiency cn negtively impct rom potentil in Suvignon lnc grpes. Hence, to study the effect of nitrogen fertiliztion on rom compounds in Suvignon lnc wines it is importnt to verify the sence of wter deficit stress. 3. Vine nitrogen sttus - N-tester vlues N-tester vlues were mesured five times during the seson, from June through the end of August (figure 2). At verison (erly August) nd hrvest (end of August) N-tester vlues re significntly higher in oth soil nd foliire nitrogen supplemented vines. However, N-tester vlues re not significntly different mong SOILN, LEAFN nd LEAFNS tretments. - Yest ville nitrogen in grpe juice t hrvest Yest ville nitrogen (YAN) vlues re low in ll tretments, showing tht the vines on the plot re nitrogen deficient (tle 1). Moreover, their vlues under 180 mg/l justify must nitrogen supplementtion to ensure rpid fermenttion. On tretments with lef nitrogen pplictions (LEAFN nd LEAFNS) YAN is incresed y 60 %, showing the ility of the vines to redistriute nitrogen sored y the leves prior to verison to the grpes. Suprisingly so, the SOILN tretment is not significntly different from the control. This might e relted either to lte ppliction of soil nitrogen, or limited sorption in this clyey soil. 4. Vine vigour nd yield components Numer of unches per vine, unch weight, yield nd pruning weight were not significntly different mong tretments (tke 2). Neither lef nor soil pplictions of nitrogen hve impcted on yield components or vine vigour in this study, despite the fct tht the control vines were sujected to nitrogen deficiency. This result cn e explined y the lte ppliction of nitrogen in the seson (June for soil ppliction nd lte July nd erly August for folir pplictions). High vigour is not looked fter, ecuse it negtively impcts on grpe qulity nd ecuse it increses susceptiility to Botrytis. 5. Botrytis infesttion Botrytis infesttion ws not significntly different mong tretments (tle 3). High nitrogen fertiliztion is reputed to increse grpe susceptiility to Botrytis. Due to lte ppliction, this negtive impct of nitrogen fertiliztion seems to e voided in this experiment. Figure 1 - Monthly temperture nd rinfll dt from April through Septemer in Pessc-Léognn (ner Bordeux): comprison of 2007 with verge vlues 1977-2007 Figure 2 - N-tester vlues during the seson: comprison of lef N supplemented tretment, lef N + S supplemented tretment, soil N supplemented tretments nd control Vigne et Vin Pulictions Interntionles (Bordeux, Frnce) - 128 -
Tle 1 - Yest Aville Nitrogen content in grpe juice t ripeness (27 August 2007) : comprison of lef N supplemented tretment, lef N + S supplemented tretment, soil N supplemented tretment nd control Letters A, B, C indicte differences t p < 5 % (Newmn-Keuls test) ; NS = Not Significnt; Tle 2 - Vine vigour nd yield components: comprison of lef N supplemented tretment, lef N + S supplemented tretment, soil N supplemented tretment nd control Letters A, B, C indicte differences t p < 5% (Newmn-Keuls test) ; NS = Not Significnt; SD = stndrd devition 6. Mjor compounds in grpe must No differences in grpe composition were oserved t hrvest dte for mjor grpe compounds (tle 3). Soil or lef nitrogen fertiliztion did not interfere with grpe composition, nor did it dely mturity in the conditions of this tril. 7. Mjor compounds in wine The smll scle vinifictions underwent quick fermenttion. Hence, differences in wine composition reflect composition in grpe juice, in reltion with the nitrogen nd sulphur tretments. The wines produced from the four tretments show little differences in mjor compounds (dt not shown). The wine produced from grpes hrvested on SOILN contins more lcohol. This difference might e the result of higher yield from sugr into lcohol on this tretment, ecuse must sugr content ws not higher for SOILN. 8. Wine glutthione Glutthione content is higher in LEAFN nd LEAFNS tretments compred to CONTROL nd SOILN tretments (figure 3). The ddition of sulphur with the folir N spryings (LEAFNS tretment) did not increse the wine glutthione content compred to folir N spryings (LEAFN tretment). This oservtion is in contrdiction with results from TÉA et l. (2003), who showed etter folir N sorption in presence of sulphur, nd hence higher glutthione content in plnt tissues. 9. Wine voltile thiols Wine voltile thiol content is not significntly different etween the SOILN tretment nd the CONTROL (figure 4). 4MMP (Box tree) content is higher in the LEAFN tretment compred to the CONTROL. However, 3MH content (grpefruit) nd A3MH content (pssion fruit) re not. In the LEAFNS tretment, ll three voltile thiols re present in higher concentrtions compred to the CONTROL. High vine nitrogen sttus increses voltile thiol precursors in grpes (PEYROT DES GACHONS et l., 2005). TÉA et l. (2007) oserved etter nitrogen sorption in whet in presence of sulphur. Although in our experiment indictors for vine nitrogen sttus do not significntly differ etween LEAFN nd - 129 - Vigne et Vin Pulictions Interntionles (Bordeux, Frnce)
F. LACROUX et l. LEAFNS tretment, wines produced from LEAFNS contin more voltile thiols. 10. Tsting session The positive effect of folir sprying of nitrogen (LEAFN) on Suvignon lnc rom is confirmed y the tsting of the wines produced y smll scle vinifictions (tle 4). Moreover, the wine produced from the LEAFNS tretments is preferred over the LEAFN tretment. The SOILN tretment is not differentited y the tsting pnel from the CONTROL. These results re consistent with the nlysis of voltile thiols in the wines. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Low nitrogen sttus in Suvignon lnc vines cn negtively impct on wine qulity (PEYROT DES GACHONS et l., 2005). Arom precursors nd glutthione in grpe must re reduced, nd phenolic compounds re incresed (CHONÉ et l., 2006). Soil fertiliztion with nitrogen cn increse vine nitrogen sttus (SPAYD et l., 1994; BELL et l., 1979). However, soil nitrogen fertiliztion tends to increse yield nd vine vigour (KLIEWER nd COOK, 1974; DELAS et l., 1991) nd susceptiility of grpes to Botrytis (DELAS, 2000). These effects cn reduce or nnihilte the positive impct of n improved vine nitrogen sttus. This reserch points out the effects of folir nitrogen nd sulphur sprying prior to verison in low nitrogen sttus vines. Through folir fertiliztion, vine nitrogen sttus cn e improved without incresing vine vigour nd yield. Mjor compound composition in grpes is not modified nd mturity is not delyed. Must yest ville nitrogen is incresed. Hence, it cn e expected tht these pplictions speed up the fermenttion nd might void sluggish fermenttions. Moreover, nitrogen ddition to the must cn e limited or voided. A quick nd clen fermenttion is qulity fctor in wine mking, nd prticulrly so for Suvignon lnc wines (LAVIGNE nd DUBOURDIEU, 2002). Suvignon lnc wines otined from vines tht received folir nitrogen fertiliztion prior to verison re richer in voltile thiols (typicl rom compounds in Suvignon lnc) nd preferred in lind tsting y professionl pnel. The effect of folir nitrogen pplictions is enhnced when sulphur is pplied simultneously. Glutthione is n importnt compound for rom protection in Suvignon lnc wines (DUBOURDIEU et l., 2001). As folir nitrogen s well s folir nitrogen nd sulphur pplictions increse glutthione content in wines, it cn e expected tht these tretments improve geing potentil of the wines. This reserch ws conducted on low nitrogen vines. More reserch is needed to ssess the impct of folir nitrogen nd/or sulphur pplictions on Suvignon lnc vines with moderte or high nitrogen sttus. Precursors of Figure 3 - Glutthione content in wines produced y smll scle vinifictions: comprison of lef N supplemented tretment, lef N + S supplemented tretment, soil N supplemented tretment nd control Figure 4 - Voltile thiol concentrtions in wines produced y smll scle vinifiction: comprison of lef N supplemented tretment, lef N + S supplemented tretment, soil N supplemented tretments nd control voltile thiols re present in lrge rnge of white grpevine vrieties (Colomrd, Petit Mnseng, Sémillon nd Riesling; TOMINAGA et l., 2000). It cn e expected tht the effect of folir nitrogen nd sulphur pplictions is comprle in these vrieties to wht ws oserved on Suvignon lnc. Acknowledgements: We would like to thnk J.Y. Arnud, vineyrd mnger, M. Gillrd nd V. Cruège, oenologists of André Lurton Vineyrds for their support. REFERENCES AERNY J., 1996. Composés zotés des moûts et des vins. Rev.Suisse Vitic. Hortic., 28, 161-165. BAIZE D. et GIRARD M.,1995. Référentiel pédologique, INRA éditions, Frnce. BEGG J.E. nd TURNER N.C., 1970. Wter potentil grdients in field tocco. Plnt Physiology, 46, 343-346. BELL A., OUGH C. nd KLIEWER W., 1979. Effects on must nd wine composition, rtes of fermenttion nd wine qulity of nitrogen fertilistion of Vitis vinifer vr. Thompson seedless grpevines. Am. J. Enol. Vitic., 30, 124-129. CHONÉ X., 2001. Contriution à l'étude des terroirs de Bordeux : Étude des déficits hydriques modérés, de l'limenttion en zote et de leurs effets sur le potentiel romtique des risins de Vitis vinifer L. cv. Suvignon lnc. Thèse Doctort, Université de Bordeux II, 188 p. Vigne et Vin Pulictions Interntionles (Bordeux, Frnce) - 130 -
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