Government of the People s Republic of Bangladesh Ministry of Agriculture Office of the Project Director Strengthening Phytosanitary Capacity in Bangladesh Project Plant Quarantine Wing Department of Agricultural Extension Khamarbari, Farmgate, Dhaka-1205 Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) of Sesame in Bangladesh DTCL Development Technical Consultants Pvt. Ltd (DTCL) JB House, Plot-62, Road-14/1, Block-G, Niketon Gulshan -1, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh Tel: 88-02-9856438, 9856439 Fax: 88-02-9840973 E-mail: info@dtcltd.org Website: www.dtcltd.org MAY 2017
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The study Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) of Coconut in Bangladesh documents the pests of coconutplants available in Bangladeshand the risks associated with the import pathway of coconut from the exporting countries namely Sri Lanka, Vietnam, India, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar into Bangladesh. The findings evidenced that the 29 pests of coconut were recorded in Bangladesh, of which 13arthropod peststhat included 12 insect pests and 1 mite pest; 11disease causingpathogens and 5weeds. The incidences of insect pests of coconut recorded in Bangladesh were coconut scale (Aspidiotus destructor), green shield scale (Pulvinaria psidii), lantana scale (Hemiberlesia lataniae), oriental yellow scale (Aonidiella orientalis), pineapple mealybugs (Dysmicoccus brevipes), guava mealybug (Ferissia virgata), black headed caterpillar (Opisina arenosella), coconut rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros), red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus),bark beetle (Dendroctonus spp.), white grub/ dung beetle (Phyllophaga spp.) and coconut termite (Odontotermes obesus). The eriophyid coconut mite (Aceria guerreronis) was also recorded as a major pest of coconut.among these insect and mite pests of coconut, coconut rhinoceros beetle and Eriophyid coconut mite were more damaging than other arthropod pests. The coconut rhinoceros beetle, coconut scale, eriophyid coconut mite and black headed caterpillar were designated as major pest of coconut and caused damage with high infestation intensity. A total number of 12 species of disease causing pathogens of coconut were reported in Bangladesh, among which 10 diseases were caused by fungi, 1 caused by bacteria and 1 caused by algae. The incidences of fungal diseases of coconut reported in Bangladesh were coconut bud rot (Phytophthora palmivora), anthracnose (Glomerella cingulated), bitten leaf of coconut (Ceratocystis paradoxa), bipolaris leaf spot (Bipolaris incurvata),diplodia rot (Lasiodiplodia theobromae), stem bleeding disease (Thielaviopsis paradoxa), heart rot (Phytophthora katsurae), grey leaf spot of coconut (Pestalotiopsis palmarum), Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora palmivora) and Curvularia leaf spot (Cervularia sp.). The bacterial disease was bacterial bud rot (Erwinia spp.). The nemic disease of coconut was algal disease was algal leaf spot (Cephaleuros virescens). Among these diseases, the diplodia rot and stem bleeding disease were more damaging than others. But diseases were reported as minor diseases of coconut and caused damage with low infection intensity in Bangladesh. A total number of 5 weeds were reported as the problem in the field of coconut in Bangladesh and these were parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.), iron weed (Cyanthillium cinereum), mission grass (Pennisetum polystachion), snake roots (Rauvolfia serpentine) and siam weed (Chromolaena odorata). The parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus)was recorded and found only in some restricted areas of Bangladesh namely Rajshahi, Natore, Pabna, Kustia, Jessore districts. These districts are nearly attached with the Western border of Bangladesh and Eastern border of West Bengall of India. It was also reported that the parthenium weed might be entered into Bangladesh through cross boundary pathway from India by the transportation system of border trading. Among the five weeds, the Parthenium grows in the whole season. As a newly introduced weed, though parthenium caused damage with low infestation intensity, but it could cause severe damage and spread to other areas, if not controlled properly. Other four weeds were reported as minor weeds with low infestation intensity in the field coconut. Information on pests associated with coconut in the exporting countries Sri Lanka, Vietnam, India, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar revealthat pests of quarantine importance exist. The study also revealed Twenty three (23) species of quarantine pests of coconut for Bangladesh were identified those were present in Sri Lanka, Vietnam, India, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, but not in Bangladesh. Among these 23 species of quarantine pests, 11 species were insect pests, 1 species was mite pest, 3 disease causing fungi, 3 bacteria, 2 nematode species, 2 viruses and 1 species of weed. Without mitigation, these pests could be introduced into Bangladesh through importation of commercially produced coconut. The quarantine insect pests are coconut bug (Pseudotheraptus wayi), lesser snow scale (Pinnaspis strachani), red scale (Chrysomphalus dictyospermi), spiked mealybug (Nipaecoccus i
nipae), long-tailed mealybug (Pseudococcus longispinus), black tea thrips (Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis), coconut leaf roller (Omiodes blackburni), coconut hispine beetle, (Brontispa longissima), nettle caterpillar (Darna trima (Moore)), saddle back caterpillar (Acharia stimulea) and bag worm (Scoriodyta spp.). The quarantine mite pest of coconut for Bangladesh is red palm mite (Raoiella indica). On the other hand, ten (10) disease causing pathogens have been identified as quarantine pests of coconut for Bangladesh. Among these, three quarantine fungus named thanjavur wilt (Ganoderma lucidum), leaf scorch (Fusarium sp.) and leaf rot (Cholletotrichum sp.): three quarantine bacteria namely tatipaka (Phytoplasma spp.), lethal yellowing (Palm lethal yellowing) (Candidatus Phytoplasma palmae (PLY)) and root wilt (Mycoplasma like organism); two species of nematode namely red ring nematode (Coconut palm nematode) (Bursaphelenchus cocophilus) and burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis); two viruses namely cadang-cadang (Coconut cadang-cadang viroid (CCCVd)) and coconut foliar decay (Coconut foliar decay virus (CFDV)). One species of quarantine weed has been identified Bangladesh named parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus). The consequences and potential/likelihood of introduction of each quarantine pest were assessed individually, and a risk rating estimated for each. The consequence and potential of introduction value was estimated assessing biology, host, distribution, hazard identification, risk assessment, consequence assessment, risk estimation and risk management of the pests: The two values were summed to estimate an overall Pest Risk Potential, which is an estimation of risk in the absence of mitigation. Out of 17 quarantine pests associated with the pathway risk assessed. Out of 17 potential hazard organisms, 14 hazard organisms were identified with high risk potential, 1 moderate and 2 low and 7uncertain species was found which likely to be associated with host plants during importation from exporting countries, but remained as uncertain hazards due to lack of detail information.these mean that these pests pose unacceptable phytosanitary risk to Bangladesh s agriculture. Visual inspection at ports-of-entry for high risk potential pests is insufficient to safeguard Bangladesh s coconut industry and specific phytosanitary measures are strongly recommended. While for moderate risk potential pest, specific phytosanitary measures may be necessary to reduce pest risk. ii