Aville online t wwwsolrsreserlirryom Solrs Reser Lirry Europen Journl of Zoologil Reser, 213, 2 ():7-61 (ttp://solrsreserlirryom/rivetml) ISSN: 2278 736 Te effet of rop resiue mngement using ifferent tillge prties n nitrogen fertilizer levels on qulittive n quntittive properties of rin fe ikpe in Lorestn Ali Dlvn * n Momm Mernz Deprtment of Minery Engineering, Dezfoul Brn, Islmi Az University, Dezfoul, Irn ABSTRACT Tillge opertions n provision of plnt nutrients re one of te neessry strtegies for inresing te of winter rin fe ikpe rops Due to lk of informtion on seee preprtion n te effets of nitrogen fertilizers on te ikpe properties, tis stuy experiment ws onute to termine te effets of pplying nitrogen fertilizers n tose of tillge on te quntittive n qulittive fetures of rin fe ikpe in te provine of Lorestn uring te ropping yer 212-213 We employe te split plot sign in te formt of rnomize omplete lok sign wit tree replitions Te min plots inlu (urning plnt resiue + plowing wit molor plow + two isking opertions), (plowing wit isel plow+ two isking opertions), (tree isking opertions), (zero tillge) Te su-plots inlu te vrious rtes of pplie nitrogen fertilizers: (Zero), (46), (69), n (92 kilogrms per etre) Results of vrine nlysis sowe tt tere were very signifint ifferenes etween vrious types of tillge n ifferent rtes of nitrogen pplition wit respet to te fetures of iologil, numer of sees per plnt, numer of single-see, numer of oule-see, numer of fertile, perentge of see, n see Te mximum see (141 kg/) elonge to te tretment (urning plnt resiue+ plowing + two isking opertions), n te mximum see of nitrogen tretment (12233 kg/) ws oserve in te tretment of pplying te iest rte of nitrogen ( ) Furtermore, te mutul effets of tillge n nitrogen fertilizer pplition were signifint on see, n te mximum see (133 kg/) ws otine in tet 1 N 4 tretment Keywors: Cikpe; Nitrogen; Tillge; See Yiel INTRODUCTION Pulses mke up out two perent of te totl griulturl proution in Irn Among te pulses, ikpe rnk first wit respet to rege unr ultivtion n tey re minly grown in te western prt of te ountry, espeilly in te provines of Lorestn n Hmn [1] Types of reue tillge, togeter wit nitrogen fertilizer pplition, not only llow optiml use of wter n plnt nutrients foun in te soils ut lso inrese sustntilly [8]Frming systems involving zero tillge, or reue levels of tillge, rottting rops, n lrge-sle returning of rop resiues to te soil n inrese te proue iomss n iversity of soil miro flor tivities ompre to te ustomry ulturl prties [3] Tillge inreses rooting trou improving soil pysil onitions, ut tis improvement is possile if tere re no rpns ep in te soil [4] Plnt resiue mngement is one of te frming strtegies employe in sustinle griulture Wit rise in te of some rop plnts, te totl plnt resiue inreses s well Tis n le to n improvement in soil orgni mtter ontent [6] Nitrogen inreses te level of iomss proution n reistriutes te potosynteti, n tus uses more sees to e proue n fille etter fter flowering [1] Corret pplition of nitrogen fertilizers, togeter wit te use of plnt resiue, my inrese rop Plnt resiues on te soil surfe n rese wter evportion, rusting, n te formtion of skin of fine mteril on te immeite surfe of te soil s well, n Solrs Reser Lirry 7
Ali Dlvn et l Euro J Zool Res,, 213, 2 ():7-61 tus improve soil in filterility n reue soil erosion [7] Plnt resiues n rese te effets of limte nges trou soil orgni ron sequestrtion n ompenstion of ron ioxi n oter greenouse gses emission [12] Te min purpose of tis reser ws to stuy te effets of vrious metos of tillge, te effets of ifferent rtes of nitrogen fertilizer pplition, n teir mutul effets on te quntittive n qulittive fetures of rin fe pes MATERIALS AND METHODS Tis experiment ws onute on ry ln fiels of te ity of Korrm Tis region s longitu of 48 18, ltitu of 33 3, n ltitu of 11 meters ove se level, n n verge yerly rinfll of 16 millimeters Te soil in te experimentl fiel ly sny lom texture Te experiment ws rrie out in te split plot sign in te formt of rnomize omplete lok sign in tree replitions In e replition, tere were four mjor tretments inluing (urning plnt resiues + plowing wit furrow plow + two isking opertions), (Plowing wit isel plow + two isking opertions), ( tree isking opertions), n ( zero tillge), n four minor tretments inluing four rtes of nitrogen fertilizer pplition of (zero), (46), (69), n (92 kilogrms per etre) After performing te ifferent tillge opertions, e tillge tretment ws ivi into four prts in wi te ifferent rtes of nitrogen were pplie In te tillge tretments numer 1, 2, n 3, plots 3 entimeters prt were mnully n tritionlly prepre n sees were ten plnte 1 entimeters prt y n In tretment (zero tillge), sees were plnte using te no-tillge mine n ll griulturl rop prties were rrie out mnully s well Ninety ys fter plnting, wen te rop ws ompletely mture, smples were tken n te rop ws rveste At te ompletion of te projet, nlysis of te vrine ws performe using te omputer softwre MSTAT-C, n omprison of te mens ws rrie out y using Dunn s multiple rnge test t te five perent proility level Te igrms were plotte y employing te Exel softwre RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Biologil Yiel: As is sown in (Tle 1), te effets of te two ftors of tillge n nitrogen pplition on iologil were signifint t te one perent proility level Furtermore, te mutul effets of tillge n nitrogen fertilizer pplition on iologil were very signifint Comprison of te mens of te tretments inite tt tere were very signifint ifferenes etween tillge tretments n tt te mximum iologil (4733 kilogrms per etre) elonge to te tretment (Tle 2) Moreover, tis omprison revele tt tere were very signifint ifferenes etween te tretments of pplying nitrogen fertilizers, n tt te mximum iologil (46133 kilogrms per etre) ws otine in te tretment (Tle 3) Tle 1: Results of nlysis of te vrine (men squres) of te fetures mesure in te ifferent tillge n nitrogen pplition tretments Soures of Biologil Noof sees Noof singlesee see fertile Noof two- Noof Perentge of DOF See nge per plnt Replition 2 67938 ns 78 ns 1 ns 24 ns ns 83 ns 89 ns Tillge () 3 1743** 383** 2631** 2** 2871** 9389798** 32* Error 6 26376 8 1 79 28 94277 47 Nitrogen fertilizer () 3 4993** 44** 183** 81** 2678** 32176** 339** Mutul effets( ) 9 1868666** 448** 32** 6 ns 361** 688* 22 ns Totl error 24 48 13 77 37 91 6891 11 Te symol ns mens non-signifint;*, n ** men signifint t te 1% n % level, respetively Numer of sees per plnt: Results of nlysis of te vrine (Tle 1) sowe tt te effets of te ftors of tillge, nitrogen fertilizer pplition, n te mutul effets of tese two ftors, on te numer of sees per plnt were very signifint Furtermore, omprison of te mens of te tretments inite tt tere were very signifint ifferenes etween te vrious types of tillge, tt te mximum numer of sees per plnt (249) ws tt of tretment (Tle 2,tt tere were very signifint ifferenes etween vrious rtes of nitrogen fertilizer pplition, n tt te mximum numer of sees per plnt (196) elonge to,te iest rte of nitrogen pplition (Tle 3) Comprison of te mens of te effets of te tretments revele tt tere were very signifint ifferenes etween tretments n tt te mximum numer of sees per plnt (267) ws tt of te tretment (Digrm 1) tt urning rop plnt resiues will reue te negtive effets of te lrge volume of tese resiues n will mke te existing onitions uniform, tus using n inrese in plnt growt In ustomry tillge systems, plnt nutrients umulte on te surfe of te soil will e mixe wit it n eome more ville to plnt roots However, in zero tillge systems, posporous, for exmple, wi Solrs Reser Lirry 8
Ali Dlvn et l Euro J Zool Res,, 213, 2 ():7-61 influenes te growt n velopment of pe plnts n is of low moility, will e onentrte on te soil surfe n will not fin its wy to plnt roots in ny onsirle mount, n, s result, will e fiient in rop plnts n will reue teir growt [] numer of sees per plnt 3 2 1 1 g f g g fg fg fg Digrm 1: Comprison of te mens of te mutul effets of tillge n nitrogen fertilizer pplition on te numer of sees per plnt Numer of one-see per plnt: Te results of nlysis of te vrine of te effets of te two ftors of tillge n nitrogen fertilizer pplition, n te mutul effets of tese two ftors, on te numer of one-see per plnt, sown in (Tle 1), inite tt tey were signifint t te one perent proility level Comprison of te mens of te tillge tretments inite tt tere were very signifint ifferenes etween te vrious types of tillge, n tt te mximum numer of sees per po elonge to te tretment (Tle 2) Tis omprison lso revele tt tere were very signifint ifferenes etween te vrious rtes of nitrogen fertilizer pplition, wit te mximum numer of one-see per plnt elonging to, te iest rte of nitrogen fertilizer pplition (Tle 3) Type of tillge Tle 2: Comprison of te mens of te mesure quntittive n qulittive fetures of ikpe t vrious types of tillge Biologil No of sees per plnt No of onesee No of twosee Noof fertile See T 1 4733 249 27 21 221 141 22 T 2 467 14 119 17 136 967 216 T 3 2667 131 1 16 116 78 232 T 4 4422 176 141 18 18 118 3 Differenes etween figures in e olumn ving t lest one letter in ommon re not sttistilly signifint Perentge of Numer of two-see per plnt: Results of nlysis of te vrine in (Tle 1) sow tt te effets of te ftors of tillge n nitrogen fertilizer pplition on te numer of two-see per plnt re very signifint t te one perent proility level Comprison of te mens of te tretments inite tt tere were very signifint ifferenes etween te vrious types of tillge n tt te mximum numer of two-see elonge to te tretment (Tle 2) Moreover, tis omprison inite tt tere were very signifint ifferenes etween te vrious rtes of nitrogen fertilizer pplition n tt te mximum numer of two-see ws tt of te tretment wit te iest rte of nitrogen fertilizer pplition ( ) (Tle 3) tt nitrogen, ue to its presene in n mine ompouns, plys role in proteting some enzymes n in stilizing ellulr ph n ontriutes to te movement of oter nutrients trou xylem, n, ene, tese retions result in n inrese in te numer of [] Tle 3: Comprison of te mens of mesure quntittive n qulittive fetures of ikpe grown t ifferent rtes of nitrogen fertilizer pplition Nitrogen fertilizer Biologil No of sees per plnt No of onesee No of twosee Noof fertile See N 1 3128 12 124 14 138 8417 221 N 2 3838 178 143 18 161 189 222 N 3 428 184 146 191 16 11367 223 N 4 46133 19,6 13 2 173 12233 6 Differenes etween figures in e olumn ving t lest one letter in ommon re not sttistilly signifint Perentge of Solrs Reser Lirry 9
Ali Dlvn et l Euro J Zool Res,, 213, 2 ():7-61 Numer of fertile : Results of nlysis of te vrine in (Tle 1) sow tt te effets of tillge n nitrogen fertilizer pplition on te numer of fertile were very signifint t te Comprison of te mens of te tretments inite tt tere were very signifint ifferenes etween teir effets on te numer of fertile, n tt te mximum numer of fertile elonge to te tretment T (Tle 2) Moreover, tis omprison revele tt tere were very signifint ifferenes etween te effets of te vrious rtes of nitrogen pplition on te numer of fertile, n tt te mximum numer of fertile ws tt of te tretment of pplying te iest rte of nitrogen ( ) ( Tle 3) Comprison of te mens of te mutul effets of tese two ftors on te numer of fertile sowe very signifint ifferenes, wit te mximum numer of fertile (243) elonging to te tretment Supplying plnt nutrients, espeilly nitrogen, n ply n importnt role in inresing te numer of fertile (Digrm 2)nitrogen signifintly inrese te totl numer of n te numer of fertile, ut i not signifintly influene te numer of sees per po or te 1-see weit[9] 3 numer of fertile 2 1 1 ef fg Digrm 2: Comprison of te mutul effets of tillge n nitrogen fertilizer pplition on te numer of fertile See Yiel: Results of nlysis of te vrine in (Tle 1) sow tt te effets of tillge n of nitrogen fertilizer pplition on see were signifint t te one perent proility level, n tt teir mutul effets on see were signifint t te five perent proility level Comprison of te mens inite tt te mximum see elonge to te tillge tretment of (Tle 2) Moreover, tis omprison revele tt te mximum see ws otine y pplying te iest rte of nitogen fertilizer ( ) (Tle 3) Te iest see (133 kilogrms per etre) ws tt of te tretment (Digrm 3) Improvement in plnt nutrition n in vegettive n genertive growt in tretment resulte in te inrese in see Improvement in vegettive growt, n te inrese in see, soul e ttriute to te provision of plnt nutrients, espeilly nitrogen, resulting from te urning of rop plnt resiues Moreover, tey stte tt, in ny se, te reution in soil nsity in te tretments of urning rop plnt resiue + plowing wit reversile plow + two isking opertions possily s onsirle sre in te inrese in vegettive growt n in te umultion of ry mtter per unit re Tey lso tt nitrogen uses n inrese in te lef re inx n, ene, inreses te gree of sunlit sorption [2] see (kg/) 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 i ef fg i Digrm 3: Comprison of te mens of te mutul effets of tillge n nitrogen fertilizer on see Solrs Reser Lirry 6
Ali Dlvn et l Euro J Zool Res,, 213, 2 ():7-61 Protein ontent: Te effets of tillge n nitrogen fertilizer tretments were signifint intertions n te intertion of tillge n nitrogen fertilizer on see ontent ws not signifint (tle 1) Te mximum see ws otine in tillge tretment in T 4 (tle 2) Also, te iest ontent ws otine from te fourt level tretment of nitrogen fertilizer (N 4 ) (tle 3) Nitrogen fertilizer improves te onitions n ennes soil enzyme tivity n provis nitrogen in te soil, wi inreses ontent Mximum see ontent ws otine 264) in te intertion of T 3 N 4 (igrm 4) Applition of nitrogen fertilizers improve soil enzyme tivity n inrese te vilility of elements su s nitrogen n see ontent [11] ontent 3 2 1 1 Digrm 4: Comprison of te mens of te mutul effets of tillge n nitrogen fertilizer on ontent REFERENCES [1]Anonymous,(26)Agriulturl sttistis-26ministry of ji-e-agriulture (In Persin) [2]Eroli, L, Lully, L,Mriotti, M,Msoni, A n Aruini,I,(28) Post- n tesis ry mtter n nitrogen ynmis in urum wet s ffete y nitrogen supply n soil wter vililityno28,pp23-39 [3]Goverts,BMezzlm,M,Unno,kken,ks,Lun-Guio,M,Vner,kDenooven,Ln Deors,J,(27)Plnt n soil, No, 219,PP2-2 [4]Line,B,Tylor,H,Delve,HnBull,I,(1993)FtorsinflueningAgriemil use in non irrigte orn proution In AgriulturlresouresNo3,PP-6 []Mrsner,TH,(199)Menil nutrition of ier plnts Ami press Sntigo, CAUSA [6]Mrten,D, (2) Plnt resiue ioemistry regultes soil ron yling n sequestrtion soil iology n Bioemistry, No32,PP361-369 [7]Mptr,BS,Srm,GLn Stingy,(1991) J Agriis pmno116,pp217-222 [8]Milton,ASn GBtriplet,GB,(1998) No tillge n surfe tillge griulture (te tillgerevolotion)no88 [9] Sini,SS, n Fro,AS,(1998) Inin JAgronNo43, PP9-94 [1]Snggn,ZP,So,A,n Dismns,J,(2) Environ Experiment Boot,No 44,PP141-149 [11]Unger,PW n Cll,TM,() Avnes in Agro No33, PP1-8 [12]Wilelm,WnWrtmn,CS,(24) Agronomy Journl No96 PP4-432 Solrs Reser Lirry 61