Dealing with Emerging Insect Pests and a Red Blotch Vector Update

2 nd Annual Southern Oregon Grape Symposium March 15, 2016 Dealing with Emerging Insect Pests and a Red Blotch Vector Update Rick Hilton and Vaughn Walton Southern Oregon Research & Extension Center Jackson County Extension Service

Outline Brief Red Blotch Review Vector Research and Results to Date Latest News on Invasive Pests Other Pests To Be Aware Of

Red Blotch webinar on 2/26 is available on

Brief History of Red Blotch Vines with red leaf symptoms Nutritional disorders (e.g. K deficiency) Leafroll viruses Red leaves but negative tests for Leafroll Red Blotch detected and described by: Mysore Sudarshana USDA-ARS (UCDavis) 2011: found at UCD and 6 commercial vineyards Marc Fuchs Cornell Univ. 2012: independently found identical virus in NY In 2013 subsequently found in Washington State and detected in several other states and Canada

Brief History of Red Blotch Effects of Red Blotch Consistently lower total soluble solids ( Brix) Reduced photosynthesis and chlorophyll Yield effects are inconsistent, delayed ripening Trends: higher ph and TA (from R. Smith) Eleven blocks identified with Red Blotch b/w 2011-2013 by last year eight of those blocks had been removed (from: M. Sudarshana)

Brief History of Red Blotch What else do we know about Red Blotch? Graft transmissible and not transmitted through the seed Two separate genetic clades: but no biological differences Note: vines that tested positive for Red Blotch have subsequently tested negative Something unusual about Red Blotch: no virus particles or proteins have been found In-field diagnostics are in development (from: Keith Perry)

Brief History of Red Blotch What else do we know about Red Blotch? Symptomology Resembles Leafroll but some differences, e.g. red veins Different cultivars respond very differently, in particular white cultivars can have few, if any, symptoms TEST DON T GUESS (words of wisdom from Marc Fuchs) Vitis spp. are the only confirmed hosts A specimen of Early Burgundy collected in Sonoma Co. in 1940 tested positive for Red Blotch (from: Deborah Golino)

Outline Brief Red Blotch Review Vector Research and Results to Date Latest News on Invasive Pests Other Pests To Be Aware Of

Looking for Vector Transmission Distribution and spread of disease Viral class and genetic analysis Vector transmission experiments: Identify likely species that are found where spread is occurring and which are absent where no spread is observed

Looking for Vector Transmission Distribution and spread of disease No spread in Eastern US (from Marc Fuchs) No spread in Canada (from Sudarsana Poojari) No spread in Europe (from Jean-Sebastian Reynard) Some vineyards tested in the Willamette Valley with little or no spread (from Bob Martin)

Looking for Vector Transmission Note: ca. 70% of plant viruses (>700) have a vector Most common insect vectors: sucking insects Aphids Whiteflies Leafhoppers Planthoppers Mealybugs Other misc. vectors: Thrips Beetles (and a few other chewing insects) Bud and gall mites (Eriophyidae) Nematodes

Virus and Vector Relations Information from Dr. Brian Bahder s webinar presentation on 2/26/2016 14 viruses 1 virus Red Blotch Geminiviridae 8 viruses Closteroviridae Leafroll

Virus and Vector Relations Information from Dr. Brian Bahder s webinar presentation on 2/26/2016 14 viruses Vector Leafhoppers 1 virus Treehopper Red Blotch?????????? Geminiviridae 8 viruses Whiteflies Closteroviridae Leafroll Mealybugs

Saguez et al. 2014 Journal of Insect Science

Leafhoppers on grapes (Erythroneura spp.) Variegated (VLH) Western grape (WGLH) E. variabilis E. elegantula Grape Virginia creeper (VCLH) E. comes E. ziczac

Vector Transmission Experiments Work done by WSU with Virginia creeper leafhopper In greenhouse used 50 insects per plant; six cultivars 48 hour acquisition time & 48 inoculation time After 4 wks, PCR tests showed 100% transmission Published in 2013

Vector Transmission Experiments Work done by Kent Daane (UCB) at Kearney Ag Center Used WGLH, VCLH, VLH and blue green sharpshooter 72 hour acquisition & inoculation time After 4 months, PCR tests showed 0% transmission

Vector Transmission Experiments New tests by Kent Daane (UCB) at Kearney Ag Center In 2014-15 used leafhoppers at 100 s to 1000 s Up to 7 day acquisition & inoculation times ( all in ) PCR tests showed 0% transmission

Vector Transmission Experiments Test by Bob Martin (USDA-ARS) at Corvallis Used WGLH leafhoppers at approx. 300 individuals 7 day acquisition & inoculation times ( brute force ) PCR tests showed 0% transmission after two seasons

Vector Transmission Experiments Tests by Brian Bahder at UC Davis Used individual VCLH, WGLH, and VLH (10 reps) 48 hr acquisition & inoculation times PCR tests showed 0% transmission after 1½ years

Vector Transmission Experiments More tests by Brian Bahder at UC Davis Used 25 VCLH, WGLH, and VLH (15 reps) 72 hr acquisition & inoculation times PCR tests showed 0% transmission after 4 months

Vector Transmission Experiments Even more tests by Brian Bahder at UC Davis Identified 5 potential species for evaluation: Threecornered alfalfa hopper Spissistilus (=Ceresa) festinus Privet leafhopper Fieberiella florii Sharpnosed leafhopper Scaphytopius acutus Potato psyllid Bactericerca cockerelli Cixiid planthopper Melanoliarus sp.

Vector Transmission Experiments Used individual insects and 48 hr exposure periods: PCR test results after 5 months: # positives / # reps Threecornered alfalfa hopper 3 / 20 Privet leafhopper 0 / 20 Sharpnosed leafhopper 0 / 50 Potato psyllid 0 / 10 Cixiid planthopper 0 / 10

Vector Transmission Experiments Used individual insects and 48 hr exposure periods: PCR test results after 5 months: # positives / # reps Threecornered alfalfa hopper 3 / 20 = 15% Privet leafhopper 0 / 20 Sharpnosed leafhopper 0 / 50 Potato psyllid 0 / 10 Cixiid planthopper 0 / 10

Threecornered alfalfa hopper Spissistilus (= Ceresa) festinus Mainly lives on legumes but has a wide host range (e.g. grasses, shrubs) Known to girdle grape leaves and occasionally listed as a minor pest (see Oregon Viticulture 2003) Native to N. America

Threecornered alfalfa hopper Spissistilus (= Ceresa) festinus

From Rogue Valley pear orchard: 2009

From Rogue Valley pear orchard: 2009 More likely: Ceresa pacifica

Species comparison (from B. Bahder) Ceresa pacifica Ceresa festina or Spissistilus festinus

In Oregon we began to sample for leafhoppers and other Hemipterans in 2014, sampling was continued in 2015 Methods: sweep netting and sticky cards Preserved specimens for further study And sampled vines to establish their virus infection status (Oregon Wine Board Grants)

Frequency distribution of different leafhopper species caught on yellow sticky cards in four vineyards in 2014: two in southern Oregon and two in the Willamette Valley Total leafhoppers caught on sticky cards 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Different leafhopper species

Frequency distribution of different leafhopper species caught on yellow sticky cards in four vineyards in 2014: two in southern Oregon and two in the Willamette Valley Total leafhoppers caught on sticky cards 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Western grape leafhopper 87% of all leafhoppers caught All from southern Oregon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Different leafhopper species

Frequency distribution of different leafhopper species caught on yellow sticky cards in four vineyards in 2014: two in southern Oregon and two in the Willamette Valley 80 Total leafhoppers caught on sticky cards 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Different leafhopper species not including WGLH

Frequency distribution of different leafhopper species caught on yellow sticky cards in four vineyards in 2014: two in southern Oregon and two in the Willamette Valley 80 Total leafhoppers caught on sticky cards 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Privet leafhopper Fieberiella florii 3.95% of all leafhoppers caught Found in all four vineyards 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Different leafhopper species not including WGLH

Leafhopper populations in sticky cards 100% % Total Capture per Date 75% 50% 25% 0% 10 Jul 31 Jul 20 Aug 10 Sep 1Oct 1 Jun 9 Jul 30 Jul 21 Aug 15 Sep 2014 2015

Switched trap type from yellow sticky card in 2014 to Delta traps in 2015

Switched trap type from yellow sticky card in 2014 to Delta traps in 2015 500 Compared the two trap types in 2015 # WGLH per yellow sticky card 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 y = 1.7101x + 8.5455 R² = 0.5933 0 50 100 150 # WGLH per Delta trap

Switched trap type from yellow sticky card in 2014 to Delta traps in 2015 Compared the two trap types in 2015 16 # LH per yellow sticky card 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Yellow card Delta trap 0 LH4 LH5 LH6 LH8 LH9 LH10 LH11 LH13 LH23 LH24 LH25 LH26 LH27 LH28 LH29 LH30 LH31 Different Leafhopper Species

Switched trap type from yellow sticky card in 2014 to Delta traps in 2015 Compared the two trap types in 2015 16 # LH per yellow sticky card 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Yellow card Delta trap Only 1 species out of 17 caught in both trap types 0 LH4 LH5 LH6 LH8 LH9 LH10 LH11 LH13 LH23 LH24 LH25 LH26 LH27 LH28 LH29 LH30 LH31 Different Leafhopper Species

Red Blotch incidence was: 5.7% in 2014 (11 vines out of 194) 34.5% in 2015 (69 vines out of 200) an increase of more than 6x

Vineyard 2, S. Oregon Leafhopper species trapped in sticky cards Year WGLH LH1 LH2 LH3 LH4 LH5 LH6 LH7 LH23 LH28 LH32 LH33 LH34 2014 1251 1 1 6 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2015 1636 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 1

Vineyard 2, S. Oregon Leafhopper species trapped in sticky cards Year WGLH LH1 LH2 LH3 LH4 LH5 LH6 LH7 LH23 LH28 LH32 LH33 LH34 2014 1251 1 1 6 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2015 1636 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 1 1 out of 3 feral vines tested positive for Red Blotch

Vineyard 2, S. Oregon Leafhopper species trapped in sticky cards Year WGLH LH1 LH2 LH3 LH4 LH5 LH6 LH7 LH23 LH28 LH32 LH33 LH34 2014 1251 1 1 6 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2015 1636 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 1 Deltocephalus grex 1 out of 3 feral vines tested positive for Red Blotch

Vineyard 2, S. Oregon Leafhopper species trapped in sticky cards Year WGLH LH1 LH2 LH3 LH4 LH5 LH6 LH7 LH23 LH28 LH32 LH33 LH34 2014 1251 1 1 6 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2015 1636 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 1 Deltocephalus grex In 2015, no privet leafhopper and no three cornered alfalfa hopper or treehoppers of any kind were found 1 out of 3 feral vines tested positive for Red Blotch

Leafhoppers found in sweep net sampling Deltocephalus grex Exitianus exitiosus Helochara deltoides Ceresa pacifica Specimen found on blackberry in a vacant lot, Medford 2015 Collector: Chris Hedstrom Erythroneura elegantula (WGLH)

Outline Brief Red Blotch Review Vector Research and Results to Date Latest News on Invasive Pests Other Pests To Be Aware Of

Gill s Mealybug Ferrisia gilli

Gill s Mealybug Gill s Mealybug was found in 2014 in a southern Oregon vineyard near Jacksonville, this was the first time this mealybug has been found in Oregon Ferrisia gilli

Gill s Mealybug Gill s Mealybug was found in 2014 in a southern Oregon vineyard near Jacksonville, this was the first time this mealybug has been found in Oregon Please be on the lookout for odd-looking mealybugs, Gill s mealybug produces long filaments that resemble fiberglass Ferrisia gilli

Leafhoppers Erythroneura ziczac Virginia creeper leafhopper

Leafhoppers

Zygina flammigera Leafhoppers

Leafhoppers Zygina flammigera NOT Virginia creeper leafhopper and not a pest of winegrapes but possibly a new record for Oregon

Invasive Fruit Pests in So. Oregon Brown marmorated stink bug Spotted wing drosophila

Spotted Wing Drosophila Drosophila suzukii SWD has also spread to Europe

Spotted Wing Drosophila Drosophila suzukii Attacks: cherries >> caneberries > blueberries (also: strawberries have not found in grapes locally) Ovipositor Damage Adult male Vinegar trap larva

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys 1 White bands on charcoal antenna 2 Smooth anterior pronotal margin, AKA shoulder 3 Banding pattern on abdominal margin Nik Wiman, OSU Horticulture

Beware of Lookalikes squash bug consperse stink bug rough stink bug Brochymena spp. western box elder or maple bug leaf footed bug

BMSB Nymph Development 1 st Instars Note: 28 eggs in mass 2 nd Instars Nik Wiman, OSU Horticulture

Complete Life Cycle Five nymphal instars before adult Four stages can cause damage (2-5) These are strong crawlers and can move long distances Colors and patterns variable in nymphs Antennal bands are consistent Nik Wiman, OSU Horticulture

Current Distribution of BMSB

Nuisance factor

BMSB Biological Control Classical Approach Trissolcus japonicus, imported (China) Primary BMSB egg parasitoid in China 70% parasitism reported, 50% avg. Rapid, multi-institutional (USDA lead) host testing ODA/OSU are involved in specificity testing Quarantine facility, Corvallis OR Concerns for native predatory and rare stink bugs Also examining native parasitoids Conservation of native natural enemies adapting to foreign pest Already adapted to environment Able to use native hosts too Nik Wiman, OSU Horticulture

Trissolcus japonicus found in Md. 2014 and in Vancouver Wash. 2015 Trissolcus wasp on BMSB eggs Trissolcus emerging from BMSB eggs Nik Wiman, OSU Horticulture

Outline Brief Red Blotch Review Vector Research and Results to Date Latest News on Invasive Pests Other Pests To Be Aware Of

Invasive Pests in California Vine Mealybug Light Brown Apple Moth European Grapevine Moth

Grape Mealybug Pseudococcus maritimus: Pseudococcus maritimus long tail or caudal wax filament 2-3 generations per year development stages are synchronized moderate honeydew production can also be found on fruit trees (esp. pear) Planococcus ficus Vine Mealybug Planococcus ficus: waxy filaments same length (no tail ) 5-7 generations per year (SJV) stages overlap throughout year excessive honeydew production feeds on roots and outside of canes much more difficult to control than grape mealybug Both mealybugs can transmit leafroll virus

Female Male Ants tending mealybugs Pheromone trap for male mealybugs Found in So. Cal. in the early 1990 s

LBAM Light Brown Apple Moth

LBAM Light Brown Apple Moth Native to Australia, found in CA in 2007 in Bay Area, Santa Cruz and LA; now up to Napa and Sonoma Major apple pest in Aus. and NZ, >250 fruit and vegetable crop hosts, including grapes, has yet to become a serious crop pest in CA, four moths caught in a Willamette Valley nursery in 2015

Initially plans were made to treat for LBAM using aerial applications of encapsulated pheromone for mating disruption but these plans were halted due to concerns from the public.

European Grapevine Moth Lobesia botrana

European Grapevine Moth

For more information: www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/exotic/eurograpevine moth.html

Number of EGVM trapped in pheromone traps in different grape growing regions of California Region Year Napa County First detection in 2009 Other North Coast Counties (Sonoma, Solano, Mendocino) Central Valley (Fresno, Merced, San Joaquin) Central Coast (Santa Cruz, Santa Clara, Monterey) Sierra (Nevada County) 2010 100,831 106 17 5 0 2011 113 9 0 20 4 2012 77 0 0 0 0 2013 40 0 0 0 0 2014 1 0 0 0 0 2015 0 0 0 0 0

Acknowledgements Funding: USDA-SCRI-NIFA 2010-2012 OWB 2011, 2014 and 2015 Research and Field Assistance: Kent Daane UC Berkeley Rodrigo Almeida UC Berkeley Bob Martin USDA Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory Danny Dalton OSU Horticultural Entomology Laboratory Wyatt Rice-Narusch OSU Walton Lab Field Technician Sam Tochen OSU Walton Lab Graduate Assistant Clive Kaiser OSU Umatilla County, Horticultural Extension Service Steve Renquist OSU Douglas County, Horticultural Extension Service Steve Castagnoli OSU Hood River Co., Horticultural Extension Service Sally Basile OSU SOREC Research Technician Shannon Davis OSU SOREC Research Technician Doug Walsh WSU Prosser, Irrigated Agric. Res. and Ext. Center

Acknowledgements Funding: USDA-SCRI-NIFA 2010-2012 OWB 2011, 2014 and 2015 and 2016 Research and Field Assistance: Kent Daane UC Berkeley Rodrigo Almeida UC Berkeley Bob Martin USDA Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory Danny Dalton OSU Horticultural Entomology Laboratory Wyatt Rice-Narusch OSU Walton Lab Field Technician Sam Tochen OSU Walton Lab Graduate Assistant Clive Kaiser OSU Umatilla County, Horticultural Extension Service Steve Renquist OSU Douglas County, Horticultural Extension Service Steve Castagnoli OSU Hood River Co., Horticultural Extension Service Sally Basile OSU SOREC Research Technician Shannon Davis OSU SOREC Research Technician Doug Walsh WSU Prosser, Irrigated Agric. Res. and Ext. Center A special thank you to collaborating growers!

Upcoming Meeting Announcement Seminar Hosted by LIVE March 31 8:30 to 12:00 Dr. Houston Wilson (UCB) Habitat Management to Improve Biological Control of Vineyard Leafhoppers Dr. Paul Jepson (OSU-IPPC) Pesticide Stewardship Partnership: Pesticide Risk Assessment and Movement of Pesticides into Surface Water