Identification, distribution and damaging rate of the causal agent of sunflower head rot disease in Mazandaran province ) : : (. ) (.. Rhizopus oryzae. "". ) ( "".. Correspondign author: alavi_v@yahoo.com
/ / / / / %.. ( ) ( ). ( ) / ( ) /. Rhizopus oryzae : (sunflower head rot). (Agrawal et al., 978; Arnan et al., 970) Rhizopus arrhizus Fisch. Rogers et al., 978; ) R. oryzae Went & Prins. Geerl. R. microsporus Schol. Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Link.. R. nigricans Ehrenb. Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. R. oryzae (Middleton, 977; Gulya et al., 99 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. (Swart, 988) (Appaji & Chattopadhyay, 994) Alternaria helianthi (Hansf.) Tubaki & Nishih. Diplodia sp. Fr..(Naras-Mhan & Prakasam, 983; Bhutta et al., 995) Trichothecium roseum (Pers.:Fr.) Link.(Sirry et al., 978).(Arnan et al., 970)
.(Yang et al., 979) Klisiewicz & Beeard,976; ).(Kushal et al., 995 Ehrenb. Rhizopus / /.(Thompson & Rogers, 980) / / /.(Schtienberg, 997) R. oryzae.(golzar, 989). - :.. - :. PDA
(chloramphenicol).(schteinberg, 997) - : - X. (loop) - (WA). - PDA.(Nelson et al., 983) - : PDA...(Schteinberg, 997) - : ) ( ) (""... (full-bloom stage).(schteinberg, 997). - : )
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.(-a ) /-/ /-/. /-/ (Columella).(-b ). -..(-c ) / -/ Rhizopus oryzae - Fig. - Sympotoms of sunflower head rot caused by R.oryzae in sunflower fields of Mazandaran (Scholer & Schipper, 983) Rhizopus oryzae R. oryzae Rhizopus..
.(Rogers et al., 978; Middleton, 977; Sirry et al., 978) (Golzar, 989). R. oryzae b a c (c) (b) (a) Rhizopus oryzae - Fig. - Rhizoide(a), Sporangia(b), Columella and sporangiospores(c) of Rhizopus oryzae, casual agent of sunflower head rot in Mazandaran. "" : -.. R. oryzae
: -. GS4.4 / /. / / GS4. GS3 GS5.3 GS4. GS4.3 GS3 GS4. GS5. GS5. GS4.5 GS5.3 GS5. GS5. GS4.5 GS4.4 GS4.3 GS4.. / / / GS4.3 GS4... % Rhizopus oryzae - Table - Effects of Rhizopus oryzae infection on the 000 grain weight from 4.4 to 5.3 growth stages of sunflower Record cultivar. mean weight of 000 grain in infected plants mean weight of 000 grain in healthy plants Growth stage 6.50 gr ** 49.83 gr ** 8.33 gr ** 84.33 gr * 86.33 gr (ns) 88.7 gr 89.7 gr 87.5 gr 88.83 gr 89.33 gr 4.4 4.5 5. 5. 5.3.(Significant at % probability level).(significant at 5% probability level) % % (ns: Non-significant) T T T ** *
: -.. /.( ) ( ).( ) Table - Yield loss estimations disease in various sunflower planting regions of Mazandaran. Collection Localities (%) Incidence of disease at the different flowering growth stages (%) Yield losses of plant Total 5.3 5. 5. 4.5 4.4 Shahid Abad 7 0 3 3 -.0 Asiabsar 0 4 3.47 Rostam Abad 8 0 5 -.4 Ran 6-0.66 Nodehak 9 3 3-0.8 Khorshid 8 0 4.78 Kolet 4 5 5 4 - - 0.64 Bye Kola 8 3.39 Veloja 0 4.48 Dolemarz 3 6 3.60 Asrem 5 3-0.87 Tbaghdeh 8.4 ( ) /
. ( ) /. (GS4.3, GS4.) (GS4.) /. ) / / / (GS5.3 GS5.....(Yang et al., 979; Zadoks, 985) " (Yang & Thomas, 98).. :.
Appl. Ent. Phytopath. Vol. 76, No., Sep. 008 Identification, distribution and damaging rate of the causal agent of sunflower head rot disease in Mazandaran province A. R. DALILI and V. ALAVI Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Mazandaran ABSRTACT Head rot is one of the most important diseases of sunflower in the world. During recent years, the disease was observed in Golestan and Mazandaran, northern provinces of Iran. A survey was done during 999 to 000 and infected sunflower head samples with the disease symptoms were collected from various regions of Mazandaran. A total of 5 fungal isolates were obtained from the collected samples on the culture media. Based on the morphological and growth properties, all isolates were identified as Rhizopus oryzae. Record cultivar was inoculated by obtained isolates under green-house and field conditions. The symptoms were seen to be similar under the two different conditions. Rhizopus colonies reisolated from plants in the two experiments. In the experimental field conditions the yield losses were evaluted 00 to 44. percents at 4. to 4.5, and 6.43 to 3.35 percents at 5. to 5.3 flowering growth stages, respectively. In commercial fields, infection rates varied between 6 (Ran co., Behshahr) to 8 percents (Khorshid, Neka), and the yield losses were estimated from 0.64 (Kelt, Behshahr) to.78 percents (Khorshid, Neka), based on the infection occurrence time. Key words: sunflower, head rot, Rhizopus oryzae Corresponding author: alavi_v@yahoo.com 35
A. R. Dalili and V. Alavi References AGRAWAL, J. M., O. P. VAISH, S. J. MATHUR and H. P. CHHIPA, 978. Some observations on Rhizopus head rot of sunflower in Rajasthan, India. Page 64-70. In: Proc. 8 th. Int. Sunflower Conf. 3-7 July 978, Minneapolis, M N. APPAJI, S. and C. CHATTOPADHYAY, 994. Cladosporium herbarum on sunflower (Helianthus annuns L.) head, a new record in India.Ann. of Bio.Ind. (-): 7-7 ARNAN, M., M. J. PINTHUS and R. G. KENNETH, 970. Epidemiology and control of sunflower head rot in Israel caused by Rhizopus arrhizus. Can. J. Plant Sci. 50: 83-88. BHUTTA, A. R., M. H. RAHBER-BHATTI, S. I. AHMAD and I. AHMAD, 995. Prevalence and incidence of sunflower diseases in Pakistan. Pakistan. J. Phytopathology 7 (): 35-39. GOLZAR, H. 989. Occurrence of Rhizopus oryzae, causal agent of sunflower head rot in Iran. Proceeding of the Ninth Plant Protection Congress of Iran. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad College of Agriculture. p. 34. GULYA, T. J., D. M. WOODS, R. BELL and K. MANCL, 99. Diseases of sunflower in California. Plant Dis. 75: (6): 57-574. KLISIEWICZ, J. M. and B. H. BEEARD, 976. Diseases of sunflower in California. Plant Dis. Rep. 60: 98-30. KUSHAL, R., W. LEELA, K. STISH, G. SAHARAN, K. RAJ, L. WATI and S. KUMAR, 995. Effect of head rot infection on sunflower seed reability, seedling vigour and its control. Crop Res. Hisar. 9 (3): 43-47. MIDDLETON, K. J. 977. Rhizopus oryzae as a causal agent of a head rot of sunflower in Queensland Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 7: 495-498. NARAS-MHAN, V. and N. PRAKASAM, 983. Studies on head rot of sunflower and its control. Proc. Nat. Sem. Dis. oilseed crop. p. 89-9. NELSON, P. E., T. A. TOUSSOUN and W. F. O. MARASAS, 983. Fusarium species., An Illustrated Manual for Identification Pennsylvania Univ. Press. University. Park. PA. 93 pp. ROGERS, C. E., T. E. THOMPSON and D. E. ZIMMER, 978. Rhizopus head rot on sunflower. Etiology and severity in the southern plains. Plant Dis. Rep. 6: 769-77. SCHOLER, H. J. and M. A. A. SCHIPPER, 983. Mucorales. In: I. Howard and H. Dexter (Eds). Fungi Pathogenic for Humans and Animals. Newyork Press. 36
Identification, distribution and damaging rate of the causal agent of sunflower head rot disease SCHTEINBERG, D. 997. Rhizopus head rot of confectionery sunflower, effects on field quantity and quality and implications for disease management. Phytopathology 87: 6-3. SIRRY, A. R., M. M. SATOUR, M. A. ZAYED and A. A. WAKIL, 978. Head rot disease of sunflower in Egypt. Agric. Res. Rev. 56: 05-. SWART, S. H. 988. Head rot of sunflower in South Africa caused by Rhizopus microsporus. Phytophylactica 0: 39-39. THOMPSON, T. E. and C. E. ROGERS, 980. Sunflower oil quality and quantity as affected by Rhizopus head rot. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 57: 06-08. YANG, S. M. and C. A. THOMAS, 98. Comparison of techniques for inoculating sunflower heads with three species of Rhizopus. Phytopathology 7: 458-460. YANG, S. M., J. B. MORRIS, P. W. UNGER and T. E. THOMPSON, 979. Rhizopus head rot of sunflower in Faxes. Plant Dis. Rep. 63: 833-835. ZADOKS, J. C. 985. On the conceptual basis of crop loss assessment: The threshold theory. Annu. Rev. Phytopath. 3: 455-473. Address of the authors: Dr. A. R. DALILI and Dr. V. ALAVI, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Mazandaran, Iran. 37
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